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Prepare for v15 (#402)
Prepare for v!5 Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <Freely.Given.org@gmail.com> Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/pulls/402
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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ It often happens when one person writes a sentence and then another person reads
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In his mind when he wrote it, the writer meant that Peter went home, but the reader thought that the writer probably meant that it was John who went home. The sentence needs to be changed so that it is more clear.
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Finally, a translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that you (the translator) can make it more accurate and more clear.
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Finally, a translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that you (the translator) can make it more accurate and more clear.
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This Checking Manual is a guide to the process of checking. It will guide you through several kinds of checks that will allow you to fix these problems. We believe that having many people doing a variety of different checks will result in a faster checking process, allow broad church participation and ownership, and produce better translations.
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@ -1 +1 @@
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What are the steps that I, as a Quality Checker, should follow to check a translation?
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What are the steps that I, as a Quality Checker, should follow to check a translation?
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ The vision of unfoldingWord is **the church in every people group and the Bible
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Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples of EVERY people group:
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> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the earth. Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. See, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
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> Jesus came to them and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to me in heaven and on the earth. Go, therefore, and make disciples of all the nations. Baptize them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Teach them to obey all the things that I have commanded you. See, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20 ULT)
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We have the promise that people from EVERY language will be in heaven:
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@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
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description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
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format: 'text/markdown'
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identifier: 'ta'
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issued: '2020-07-23'
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issued: '2020-10-29'
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language:
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identifier: 'en'
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title: 'English'
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direction: 'ltr'
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modified: '2020-07-23'
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modified: '2020-10-29'
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publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
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relation:
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- 'en/ust'
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@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
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-
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identifier: 'ta'
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language: 'en'
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version: '13'
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version: '14'
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subject: 'Translation Academy'
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title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
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type: 'man'
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version: '14'
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version: '15'
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checking:
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checking_entity:
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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### Description
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The term “biblical imagery” refers in a general way to any kind of language in which an image is paired with an idea such that the image represents the idea. This general definition is applied most directly to [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) but can also include [similes](../figs-simile/01.md), [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md), and cultural models.
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The term “biblical imagery” refers in a general way to any kind of language in which an image is paired with an idea such that the image represents the idea. This general definition is applied most directly to [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) but can also include [similes](../figs-simile/01.md), [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md), and cultural models.
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We have included several modules about biblical imagery in order to tell about the various patterns of imagery found in the Bible. The patterns of pairings found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems regarding how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere they see the same patterns. See [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in similes and metaphors.
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will somehow communicate the concept of the Image.
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Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md) from the Bible involving animals are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters identifies an Image that represents an Idea. The specific word of the Image may not appear in every verse that uses the Image, but the text will somehow communicate the concept of the Image.
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#### An ANIMAL HORN represents strength
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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap.
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In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
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> Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
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> Their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an **eagle** hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
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> An **eagle** is coming over the house of Yahweh.
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> … Israel has rejected what is good,
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
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#### The GROUND represents people’s hearts (inner being)
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> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
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> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own **ground**, and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
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>
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> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it … This is the seed that was sown **beside the road**. That which was sown on **rocky ground** is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy … That which was sown **among the thorn plants**, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word…That which was sown on the **good soil**, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
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>
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@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
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#### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
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> According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity and **sow** trouble **reap** it. (Job 4:8 ULT)
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> According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity and **sow** trouble **reap** it. (Job 4:8 ULT)
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>
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> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked, for whatever a man **plants**, that he will also **gather** in. For he who **plants** seed to his own sinful nature, from the sinful nature **will gathe**r in destruction. But the one who **plants** seed to the Spirit, from the Spirit **will gather** in eternal life. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULT)
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> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked, for whatever a man **plants**, that he will also **gather** in. For he who **plants** seed to his own sinful nature, from the sinful nature **will gathe**r in destruction. But the one who **plants** seed to the Spirit, from the Spirit **will gather** in eternal life. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULT)
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#### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
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After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See "thresh" and "winnow" pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
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After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a **threshing floor**, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to **thresh** it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and **winnow** the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff (waste) while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (See "thresh" and "winnow" pages in [unfoldingWord® Translation Words](http://ufw.io/tw/) for help translating thresh and winnow.)
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> So I will **winnow** them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
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>
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> … he comes and **rains** righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12b ULT)
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>
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> For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
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> For the land that drinks in the **rain** that often comes on it, and that produces plants useful to those for whom the land was also cultivated, receives a blessing from God. But land that bears thorns and thistles is worthless and is about to be cursed. Its end is to be burned. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
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>
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> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late **rains**. (James 5:7 ULT)
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@ -1 +1 @@
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What are some examples of images taken from farming that are used as images in the Bible?
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What are some examples of images taken from farming that are used as images in the Bible?
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Ch
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#### A BROTHER represents a person’s relatives, associates, or peers
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> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his **brothers **… (Esther 10:3a ULT)
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> For Mordecai the Jew was second to the King Ahasuerus, and great among the Jews, and favored by the multitude of his **brothers **… (Esther 10:3a ULT)
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#### A DAUGHTER represents a village located near a town or city
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@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention
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> The famine was over all **the face** of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56a ULT)
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>
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> He covers **the face** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
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> He covers **the face** of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
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#### A FATHER represents someone’s ancestor(s)
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#### A SON represents someone’s descendant(s)
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> But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
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> But they acted presumptuously, they and our **fathers**. And they stiffened their neck and did not listen to your commandments. (Nehemiah 9:16 ULT)
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>
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> We have not listened to your servants the prophets who spoke in your name to our kings, our leaders, our **fathers**, and to all the people of the land. To you, Lord, belongs righteousness …" (Daniel 9:6-7a ULT)
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ In this context, having a full heart means to be proud or arrogant.
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#### The EYES represent sight, knowledge, perception, attention, or judgment
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> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their **eyes** … (Esther 1:17a ULT)
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> For the matter of the queen will go out to all the women, in order to make their husbands despised in their **eyes** … (Esther 1:17a ULT)
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#### The EYES represent someone’s attitude
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@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
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> A man from each tribe, **a clan head**, must serve with you as his tribe’s leader. (Num 1:4 ULT)
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>
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> He put all things under his feet and **gave him as head** over all things to the church, which is his body, the fullness of the one who fills all in all. (Ephesians 1:22-23 ULT)
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> He put all things under his feet and **gave him as head** over all things to the church, which is his body, the fullness of the one who fills all in all. (Ephesians 1:22-23 ULT)
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#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
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@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon
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> A fool’s **mouth** is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
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>
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> I would strengthen you with my mouth. (Job 16:5 ULT)
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> I would strengthen you with my mouth. (Job 16:5 ULT)
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In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
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@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
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If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
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> Please let your ear be attentive to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants, the ones who delight to **fear your name**. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULT)
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> Please let your ear be attentive to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants, the ones who delight to **fear your name**. (Nehemiah 1:11 ULT)
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To fear someone’s name is to honor him.
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@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ To fear someone’s name is to honor him.
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To profane God’s name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him.
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> For I will make **my great name** holy, which you have profaned among the nations … (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
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> For I will make **my great name** holy, which you have profaned among the nations … (Ezekiel 36:23 ULT)
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To make God’s name holy is to cause people to see that God is holy.
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> Your servants have come from a very distant country, because of **the name** of Yahweh your God, for we have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt. (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
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> Your servants have come from a very distant country, because of **the name** of Yahweh your God, for we have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt. (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
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The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “because of the name of Yahweh” means because of Yahweh’s reputation.
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>
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> Smoke went up from out of **his nostrils**, and blazing fire came out of his mouth. (2 Samuel 22:9a ULT)
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>
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> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, **slow to anger **… (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
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> Yahweh, Yahweh, God is merciful and gracious, **slow to anger **… (Exodus 34:6a ULT)
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In Hebrew, a hot nose represents anger, including such images as a blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nostrils. The opposite of a “hot nose” is a “long nose.” The phrase “slow to anger” in Hebrew literally means “long of nose.” A long nose represents patience, meaning that it takes a long time for that person’s nose to get hot.
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#### The SON OF SOMETHING represents something shares the qualities of another thing
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> No **son of wickedness** will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
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> No **son of wickedness** will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
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A son of wickedness is a wicked person.
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Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
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> We all also once lived among these, in the evil desires of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the body and of the mind. We were by nature **children of wrath**, as also the rest. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
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> We all also once lived among these, in the evil desires of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the body and of the mind. We were by nature **children of wrath**, as also the rest. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
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Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
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> **Be in pain and labor to give birth**, daughter of Zion, like a **woman in labor**.
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> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
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> There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
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> There you will be rescued. There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
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>
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> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of **birth pains**. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
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>
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This is because he actually is discerning.
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> He will … **be called** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32a ULT)
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> He will … **be called** the Son of the Most High. (Luke 1:32a ULT)
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This is because he actually is the Son of the Most High.
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> Therefore, the holy one who will be borne will **be called** the Son of God. (Luke 1:35b ULT)
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> Therefore, the holy one who will be borne will **be called** the Son of God. (Luke 1:35b ULT)
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This is because he actually is the Son of God.
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> Every male who opens the womb will **be called** dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23b ULT)
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> Every male who opens the womb will **be called** dedicated to the Lord. (Luke 2:23b ULT)
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This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
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#### COMING or STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE means serving him
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> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
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> How blessed are your wives, and how blessed are your servants who constantly **stand before you**, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
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>
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> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness **come before you**. (Psalm 89:14b ULT)
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Too much wine makes a person weak so that he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
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> You have made your people see difficult things; you have made us **drink the wine of staggering**. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
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> You have made your people see difficult things; you have made us **drink the wine of staggering**. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
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>
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> But God is the judge;
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> he brings down and he lifts up.
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Another word for “eat up” is devour.
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> Therefore as **the tongue of fire devours stubble**, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
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> Therefore as **the tongue of fire devours stubble**, and as the dry grass goes down in flame, so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust. (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
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>
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> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
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> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies, the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
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> **They will devour Israel with open mouth**. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
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>
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> I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and **my sword will devour flesh** with the blood of the killed and the captives, and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
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> I will make my arrows drunk with blood, and **my sword will devour flesh** with the blood of the killed and the captives, and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
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#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON means affecting
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> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to **fall upon** the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21a ULT)
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>
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> Will not his majesty terrify you, and the dread of him fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
|
||||
> Will not his majesty terrify you, and the dread of him fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Then the Spirit of Yahweh **fell on me** and he said for me to say … (Exekiel 11:5a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, t
|
|||
|
||||
> …the richness of the glory of his **inheritance** in the saints … (Ephesians 1:18b ULT) The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him are viewed as their permanent possessions.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
|
||||
> For the promise to Abraham and to his descendants that he would be **heir** of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the e
|
|||
|
||||
God’s Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
|
||||
|
||||
> By faith Noah … condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
|
||||
> By faith Noah … condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that is according to faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
|
|||
|
||||
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE means a safe and beneficial situation
|
||||
|
||||
> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you? (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
|
||||
> Then Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a **resting place** for you, that will be good for you? (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my **resting place**. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
|
|||
|
||||
In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David’s life. When his men were concerned that he might “put out the lamp of Israel” they were concerned that he might be killed.
|
||||
|
||||
> Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
|
||||
> Solomon also had made the cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners, all of which were made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the **lamp** of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
|
|||
|
||||
> Then Mordecai went out from before the face of the king in a garment of royalty of blue and white, with a great crown of gold and a robe of fine linen and purple, and **the city of Susa** cheered and rejoiced. (Esther 8:15 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about **Nineveh, the great city **… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
|
||||
> So as for me, should I not feel troubled about **Nineveh, the great city **… (Jonah 4:11a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### The MEMORY OF A PERSON means \[his descendants\]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who
|
|||
>
|
||||
> **His memory** will perish from the earth. (Job 18:17a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> The face of Yahweh is against those who do evil, to cut off **the memory of them** from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
|
||||
> The face of Yahweh is against those who do evil, to cut off **the memory of them** from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### ONE PERSON means \[a group of people\]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
|
|||
|
||||
> Yahweh is a **warrior**. (Exodus 15:3a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal..
|
||||
> Yahweh will go out as a **warrior**; as a \*\*man of war\*\* he will stir up his zeal..
|
||||
> He will shout, yes, he will roar his **battle cries**; he will **show his enemies his power**. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Your right hand, Yahweh, is **glorious in power**;
|
||||
|
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Some common cultural models found in the Bible are listed below. First there are
|
|||
>
|
||||
> “Woe to the **shepherds** who destroy and scatter the **sheep** of my **pasture**—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Guard yourselves and all the **flock** of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to **shepherd** the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you, not sparing the **flock**. Even among you yourselves, men will come speaking perverse things which draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
|
||||
> Guard yourselves and all the **flock** of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to **shepherd** the church of God, which he purchased with his own blood. I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will come in among you, not sparing the **flock**. Even among you yourselves, men will come speaking perverse things which draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki
|
|||
|
||||
Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning.
|
||||
|
||||
> From **the womb** of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3b ULT)
|
||||
> From **the womb** of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Some common [metonymies](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [metaphors](../figs-metapho
|
|||
>
|
||||
> For **a fire is kindled by my anger** and **is burning** to the lowest Sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Therefore **the anger of Yahweh blazed** against Israel. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
|
||||
> Therefore **the anger of Yahweh blazed** against Israel. (Judges 3:8a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> When Yahweh heard this, **he was angry**; so **his fire burned** against Jacob, and **his anger** attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not
|
|||
|
||||
#### A PLANT represents a person
|
||||
|
||||
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will … **root you out** of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
|
||||
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will … **root you out** of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A PLANT represents actions or behaviors
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The action or behavior in the verses is marked in bold below.
|
|||
|
||||
> **Sow righteousness** for yourselves, and **reap the fruit** of covenant faithfulness. (Hosea 10:12a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> According to what I have seen, those who **plow iniquity** and **sow trouble reap it**. (Job 4:8 ULT)
|
||||
> According to what I have seen, those who **plow iniquity** and **sow trouble reap it**. (Job 4:8 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> For the people **sow the wind and reap the whirlwind**. (Hosea 8:7a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way.
|
||||
An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker turns his attention away from his listeners and speaks to someone or something that he knows cannot hear him. He does this to tell his listeners his message or feelings about that person or thing in a very strong way.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or group pauses to speak confidentially to himself or someone else about those to whom he had been speaking. The speaker does this to indicate in a strong way his thoughts or feelings about that person or group.
|
||||
An aside is a figure of speech in which someone who is speaking to a person or group pauses to speak confidentially to himself or someone else about those to whom he had been speaking. The speaker does this to indicate in a strong way his thoughts or feelings about that person or group.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Many languages do not use asides, and readers could be confused by them. They ma
|
|||
|
||||
In the first three lines, Yahweh is telling the people of Edom what will happen to them because they did not help the people of Judah. In the fourth line, Yahweh says something about Edom to himself.
|
||||
|
||||
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
|
||||
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the many things he did to restore true worship in Judah after the people returned from exile. But he suddenly turns aside and addresses God, asking God to bless him for what he, Nehemiah, has done for those people.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ Nehemiah is speaking to the readers of his account and describing some of the ma
|
|||
|
||||
(1) All the men of your covenant are sending you away as far as the border. The men of your peace are deceiving you and are prevailing against you. They of your bread will set a trap under you. **You do not understand any of this.**
|
||||
|
||||
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
|
||||
> And I purified them from everything foreign. And I caused the service watches to stand: for the priests and for the Levites, a man in his work; 31 and for the offering of pieces of wood at the appointed times; and for the firstfruits. **Remember me, my God, for good.** (Nehemiah 13:30-31 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
(2) And I cleansed them from everything foreign, and I made assignments for the priests and for the Levites, a man to his own work. And the wood offering at the stated time, and the firstfruits. **“Remember me, my God, for good."**
|
||||
|
|
@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ A complex metaphor is an implicit [metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) that uses m
|
|||
|
||||
### Explanation of a Complex Metaphor
|
||||
|
||||
When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical **Image** in order to express an abstract **Idea** about some immediate **Topic**, with at least one point of comparison between the Topic and the Image.
|
||||
When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical **Image** in order to express an abstract **Idea** about some immediate **Topic**, with at least one point of comparison between the Topic and the Image.
|
||||
|
||||
In simple metaphors, usually the Topic and the Image are expressed, and the Idea is implied from the context. In extended metaphors, the writer or speaker explicitly states the topic, and then describes multiple images and communicates multiple ideas.
|
||||
In simple metaphors, usually the Topic and the Image are expressed, and the Idea is implied from the context. In extended metaphors, the writer or speaker explicitly states the topic, and then describes multiple images and communicates multiple ideas.
|
||||
|
||||
A complex metaphor is different from both of these. In a complex metaphor, a writer/speaker uses multiple **Images** to express multiple **Ideas** about a **Topic**, but he does not explicitly say how the images and ideas are metaphorically related to one another. The reader/listener must think very carefully about what the writer/speaker is saying in order to figure out the underlying relationship between the images and the ideas.
|
||||
A complex metaphor is different from both of these. In a complex metaphor, a writer/speaker uses multiple **Images** to express multiple **Ideas** about a **Topic**, but he does not explicitly say how the images and ideas are metaphorically related to one another. The reader/listener must think very carefully about what the writer/speaker is saying in order to figure out the underlying relationship between the images and the ideas.
|
||||
|
||||
One can say more precisely that a complex metaphor operates *in the mind of the writer/speaker* rather than **in the text itself**.
|
||||
One can say more precisely that a complex metaphor operates *in the mind of the writer/speaker* rather than **in the text itself**.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the metaphor FORGIVENESS IS CLEANSING is a very common complex metaphor in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Consider the following verses from Psalm 51.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Here the psalmist is praying to God in earnest repentance for his sin (the **Top
|
|||
|
||||
The apostle Paul uses an even more difficult complex metaphor in Ephesians 6:10-20:
|
||||
|
||||
> Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the force of his strength. **Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devil.** For our struggle is not against blood and flesh, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the world-controllers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. Therefore, put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done everything, to stand. 14 Stand, therefore, **having fastened up your robe around your waist with the truth** and **having put on the breastplate of righteousness**, and **having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peace**. 16 In everything **take up the shield of the faith**, by which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. **Take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God**. With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit. To this end, be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints, 19 and for me, so that a message might be given to me when I open my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel 20 (for which I am an ambassador in chains), so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speak. (Eph 6:10-20 ULT)
|
||||
> Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the force of his strength. **Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devil.** For our struggle is not against blood and flesh, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the world-controllers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places. Therefore, put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done everything, to stand. 14 Stand, therefore, **having fastened up your robe around your waist with the truth** and **having put on the breastplate of righteousness**, and **having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peace**. 16 In everything **take up the shield of the faith**, by which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. **Take the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God**. With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit. To this end, be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints, 19 and for me, so that a message might be given to me when I open my mouth, to make known with boldness the mystery of the gospel 20 (for which I am an ambassador in chains), so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speak. (Eph 6:10-20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In this paragraph, the apostle Paul describes how a Christian should prepare to resist temptation (the **Topic**) by comparing a series of abstract ideas to pieces of armor worn by a soldier. The term “full armor of God” is not a combination of several simple metaphors. The soldier’s belt does not represent truth, the helmet does not represent salvation, the shield does not represent faith, and so on. Rather, the apostle Paul was using the central **Image** of a soldier putting on his armor (that is, “GETTING DRESSED” for battle) to refer to the central abstract **Idea** of a Christian preparing himself (that is, “PREPARATION”) to resist temptation. The unstated complex metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED underlies the entire description as a whole.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as doing things that people do, such as speaking,
|
|||
|
||||
> If we hear **the voice of Yahweh our God** any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> I was strengthened as **the hand of Yahweh** my God was upon me. (Ezra 7:28b ULT)
|
||||
> I was strengthened as **the hand of Yahweh** my God was upon me. (Ezra 7:28b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> You drove out the nations with **your hand**, but you planted our people; you afflicted the peoples, but you spread our people out in the land. For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword, neither did their own arm save them; but **your right hand**, **your arm**, and the light of **your face**, because you were favorable to them. (Psa 44:2-3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -55,21 +55,21 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
||||
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
|
||||
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
> By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
|
||||
> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> … for your **righteous** judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
|
||||
> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
|
||||
> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
|
||||
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> I will call on Yahweh, **who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4a ULT)
|
||||
> There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples in En
|
|||
|
||||
A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each have a negative meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
> We did this **not** because we have **no** authority … (2 Thessalonians 3:9a ULT)
|
||||
> We did this **not** because we have **no** authority … (2 Thessalonians 3:9a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> And this was not done without an oath! (Hebrews 7:20a ULT)
|
||||
> And this was not done without an oath! (Hebrews 7:20a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Be sure of this—the wicked person will **not** go **un**punished. (Proverbs 11:21a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be
|
|||
|
||||
> > “Lord, **I want you to heal me so** that I might receive my sight.”
|
||||
|
||||
> To Titus … **Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior**. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
> To Titus … **Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior**. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
|
||||
|
||||
> > To Titus … **May you receive** grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.
|
||||
> > To Titus … **May you receive** grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior.
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In order **to be polite**, Mary uses a euphemism to say that she has never had s
|
|||
|
||||
If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here are other options:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
|
||||
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
|
||||
|
||||
> 20 he even added this to them all: he locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
|
||||
> 20 he even added this to them all: he locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized. (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > 20 But then Herod … had John locked up in prison. 21 **Before John was put in prison,** while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
|
|||
|
||||
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
|
||||
|
||||
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
|
||||
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets 10 But Joshua **had commanded** the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
|
||||
|
||||
> 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
|
||||
> 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carrying seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh went forward and blew the trumpets, But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout nor let your voice be heard, nor let any word leave your mouth until the day I tell you to shout. Then you must shout.” (Joshua 6:8,10 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > 8,10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh
|
|||
|
||||
The word “Alas” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
|
||||
|
||||
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas**, O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
> When Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh, Gideon lamented, “**Alas**, O my Lord Yahweh, for because of this I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles ha
|
|||
|
||||
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were **including** the people they were speaking to - one another.
|
||||
|
||||
> Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
|
||||
> Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.
|
||||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ When using a metaphor, a writer/speaker uses a physical Image in order to expres
|
|||
|
||||
In Isaiah 5:1b-7, the prophet Isaiah uses a vineyard (the **Image**) to express God’s disappointment (the **Idea**) with the nation of Israel (the **Topic**) for their unfaithfulness to God and his covenant with them as his people. Farmers care for their gardens, and a farmer would feel disappointed if his vineyard produced bad fruit. If a vineyard produced only bad fruit for a long enough time, the farmer would eventually stop caring for it. We call this an extended metaphor because the prophet describes in detail multiple images relating to a vineyard as well as multiple aspects of God’s disappointment.
|
||||
|
||||
> 1b My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill. 2 He **spaded it,** **removed the stones**, and **planted it** with an excellent kind of vine. He **built a tower** in the middle of it, and also **built a winepress**. **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes**. 3 So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah; judge between me and my vineyard. 4 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? **When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes**? 5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled down. 6 I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. 7 For **the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel**, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; **he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing**; **for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help**. (Isa 5:1b-7 ULT)
|
||||
> 1b My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill. 2 He **spaded it,** **removed the stones**, and **planted it** with an excellent kind of vine. He **built a tower** in the middle of it, and also **built a winepress**. **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes**. 3 So now, inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah; judge between me and my vineyard. 4 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? **When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes**? 5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard; I will remove the hedge; I will turn it into a pasture; I will break down its wall, and it will be trampled down. 6 I will lay it waste, and it will not be pruned nor hoed. Instead, briers and thorns will spring up. I will also command the clouds not to rain on it. 7 For **the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel**, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; **he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing**; **for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help**. (Isa 5:1b-7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
|
|||
Can be translated as:
|
||||
|
||||
> “Yahweh is **like** a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
|
||||
> **Like** a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
|
||||
> **Like** a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
|
||||
|
||||
> My well beloved had a **vineyard** on a very fertile hill.
|
||||
> He **spaded** it, removed the stones, and planted it with **an excellent kind of vine**.
|
||||
> He **spaded** it, removed the stones, and planted it with **an excellent kind of vine**.
|
||||
> He built **a tower** in the middle of it, and also built a **winepress**.
|
||||
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced **wild grapes.** (Isaiah 5:1b-2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ When the speaker does give the audience information, he can do so in two ways. T
|
|||
|
||||
When someone speaks or writes, he has something specific that he wants people to know or do or think about. He normally states this directly. This is explicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
The speaker assumes that his audience already knows certain things that they will need to think about in order to understand this information. Normally he does not tell people these things, because they already know them. This is called assumed knowledge.
|
||||
The speaker assumes that his audience already knows certain things that they will need to think about in order to understand this information. Normally he does not tell people these things, because they already know them. This is called assumed knowledge.
|
||||
|
||||
The speaker does not always directly state everything that he expects his audience to learn from what he says. Implicit information is information that he expects people to learn from what he says even though he does not state it directly.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
> Jesus said to him, “Foxes **have holes**, and the birds of the sky **have nests**, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
|
||||
> Jesus said to him, “Foxes **have holes**, and the birds of the sky **have nests**, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
|
||||
The assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
|
||||
|
||||
> > Jesus said to him, “Foxes **have holes to live in**, and the birds of the sky **have nests to live in**, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
|
||||
> >
|
||||
|
|
@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ The assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in
|
|||
|
||||
The assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > At the day of judgment, it will be more tolerable for **those cities of Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked**, than it will be for you. or At the day of judgment, It will be more tolerable for those **wicked cities, Tyre and Sidon,** than for you.
|
||||
> > At the day of judgment, it will be more tolerable for **those cities of Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked**, than it will be for you. or At the day of judgment, It will be more tolerable for those **wicked cities, Tyre and Sidon,** than for you.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For **they do not wash their hands** when they eat bread. (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
|
||||
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For **they do not wash their hands** when they eat bread. (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ The implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit
|
|||
|
||||
> > Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but **I, the Son of Man**, have **no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live**.”
|
||||
>
|
||||
> It will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you (Matthew 11:22 ULT)
|
||||
> It will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you (Matthew 11:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into t
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> **Then** Abimelech came toward the tower and he fought against it, and approached as far as the entrance of the tower in order **to burn it with fire**. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
> **Then** Abimelech came toward the tower and he fought against it, and approached as far as the entrance of the tower in order **to burn it with fire**. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, it is normal to start most sentences with a conjunction such as “and” to show the connection between sentences. In English, it is not natural to do so, it is quite tiresome for the English reader, and it gives the impression that the author is uneducated. In English, it is best to leave the idea of connection between sentences implicit in most cases and not translate the conjunction explicitly.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ In the Bible, sometimes the words “men,” “brothers,” and “sons” refe
|
|||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says "brothers" when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
|
||||
In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says "brothers" when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
|
||||
|
||||
Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns “he” and “him” can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronoun is “his,” but it is not limited to males.
|
||||
> A wise son makes **his** father rejoice
|
||||
|
|
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
|
|||
|
||||
(3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
|
||||
|
||||
> If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24 ULT)
|
||||
> If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to so
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> The **righteous person** is kept away from trouble and it comes upon **the wicked** instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULT)
|
||||
> The **righteous person** is kept away from trouble and it comes upon **the wicked** instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The bold phrases above do not refer to a specific person but to anyone who does what is right or anyone who is wicked.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Here is a brief overview of Grammar Topics we will deal with in detail.
|
||||
Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Here is a brief overview of Grammar Topics we will deal with in detail.
|
||||
|
||||
**Parts of Speech** - Every word in a language belongs to a category called a part of speech. (See [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md).)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
|
||||
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > For I will give you **wise words** …
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
|
|||
|
||||
(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
|
||||
> For I will give you **a mouth** **and wisdom** … (Luke 21:15a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > for I will give you **words of wisdom**.
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something that he mean
|
|||
|
||||
**Hyperbole**: In hyperbole, a figure of speech that uses exaggeration, a speaker deliberately describes something with an extreme or even unreal statement, usually to show his strong feeling or opinion about it. He expects people to understand that he is exaggerating.
|
||||
|
||||
> They will not leave **stone upon stone in you.** (Luke 19:44b ULT)
|
||||
> They will not leave **stone upon stone in you.** (Luke 19:44b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This is an exaggeration. It means that the enemies will completely destroy Jerusalem.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should **do whatever extr
|
|||
|
||||
The bolded phrase is an exaggeration for the purpose of expressing the emotion that the Philistine army was overwhelming in number. It means that there were **many, many** soldiers in the Philistine army.
|
||||
|
||||
> But as his anointing teaches you **every****thing** and is true and is not a lie, and just as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27b ULT)
|
||||
> But as his anointing teaches you **every****thing** and is true and is not a lie, and just as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This is a hyperbole. It expresses the assurance that God’s Spirit teaches us about **all things that we need to know**. God’s Spirit does not teach us about everything that it is possible to know.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has
|
|||
|
||||
An idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it. Its meaning is different than what a person would understand from the meanings of the individual words that form the phrase.
|
||||
|
||||
> he **set his face** to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51b ULT)
|
||||
> he **set his face** to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The words “set his face” is an idiom that means “decided.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The phrase “come under my roof” is an idiom that means “enter my house.”
|
|||
|
||||
This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
|
||||
|
||||
**Purpose**: An idiom is probably created in a culture somewhat by accident when someone describes something in an unusual way. But, when that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language.
|
||||
**Purpose**: An idiom is probably created in a culture somewhat by accident when someone describes something in an unusual way. But, when that unusual way communicates the message powerfully and people understand it clearly, other people start to use it. After a while, it becomes a normal way of talking in that language.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
|
|||
|
||||
This means, “We and you belong to the same race, the same family.”
|
||||
|
||||
> The children of Israel went out **with a high hand**. (Exodus 14:8b ASV)
|
||||
> The children of Israel went out **with a high hand**. (Exodus 14:8b ASV)
|
||||
|
||||
This means, “The Israelites went out defiantly.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6, below, is to teach what people can expect to happe
|
|||
|
||||
(3) If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”
|
||||
|
||||
> Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
|
||||
> Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Translated as:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols. (Psalm 31:6a ULT)
|
||||
> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols. (Psalm 31:6a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
>
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
|
|||
>
|
||||
> > … for your judgments are good **because** they are righteous.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> How can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.“
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** she is 90 years old?”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this: Peter painted his house yesterday.
|
||||
Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this: Peter painted his house yesterday.
|
||||
|
||||
Many other languages normally put these things in a different order such as: Painted yesterday Peter his house.
|
||||
|
||||
Although all languages have a normal order for parts of a sentence, this order can change depending on what information the speaker or writer considers to be the most important.
|
||||
|
||||
Suppose that someone is answering the question, “What did Peter paint yesterday?” The person asking the question already knows all of the information in our sentence above except for the object, “his house.” Therefore, that becomes the most important part of the information, and a person answering in English might say "His house is what Peter painted (yesterday)."
|
||||
Suppose that someone is answering the question, “What did Peter paint yesterday?” The person asking the question already knows all of the information in our sentence above except for the object, “his house.” Therefore, that becomes the most important part of the information, and a person answering in English might say "His house is what Peter painted (yesterday)."
|
||||
|
||||
This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Many Other Languages would normally put the most important information last. In the flow of a text, the most important information is usually what the writer considers to be new information for the reader. In some languages the new information comes first, and in others it comes last.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ In this verse, the most important part of the information is first, that “woe
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.
|
||||
|
||||
This is the verse in the original Greek order:
|
||||
This is the verse in the original Greek order:
|
||||
|
||||
> And he went out from there and came to the hometown his, and they followed him the disciples his. (Mark 6:1)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was
|
|||
|
||||
Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so wise. The two phrases in bold above are irony. They emphasize the opposite of what they say, because they are so obviously false. They emphasize that Job could not possibly answer God’s questions about the creation of light because Job was not born until many, many years later.
|
||||
|
||||
> Already you are satisfied! Already you have become rich! **You began to reign** apart from us, and I wish you really did reign, so that we also might reign with you.(1 Corinthians 4:8 ULT)
|
||||
> Already you are satisfied! Already you have become rich! **You began to reign** apart from us, and I wish you really did reign, so that we also might reign with you.(1 Corinthians 4:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not in need of any instruction from the Apostle Paul. Paul used irony, speaking as if he agreed with them, to show how proudly they were acting and how far from being wise they really were.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -108,17 +108,17 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
|
|||
|
||||
If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
|
||||
|
||||
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.
|
||||
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
|
||||
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md). (
|
||||
|
||||
4) If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
|
||||
|
||||
(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
|
||||
(5) If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
|
||||
|
||||
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
|
||||
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
|
||||
|
||||
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended similarity (the **Idea**) between the topic and the image, then state it clearly. (8) If none of these strategies is satisfactory, then simply state the **Idea** plainly without using a metaphor.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
|
|||
|
||||
(2) If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally **if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible**. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
> But Jesus said to them, “He wrote this commandment to you because of your **hardness of heart.** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
|
||||
> But Jesus said to them, “He wrote this commandment to you because of your **hardness of heart.** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > It was because of your **hard hearts** that he wrote you this law,
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ However, there are many different reasons why a writer/speaker of Biblical Hebre
|
|||
|
||||
#### **Particle**–Verb–Subject–Object
|
||||
|
||||
A particle is a word that has a grammatical function but does not fit into the main parts of speech (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not change. Sometimes a particle takes the place of the conjunction. Often (but not always) in these cases, the particle is functioning as a [connecting word](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md) that expresses a specific kind of logical relationship between the chunk before the particle and the chunk after the particle. NOTE: this rule does not apply to negative particles or temporal particles.
|
||||
A particle is a word that has a grammatical function but does not fit into the main parts of speech (i.e. noun, verb, adverb). Particles do not change. Sometimes a particle takes the place of the conjunction. Often (but not always) in these cases, the particle is functioning as a [connecting word](../grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md) that expresses a specific kind of logical relationship between the chunk before the particle and the chunk after the particle. NOTE: this rule does not apply to negative particles or temporal particles.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Conjunction–**Subject**–Verb–Object
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
A parable is a short story that teaches something(s) that is true, and delivers the lesson in a way that is easy to understand and hard to forget.
|
||||
A parable is a short story that teaches something(s) that is true, and delivers the lesson in a way that is easy to understand and hard to forget.
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ This parable teaches that if a person does not have spiritual understanding, he
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples From the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket but, rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULT)
|
||||
> Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket but, rather, on the lampstand, and it shines for everyone in the house. Let your light shine before people in such a way that they see your good deeds and praise your Father who is in heaven. (Matthew 5:15-16 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This parable teaches us not to hide the way we live for God from other people.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
|
||||
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it will grow and spread throughout the world.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
|
|||
|
||||
If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
|
||||
|
||||
> > Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on **a high shelf?**
|
||||
> > Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on **a high shelf?**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **sowed** in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
|
||||
> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and **sowed** in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people ar
|
|||
|
||||
(2) If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
|
||||
|
||||
> **Jesus also said to them**, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
> **Jesus also said to them**, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > **Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.** “Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
> > **Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.** “Jesus also said to them, “The lamp is not brought in order to put it under a basket, or under the bed, is it? Is it not so that it might be put on the lampstand? (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them.** He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. It is indeed the smallest of all the seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.” (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
|
|||
> Until now you have dealt deceitfully with me and you have spoken lies to me. (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
|
||||
> > “Until now you have deceived me with your lies.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
|
||||
> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > “Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.”
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
|
|||
|
||||
> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have delivered Jericho, and its king, and its powerful soldiers into your hand. (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am about to deliver** over to you Jericho, its king, and its powerful soldiers.”
|
||||
> > Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I **am about to deliver** over to you Jericho, its king, and its powerful soldiers.”
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
In common English, possession refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English, that grammatical relationship is shown by using the word **”**of**,”** by using an apostrophe and the letter "s", or by using a possessive pronoun.
|
||||
In common English, possession refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English, that grammatical relationship is shown by using the word **”**of**,”** by using an apostrophe and the letter "s", or by using a possessive pronoun.
|
||||
|
||||
* the house **of** my grandfather
|
||||
* my grandfather**‘s** house
|
||||
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
|
|||
|
||||
**Ownership** - In the example below, the son owned the money.
|
||||
|
||||
> The younger son … wasted his wealth by living recklessly. (Luke 15:13b)
|
||||
> The younger son … wasted his wealth by living recklessly. (Luke 15:13b)
|
||||
|
||||
**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -61,19 +61,19 @@ Sometimes one or both of the nouns is an abstract noun that refers to an event o
|
|||
|
||||
In the example below, **Christ loves us**.
|
||||
|
||||
> Who will separate us from the **love of Christ**? (Romans 8:35)
|
||||
> Who will separate us from the **love of Christ**? (Romans 8:35)
|
||||
|
||||
**Object** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who or what something would happen to. In the example below, **people love money**.
|
||||
|
||||
> For the **love of money** is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10a ULT)
|
||||
> For the **love of money** is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would **punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords**.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings **the punishment of the sword**. (Job 19:29a ULT)
|
||||
> Then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings **the punishment of the sword**. (Job 19:29a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their **baptism represented their repentance**.
|
||||
|
||||
> John came, baptizing in the wilderness and preaching **a baptism of repentance** for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
> John came, baptizing in the wilderness and preaching **a baptism of repentance** for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns
|
||||
|
|
@ -102,24 +102,24 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
|
|||
|
||||
> Whoever gives you **a cup of water** to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Whoever gives you a **cup that has water in it** to drink … will not lose his reward.
|
||||
> > Whoever gives you a **cup that has water in it** to drink … will not lose his reward.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Wealth is worthless on **the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Wealth is worthless on **the day when God shows his wrath**.
|
||||
> > Wealth is worthless on **the day when God shows his wrath**.
|
||||
> >
|
||||
> > Wealth is worthless on the **day when God punishes people because of his wrath**.
|
||||
> > Wealth is worthless on the **day when God punishes people because of his wrath**.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
|
||||
|
||||
> Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen **the punishment of Yahweh your God.** (Deuteronomy 11:2a ULT)
|
||||
> Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen **the punishment of Yahweh your God.** (Deuteronomy 11:2a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen **how Yahweh your God punished the people of Egypt**.
|
||||
> > Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen **how Yahweh your God punished the people of Egypt**.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> You will only observe and see the **punishment of the wicked**. (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > You will only observe and see **how Yahweh punishes the wicked**.
|
||||
> > You will only observe and see **how Yahweh punishes the wicked**.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> You will receive the gift **of the Holy Spirit**. (Acts 2:38b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > You will receive the **Holy Spirit, whom God will give to you**.
|
||||
> > You will receive the **Holy Spirit, whom God will give to you**.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouns are words that people might use instead of using a noun when referring to someone or something. Some examples are “I,” “you,” “he,” “it,” “this,” “that,” “himself,” “someone,” and others. The personal pronouns is the most common type of pronoun.
|
||||
Pronouns are words that people might use instead of using a noun when referring to someone or something. Some examples are “I,” “you,” “he,” “it,” “this,” “that,” “himself,” “someone,” and others. The personal pronouns is the most common type of pronoun.
|
||||
|
||||
### Personal Pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show whether the speaker is refe
|
|||
|
||||
**[Reflexive Pronouns](../figs-rpronouns/01.md)** refer to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
* John saw **himself** in the mirror. - The word "himself" refers to John.
|
||||
* John saw **himself** in the mirror. - The word "himself" refers to John.
|
||||
|
||||
**Interrogative Pronouns** are used to make a question that needs more than just a yes or no for an answer: what, which, who, whom, whose.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show whether the speaker is refe
|
|||
|
||||
**Relative Pronouns** mark a relative clause. The relative pronouns, who, whom, whose, which and that give more information about a noun in the main part of the sentence. Sometimes, the relative adverbs when and where can also be used as relative pronouns.
|
||||
|
||||
* I saw the house **that John built**. The clause “that John built” tells which house I saw.
|
||||
* I saw the man **who built the house**. The clause “who built the house” tells which man I saw.
|
||||
* I saw the house **that John built**. The clause “that John built” tells which house I saw.
|
||||
* I saw the man **who built the house**. The clause “who built the house” tells which man I saw.
|
||||
|
||||
**Demonstrative Pronouns** are used to draw attention to someone or something and to show distance from the speaker or something else. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, these, that, and those.
|
||||
|
||||
* Have you seen **this** here?
|
||||
* Who is **that** over there?
|
||||
* Have you seen **this** here?
|
||||
* Who is **that** over there?
|
||||
|
||||
**Indefinite pronouns** are used when no particular noun is being referred to. The indefinite pronouns are: any, anyone, someone, anything, something, and some. Sometimes a personal pronoun is used in a generic way to do this: you, they, he or it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ A second layer direct quote has single quotation marks around it. We have printe
|
|||
|
||||
> They asked him, “Who is the man who said to you, **‘Pick it up and walk’**?” (John 5:12 ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> He sent two of the disciples, saying, “Go into the village ahead of you. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, **‘Why are you untying it?’** you will say thus, **‘The Lord has need of it.’**“ (Luke 19:29b-31 ULT)
|
||||
> He sent two of the disciples, saying, “Go into the village ahead of you. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, **‘Why are you untying it?’** you will say thus, **‘The Lord has need of it.’**“ (Luke 19:29b-31 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A quotation with three layers
|
||||
|
||||
A third layer direct quote has double quotation marks around it. We have printed it in bold type for you to see them clearly.
|
||||
|
||||
> Abraham said, “Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father’s house and travel from place to place, I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “**He is my brother**.”’” (Genesis 20:11-13 ULT)
|
||||
> Abraham said, “Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father’s house and travel from place to place, I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “**He is my brother**.”’” (Genesis 20:11-13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A quotation with four layers
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. The simile focuses on a particular trait the two items have in common, and it includes the words “like,” “as,” or “than.”
|
||||
|
||||
> When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were troubled and discouraged, **like sheep not having a shepherd**. (Matthew 9:36)
|
||||
> When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were troubled and discouraged, **like sheep not having a shepherd**. (Matthew 9:36)
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But in c
|
|||
|
||||
If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. If they would not, here are some strategies you can use:
|
||||
|
||||
(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
|
||||
(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible. If you use this strategy, you may want to put the original item in a footnote.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
|
|||
|
||||
(1) State specifically what the synecdoche refers to.
|
||||
|
||||
> ”**My soul** magnifies the Lord.” (Luke 1:46b ULT)
|
||||
> ”**My soul** magnifies the Lord.” (Luke 1:46b ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > “**I** magnify the Lord."
|
||||
>
|
||||
> So **the Pharisees** said to him … (Mark 2:24a ULT)
|
||||
> So **the Pharisees** said to him … (Mark 2:24a ULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> > **A** **representative of the Pharisees** said to him …
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people
|
|||
|
||||
Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words ‘Praise’ and ‘exalt’ mean the same thing. The words ‘Yahweh’ and ‘him’ refer to the same person. The terms ‘all you nations’ and ‘all you peoples’ refer to the same people.
|
||||
|
||||
> For Yahweh has a **lawsuit with his people**, and he will **fight in court** against Israel. (Micah 6:2b ULT)
|
||||
> For Yahweh has a **lawsuit with his people**, and he will **fight in court** against Israel. (Micah 6:2b ULT)
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The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
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@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages (tha
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(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
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> Until now you have **dealt deceitfully with me** and you have **spoken lies to me**. (Judges 16:13b ULT)
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> Until now you have **dealt deceitfully with me** and you have **spoken lies to me**. (Judges 16:13b ULT)
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>
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> > **All** you have done is lie to me.
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>
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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### Description
|
||||
|
||||
Verbs are words that refer to an action or event or that is used in describing or identifying things. An "action" is something you do. "Event" is more general than "action." "Events" are things that happen, such as death. A linking verb ("is") describes a condition of being.
|
||||
Verbs are words that refer to an action or event or that is used in describing or identifying things. An "action" is something you do. "Event" is more general than "action." "Events" are things that happen, such as death. A linking verb ("is") describes a condition of being.
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**Examples** The verbs in the examples below are bolded.
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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Some verbs never have an object.
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* John **slept** well.
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||||
* John **fell** yesterday.
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||||
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||||
For many verbs in English, where the object is not important in the sentence, the object may not be stated.
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For many verbs in English, where the object is not important in the sentence, the object may not be stated.
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||||
* He never **eats** at night.
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* He **sings** all the time.
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Finally, Old Testament speakers and writers also refer to actions that they perf
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples From the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> 1 Now take heed that **you** do not do **your** acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, otherwise **you** will not have a reward with **your** Father who is in heaven. 2 So when **you** give alms, do not sound a trumpet before **yourself** as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to **you**, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
> 1 Now take heed that **you** do not do **your** acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, otherwise **you** will not have a reward with **your** Father who is in heaven. 2 So when **you** give alms, do not sound a trumpet before **yourself** as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to **you**, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus said this to a crowd. He used “you” plural in verse 1, and “you” singular in the first sentence of verse 2. Then, in the last sentence, he used the plural again.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ Nehemiah makes clear that he brought other people with him on his inspection tou
|
|||
|
||||
> And I arose in the night, myself and a few men with me. And **I** was going up by the wadi at night, and **I** was looking intently at the wall. And **I** turned back, and **I** entered by the gate of the valley, and **I** returned. (Nehemiah 2:12a,15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> > And I arose in the night, myself and a few men with me. … And **we** were going up by the wadi at night and **we** were looking intently at the wall. And **we** turned back and **we** entered by the gate of the valley, and **we** returned.
|
||||
> > And I arose in the night, myself and a few men with me. … And **we** were going up by the wadi at night and **we** were looking intently at the wall. And **we** turned back and **we** entered by the gate of the valley, and **we** returned.
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal for
|
|||
|
||||
Luke called Theophilus “most excellent.” This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of “you” would probably use that form here.
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘Our Father who is in heaven, may **your** name be honored as holy. (Matthew 6:9b ULT)
|
||||
> ‘Our Father who is in heaven, may **your** name be honored as holy. (Matthew 6:9b ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would use the formal “you” because God is in authority. Other cultures would use the informal “you” because God is our Father.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used the singular form of “you” even tho
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
> But he said, “All these things I have kept from my youth.” But when he heard this, Jesus said to him, “One thing **i**s still lacking to **you**. All things, as much as **you** have, sell all and distribute to the poor, and **you** will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me.” (Luke 18:21-22 ULT)
|
||||
> But he said, “All these things I have kept from my youth.” But when he heard this, Jesus said to him, “One thing **i**s still lacking to **you**. All things, as much as **you** have, sell all and distribute to the poor, and **you** will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me.” (Luke 18:21-22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said “I.” This shows us that when Jesus said “you” he was referring only to the ruler. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” need the singular form here.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ There are two hypothetical conditions in this frame. In both of these conditions
|
|||
|
||||
If Cain does what is right, then he will be accepted. The only way for Cain to be accepted is by doing what is right.
|
||||
|
||||
> … **if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them. (Acts 5:38b-39aULT)
|
||||
> … **if** this plan or this work is of men, it will be overthrown. But **if** it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them. (Acts 5:38b-39aULT)
|
||||
>
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Jesus contrasts the proud way that human leaders behave with the humble way that
|
|||
|
||||
It is unexpected that someone who is bound with chains will be able to break them. Here, only the action verb, "breaking his bonds," marks the contrast of an unexpected event.
|
||||
|
||||
> \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for him. **But** the Most High does not live in houses made with hands. (Acts 7:46-48a ULT)
|
||||
> \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for him. **But** the Most High does not live in houses made with hands. (Acts 7:46-48a ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
There are two contrasts here, marked with “however” and "but." The first contrast shows that even though David asked to find a place for God’s house, it was Solomon who built it. Then there is another contrast because, even though Solomon built a house for God, God does not live in houses that people build.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ If your language uses contrast relationships in the same way as in the text, the
|
|||
|
||||
3.If your language shows a contrast relationship in a different way, then use that way.
|
||||
|
||||
> > \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for him. **But** the Most High does not live in houses made with hands. (Acts 7:46-48a ULT)
|
||||
> > \[David\] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **However**, Solomon built the house for him. **But** the Most High does not live in houses made with hands. (Acts 7:46-48a ULT)
|
||||
>> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the house of Jacob. **But** it was, Solomon, **not David**, who built the house for God. **Even though Solomon built him a house**, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ These are definitions of words that we use to talk about how people make the sou
|
|||
|
||||
#### Consonant
|
||||
|
||||
These are the sounds that people make when the air flow from their lungs is interrupted or limited by the position of the tongue, teeth or lips. The majority of letters in the alphabet are consonant letters. Most consonant letters have only one sound.
|
||||
These are the sounds that people make when the air flow from their lungs is interrupted or limited by the position of the tongue, teeth or lips. The majority of letters in the alphabet are consonant letters. Most consonant letters have only one sound.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Vowel
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue