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Proofread.edits (#230)

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Joel D. Ruark 2019-10-19 19:54:45 +00:00 committed by Gogs
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translate/figs-declarative/01.md Executable file → Normal file
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@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be trans
The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
>> Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean. Please do so.</u>
>> Lord, if you are willing, <u>please make me clean. I know you can do so.</u>
(3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
@ -65,5 +66,6 @@ The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to
> **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULT)
>> Son, I forgive your sins.
>> Son, God has forgiven your sins.

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@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo
### Examples from the Bible
Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh” and “Ah.” The word “oh” here shows the speaker’s amazement.
Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh” and “Ah”. The word “oh” here shows the speaker’s amazement.
> <u>Oh</u>, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
The word “Ah” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why”, even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
> <u>How</u> unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
### Translation Strategies
1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are”.
1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.
1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are”.
> **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
>> “You <u>are</u> such a worthless person!”
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
> **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
>> “His judgements are <u>so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u>far</u> beyond discovering!”
>> “His judgments are <u>so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u>far</u> beyond discovering!”
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
“If the sun stopped shining…”, “What if the sun stopped shining…”, “Suppose the sun stopped shining…”, “If only the sun had not stopped shining.” We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. We need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined.
“If the sun stopped shining…”, “What if the sun stopped shining…”, “Suppose the sun stopped shining…”, “If only the sun had not stopped shining.” We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. You (the translator) need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined.
### Description
@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ Hypothetical situations are situations that are not real. They can be in the pas
People sometimes tell about conditions and what would happen if those conditions were met, but they know that these things have not happened or probably will not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with “if.”)
* If he had won the lottery, he would have given me a million dollars. (But he did not.)
* If he won the lottery, there would be food on the table. (But there is not.)
* If he wins the lottery, he will give me a million dollars. (But he probably will not.)
* If he had lived to be one hundred years old, he would have seen his grandson's grandson. (But he did not.)
* If he lived to be one hundred years old, he would still be alive today. (But he is not.)
* If he lives to be one hundred years old, he will see his grandson's grandson. (But he probably will not.)
People sometimes express wishes about things that have not happened or that are not expected to happen.
@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that <u>if</u> the people living in the ancient
> Martha then said to Jesus, “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died.” (John 11:21 ULT)
Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did not come sooner, and her brother did die.
1. Hypothetical situations in the present
@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in t
> I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. <u>I wish that you were either cold or hot!</u> (Revelation 3:15 ULT)
Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they are neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger at this.
### Translation Strategies

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
### Description
Imperative sentences are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
Imperative sentences are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. In the Bible, sometimes imperative sentences have other uses.
### Reason this is a translation issue
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions th
### Examples from the Bible
Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 2, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live.
Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 26, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live.
> Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, “<u>Do not go down</u> to Egypt; <u>live</u> in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULT)
@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
#### Imperatives that make things happen
God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. (“Be clean” means “Be healed.”)
God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. (“Be clean” means “Be healed”.)
> “I am willing. <u>Be clean</u>.” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULT:
> God said, “<u>Let there be</u> light,” and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which translates into English as something like, “light must be.”
Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which translates into English as something like, “light must be”.
#### Imperatives that function as blessings

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ A **direct quotation** occurs when someone reports what another person said from
* John said, “<u>I</u> do not know at what time <u>I</u> will arrive.”
An **indirect quotation** occurs when a speaker reports what someone else said, but in this case, the speaker is reporting it from his own point of view instead of from the original person’s point of view. This kind of quotation usually features changes in pronouns, and it often features changes in time, in word choices, and in length. In the example below, the narrator refers to John as “he” in the quotation and uses the word “would,” to replace the future tense indicated by “will.”
An **indirect quotation** occurs when a speaker reports what someone else said, but in this case, the speaker is reporting it from his own point of view instead of from the original person’s point of view. This kind of quotation usually features changes in pronouns, and it often features changes in time, in word choices, and in length. In the example below, the narrator refers to John as “he” in the quotation and uses the word “would”, to replace the future tense indicated by “will”.
* John said that <u>he</u> did not know at what time <u>he</u> would arrive.

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@ -53,20 +53,20 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a
### Examples of Quote Marking Strategies Applied
1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULT text below.
(1) Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULT text below.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. In English the word “that” can introduce an indirect quote. In the example below, everything after the word “that” is an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes marked with “ and ‘.
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. In English the word “that” can introduce an indirect quote. In the example below, everything after the word “that” is an indirect quote of what the messengers said to the king. Within that indirect quote, there are some direct quotes marked with “ and ‘.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“ ‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
* They told him <u>that</u> a man came to meet them who said to them, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“
>> They told him <u>that</u> a man came to meet them who said to them, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“
1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
(3) If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’“‘“ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
* They said to him,
* A man came to meet us who said to us, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“
>> They said to him,
>>> A man came to meet us who said to us, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.”‘“

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@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
### Description
A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we can talk about it having layers of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier.
A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quotes can also have quotes within them. When a quote has quotes within it, we say there are "layers" of quotation, and each of the quotes is a layer. When there are many layers of quotes inside of quotes, it can be hard for listeners and readers to know who is saying what. Some languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes to make it easier.
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example if a quote that is inside a quote has the word “I,” the listener needs to know whether “I” refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote.
1. When there is a quote within a quote, the listener needs to know who the pronouns refer to. For example: if a quote that is inside a quote has the word “I”, the listener needs to know whether “I” refers to the speaker of the inner quote or the outer quote.
1. Some languages make this clear by using different kinds of quotes when there are quotes within quotes. They may use direct quotes for some and indirect quotes for others.
1. Some languages do not use indirect quotes.

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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ When people tell a story, they normally tell the events in the order that they h
**Example** - The underlined sentences in the story below are all background information.
Peter and John went on a hunting trip because <u>their village was going to have a a feast the next day</u>. <u>Peter was the best hunter in the village.</u> <u>He once killed three wild pigs in one day!</u> They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope <u>they had brought with them</u>, and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that <u>it was his own pig</u>. <u>Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig</u>.
Peter and John went on a hunting trip because <u>their village was going to have a feast the next day</u>. <u>Peter was the best hunter in the village.</u> <u>He once killed three wild pigs in one day!</u> They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope <u>they had brought with them</u>, and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that <u>it was his own pig</u>. <u>Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig</u>.
Background information often tells about something that had happened earlier or something that would happen much later. Examples of these are “their village was going to have a feast the next day” and “He once killed three wild pigs in one day,” “that they had brought with them,” and “Peter had mistakenly killed his cousins’ pig.
@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Languages have different ways of marking background information and storyline information.
* Translators need to know the order of the events in the Bible, which information is background information, and which is storyline information.
* Translators will need to translate the story in a way that marks the background information in a way that their own readers will understand the order of events, which information is background information, and which is storyline information.
* You (the translator) need to know the order of the events in the Bible, which information is background information, and which is storyline information.
* You will need to translate the story in a way that marks the background information in a way that your own readers will understand the order of events, which information is background information, and which is storyline information.
### Examples from the Bible

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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ There are different types of information that may be given at the end of a story
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information. If translators do not use their language’s ways of doing this, readers may not know these things:
Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information. If you (the translator) do not use your language’s ways of doing this, readers may not know these things:
* That this information is ending the story
* What the purpose of the information is

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@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ The following are four basic types of writing that exist in every language. Each
### Why This Is a Translation Issue
Every language has its own way of organizing these different types of writing. The translator must understand the type of writing that he is translating, understand how it is organized in the source language, and also know how his language organizes this kind of writing. He must put the writing into the form that his language uses for that type of writing so that people will understand it correctly. In every translation, the way that words, sentences, and paragraphs are arranged will affect how people will understand the message.
Every language has its own way of organizing these different types of writing. You (the translator) must understand the type of writing that you are translating, understand how it is organized in the source language, and also know how your language organizes this kind of writing. You must put the writing into the form that your language uses for that type of writing so that people will understand it correctly. In every translation, the way that words, sentences, and paragraphs are arranged will affect how people will understand the message.
### Writing Styles
The following are ways of writing that may combine with the four basic types above. These writing styles often present challenges in translation.
* **[Poetry](../writing-poetry/01.md)** - expresses ideas and feelings in a beautiful way
* **[Proverbs](../writing-proverbs/01.md)** - briefly teaches a truth or wisdom
* **[Proverbs](../writing-proverbs/01.md)** - briefly teaches a truth or gives wise advice
* **[Symbolic Language](../writing-symlanguage/01.md)** - uses symbols to represent things and events
* **[Symbolic Prophecy](../writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md)** - uses symbolic language to show what will happen in the future
* **[Hypothetical Situations](../figs-hypo/01.md)** - tells about what would happen if something were real or expresses an emotion about something that is not real
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ The differences between the different types of writing in a language can be call
Languages have different ways of using these different discourse features. The translator will need to study the way his language does each of these things, so that his translation communicates the right message in a clear and natural way. Other types of writing have other discourse features.
### Specific discourse issues
### Specific discourse topics
1. **[Introduction of a New Event](../writing-newevent/01.md)** - Phrases like “One day” or “It came about that” or “This is how it happened” or “Sometime after that” signal to the reader that a new event is about to be told.
1. **[Introduction of New and Old Participants](../writing-participants/01.md)** - Languages have ways of introducing new people and of referring to those people again.

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@ -53,11 +53,14 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
> **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
>> There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>. One night he came to Jesus and said…
>> One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>, came to Jesus and said…
> **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
>> As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him…
>> As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
>> As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
(2) If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone.
@ -67,15 +70,17 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
> **<u>Again he began</u> to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULT) - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
>> <u>Another time</u> Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
>> Jesus went to the lake and <u>began to teach people again</u> there.
(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT)
>> <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth.
>> <u>This part tells about what happened when</u> the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old.
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story.
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event will actually happen later in the story.
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
>> <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because <u>God had said that the waters of the flood would come</u>.

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@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ The quote margins are underlined below.
* <u>She said</u>, “The food is ready. Come and eat.”
* “The food is ready. Come and eat,” <u>she said</u>.
* “The food is ready,” <u>she said.</u> “Come and eat.”
* “The food is ready,” <u>she said.</u> “Come and eat."
Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning “said.”
Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning “said”.
> But his mother <u>answered</u> and <u>said</u>, “No, instead he will be called John.” (Luke 1:60 ULT)
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators need to put the quote margin where it is most clear and natural in their language.
* Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning “said.”
* Translators need to decide whether they want the quote margin to have one or two verbs meaning “said”.
* Translators need to decide which marks to use around the quotation.
### Examples from the Bible
@ -57,13 +57,17 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
> **”Therefore, those who can,” <u>he said,</u> “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”** (Acts 25:5 ULT)
>> <u>He said,</u> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
>> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him,” <u>he said</u>.
>> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us,” <u>he said.</u> “If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
(2) Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said.”
(2) Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said”.
> **But his mother <u>answered and said</u>, “No, instead he will be called John.”** (Luke 1:60 ULT)
>> But his mother <u>replied</u>, “No, instead he will be called John.”
>> But his mother <u>said</u>, “No, instead he will be called John.”
>> But his mother <u>answered</u> like this, “No, instead he will be called John,” she <u>said</u>.