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Fix formatting of Translation Strategies Applied section (#214)
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Larry Sallee
Gogs
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@ -40,16 +40,19 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
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(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
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* **But David said to Saul, “<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
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* But David said to Saul, “<u>I, your servant</u>, used to keep <u>my</u> father’s sheep.”
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> **But David said to Saul, “<u> Your servant</u> used to keep <u> his</u> father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
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1. Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
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>> But David said to Saul, “<u> I, your servant</u> , used to keep <u> my</u> father’s sheep.”
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* **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
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* Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u>mine</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>me</u>?”
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(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
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* **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
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* So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>your</u> brother from your heart.
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> **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u> God’s</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u> him</u> ?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
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>> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u> mine</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u> me</u> ?”
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> **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u> each of you</u> does not forgive <u> his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
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>> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u> each of you</u> does not forgive <u> your</u> brother from your heart.
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@ -42,23 +42,23 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
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(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
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* **…from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
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* Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
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> **…from <u> childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
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>> Ever since <u> you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
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* **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
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* But <u>being godly</u> and <u>content</u> is very <u>beneficial</u>.
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* But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>are godly</u> and <u>content</u>.
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* But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>honor and obey God</u> and when we are <u>happy with what we have</u>.
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> **But <u> godliness with contentment</u> is great <u> gain</u> .** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
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>> But <u> being godly</u> and <u> content</u> is very <u> beneficial</u> .
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>> But we <u> benefit</u> greatly when we <u> are godly</u> and <u> content</u> .
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>> But we <u> benefit</u> greatly when we <u> honor and obey God</u> and when we are <u> happy with what we have</u> .
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* **Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
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* Today the people in this house <u>have been saved</u>…
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* Today God <u>has saved</u> the people in this house…
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> Today <u> salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
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>> Today the people in this house <u> have been saved</u> …
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>> Today God <u> has saved</u> the people in this house…
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* **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
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* The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>moving slowly</u> to be.
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> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u> slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
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>> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u> moving slowly</u> to be.
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* **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
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* He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u>the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u>.
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> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u> purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
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>> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u> the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u> .
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@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
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(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
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* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
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* <u>The king’s servants gave</u> Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
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> **A loaf of bread <u> was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
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>> <u> The king’s servants gave</u> Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
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1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or ”people” or ”someone.”
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(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or ”people” or ”someone.”
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* **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
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* It would be better for him if <u>they were to put</u> a millstone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
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* It would be better for him if <u>someone were to put</u> a heavy stone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
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> **It would be better for him if a millstone <u> were put</u> around his neck and he <u> were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
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>> It would be better for him if <u> they were to put</u> a millstone around his neck and <u> throw</u> him into the sea.
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>> It would be better for him if <u> someone were to put</u> a heavy stone around his neck and <u> throw</u> him into the sea.
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1. Use a different verb in an active sentence.
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(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence.
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* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
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* He <u>received</u> a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
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> **A loaf of bread <u> was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
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>> He <u> received</u> a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
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@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells <u>them</u> his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
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(1) If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells <u> them</u> his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
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* **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
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* He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on <u>it</u>.’ “
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> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u> “Altar</u> , <u> altar</u> ! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
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>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says <u> about this altar.</u> ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on <u> it</u> .’ “
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* **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
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* <u>As for these mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>them</u>
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> **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u> , let there not be dew or rain on <u> you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
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>> <u> As for these mountains of Gilboa</u> , let there not be dew or rain on <u> them</u>
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@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sen
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It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. The complete sentence would be:
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>“Lord, <u>I want you to heal me so</u> that I might receive my sight.”
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>> “Lord, <u> I want you to heal me so</u> that I might receive my sight.”
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> To Titus…<u> Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior</u> . (Titus 1:4 ULT)
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The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
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>To Titus…<u>May you receive</u> grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior.
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>> To Titus…<u> May you receive</u> grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior.
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### Translation Strategies
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@ -57,16 +57,16 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
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(1) Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
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* **…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor <u>sinners in the assembly</u> of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
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* …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u>sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
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> **…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor <u> sinners in the assembly</u> of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
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>> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u> sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
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* **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.”** (Luke 18:40-41)
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* …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
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> **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u> that I might receive my sight</u> .”** (Luke 18:40-41)
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>> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u> I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
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* **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>.** (Psalm 29:6)
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* He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.
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> **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u> and Sirion like a young ox</u> .** (Psalm 29:6)
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>> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and <u> he makes</u> Sirion <u> skip</u> like a young ox.
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@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use a euphemism from your own culture.
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(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
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* **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
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* “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u>“
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* “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u>“
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> **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u> relieve himself</u> .** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
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>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u> to dig a hole</u> “
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>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u> to have some time alone</u> “
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* **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
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* Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I do not know a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
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> **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u> slept with any man</u> ?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
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>> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u> I do not know a man</u> ?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
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1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
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(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
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* **they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
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* “they found Saul and his sons <u>dead</u> on Mount Gilboa.”
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> **they found Saul and his sons <u> fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
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>> “they found Saul and his sons <u> dead</u> on Mount Gilboa.”
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@ -28,26 +28,26 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
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(1) If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
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* **<sup>20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
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* <sup>20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup>21</sup> <u>Before John was put in prison,</u> while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
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> **<sup> 20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup> 21</sup> Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
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>> <sup> 20</sup> But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. <sup> 21</sup> <u> Before John was put in prison,</u> while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
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* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
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* Who is worthy to open the scroll <u>after</u> breaking its seals?
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> **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
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>> Who is worthy to open the scroll <u> after</u> breaking its seals?
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1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
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(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
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* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
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* <sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup>10</sup> But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
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> **<sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
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>> <sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua <u> had commanded</u> the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
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1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
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(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
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* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
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* <sup>8-10</sup> Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
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> **<sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
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>> <sup> 8-10</sup> Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
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* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
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* Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?
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> **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
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>> Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?
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You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_events.
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@ -39,35 +39,35 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
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(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
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* **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
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* “You <u>are</u> such a worthless person!”
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> **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
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>> “You <u> are</u> such a worthless person!”
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* **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
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* “Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God <u>are</u> so deep!”
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> **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
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>> “Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God <u> are</u> so deep!”
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1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word “wow” below shows that they were astonished. The expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
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(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word “wow” below shows that they were astonished. The expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
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* **They were absolutely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.”** (Mark 7:36 ULT)
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* “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “<u>Wow</u>! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
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> **They were absolutely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.”** (Mark 7:36 ULT)
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>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “<u> Wow</u> ! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
|
||||
|
||||
* **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
* “__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
|
||||
> **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> “__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
|
||||
(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
* Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u>? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
|
||||
* <u>Help</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
|
||||
> **<u> Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> Lord Yahweh, <u> what will happen to me</u> ? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
|
||||
>> <u> Help</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
|
||||
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
|
||||
|
||||
* **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
|
||||
* “His judgements are <u>so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u>far</u> beyond discovering!”
|
||||
> **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
|
||||
>> “His judgements are <u> so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u> far</u> beyond discovering!”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
|
||||
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
* “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>He was terrified</u> and said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
> **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u> Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u> He was terrified</u> and said, “<u> Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -60,18 +60,19 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:
|
||||
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:
|
||||
|
||||
> **Yahweh is <u> my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing.**
|
||||
> **He makes <u> me</u> to lie down in green pastures;**
|
||||
> **<u> he leads me</u> beside tranquil water.** (ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Can be translated as:
|
||||
|
||||
> “Yahweh is <u> like</u> a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
|
||||
> <u> Like</u> a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters,
|
||||
> Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
|
||||
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
|
||||
|
||||
> **My well beloved had a <u> vineyard</u> on a very fertile hill.**
|
||||
> **He <u> spaded</u> it and removed the stones, and planted it with the <u> choicest</u> vine.**
|
||||
|
|
@ -79,16 +80,17 @@ Can be translated as:
|
|||
> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u> wild grapes</u> .**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
May be translated as:
|
||||
|
||||
> “My well beloved had a <u> grapevine garden</u> on a very fertile hill.
|
||||
> He <u> dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u> the best grapevines</u> .
|
||||
> He built a <u> watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u> a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u> .
|
||||
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u> wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u> .”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
|
||||
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
|
||||
|
||||
Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
> Yahweh is <u> my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* “Yahweh <u>cares for me</u> like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
|
||||
>> “Yahweh <u> cares for me</u> like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
|
||||
|
||||
> **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u> is</u> the house of Israel,**
|
||||
> **and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;**
|
||||
|
|
@ -96,16 +98,17 @@ Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
|||
> **for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Can be translated as:
|
||||
> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>represents</u> the house of Israel,
|
||||
> and the men of Judah <u>are like</u> his pleasant planting;
|
||||
> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
|
||||
> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
>> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u> represents</u> the house of Israel,
|
||||
>> and the men of Judah <u> are like</u> his pleasant planting;
|
||||
>> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
|
||||
>> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
|
||||
|
||||
* <u>So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit</u>,
|
||||
* <u>Yahweh will stop protecting</u> Israel and Judah,
|
||||
* <u>because they do not do what is right</u>.
|
||||
* he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
|
||||
* for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
|
||||
or as:
|
||||
|
||||
>> <u> So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit</u> ,
|
||||
>> <u> Yahweh will stop protecting</u> Israel and Judah,
|
||||
>> <u> because they do not do what is right</u> .
|
||||
>> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
|
||||
>> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -44,30 +44,32 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
|
||||
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
|
||||
* Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes to live in</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests to live in</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
|
||||
> **Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u> have holes</u> , and the birds of the sky <u> have nests</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
|
||||
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u> have holes to live in</u> , and the birds of the sky <u> have nests to live in</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
|
||||
> **it will be more tolerable for <u> Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
|
||||
|
||||
*…it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u>, at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
* Or:
|
||||
*…it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
>> …it will be more tolerable for <u> those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u> , at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
|
||||
* **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
|
||||
or:
|
||||
|
||||
* Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness</u> when they eat.
|
||||
>> …it will be more tolerable for those <u> wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
|
||||
1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
|
||||
> **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u> they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULT) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house.
|
||||
>> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u> they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness</u> when they eat.
|
||||
|
||||
* Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u>, have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u>.”
|
||||
(2) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
|
||||
|
||||
* **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
|
||||
> **Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULT) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house.
|
||||
|
||||
* At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish Tyre and Sidon</u>, cities whose people were very wicked, <u>less severely than he will punish you</u>
|
||||
* At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish you more severely</u> than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
|
||||
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u> I, the Son of Man</u> , have <u> no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u> .”
|
||||
|
||||
> **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
|
||||
|
||||
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u> punish Tyre and Sidon</u> , cities whose people were very wicked, <u> less severely than he will punish you</u>
|
||||
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u> punish you more severely</u> than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
|
||||
|
||||
Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -28,24 +28,24 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.
|
||||
(1) If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
* There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
|
||||
(2) If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
|
||||
|
||||
* **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
* Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it</u>. (Or) <u>…to set it on fire</u>.
|
||||
> **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
>> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u> to burn it</u> . (Or) <u> …to set it on fire</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
|
||||
* The centurion <u>answered</u>, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
|
||||
> **The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
|
||||
>> The centurion <u> answered</u> , “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
|
||||
|
||||
In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
* **And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying,** (Matthew 5:2 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>He began to</u> teach them, saying, (Or) He taught them, saying,
|
||||
> **And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying,** (Matthew 5:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> He began to</u> teach them, saying, (Or) He taught them, saying,
|
||||
|
||||
In English, it would be very strange to include the information that Jesus opened his mouth when he spoke. That information is included in the verbs "taught" and "saying," so that phrase can be omitted and that information left implicit. However, "he opened his mouth" is an idiom that indicates the beginning of a speech, so that information may be included, or it may also be left implicit.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for
|
|||
|
||||
> Jesus said to them, “Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees.” The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, “It is because we took no bread.” … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus’ disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word “yeast” here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11 -
|
||||
Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus’ disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word “yeast” here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11
|
||||
|
||||
> “How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees.” Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Only after Jesus explained that he was not talking about bread did they realize that he was talking about the false teaching of the Pharisees. Therefore it would be wrong to explicitly state the implicit information in Matthew 16:6.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,19 +42,19 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women.
|
||||
(1) Use nouns that can be used for both men and women.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The wise <u>man</u> dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULT)
|
||||
* “The wise <u>person</u> dies just like the fool dies.”
|
||||
* “Wise <u>people</u> die just like fools die.”
|
||||
> **The wise <u> man</u> dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULT)
|
||||
>> “The wise <u> person</u> dies just like the fool dies.”
|
||||
>> “Wise <u> people</u> die just like fools die.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
|
||||
(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
|
||||
|
||||
* **For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
|
||||
* “For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
|
||||
> **For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u> brothers</u> , about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
|
||||
>> “For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u> brothers and sisters</u> , about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
|
||||
(3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
|
||||
|
||||
* **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.”** (Matthew 16:24 ULT) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
|
||||
* “If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u>, take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me.”
|
||||
> **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.”** (Matthew 16:24 ULT) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
|
||||
>> “If <u> people</u> want to follow me, <u> they</u> must deny <u> themselves</u> , take up <u> their</u> cross, and follow me.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -39,29 +39,29 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or th
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
|
||||
(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
* “Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u>, but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u>.” (Proverbs 12:2)
|
||||
> **Yahweh gives favor to <u> a good man</u> , but he condemns <u> a man who makes evil plans</u> .** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh gives favor to <u> the good man</u> , but he condemns <u> the man who makes evil plans</u> .” (Proverbs 12:2)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.
|
||||
(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.
|
||||
|
||||
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
* “People curse <u>a man</u> who refuses to sell them grain”
|
||||
> **People curse <u> the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
>> “People curse <u> a man</u> who refuses to sell them grain”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the word “any, as in “any person” or “anyone.”
|
||||
(3) Use the word “any, as in “any person” or “anyone.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
* “People curse <u>any man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.”
|
||||
> **People curse <u> the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
>> “People curse <u> any man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the plural form, as in “people” (or in this sentence, “men”).
|
||||
(4) Use the plural form, as in “people” (or in this sentence, “men”).
|
||||
|
||||
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
* “People curse <u>men</u> who refuse to sell them grain”
|
||||
> **People curse <u> the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
>> “People curse <u> men</u> who refuse to sell them grain”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use any other way that is natural in your language.
|
||||
(5) Use any other way that is natural in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
* “People curse <u>whoever</u> refuses to sell them grain.”
|
||||
> **People curse <u> the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
>> “People curse <u> whoever</u> refuses to sell them grain.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,22 +43,22 @@ If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.
|
||||
(1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
* **But you will be free from my oath if you <u>come</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
|
||||
* But you will be free from my oath if you <u>go</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.
|
||||
> **But you will be free from my oath if you <u> come</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
|
||||
>> But you will be free from my oath if you <u> go</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
|
||||
* Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>come</u> out in public for five months.
|
||||
> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u> go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
|
||||
>> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u> come</u> out in public for five months.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
|
||||
(2) Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
* “When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
|
||||
> **When you have <u> come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> “When you have <u> arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
* “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…”
|
||||
> **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u> Come</u> , you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u> Enter</u> , you and all your household, into the ark…”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
|
||||
* Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>appear</u> in public for five months.
|
||||
> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u> go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
|
||||
>> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u> appear</u> in public for five months.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -34,29 +34,32 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
|
||||
(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
|
||||
* for I will give you <u>wise words</u>
|
||||
> **for I will give you <u> words and wisdom</u>** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
|
||||
>> for I will give you <u> wise words</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
|
||||
* that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own glorious kingdom</u>.
|
||||
> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u> his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
|
||||
>> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u> his own glorious kingdom</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
|
||||
(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>.** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
|
||||
* for I will give you <u>words of wisdom</u>.
|
||||
> **for I will give you <u> words and wisdom</u> .** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
|
||||
>> for I will give you <u> words of wisdom</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
|
||||
* that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom of glory</u>.
|
||||
> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u> his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
|
||||
>> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u> his own kingdom of glory</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
|
||||
(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
|
||||
|
||||
* **if you are <u>willing</u> and <u>obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
|
||||
* if you are <u>willingly obedient</u>
|
||||
> **if you are <u> willing</u> and <u> obedient</u> ** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
|
||||
>> if you are <u> willingly obedient</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other.
|
||||
(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other.
|
||||
|
||||
* **if you are, <u>willing and obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT) - The adjective “obedient” can be substituted with the verb “obey.”
|
||||
* if you <u>obey willingly</u>
|
||||
> **if you are, <u> willing and obedient</u> ** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The adjective “obedient” can be substituted with the verb “obey.”
|
||||
|
||||
>> if you <u> obey willingly</u>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -87,26 +87,26 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
|
||||
(1) Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
|
||||
* The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u>a great number of troops</u>.
|
||||
> **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u> as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u> .** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u> a great number of troops</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”
|
||||
(2) For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame…** (Proverbs 13:18 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>In general,</u> the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
|
||||
* **And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7)
|
||||
* “And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles <u>generally</u> do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.”
|
||||
> **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame…** (Proverbs 13:18 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> In general,</u> the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
|
||||
> **And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7)
|
||||
>> “And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles <u> generally</u> do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. For a generalization, add a word like “most” or “almost” to show that the generalization is not exact.
|
||||
(3) For a generalization, add a word like “most” or “almost” to show that the generalization is not exact.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>Almost all</u> the country of Judea and <u>almost all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
|
||||
* <u>Most</u> of the country of Judea and <u>most</u> of the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
|
||||
> **The <u> whole</u> country of Judea and <u> all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> Almost all</u> the country of Judea and <u> almost all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
|
||||
>> <u> Most</u> of the country of Judea and <u> most</u> of the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. For a generalization that has a word like “all,” always,” “none,” or “never,” consider deleting that word.
|
||||
(4) For a generalization that has a word like “all,” always,” “none,” or “never,” consider deleting that word.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
* The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.
|
||||
> **The <u> whole</u> country of Judea and <u> all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -55,22 +55,22 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
|
||||
(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your <u>flesh and bone</u>.”** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
|
||||
> **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your <u> flesh and bone</u> .”** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
|
||||
*…Look, we all <u> belong to the same nation</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **he <u>resolutely set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULT)
|
||||
* He started to travel to Jerusalem, <u>determined to reach it</u>.
|
||||
> **he <u> resolutely set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULT)
|
||||
>> He started to travel to Jerusalem, <u> determined to reach it</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I am not worthy that you should enter <u>under my roof</u>.** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
|
||||
* I am not worthy that you should enter <u>my house</u>.
|
||||
> **I am not worthy that you should enter <u> under my roof</u>.** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
|
||||
>> I am not worthy that you should enter <u> my house</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
|
||||
(2) Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>** (Luke 9:44 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>Be all ears</u> when I say these words to you.
|
||||
> **Let these words <u> go deeply into your ears</u>** (Luke 9:44 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> Be all ears</u> when I say these words to you.
|
||||
|
||||
* **”My <u>eyes grow dim</u> from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULT)
|
||||
* I am crying my <u>eyes out</u>
|
||||
> **”My <u> eyes grow dim</u> from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULT)
|
||||
>> I am crying my <u> eyes out</u>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -52,25 +52,25 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.
|
||||
(1) If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
|
||||
* “You are now clean.”
|
||||
* “I now cleanse you.”
|
||||
> **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
|
||||
>> “You are now clean.”
|
||||
>> “I now cleanse you.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **God said, “<u>Let there be</u> light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
* God said, “<u>There is now light</u>“ and there was light.
|
||||
> **God said, “<u> Let there be</u> light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
>> God said, “<u> There is now light</u> “ and there was light.
|
||||
|
||||
* **God blessed them and said to them, “<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”** (Genesis 1:28 ULT)
|
||||
* God blessed them and said to them, “<u>My will for you is that you be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>I want you to have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
|
||||
> **God blessed them and said to them, “<u> Be fruitful</u> , and <u> multiply</u> . <u> Fill</u> the earth, and <u> subdue</u> it. <u> Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”** (Genesis 1:28 ULT)
|
||||
>> God blessed them and said to them, “<u> My will for you is that you be fruitful</u> , and <u> multiply</u> . <u> Fill</u> the earth, and <u> subdue</u> it. <u> I want you to have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
|
||||
(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
|
||||
|
||||
* **God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
* God said, ‘Let there be light,’ <u>so</u> there was light.
|
||||
* God said, “Light must be;” <u>as a result</u>, there was light.
|
||||
> **God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
>> God said, ‘Let there be light,’ <u> so</u> there was light.
|
||||
>> God said, “Light must be;” <u> as a result</u> , there was light.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”
|
||||
(3) If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”
|
||||
|
||||
> **Teach a child the way he should go,**
|
||||
> **and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -52,23 +52,23 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
||||
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
* “<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
|
||||
> **I hate those who serve <u> worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
>> “<u> Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
> **…for your <u> righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
*…for your judgments are good <u> because</u> they are righteous.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
* “Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?”
|
||||
> **Can Sarah, <u> who is ninety years old</u> , bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
>> “Can Sarah bear a son <u> even when</u> she is ninety years old?”
|
||||
|
||||
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>…** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
* “I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised”
|
||||
> **I will call on Yahweh, <u> who is worthy to be praised</u> …** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
>> “I will call on Yahweh, <u> because</u> he is worthy to be praised”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way.
|
||||
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>.** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
|
||||
* “The name of the third river is Tigris. <u>It flows east of Asshur</u>.
|
||||
> **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u> which flows east of Asshur</u> .** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> “The name of the third river is Tigris. <u> It flows east of Asshur</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,28 +41,31 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
|
||||
(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment</u> so you may keep your tradition!
|
||||
* <u>You act like it is good to reject God’s commandment</u> so you may keep your tradition!
|
||||
> **<u> How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **I did not come to call <u>righteous people</u> to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32 ULT)
|
||||
* I did not come to call <u>people who think that they are righteous</u> to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
|
||||
>> <u> You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment</u> so you may keep your tradition!
|
||||
>> <u> You act like it is good to reject God’s commandment</u> so you may keep your tradition!
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
|
||||
> **I did not come to call <u> righteous people</u> to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!
|
||||
>> I did not come to call <u> people who think that they are righteous</u> to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
|
||||
|
||||
* **”Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u>, so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>.”** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
|
||||
* ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols <u>cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen</u> so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because <u>they cannot speak</u> to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
|
||||
(2) Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?**
|
||||
> **<u> How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
**Can you find the way back to their houses for them?**
|
||||
**<u>Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;</u>**
|
||||
**<u>the number of your days is so large!</u>“** (Job 38:20, 21 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!
|
||||
|
||||
* Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? <u>You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not</u>!
|
||||
> **”Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “<u> Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u> , so we may know these things well. <u> Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>.”** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
>> ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols <u> cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen</u> so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because <u> they cannot speak</u> to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?**
|
||||
> **Can you find the way back to their houses for them?**
|
||||
> **<u>Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;</u>**
|
||||
> **<u>the number of your days is so large!</u>“** (Job 38:20, 21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
>> Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? <u>You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not</u>!
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -33,12 +33,14 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the <u>positive</u> meaning in a strong way.
|
||||
(1) If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the <u> positive</u> meaning in a strong way.
|
||||
|
||||
* **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
|
||||
* “For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you <u>did much good</u>.”
|
||||
> **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u> not useless</u> .** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULT)
|
||||
* “Now when it became day, there was <u>great excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
|
||||
* “Now when it became day, the soldiers were <u>very concerned</u> because of what had happened to Peter.”
|
||||
>> “For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you <u> did much good</u> .”
|
||||
|
||||
> **Now when it became day, there was <u> no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
>> “Now when it became day, there was <u> great excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
|
||||
>> “Now when it became day, the soldiers were <u> very concerned</u> because of what had happened to Peter.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -35,19 +35,19 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
|
||||
(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>…** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u>…
|
||||
> **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u> heaven and earth</u> …** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
>> I praise you, Father, Lord of <u> everything</u> …
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh’s name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>In all places</u>, people should praise Yahweh’s name.
|
||||
> **<u> From the rising of the sun to its setting</u> , Yahweh’s name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> In all places</u> , people should praise Yahweh’s name.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
|
||||
(2) Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>.** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth</u>.
|
||||
> **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u> heaven and earth</u> .** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
|
||||
>> I praise you, Father, Lord of <u> everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
* **He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u>.** (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
|
||||
* He will bless <u>all those</u> who honor him, regardless of whether they are <u>young or old</u>.
|
||||
> **He will bless those who honor him, both <u> young and old</u> .** (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
|
||||
>> He will bless <u> all those</u> who honor him, regardless of whether they are <u> young or old</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -126,52 +126,52 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a “dead” metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
|
||||
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a “dead” metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u>.** (Mark 5:22 ULT)
|
||||
* Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>immediately bowed down in front of him</u>.
|
||||
> **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u> fell at his feet</u> .** (Mark 5:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u> immediately bowed down in front of him</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u>. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
|
||||
(2) If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally <u> if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u> . If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
* **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
|
||||
* It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,
|
||||
> **It was because of your <u> hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> It was because of your <u> hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,
|
||||
|
||||
There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the target audience correctly understands this metaphor.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.”
|
||||
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
|
||||
* And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u>like</u> clay. You are <u>like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
|
||||
> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u> clay</u> . You are our <u> potter</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
|
||||
>> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u> like</u> clay. You are <u> like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
|
||||
(4) If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
|
||||
* Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u>kick against a pointed stick</u>.
|
||||
> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u> to kick a goad</u> .** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u> kick against a pointed stick</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
|
||||
(5) If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
|
||||
|
||||
* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
|
||||
* “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u>. You are our <u>carver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.”
|
||||
* “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u>. You are the <u>weaver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.”
|
||||
> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u> clay</u> . You are our <u> potter</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
|
||||
>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u> wood</u> . You are our <u> carver</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.”
|
||||
>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u> string</u> . You are the <u> weaver</u> ; and we all are the work of your hand.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
|
||||
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
|
||||
* Yahweh lives; <u>He is my rock</u>. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
|
||||
> **Yahweh lives; may <u> my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
|
||||
>> Yahweh lives; <u> He is my rock</u> . May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
|
||||
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
|
||||
* Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock <u>under which I can hide from my enemies</u>. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
|
||||
> **Yahweh lives; may <u> my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
|
||||
>> Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock <u> under which I can hide from my enemies</u> . May the God of my salvation be exalted.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
|
||||
* Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner’s pointed stick</u>.
|
||||
> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u> to kick a goad</u> .** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u> fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner’s pointed stick</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.
|
||||
(8) If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I will make you become <u>fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULT)
|
||||
* I will make you become <u>people who gather men</u>.
|
||||
* Now you gather fish. I will make you <u>gather people</u>.
|
||||
> **I will make you become <u> fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULT)
|
||||
>> I will make you become <u> people who gather men</u>.
|
||||
>> Now you gather fish. I will make you <u> gather people</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,19 +40,19 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
|
||||
(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
|
||||
|
||||
* **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULT)
|
||||
* “He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
|
||||
> **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “<u> This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULT)
|
||||
>> “He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “<u> The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
|
||||
(2) Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULT)
|
||||
* “The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David.”
|
||||
* “The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David.”
|
||||
> **The Lord God will give him <u> the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULT)
|
||||
>> “The Lord God will give him <u> the kingly authority</u> of his father, David.”
|
||||
>> “The Lord God will <u> make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULT)
|
||||
* “who warned you to flee from God’s coming <u>punishment</u>?”
|
||||
> **who warned you to flee from <u> the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULT)
|
||||
>> “who warned you to flee from God’s coming <u> punishment</u> ?”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
|
||||
(1) Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
|
||||
* The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>righteous people</u>.
|
||||
> **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u> the righteous</u>.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
|
||||
>> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u> righteous people</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u>…** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
|
||||
* Blessed are <u>people who are meek</u>…
|
||||
> **Blessed are <u> the meek</u>…** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> Blessed are <u> people who are meek</u>…
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -24,19 +24,19 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same.
|
||||
(1) If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u>lampstand</u>“**. (Mark 4:21 ULT) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
|
||||
* Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u>a high shelf</u>.
|
||||
> **Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u> lampstand</u> “**. (Mark 4:21 ULT) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
|
||||
>> Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u> a high shelf</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
|
||||
* Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
|
||||
> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u> sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
|
||||
>> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u> planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
|
||||
(2) If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Jesus said to them</u>, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand”**. (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.</u> “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
> **<u> Jesus said to them</u> , “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand”**. (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly.</u> “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows</u>. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
|
||||
> **<u> Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows</u> . He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -72,27 +72,27 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
|
||||
(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
|
||||
* “Until now you have deceived me with your lies.”
|
||||
> **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
|
||||
>> “Until now you have deceived me with your lies.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
|
||||
* “Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.”
|
||||
> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
|
||||
>> “Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
|
||||
* “For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.”
|
||||
> **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
|
||||
>> “For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
|
||||
(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
* “Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.”
|
||||
> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
|
||||
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
|
||||
* “All you have done is lie to me.”
|
||||
> **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
|
||||
>> “All you have done is lie to me.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
* “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”
|
||||
> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,18 +40,18 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the future tense to refer to future events.
|
||||
(1) Use the future tense to refer to future events.
|
||||
|
||||
* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
|
||||
* “For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u>;
|
||||
> **For to us a child <u> has been born</u> , to us a son <u> has been given</u> ;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
|
||||
>> “For to us a child <u> will be born</u> , to us a son <u> will be given</u> ;
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
|
||||
(2) If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
|
||||
* Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u>am about to hand</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
|
||||
> **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u> have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u> am about to hand</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
|
||||
(3) Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
|
||||
* Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u>am handing</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
|
||||
> **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u> have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I <u> am handing</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,20 +40,20 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Add words or phrases to make it clear.
|
||||
(1) Add words or phrases to make it clear.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…<u>sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
|
||||
> **…<u> sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
|
||||
*…<u> sin</u> is at your door, <u> waiting to attack you</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally.
|
||||
(2) Use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
|
||||
> **…sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
|
||||
*…sin is crouching at the door, just <u> as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
1. Find a way to translate it without the personification.
|
||||
(3) Find a way to translate it without the personification.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea as if they are able to hear” and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
|
||||
* He even <u>controls the winds and the sea</u>.
|
||||
> **…even the <u> winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea as if they are able to hear” and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
|
||||
>> He even <u> controls the winds and the sea</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: We have broadened our definition of “personification” to include “zoomorphism” (speaking of other things as if they had animal characteristics) and “anthropomorphism” (speaking of non-human things as if they had human characteristics.)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -80,28 +80,28 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print.
|
||||
(1) Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print.
|
||||
|
||||
* **On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u>** (Revelation 9:7)
|
||||
* “On their heads were <u>**gold** crowns</u>“
|
||||
> **On their heads were something like <u> crowns of gold</u>** (Revelation 9:7)
|
||||
>> “On their heads were <u> **gold** crowns</u> “
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
|
||||
(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
|
||||
*…Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.
|
||||
> **…Whoever gives you <u> a cup of water</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
|
||||
>> …Whoever gives you <u> a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink…will not lose his reward.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
|
||||
* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **shows** his wrath.</u>
|
||||
* Wealth is worthless on the <u>day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u>.
|
||||
> **Wealth is worthless on <u> the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
|
||||
>> Wealth is worthless on <u> the day when God **shows** his wrath.</u>
|
||||
>> Wealth is worthless on the <u> day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
|
||||
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen <u>the punishment of Yahweh your God</u>,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULT)
|
||||
* Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen <u>how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.</u>
|
||||
> **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen <u> the punishment of Yahweh your God</u>,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen <u> how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **You will only observe and see the <u>punishment of the wicked</u>.** (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
|
||||
* You will only observe and see <u>how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked</u>.
|
||||
> **You will only observe and see the <u> punishment of the wicked</u>.** (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
|
||||
>> You will only observe and see <u> how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…you will receive the gift <u>of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULT)
|
||||
*…you will receive <u>the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you</u>.
|
||||
> **…you will receive the gift <u> of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULT)
|
||||
>> …you will receive <u> the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
|
||||
(1) If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
|
||||
|
||||
* **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u>“** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
|
||||
* He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u>.”
|
||||
> **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “<u> Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u> “** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> He instructed him to tell no one, but <u> to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u> .”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
|
||||
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
|
||||
|
||||
* **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u>, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
|
||||
* He instructed him, “<u>Tell no one</u>. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
|
||||
> **He instructed him, <u> to tell no one</u> , but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> He instructed him, “<u> Tell no one</u> . Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
|
||||
|
||||
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_quotations.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -46,16 +46,16 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
|
||||
(1) Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u>. But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision</u>, I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u>.”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
|
||||
* Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u>‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?’</u> But when Paul said, <u>‘I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision,’</u> I told the guard, <u>‘Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.’</u>“
|
||||
> **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u> if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u> . But when Paul called <u> to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision</u> , I ordered him <u> to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u> .”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
|
||||
>> Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u> ‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?’</u> But when Paul said, <u> ‘I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision,’</u> I told the guard, <u> ‘Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.’</u> “
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
|
||||
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
|
||||
* Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them <u>that</u> at twilight <u>they</u> will eat meat, and in the morning <u>they</u> will be filled with bread. Then <u>they</u> will know that I am Yahweh <u>their</u> God.”
|
||||
> **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
|
||||
>> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them <u> that</u> at twilight <u> they</u> will eat meat, and in the morning <u> they</u> will be filled with bread. Then <u> they</u> will know that I am Yahweh <u> their</u> God.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “** (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
|
||||
* They told him <u>that</u> a man had come to meet <u>them</u> who said to <u>them</u>, “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him <u>that</u> Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “
|
||||
> **They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “** (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
|
||||
>> They told him <u> that</u> a man had come to meet <u> them</u> who said to <u> them</u> , “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him <u> that</u> Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -46,33 +46,33 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
|
||||
(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
|
||||
|
||||
* **If I should testify about <u>myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
|
||||
* “If I should <u>self-testify</u> alone, my testimony would not be true.”
|
||||
> **If I should testify about <u> myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
|
||||
>> “If I should <u> self-testify</u> alone, my testimony would not be true.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>purify themselves</u>.** (John 11:55)
|
||||
* “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u>.”
|
||||
> **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u> purify themselves</u> .** (John 11:55)
|
||||
>> “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u> self-purify</u> .”
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
|
||||
(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULT)
|
||||
* “<u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.”
|
||||
> **<u> He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULT)
|
||||
>> “<u> It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
|
||||
* “<u>It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were.”
|
||||
> **<u> Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
|
||||
>> “<u> It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun.
|
||||
(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u>himself</u> knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6)
|
||||
> **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u> himself</u> knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6)
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
|
||||
(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>.** (John 6:15)
|
||||
* “When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again <u>alone</u> up the mountain.”
|
||||
> **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u> by himself</u> .** (John 6:15)
|
||||
>> “When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again <u> alone</u> up the mountain.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
|
||||
(5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
|
||||
|
||||
* **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>.** (John 20:6-7 ULT)
|
||||
* “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying <u>in it’s own place</u>.”
|
||||
> **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u> by itself</u> .** (John 20:6-7 ULT)
|
||||
>> “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying <u> in it’s own place</u> .”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -73,38 +73,38 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Add the answer after the question.
|
||||
(1) Add the answer after the question.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
|
||||
* Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? <u>Of course not!</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
|
||||
> **<u> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
|
||||
>> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? <u> Of course not!</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
|
||||
|
||||
* **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
* Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? <u>None of you would do that!</u>
|
||||
> **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
>> Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? <u> None of you would do that!</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
|
||||
(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed…** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>This is what the kingdom of God is like.</u> It is like a mustard seed…”
|
||||
> **<u> What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed…** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> This is what the kingdom of God is like.</u> It is like a mustard seed…”
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Is this how you insult God’s high priest?</u>** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>You should not insult God’s high priest!</u>
|
||||
> **<u> Is this how you insult God’s high priest?</u>** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> You should not insult God’s high priest!</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?</u>** (Job 3:11 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>I wish I had died when I came out from the womb!</u>
|
||||
> **<u> Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?</u>** (Job 3:11 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> I wish I had died when I came out from the womb!</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?</u>** (Luke 1:43 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!</u>
|
||||
> **<u> And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?</u>** (Luke 1:43 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
|
||||
(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
|
||||
* You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u>do you not?</u>
|
||||
> **<u> Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
|
||||
>> You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u> do you not?</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
|
||||
(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
* If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u>would you give him a stone</u>?
|
||||
> **Or <u> what man among you is there who</u> , if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u> will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
|
||||
>> If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u> would you give him a stone</u> ?
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils</u>? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number
|
||||
> **<u> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils</u> ? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils</u> ? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -44,30 +44,30 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
|
||||
(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
|
||||
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - This compares the danger that Jesus’ disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
|
||||
* See, I send <u>you out among wicked people</u> and you will be in danger from them <u>as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves</u>.
|
||||
> **See, I send you out <u> as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - This compares the danger that Jesus’ disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
|
||||
>> See, I send <u> you out among wicked people</u> and you will be in danger from them <u> as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
* **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
|
||||
* For the word of God is living and active and <u>more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword</u>
|
||||
> **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u> than any two-edged sword</u> .** (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
|
||||
>> For the word of God is living and active and <u> more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible.
|
||||
(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible.
|
||||
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
|
||||
* See, I send you out <u>as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u>,
|
||||
> **See, I send you out <u> as sheep in the midst of wolves</u> ,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
|
||||
>> See, I send you out <u> as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u> ,
|
||||
|
||||
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
|
||||
* How often I wanted to gather your children together, <u>as a mother closely watches over her infants</u>, but you refused!
|
||||
> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u> as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u> , but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
|
||||
>> How often I wanted to gather your children together, <u> as a mother closely watches over her infants</u> , but you refused!
|
||||
|
||||
* **If you have faith even as small <u>as a grain of mustard</u>,** (Matthew 17:20)
|
||||
* If you have faith even as small <u>as a tiny seed</u>,
|
||||
> **If you have faith even as small <u> as a grain of mustard</u> ,** (Matthew 17:20)
|
||||
>> If you have faith even as small <u> as a tiny seed</u> ,
|
||||
|
||||
1. Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
|
||||
(3) Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
|
||||
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
|
||||
* See, I send you out and <u>people will want to harm you</u>.
|
||||
> **See, I send you out <u> as sheep in the midst of wolves</u> ,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
|
||||
>> See, I send you out and <u> people will want to harm you</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
|
||||
* How often I wanted to <u>protect you</u>, but you refused!
|
||||
> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u> as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u> , but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
|
||||
>> How often I wanted to <u> protect you</u> , but you refused!
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. State specifically what the synecdoche refers to.
|
||||
(1) State specifically what the synecdoche refers to.
|
||||
|
||||
* **”<u>My soul</u> exalts the Lord.”** (Luke 1:46 ULT)
|
||||
* “<u>I</u> exalt the Lord.”
|
||||
> **”<u> My soul</u> exalts the Lord.”** (Luke 1:46 ULT)
|
||||
>> “<u> I</u> exalt the Lord.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **…<u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULT)
|
||||
*…<u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him…
|
||||
> **…<u> the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULT)
|
||||
>> …<u> a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him…
|
||||
|
||||
* **…I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished…** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
|
||||
* I looked on all the deeds that <u>I</u> had accomplished
|
||||
> **…I looked on all the deeds that <u> my hands</u> had accomplished…** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
|
||||
>> I looked on all the deeds that <u> I</u> had accomplished
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -40,27 +40,27 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
|
||||
(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Until now you have <u>deceived me and told me lies</u>.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
|
||||
* Until now you have <u>deceived me with your lies</u>.
|
||||
> **Until now you have <u> deceived me and told me lies</u> .** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
|
||||
>> Until now you have <u> deceived me with your lies</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does and watches all</u> the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
|
||||
* Yahweh <u>pays attention to everything</u> a person does.
|
||||
> **Yahweh <u> sees everything a person does and watches all</u> the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
|
||||
>> Yahweh <u> pays attention to everything</u> a person does.
|
||||
|
||||
* **For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
|
||||
* For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, Israel.
|
||||
> **For Yahweh has a <u> lawsuit with his people</u> , and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
|
||||
>> For Yahweh has a <u> lawsuit with his people</u> , Israel.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
|
||||
(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything</u> a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
* Yahweh <u>truly sees</u> everything a person does.
|
||||
> **Yahweh <u> sees everything</u> a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> Yahweh <u> truly sees</u> everything a person does.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
|
||||
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **…you have deceived me <u>and</u> told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>All</u> you have done is lie to me.
|
||||
> **…you have deceived me <u> and</u> told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> All</u> you have done is lie to me.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does <u>and</u> watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
* Yahweh sees <u>absolutely everything</u> that a person does.
|
||||
> **Yahweh sees everything a person does <u> and</u> watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> Yahweh sees <u> absolutely everything</u> that a person does.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,32 +64,32 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULT would be natura
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULT does not use one).
|
||||
(1) Use a connecting word (even if the ULT does not use one).
|
||||
|
||||
* **Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULT)
|
||||
> **Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
They followed Jesus <u>because</u> he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with “so:”
|
||||
>> They followed Jesus <u> because</u> he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with “so:”
|
||||
|
||||
> Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” <u>So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
|
||||
>> Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” <u> So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
|
||||
(2) Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments <u>and</u> teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
|
||||
> **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments <u> and</u> teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u> But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this:
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|
||||
>> Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, <u>but</u> instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. <u>Then</u> after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
|
||||
> **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, <u> but</u> instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. <u> Then</u> after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Some languages might not need the words “but” or “then” here. They might translate like this:
|
||||
|
||||
> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.
|
||||
>> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a different connecting word.
|
||||
(3) Use a different connecting word.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
|
||||
> **<u> Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u> But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of a word like “therefore,” a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word “but” is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word “but” would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So “and” might be clearer for those languages. They might translate like this:
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>Because of that</u>, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|
||||
>> <u> Because of that</u> , whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u> And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number t
|
|||
|
||||
The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does.
|
||||
|
||||
**<sup>14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** <sup><u>15</u></sup> **<u>Peace</u> be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULT)
|
||||
> **<sup> 14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** <sup> <u> 15</u> </sup> **<u> Peace</u> be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<sup>14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name. (3 John 14)
|
||||
> <sup> 14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name. (3 John 14)
|
||||
|
||||
Next is an example from Psalm 3. Some Bibles do not mark the explanation at the beginning of the psalm as a verse, and others mark it as verse 1. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does.
|
||||
|
||||
***A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.***
|
||||
<sup>1</sup> **Yahweh, how many are my enemies!**
|
||||
**Many have turned away and attacked me.**
|
||||
<sup>2</sup> **Many say about me,**
|
||||
**”There is no help for him from God.” *Selah***
|
||||
> ***A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.***
|
||||
> <sup> 1</sup> **Yahweh, how many are my enemies!**
|
||||
> **Many have turned away and attacked me.**
|
||||
> <sup> 2</sup> **Many say about me,**
|
||||
> **”There is no help for him from God.” *Selah***
|
||||
|
||||
<sup>1</sup> *A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.*
|
||||
<sup>2</sup> Yahweh, how many are my enemies!
|
||||
Many have turned away and attacked me.
|
||||
<sup>3</sup> Many say about me,
|
||||
“There is no help for him from God.” *Selah*
|
||||
> <sup> 1</sup> *A psalm of David, when he fled from Absalom his son.*
|
||||
> <sup> 2</sup> Yahweh, how many are my enemies!
|
||||
> Many have turned away and attacked me.
|
||||
> <sup> 3</sup> Many say about me,
|
||||
> “There is no help for him from God.” *Selah*
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter.
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULT, you will need to change the fractions in the ULT to decimals.
|
||||
(1) If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULT, you will need to change the fractions in the ULT to decimals.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u>one log</u> of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULT)
|
||||
* “ <u>0.3 ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u>one log</u> of oil.”
|
||||
> **<u> three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u> one log</u> of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULT)
|
||||
>> “ <u> 0.3 ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u> one log</u> of oil.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UST, you will need to change the decimals in the UST to fractions.
|
||||
(2) If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UST, you will need to change the decimals in the UST to fractions.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>about 6.5 liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u>one third liter</u> of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UST)
|
||||
* “<u>about six and a half liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u>one third liter</u> of olive oil.”
|
||||
> **<u> about 6.5 liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u> one third liter</u> of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UST)
|
||||
>> “<u> about six and a half liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u> one third liter</u> of olive oil.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -58,25 +58,27 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K
|
|||
|
||||
The examples below use these two verses.
|
||||
|
||||
* **At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of Abib</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULT)
|
||||
* **It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.** (Leviticus 16:29 ULT)
|
||||
> **At that time, you will appear before me in <u> the month of Abib</u> , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
|
||||
> **It will always be a statute for you that in <u> the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.** (Leviticus 16:29 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the first month of the year</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
(1) Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the months that people know.
|
||||
>> At that time, you will appear before me in <u> the first month of the year</u> , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of March</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that <u>on the day I choose in late September</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.”
|
||||
(2) Use the months that people know.
|
||||
|
||||
1. State clearly what season the month occurred in.
|
||||
>> At that time, you will appear before me in <u> the month of March</u> , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that <u>in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.
|
||||
>> It will always be a statute for you that <u> on the day I choose in late September</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month.
|
||||
(3) State clearly what season the month occurred in.
|
||||
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the day I choose in early autumn</u><sup>1</sup> you must humble yourselves and do no work.
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup>The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
|
||||
>> It will always be a statute for you that <u> in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work.
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month.
|
||||
|
||||
>> It will always be a statute for you that in <u> the day I choose in early autumn</u> <sup> 1</sup> you must humble yourselves and do no work.
|
||||
>> The footnote would look like:
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -53,46 +53,52 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
|
||||
(1) If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **You went over the <u>Jordan</u> and came to <u>Jericho</u>. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the <u>Amorites</u>** (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
|
||||
* You went over the <u>Jordan River</u> and came to the <u>city of Jericho</u>. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with <u>the tribe of the Amorites</u>
|
||||
> **You went over the <u> Jordan</u> and came to <u> Jericho</u> . The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the <u> Amorites</u>** (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
|
||||
>> You went over the <u> Jordan River</u> and came to the <u> city of Jericho</u>. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with <u> the tribe of the Amorites</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because <u>Herod</u> wants to kill you.”** (Luke 13:31 ULT)
|
||||
* Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because <u>King Herod</u> wants to kill you.
|
||||
> **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because <u> Herod</u> wants to kill you.”** (Luke 13:31 ULT)
|
||||
>> Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because <u> King Herod</u> wants to kill you.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
|
||||
(2) If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
|
||||
|
||||
* **She named him <u>Moses</u> and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”** (Exodus 2:11 ULT)
|
||||
* She named him <u>Moses, which sounds like ‘drawn out,’</u> and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”
|
||||
> **She named him <u> Moses</u> and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”** (Exodus 2:11 ULT)
|
||||
>> She named him <u> Moses, which sounds like ‘drawn out,’</u> and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
|
||||
(3) Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Beerlahairoi</u>;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
|
||||
*…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u>Well of the Living One who sees me</u>;
|
||||
> **…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u> Beerlahairoi</u> ;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
|
||||
>> …she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called <u> Well of the Living One who sees me</u> ;
|
||||
|
||||
1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called “Saul” before Acts 13 and “Paul” after Acts 13. You could translate his name as “Paul” all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
|
||||
(4) If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called “Saul” before Acts 13 and “Paul” after Acts 13. You could translate his name as “Paul” all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…a young man named <u>Saul</u>** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
|
||||
*…a young man named <u>Paul</u><sup>1</sup>
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup>Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul.
|
||||
> **…a young man named <u> Saul</u>** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
|
||||
>> …a young man named <u> Paul</u> <sup> 1</sup>
|
||||
|
||||
* **But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
|
||||
* But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
|
||||
The footnote would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write “Saul” where the source text has “Saul” and “Paul” where the source text has “Paul.”
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul.
|
||||
|
||||
* **a young man named <u>Saul</u>** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
|
||||
* a young man named <u>Saul</u>
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup>This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13.
|
||||
> **But <u> Saul</u>, who is also called <u> Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
|
||||
>> But <u> Saul</u> , who is also called <u> Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;
|
||||
|
||||
* **But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
|
||||
* But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u>, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
|
||||
(5) Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write “Saul” where the source text has “Saul” and “Paul” where the source text has “Paul.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue** (Acts 14:1 ULT)
|
||||
* It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u><sup>1</sup> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup>This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13.
|
||||
> **a young man named <u> Saul</u>** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
|
||||
>> a young man named <u> Saul</u>
|
||||
|
||||
The footnote would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13.
|
||||
|
||||
> **But <u> Saul</u> , who is also called <u> Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
|
||||
>> But <u> Saul</u> , who is also called <u> Paul</u> , was filled with the Holy Spirit;
|
||||
|
||||
> **It came about in Iconium that <u> Paul</u> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue** (Acts 14:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> It came about in Iconium that <u> Paul</u> <sup> 1</sup> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue
|
||||
|
||||
The footnote would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> This is the man that was called Saul before Acts 13.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,25 +41,25 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul
|
|||
We will use the following verse in our examples:
|
||||
> Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u> 100,000</u> talents of gold, <u> one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write numbers using numerals.
|
||||
(1) Write numbers using numerals.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>1,000,000</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u> 100,000</u> talents of gold, <u> 1,000,000</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write numbers using your language’s words or the gateway language words for those numbers.
|
||||
(2) Write numbers using your language’s words or the gateway language words for those numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u> one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u> one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them.
|
||||
(3) Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one <u>hundred thousand (100,000)</u> talents of gold, <u>one million (1,000,000)</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one <u> hundred thousand (100,000)</u> talents of gold, <u> one million (1,000,000)</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Combine words for large numbers.
|
||||
(4) Combine words for large numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>a thousand thousand</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u> one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u> a thousand thousand</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
|
||||
(5) Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u>a great amount of gold (100,000 talents)</u>, <u>ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents)</u>, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house <u> a great amount of gold (100,000 talents)</u> , <u> ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents)</u> , and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Consistency
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -53,18 +53,18 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell the total number of items, and use “one” with the first item and “another” or “the next” with the rest.
|
||||
(1) Tell the total number of items, and use “one” with the first item and “another” or “the next” with the rest.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
|
||||
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>another</u> to Jedaiah, <u>another</u> to Harim, … <u>another</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>the next</u> to Jedaiah, <u>the next</u> to Harim, … <u>the next</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
> **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
|
||||
>> There were <u> twenty-four</u> lots. <u> One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u> another</u> to Jedaiah, <u> another</u> to Harim, … <u> another</u> to Delaiah, <u> and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
>> There were <u> twenty-four</u> lots. <u> One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u> the next</u> to Jedaiah, <u> the next</u> to Harim, … <u> the next</u> to Delaiah, <u> and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
|
||||
* **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u>four</u> rivers. The name of <u>the first</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of <u>the second</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u>the third</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. <u>The fourth</u> river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULT)
|
||||
* A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u>four</u> rivers. The name of <u>one</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of <u>the next</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u>the next</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The <u>last</u> river is the Euphrates.
|
||||
> **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u> four</u> rivers. The name of <u> the first</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of <u> the second</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u> the third</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. <u> The fourth</u> river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULT)
|
||||
>> A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u> four</u> rivers. The name of <u> one</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of <u> the next</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u> the next</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The <u> last</u> river is the Euphrates.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them.
|
||||
(2) Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
|
||||
* They cast <u>twenty-four</u> lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, … Delaiah, and Maaziah.
|
||||
> **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
|
||||
>> They cast <u> twenty-four</u> lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, … Delaiah, and Maaziah.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -36,26 +36,26 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell what the person did and why he did it.
|
||||
(1) Tell what the person did and why he did it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
|
||||
* Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet in order to show that he greatly respected him.
|
||||
> **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULT)
|
||||
>> Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet in order to show that he greatly respected him.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
|
||||
* Look, I stand at the door and knock on it, asking you to let me in.
|
||||
> **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
|
||||
>> Look, I stand at the door and knock on it, asking you to let me in.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant.
|
||||
(2) Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41)
|
||||
* Jairus showed Jesus great respect.
|
||||
> **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41)
|
||||
>> Jairus showed Jesus great respect.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20)
|
||||
* Look, I stand at the door and ask you to let me in.
|
||||
> **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20)
|
||||
>> Look, I stand at the door and ask you to let me in.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning.
|
||||
(3) Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULT) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture.
|
||||
> **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULT) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULT) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one’s throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
|
||||
* Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat.
|
||||
> **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULT) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one’s throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
|
||||
>> Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ Translators are encouraged to translate the text in the ULT and to write about a
|
|||
Matthew 18:10-11 ULT has a footnote about verse 11.
|
||||
> <sup> 10</sup> See that you do not despise any of these little ones. For I say to you that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven. <sup> 11</sup> <sup> [1]</sup>
|
||||
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup> Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. *For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.*
|
||||
> <sup> [1]</sup> Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. *For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.*
|
||||
|
||||
John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in the ULT, but it is marked off with square brackets ([ ]) at the beginning and end, and there is a footnote after verse 11.
|
||||
> <sup> 53</sup> [Then every man went to his own house.… <sup> 11</sup> She said, “No one, Lord.” Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you. Go your way; from now on sin no more.”]<sup> [2]</sup>
|
||||
|
||||
<sup>[2]</sup>The best earliest manuscripts do not have John 7:53-8:11
|
||||
> <sup> [2]</sup> The best earliest manuscripts do not have John 7:53-8:11
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -31,16 +31,18 @@ When there is a textual variant, you may choose to follow the ULT or another ver
|
|||
|
||||
The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULT, which has a footnote about verse 16.
|
||||
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>**He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him.”** <sup>16[1]</sup>
|
||||
* **<sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies omit v. 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.**
|
||||
> <sup>14</sup> **He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup> 15</sup> There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him.”** <sup> 16[1]</sup>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the verses that the ULT does and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
|
||||
> **<sup> [1]</sup> The best ancient copies omit v. 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.**
|
||||
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him.” <sup>16[1]</sup>
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies omit verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.
|
||||
(1) Translate the verses that the ULT does and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
|
||||
> <sup> 14</sup> He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup> 15</sup> There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him.” <sup> 16[1]</sup>
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> The best ancient copies omit verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.
|
||||
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him. <sup>16</sup>If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.” <sup>[1]</sup>
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup>Some ancient copies do not have verse 16.
|
||||
(2) Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
|
||||
|
||||
> <sup> 14</sup> He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup> 15</sup> There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him. <sup> 16</sup> If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.” <sup> [1]</sup>
|
||||
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> Some ancient copies do not have verse 16.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -37,20 +37,22 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word.
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
|
||||
(1) If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
|
||||
|
||||
* **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man’s name in Hebrew letters.
|
||||
* “Zephaniah” - The same name in Roman letters
|
||||
> **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man’s name in Hebrew letters.
|
||||
>> “Zephaniah” - The same name in Roman letters
|
||||
|
||||
1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
|
||||
(2) You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - This is a man’s name.
|
||||
* “Zephaniah” - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
|
||||
> **Zephaniah** - This is a man’s name.
|
||||
>> “Zephaniah” - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
|
||||
|
||||
1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
|
||||
(3) You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the “z”, you could use “s”. If your writing system does not use “ph” you could use “f”. Depending on how you pronounce the “i” you could spell it with “i” or “ai” or “ay”.
|
||||
* “Sefania”
|
||||
* “Sefanaia”
|
||||
* “Sefanaya”
|
||||
> **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the “z”, you could use “s”. If your writing system does not use “ph” you could use “f”. Depending on how you pronounce the “i” you could spell it with “i” or “ai” or “ay”.
|
||||
>> “Sefania”
|
||||
|
||||
>> “Sefanaia”
|
||||
|
||||
>> “Sefanaya”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -49,40 +49,40 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated.
|
||||
(1) Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly <u>ravenous wolves</u>.** (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
|
||||
* Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but <u>are truly hungry and dangerous animals</u>.
|
||||
> **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly <u> ravenous wolves</u> .** (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
|
||||
>> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but <u> are truly hungry and dangerous animals</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
“Ravenous wolves” is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
|
||||
|
||||
* **We have here only five <u>loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked grain seeds</u> and two fish
|
||||
> **We have here only five <u> loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
>> We have here only five <u> loaves of baked grain seeds</u> and two fish
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
|
||||
(2) Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
|
||||
|
||||
* **your sins…will be white like <u>snow</u>** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
|
||||
* your sins…will be white like <u>milk</u>
|
||||
* your sins…will be white like <u>the moon</u>
|
||||
> **your sins…will be white like <u> snow</u> ** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
|
||||
>> your sins…will be white like <u> milk</u>
|
||||
>> your sins…will be white like <u> the moon</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
|
||||
(3) Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>myrrh</u>. But he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULT) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word “medicine.”
|
||||
* Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u>a medicine called myrrh</u>. But he refused to drink it.
|
||||
> **Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u> myrrh</u> . But he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULT) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word “medicine.”
|
||||
>> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with <u> a medicine called myrrh</u> . But he refused to drink it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **We have here only five loaves of <u>bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
|
||||
* We have here only five loaves of <u>baked crushed seed bread</u> and two fish
|
||||
> **We have here only five loaves of <u> bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
|
||||
>> We have here only five loaves of <u> baked crushed seed bread</u> and two fish
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a word that is more general in meaning.
|
||||
(4) Use a word that is more general in meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* **I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>jackals</u>** (Jeremiah 9:11 ULT)
|
||||
* I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>wild dogs</u>
|
||||
> **I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u> jackals</u>** (Jeremiah 9:11 ULT)
|
||||
>> I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u> wild dogs</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **We have here only five <u>loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked food</u> and two fish
|
||||
> **We have here only five <u> loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
|
||||
>> We have here only five <u> loaves of baked food</u> and two fish
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning.
|
||||
(5) Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* **to him who made <u>great lights</u>** (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
|
||||
* to him who made <u>the sun and the moon</u>
|
||||
> **to him who made <u> great lights</u>** (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
|
||||
>> to him who made <u> the sun and the moon</u>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ See how to mark verses in the [translationStudio APP](http://help.door43.org/en/
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If information from one verse is put before information from an earlier verse, put the verse numbers before the first verse with a hyphen between them.
|
||||
(1) If information from one verse is put before information from an earlier verse, put the verse numbers before the first verse with a hyphen between them.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<sup>2</sup> you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. <sup>3</sup> You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3)
|
||||
* <sup>2-3</sup> you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UST)
|
||||
> **<sup> 2</sup> you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. <sup> 3</sup> You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3)
|
||||
>> <sup> 2-3</sup> you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UST)
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the ULT has a verse bridge, but another Bible you refer to does not have one, you can choose the order that works best for your language.
|
||||
(2) If the ULT has a verse bridge, but another Bible you refer to does not have one, you can choose the order that works best for your language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -55,17 +55,24 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use your language’s way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this was done in the ULT English translations.
|
||||
(1) Use your language’s way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this was done in the ULT English translations.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Now</u> Jesus himself, when he began to teach, <u>was</u> about thirty years of age. He <u>was</u> the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULT) English uses the word “now” to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb “was” shows that it is background information.
|
||||
> **<u> Now</u> Jesus himself, when he began to teach, <u> was</u> about thirty years of age. He <u> was</u> the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULT) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb “had” in “had done” shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him.
|
||||
English uses the word “now” to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb “was” shows that it is background information.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first.
|
||||
> **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u> for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u> , and <u> for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u> . But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u>Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram</u>.** (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
|
||||
* “<u>When Abram was eighty-six years old</u>, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.”
|
||||
The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb “had” in “had done” shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him.
|
||||
|
||||
* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John’s rebuke and Herod’s actions.
|
||||
* “Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother’s wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.”
|
||||
(2) Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u> Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram</u> .** (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
|
||||
>> “<u>When Abram was eighty-six years old</u>, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.”
|
||||
|
||||
> **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u> for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias</u> , and <u> for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u> . But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20)
|
||||
|
||||
The translation below reorders John’s rebuke and Herod’s actions.
|
||||
|
||||
>> “Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother’s wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -47,34 +47,34 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
|
||||
(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
|
||||
* There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>. One night he came to Jesus and said…
|
||||
* One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>, came to Jesus and said…
|
||||
> **Now there was a <u> Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u> . This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
|
||||
>> There was a <u> man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u> . One night he came to Jesus and said…
|
||||
>> One night <u> a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u> , came to Jesus and said…
|
||||
|
||||
* **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him…
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
|
||||
> **As he passed by, <u> he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> As he passed by, <u> Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him…
|
||||
>> As he passed by, <u> there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
|
||||
>> As he passed by, <u> there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
|
||||
|
||||
1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone.
|
||||
(2) If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT) - If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase “after that” can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.
|
||||
* <u>After that</u>, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.
|
||||
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT) - If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase “after that” can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.
|
||||
>> <u> After that</u> , when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Again he began</u> to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULT) - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
|
||||
* <u>Another time</u> Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
|
||||
* Jesus went to the lake and <u>began to teach people again</u> there.
|
||||
> **<u> Again he began</u> to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULT) - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
|
||||
>> <u> Another time</u> Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
|
||||
>> Jesus went to the lake and <u> began to teach people again</u> there.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
|
||||
(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth.
|
||||
* <u>This part tells about what happened when</u> the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old.
|
||||
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth.
|
||||
>> <u> This part tells about what happened when</u> the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story.
|
||||
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because <u>God had said that the waters of the flood would come</u>.
|
||||
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because <u> God had said that the waters of the flood would come</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -46,19 +46,19 @@ Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the participant is new, use one of your language’s ways of introducing new participants.
|
||||
(1) If the participant is new, use one of your language’s ways of introducing new participants.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Joseph, a Levite, a man from Cyprus, was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).** (Acts 4:36-37 ULT) - Starting the sentence with Joseph’s name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
|
||||
* There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).
|
||||
* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement.
|
||||
> **Joseph, a Levite, a man from Cyprus, was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).** (Acts 4:36-37 ULT) - Starting the sentence with Joseph’s name when he has not been introduced yet might be confusing in some languages.
|
||||
>> There was a man from Cyprus who was a Levite. His name was Joseph, and he was given the name Barnabas by the apostles (that is, being interpreted, Son of encouragement).
|
||||
>> There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles gave him the name Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name.
|
||||
(2) If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name.
|
||||
|
||||
* **It happened when <u>he</u> finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.”** (Luke 11:1 ULT) - Since this is the first verse in a chapter, readers might wonder who “he” refers to.
|
||||
* It happened when <u>Jesus</u> finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.
|
||||
> **It happened when <u> he</u> finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.”** (Luke 11:1 ULT) - Since this is the first verse in a chapter, readers might wonder who “he” refers to.
|
||||
>> It happened when <u> Jesus</u> finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
|
||||
(3) If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Joseph’s</u> master took <u>Joseph</u> and put <u>him</u> in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and <u>Joseph</u> stayed there.** (Genesis 39:20 ULT) - Since Joseph is the main person in the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun.
|
||||
* Joseph’s master took <u>him</u> and put <u>him</u> in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and <u>he</u> stayed there in the prison.
|
||||
> **<u> Joseph’s</u> master took <u> Joseph</u> and put <u> him</u> in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and <u> Joseph</u> stayed there.** (Genesis 39:20 ULT) - Since Joseph is the main person in the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun.
|
||||
>> Joseph’s master took <u> him</u> and put <u> him</u> in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and <u> he</u> stayed there in the prison.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
|
|||
* Many figures of speech such as [Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md).
|
||||
* Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md) and [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md))
|
||||
* Repetition of some or all of a line
|
||||
* **Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his angel armies. Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars.** (Psalm 148:2-3 ULT)
|
||||
> **Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his angel armies. Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars.** (Psalm 148:2-3 ULT)
|
||||
* Lines of similar length.
|
||||
* **Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude.** (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULT)
|
||||
> **Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude.** (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULT)
|
||||
* The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines
|
||||
* “Twinkle, twinkle little <u> star</u> . How I wonder what you <u> are</u> .” (from an English rhyme)
|
||||
* The same sound repeated many times
|
||||
|
|
@ -81,20 +81,20 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear.
|
|||
|
||||
The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.)
|
||||
(1) Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.)
|
||||
|
||||
> “Happy is the person not encouraged <u>to sin</u>
|
||||
> Disrespect for God he will not <u>begin</u>
|
||||
> To those who laugh at God, he is <u>no kin.</u>
|
||||
> God is his constant <u>delight</u>
|
||||
> He does what God says <u>is right</u>
|
||||
> He thinks of it all day <u>and night</u>
|
||||
>> “Happy is the person not encouraged <u> to sin</u>
|
||||
>> Disrespect for God he will not <u> begin</u>
|
||||
>> To those who laugh at God, he is <u> no kin.</u>
|
||||
>> God is his constant <u> delight</u>
|
||||
>> He does what God says <u> is right</u>
|
||||
>> He thinks of it all day <u> and night</u>
|
||||
|
||||
2. Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech.
|
||||
(2) Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech.
|
||||
|
||||
> This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh’s law, and he meditates on it day and night.
|
||||
>> This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh’s law, and he meditates on it day and night.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech.
|
||||
(3) Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech.
|
||||
|
||||
> The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or with those who do not respect God. They love to obey Yahweh’s law, and they think about it all the time.
|
||||
>> The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or with those who do not respect God. They love to obey Yahweh’s law, and they think about it all the time.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name.
|
||||
(1) If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. <u>They</u> watched <u>him</u> to see if <u>he</u> would heal <u>him</u> on the Sabbath.** (Mark 3:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
* Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. <u>Some Pharisees</u> watched <u>Jesus</u> to see if <u>he</u> would heal <u>the man</u> on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 UST)
|
||||
> **Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. <u> They</u> watched <u> him</u> to see if <u> he</u> would heal <u> him</u> on the Sabbath.** (Mark 3:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
>> Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. <u> Some Pharisees</u> watched <u> Jesus</u> to see if <u> he</u> would heal <u> the man</u> on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 UST)
|
||||
|
||||
1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
|
||||
(2) If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
|
||||
|
||||
> **At that time <u> Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u> His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u> Jesus</u> , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”**
|
||||
> **But <u> Jesus</u> said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…**
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -45,38 +45,42 @@ If translating a proverb literally would be natural and give the right meaning i
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways.
|
||||
(1) Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways.
|
||||
|
||||
* **A good name is to be chosen over great riches,**
|
||||
|
||||
**and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULT)
|
||||
> **A good name is to be chosen over great riches,**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language.
|
||||
|
||||
* It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold.
|
||||
* Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold.
|
||||
* Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches.
|
||||
* Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation.
|
||||
>> It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold.
|
||||
>
|
||||
>> Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold.
|
||||
>
|
||||
>> Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches.
|
||||
>
|
||||
>> Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language.
|
||||
(2) If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Like <u>snow in summer</u> or rain in harvest,**
|
||||
> **Like <u> snow in summer</u> or rain in harvest,**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
**so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> It is not natural for <u> a cold wind to blow in the hot season</u> or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
|
||||
|
||||
* It is not natural for <u>a cold wind to blow in the hot season</u> or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
|
||||
(3) Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
|
||||
> **Do not boast about tomorrow** (Proverbs 27:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Do not boast about tomorrow** (Proverbs 27:1 ULT)
|
||||
* Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
|
||||
(4) Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb.
|
||||
> **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother,**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes,**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother,**
|
||||
|
||||
**that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes,**
|
||||
**but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
* People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
|
||||
>> People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
|
|||
|
||||
> <u> He said to them,</u> “Do not collect more money than you are supposed to.” (Luke 3:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
##### Quote margin after the quote
|
||||
#### Quote margin after the quote
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh relented concerning this. “It will not happen,” <u> he said</u> . (Amos 7:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
##### Quote margin between two parts of the quote
|
||||
#### Quote margin between two parts of the quote
|
||||
|
||||
> “I will hide my face from them,” <u> he said,</u> “and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful.” (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,17 +52,17 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Decide where to put the quote margin.
|
||||
(1) Decide where to put the quote margin.
|
||||
|
||||
* **”Therefore, those who can,” <u>he said,</u> “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”** (Acts 25:5 ULT)
|
||||
* <u>He said,</u> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
|
||||
* “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him,” <u>he said</u>.
|
||||
* “Therefore, those who can should go there with us,” <u>he said.</u> “If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
|
||||
> **”Therefore, those who can,” <u> he said,</u> “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”** (Acts 25:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u> He said,</u> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
|
||||
>> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him,” <u> he said</u> .
|
||||
>> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us,” <u> he said.</u> “If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
|
||||
|
||||
1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said.”
|
||||
(2) Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **But his mother <u>answered and said</u>, “No, instead he will be called John.”** (Luke 1:60 ULT)
|
||||
* But his mother <u>replied</u>, “No, instead he will be called John.”
|
||||
* But his mother <u>said</u>, “No, instead he will be called John.”
|
||||
* But his mother <u>answered</u> like this, “No, instead he will be called John,” she <u>said</u>.
|
||||
> **But his mother <u> answered and said</u> , “No, instead he will be called John.”** (Luke 1:60 ULT)
|
||||
>> But his mother <u> replied</u> , “No, instead he will be called John.”
|
||||
>> But his mother <u> said</u> , “No, instead he will be called John.”
|
||||
>> But his mother <u> answered</u> like this, “No, instead he will be called John,” she <u> said</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,16 +41,19 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
|
||||
(1) Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
|
||||
|
||||
* **After this I saw in my dream at night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULT) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24.
|
||||
> **After this I saw in my dream at night <u> a fourth animal</u> , terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u> large iron teeth</u> ; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u> ten horns</u> .** (Daniel 7:7 ULT) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes.
|
||||
(2) Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes.
|
||||
|
||||
* **After this I saw in my dream at night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
|
||||
* After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal,<sup>1</sup> terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;<sup>2</sup> it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.<sup>3</sup>
|
||||
* The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
* <sup>[1]</sup> The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
|
||||
* <sup>[2]</sup> The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom’s powerful army.
|
||||
* <sup>[3]</sup> The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
|
||||
> **After this I saw in my dream at night <u> a fourth animal</u> , terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u> large iron teeth</u> ; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u> ten horns</u> .** (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
>> After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal,<sup> 1</sup> terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;<sup> 2</sup> it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.<sup> 3</sup>
|
||||
|
||||
> The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
>> <sup> [1]</sup> The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
|
||||
>> <sup> [2]</sup> The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom’s powerful army.
|
||||
>> <sup> [3]</sup> The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue