Proofread.edits (#229)

translate/figs-123person/01.md

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 
-Normally a speaker refers to himself as “I” and the person he is speaking to as “you.” Sometimes in the Bible a speaker referred to himself or to the person he was speaking to with a phrase other than “I” or “you.”
+Normally a speaker refers to himself as “I” and the person he is speaking to as “you.” Sometimes in the Bible a speaker refers to himself or to the person he is speaking to with terms other than “I” or “you.”
 
 ### Description
 
-* **First person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself.  English uses the pronouns “I” and “we.” (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
-* **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses  the pronoun “you.” (Also: your, yours)
-* **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he,” “she,” “it” and “they.” (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
+* **First person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to himself.  English uses the pronouns “I” and “we”. (Also: me, my, mine; us, our, ours)
+* **Second person** - This is how a speaker normally refers to the person or people he is speaking to. English uses  the pronoun “you”. (Also: your, yours)
+* **Third person** - This is how a speaker refers to someone else. English uses the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it” and “they”. (Also: him, his, her, hers, its; them, their, theirs) Noun phrases like “the man” or “the woman” are also third person.
 
 ### Reason this is a Translation Issue
 
-Sometimes in the Bible a speaker used the third person to refer to himself or to the people he was speaking to. Readers might think that the speaker was referring to someone else. They might not understand that he meant “I” or “you.”
+Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses the third person to refer to himself or to the people he is speaking to. Readers might think that the speaker was referring to someone else. They might not understand that he meant “I” or “you.”
 
 ### Examples from the Bible
 

translate/figs-exclusive/01.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-Some languages have more than one form of “we:” an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but <u>not you</u>.” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
+Some languages have more than one form of “we”: an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but <u>not you</u>". The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us”, “our”, “ours”, and “ourselves”. Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
 
 See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive “we” and the exclusive “we” refer to.
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal
 
 ### Reason this is a translation issue
 
-The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for “we.” Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of “we” will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form of “we” to use.
+The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for “we.” If your language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of “we”, then you will need to understand what the speaker meant so that you can decide which form of “we” to use.
 
 ### Examples from the Bible
 

translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-In some parts of the Bible, the words “men”, “brothers” and “sons” refer only to men. In other parts of the Bible, those words include both men and women. When the writer meant both men and women, translators need to translate it in a way that does not limit the meaning to men.
+In the Bible, sometimes the words “men”, “brothers” and “sons” refer only to men. At other times, those words include both men and women. In those places where the writer meant both men and women, you (the translator) need to translate it in a way that does not limit the meaning to men.
 
 ### Description
 
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns “he” and “him” can be use
 > A wise child makes <u>his</u> father rejoice
 > but a foolish child brings grief to <u>his</u> mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULT)
 
+Both Hebrew and Greek are languages where masculine terms can apply to both men and women.  The same is true in English, and in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to both men and women.  For example, in this manual we often use masculine terms to refer to people like you (and other translators) who will use this manual. But we do not intend to say that only men can use this manual or to say that only men can translate the Bible.  We are simply using masculine terms to refer to both men and women
+
 #### Reason this is a translation issue
 
 * In some cultures words like “man,” “brother,” and “son” can only be used to refer to men. If those words are used in a translation in a more general way, people will think that what is being said does not apply to women.

translate/figs-infostructure/01.md

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Man
 
 ### Reasons this is a translation Issue
 
-* Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If a translator copies the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in his language.
-* Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If a translator keeps the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in his language.
+* Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If you (the translator) copy the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in your language.
+* Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If you keep the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in your language.
 
 ### Examples from the Bible
 

translate/figs-order/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-Most languages have a normal way of ordering the parts of a sentence. It is not the same in all languages. Translators need to know what the normal word order is in their language.
+Most languages have a normal way of ordering the parts of a sentence. It is not the same in all languages. You (the translator) need to know what the normal word order is in your language.
 
 ### The Main Parts of a Sentence
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Most sentences have three basic important parts: subject, object, and verb. Subj
 #### Subject
 
 The subject is usually what the sentence is about. It usually performs some action or is being described.
-A subject may be **active**; it does something, such as sing, or work, or teach.
+A subject may be **active**, meaning that it does something, such as sing, work, or teach.
 
 * <u>Peter</u> sings the song well.
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ A subject may have something done to it.
 
 * <u>Peter</u> was fed good food.
 
-A subject can be described or it can be in a **state**, such as being happy, sad, or angry.
+A subject can be described as being in a **state**, such as being happy, sad, or angry.
 
 * <u>He</u> is tall.
 * <u>The boy</u> is happy.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ The verb shows an action or a state of being.
 #### Preferred Word Order
 
 All languages have a preferred word order. The examples below show the order of the subject, object, and verb in “Peter hit the ball” for some languages.
-In some languages, such as English, the order is Subject-Verb-Object.
+In some languages, such as English, the normal word order is Subject-Verb-Object.
 
 * Peter hit the ball.
 

translate/figs-possession/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-In common English, “possession” refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown with <u>of</u>, or an apostrophe and the letter <u>s</u>, or a possessive pronoun.
+In common English, “possession” refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown by using the word <u>"of"</u>, by using an apostrophe and the letter <u>s</u>, or by using a possessive pronoun.
 
 * the house <u>of</u> my grandfather
 * my grandfather<u>‘s</u> house
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
     * my mother -  the woman who gave birth to me, or the woman who cared for me
     * my teacher - the person who teaches me
 * Contents - Something has something in it.
-    * a bag of potatoes - a bag that has potatoes in it, or a bag that is full of potatoes
+    * a bag of clothes - a bag that has clothes in it, or a bag that is full of clothes
 * Part and whole: One thing is part of another.
     * my head - the head that is part of my body
     * the roof of a house - the roof that is part of a house
 
 #### Reasons this is a translation issue
 
-* Translators need to understand the relationship between two ideas represented by the two nouns when one possesses the other.
+* You (the translator) need to understand the relationship between two ideas represented by the two nouns when one possesses the other.
 * Some languages do not use possession for all of the situations that your source text Bible might use it for.
 
 ### Examples from the Bible

translate/figs-pronouns/01.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-Pronouns are words that people use in place of a noun to refer to someone or something. Some examples are I, you, he, it, this, that, himself, someone. The most common type of pronoun is personal.
+Pronouns are words that people might use to refer to someone or something instead of using a noun. Some examples are "I", "you", "he", "it", "this", "that", "himself", "someone", and others. Personal pronouns are the most common type of pronoun.
 
 ### Personal Pronouns
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
 
 * **<u>Who</u> built the house?**
 
-**Relative Pronouns** mark a relative clause. They tell more about a noun in the main part of the sentence: that, which, who, whom, where, when
+**Relative Pronouns** mark a relative clause. They give more information about a noun in the main part of the sentence: that, which, who, whom, where, when
 
 * **I saw the house <u>that</u> John built.** The clause “that John built” tells which house I saw.
 * **I saw the man <u>who</u> built the house.** The clause “who built the house” tells which man I saw.

translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **Reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. Other languages may have other ways to show this.
+All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different roles in a sentence. English does this by using **reflexive pronouns**. These are pronouns that refer to someone or something that has already been mentioned in a sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are: "myself", "yourself", "himself", "herself", "itself", "ourselves", "yourselves", and "themselves". Other languages may have other ways to show this.
 
 ### Reason this is a translation issue
 

translate/figs-sentences/01.md

@@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ The ***subject*** is who or what the sentence is about. In these examples, the s
 * <u>The boy</u> is running.
 * <u>He</u> is running.
 
-Subjects are typically noun phrases or pronouns. (see [Parts of Speach](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) In the examples above, “the boy” is a noun phrase that has the noun “boy,” and “he” is a pronoun.
+Subjects are typically noun phrases or pronouns. (see [Parts of Speach](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) In the examples above, “the boy” is a noun phrase that has the noun “boy”, and “he” is a pronoun.
 
-When the sentence is a command, in many languages it does not have a subject pronoun. People understand that the subject is “you.”
+When the sentence is a command, in many languages it does not have a subject pronoun. People understand that the subject is “you”.
 
 * Close the door.
 
 #### Predicate
 
-The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))  In the sentences below, the subjects are “the man” and “he.” The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold.
+The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))  In the sentences below, the subjects are “the man” and “he”. The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold.
 
 * The man <u>**is** strong</u>.
 * He <u>**worked** hard</u>.
@@ -34,23 +34,23 @@ The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject.
 A sentence can be made up of more than one sentence. Each of the two lines below has a subject and a predicate and is a full sentence.
 
 * He planted the yams.
-* His wife planted the corn.
+* His wife planted the maize.
 
-The compound sentence below contains the two sentences above. In English, compound sentences are joined with a conjunction such as “and,” “but,” or “or.”
+The compound sentence below contains the two sentences above. In English, compound sentences are joined with a conjunction such as “and”, “but”, or “or”.
 
-* He planted the yams <u>and</u> his wife planted the corn.
+* He planted the yams <u>and</u> his wife planted the maize.
 
 #### Clauses
 
 Sentences can also have clauses and other phrases. Clauses are like sentences because they have a subject and a predicate, but they do not normally occur by themselves. Here are some examples of clauses. The subjects are in bold, and the predicates are underlined.
 
-* when **the corn** <u>was ready</u> 
+* when **the maize** <u>was ready</u> 
 * after **she** <u>picked it</u> 
 * because **it** <u>tasted so good</u> 
 
 Sentences can have many clauses, and so they can become long and complex. But each sentence has to have at least one **independent clause**, that is, a clause that can be a sentence all by itself. The other clauses that cannot be sentences by themselves are called the **dependent clauses**. Dependent clauses depend on the independent clause to complete their meaning. The dependent clauses are underlined in the sentences below.
 
-* <u>When the corn was ready</u>, she picked it.
+* <u>When the maize was ready</u>, she picked it.
 * <u>After she picked it</u>, she carried it home and cooked it.
 * Then she and her husband ate it all, <u>because it tasted so good</u>.
 
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ In some languages, clauses can be used with a noun that is part of a sentence. T
 
 In the sentence below, “the corn that was ready” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “that was ready” is used with the noun “corn” to tell which corn she picked.
 
-* His wife picked **the corn** <u>that was ready</u>.
+* His wife picked **the maize** <u>that was ready</u>.
 
-In the sentence below “her mother, who was very annoyed” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “who was very annoyed” is used with the noun “mother” to tell how her mother felt when she did not get any corn.
+In the sentence below “her mother, who was very annoyed” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “who was very annoyed” is used with the noun “mother” to tell how her mother felt when she did not get any maize.
 
-* She did not give any corn to **her mother**, <u>who was very annoyed</u>.
+* She did not give any maize to **her mother**, <u>who was very annoyed</u>.
 
 
 #### Translation Issues

translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic types of sentences are listed below with the functions they are mainly used for.
 
-* **Statements** - These are mainly used to give information. ‘_This is a fact._’
+* **Statements** - These are mainly used to give information. '_This is a fact._’
 * **Questions** - These are mainly used to ask for information. ‘_Do you know him?_’
 * **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. ‘_Pick that up._’
 * **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. ‘_Ouch, that hurt!_’
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ In Genesis 21, Hagar expressed her strong desire not to see her son die, and the
 
 > <u>Let me not look</u> upon the death of the child. (Genesis 21:16 ULT)
 
-Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md))
+Imperative sentences can have other functions also. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md))
 
 #### Exclamations
 

translate/figs-verbs/01.md

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Some verbs never have an object.
 * John <u>slept</u> well.
 * John <u>fell</u> yesterday.
 
-For many verbs in English, it is alright to leave out the object when the object is not important in the sentence.
+For many verbs in English, the object may not be stated in sentences where the object is not important in the sentence.
 
 * He never <u>eats</u> at night.
 * He  <u>sings</u> all the time.
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ In some languages speakers might add a word to tell something about the time. En
 
 When we tell about an event, sometimes we want to show how the event progressed over a period of time, or how the event relates to another event. This is **aspect**. English speakers sometimes use the verbs “is” or “has” and add “s,” “ing,” or “ed” to the end of the verb in order to show how the event relates to another event or to the present time.
 
-* Mary <u>cooks</u> meat every day. (This tell about something Mary often does.)
+* Mary <u>cooks</u> meat every day. (This tells about something Mary often does.)
 * Mary <u>is cooking</u> the meat. (This tells about something Mary is in the process of doing right now.)
 * Mary <u>cooked</u> the meat, and John <u>came</u> home.  (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.)
 * While Mary <u>was cooking</u> the meat, John came home. (This tells about something Mary was in the process of doing when John came home)
 * Mary <u>has cooked</u> the meat, and she wants us to come eat it. (This tells about something Mary did that is still relevant now.)
-* Mary <u>had cooked</u> the meat by the time Mark came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.)
+* Mary <u>had cooked</u> the meat by the time John came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.)
 

translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. These languages have a **singular** form of “you” for when the word “you” refers to just one person, and a **plural** form for when the word “you” refers to more than one person. However sometimes speakers in the Bible used the **singular** form of “you” even though they were speaking to a group of people. This is not obvious when you read the Bible in English, because English does not have distinct forms for “you” singular and “you” plural. But you may see this if you read a Bible in a language that does have distinct forms.
+The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. These languages have a **singular** form of “you” for when the word “you” refers to just one person, and a **plural** form for when the word “you” refers to more than one person. However sometimes speakers in the Bible used the **singular** form of “you” even though they were speaking to a group of people. This is not obvious when you read the Bible in English, because English does not have different forms that indicate where “you” is singular and where “you” plural. But you may see this if you read a Bible in a language that does have distinct forms.
 
 Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of people with the singular pronoun “he,” rather than with the plural pronoun “they.”
 

translate/figs-youformal/01.md

@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-Some languages make a distinction between the formal form of “you” and the informal form of “you.”  This page is primarily for people whose language makes this distinction.
+Some languages make a distinction between the formal form of “you” and the informal form of “you”.  This page is primarily for people whose language makes this distinction.
 
 In some cultures people use the formal “you” when speaking to someone who is older or in authority, and they use the informal “you” when speaking to someone who is their own age or younger or who has less authority. In other cultures, people use the formal “you” when speaking to strangers or people they do not know well, and the informal “you” when speaking with family members and close friends.
 
 #### Reasons this is a Translation Issue
 
 * The Bible was written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. These languages do not have formal and informal forms of “you.”
-* English and many other source languages do not have formal and informal forms of “you.”
+* English and many other source languages do not have formal and informal forms of “you”.
 * Translators who use a source text in a language that does have formal and informal forms of “you” will need to understand how those forms are used in that language.  The rules in that language may not be exactly the same as the rules in the translator’s language.
 * Translators will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form in their language.
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal for
 
 > So, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything accurately from the beginning, to write it down for  <u>you</u> in order, most excellent Theophilus. I want  <u>you</u> to know the certainty of the things that  <u>you </u> were taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULT)
 
-Luke called Theophilus “most excellent.” This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of “you” would probably use that form here.
+Luke called Theophilus “most excellent”. This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of “you” would probably use that form here.
 
 > Heavenly Father, sanctify <u>your</u> name. (Matthew 6:9 ULT)
 

translate/writing-pronouns/01.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo
 
 * In some languages the first time something is referred to in a paragraph or chapter, it is referred to with a noun rather than a pronoun.
 * The **main character** is the person whom a story is about. In some languages, after a main character is introduced in a story, he is usually referred to with a pronoun. Some languages have special pronouns that refer only to the main character.
-* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is, and speakers use a pronoun, noun phrase, or name only when they want to emphasize or clarify who the subject is.
+* In some languages, marking on the verb helps people know who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) In some of these languages, listeners rely on this marking to help them understand who the subject is; and speakers will use a pronoun, noun phrase, or proper name only when they want either to emphasize or to clarify who the subject is.
 
 #### Reasons this is a translation issue
 
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name.
+1. If it would not be clear to your readers to whom or to what a pronoun refers, use a name or a noun.
 1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-(1) If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name.
+(1) If it would not be clear to your readers to whom or to what a pronoun refers, use a name or a noun.
 
 > **Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. <u>They</u> watched <u>him</u> to see if <u>he</u> would heal <u>him</u> on the Sabbath.** (Mark 3:1-2 ULT)
 >> Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. <u>Some Pharisees</u> watched <u>Jesus</u> to see if <u>he</u> would heal <u>the man</u> on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 UST)