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2EPHfrontintroe3di0# Introduction to Ephesians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Ephesians<br><br>1. Greeting and prayer for the spiritual blessings in Christ (1:1-23)<br>1. Sin and salvation (2:1-10)<br>1. Unity and peace (2:11-22)<br>1. Mystery of Christ in you, made known (3:1-13)<br>1. Prayer for riches of his glory to make them strong (3:14-21)<br>1. Unity of the Spirit, building up the Body of Christ (4:1-16)<br>1. New life (4:17-32)<br>1. Imitators of God (5:1-21)<br>1. Wives and husbands; children and parents; slaves and masters (5:22-6:9)<br>1. Armor of God (6:10-20)<br>1. Final greeting (6:21-24)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians?<br><br>Paul wrote Ephesians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>The Apostle Paul helped start the church in Ephesus on one of his trips. He also lived in Ephesus for a year and a half and helped the believers there. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Ephesians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Ephesus to explain Gods love for them in Christ Jesus. He described the blessings that God was giving them because they were now united with Christ. He explained that all believers are united together, whether Jew or Gentile. Paul also wanted to encourage them to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Ephesians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Pauls Letter to the Church in Ephesus” or “A Letter to the Christians in Ephesus.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the “hidden truth” in the Book of Ephesians?<br><br>The expression translated in the ULT as “hidden truth” or “hidden” occurs six times. By it Paul always meant something that God had to reveal to human beings because they could not know it on their own. It always referred to something about how God planned to save mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to cause peace between himself and mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to unite Jews and Gentiles through Christ. Gentiles are now able to benefit from the promises of Christ as equals with the Jews.<br><br>### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living?<br><br>Paul said much about salvation and righteous living in this letter and in many of his letters. He said that God has been very kind and saved Christians because they believe in Jesus. Therefore, after they become Christians, they should live in a righteous way to show that they have faith in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers who may read this letter. The three exceptions to this are: 5:14, 6:2, and 6:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the “new self” or the “new man”?<br><br>When Paul spoke of the “new self” or the “new man,” he meant the new nature that a believer receives from the Holy Spirit. This new nature was created in Gods image (See: 4:24). The phrase “new man” is also used for God causing peace between Jews and Gentiles. God brought them together as one people that belong to him (See: 2:15).<br><br>### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Ephesians in the ULT?<br><br>The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:<br><br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the use of “holy” to express the fact that God views Christians as sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another use of “holy” is to express the idea that God is perfect and faultless. A third use is to express the idea that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones,” or “saints.” (See: 1:1, 4)<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “saint” or “saints.”<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.” (See: 3:5)<br><br>The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20; 2:6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; 3:5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 21; 4:1, 17, 21, 32; 5:8, 18, 19; 6:1, 10, 18, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Ephesians?<br><br>* “in Ephesus” (1:1). Some early manuscripts do not include this expression, but it is probably in the original letter. The ULT, UST, and many modern versions include it.<br>* “because we are members of his body” (5:30). Most modern versions, including the ULT and UST, read in this way. Some older versions read, “because we are members of his body and of his bones.” Translators might decide to choose the second reading if other versions in their area have it that way. If translators choose the second reading, they should put the additional words inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they are probably not original to the Book of Ephesians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3EPH1introfg420# Ephesians 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “I pray”<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Predestination<br>Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” This is related to the biblical concept of “predestine.” Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])
4EPH11kx1gfigs-you0General Information:Paul names himself as the writer of this letter to the believers at the church at Ephesus. Except where noted, all instances of “you” and “your” refers to the Ephesian believers as well as all believers and so are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
5EPH11ilf2Παῦλος, ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ…τοῖς ἁγίοις τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ1Paul, an apostle…to the saints who are in EphesusYour language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and its intended audience. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, an apostle…write this letter to you, Gods holy people in Ephesus”
6EPH11u73pfigs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ JesusThe phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7EPH12x9eyχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη1Grace to you and peaceThis is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in his letters.
8EPH13lm67figs-inclusive0General Information:In this book, unless otherwise stated, the words “us” and “we” refer to Paul, the believers in Ephesus, as well as all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
9EPH13zdh30Connecting Statement:Paul opens his letter by talking about the believers position and their safety before God.
10EPH13g6sjfigs-activepassiveεὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus ChristThis can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “Let us praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11EPH13cr9hὁ εὐλογήσας ἡμᾶς1who has blessed us“for God has blessed us”
12EPH13m8qhπάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ πνευματικῇ1every spiritual blessing“every blessing coming from the Spirit of God”
13EPH13j2lkἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly places“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is.
14EPH13v9qzfigs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ1in ChristPossible meanings are (1) the phrase **in Christ** refers to what Christ has done. Alternate translation: “through Christ” or “through what Christ has done” or (2) **in Christ** is a metaphor referring to our close relationship with Christ. Alternate translation: “by uniting us with Christ” or “because we are united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15EPH14ibv6figs-doubletἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους1holy and blamelessPaul uses these two similar words to emphasize moral goodness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
16EPH15fp7l0General Information:The words “his,” “He,” and “he” refer to God.
17EPH15h7pnfigs-inclusiveπροορίσας ἡμᾶς εἰς υἱοθεσίαν1he predestined us for adoptionThe word **us** refers to Paul, the Ephesian church, and all believers in Christ. Alternate translation: “God planned long ago to adopt us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
18EPH15pq1xπροορίσας ἡμᾶς1he predestined us“God chose us ahead of time” or “God chose us long ago”
19EPH15e6f6figs-metaphorεἰς υἱοθεσίαν1for adoptionHere **adoption** is a metaphor that refers to becoming part of Gods family. Alternate translation: “to be adopted as his children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20EPH15ciu3διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through Jesus ChristGod brought believers into his family by the work of Jesus Christ.
21EPH16s9qkἐχαρίτωσεν ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ1he has freely given us in the Beloved One“he has kindly given to us by means of the One he loves”
22EPH16x7jpτῷ ἠγαπημένῳ1the Beloved One“the One he loves, Jesus Christ” or “his Son, whom he loves”
23EPH17abcbfigs-metonymyδιὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ1through his bloodThe **blood** of Jesus is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: “because he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
24EPH17m9l4figs-metaphorτὸ πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ1the riches of his gracePaul speaks of Gods grace as if it were material wealth. Alternate translation: “greatness of Gods grace” or “abundance of Gods grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
25EPH18pg6jἧς ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς ἡμᾶς1he caused to abound to us“he gave us this great amount of grace” or “he was extremely kind to us”
26EPH18sw98ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει1in all wisdom and understandingPossible meanings are (1) “because he has all wisdom and understanding” (2) “so that we might have great wisdom and understanding”
27EPH19v71pκατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν αὐτοῦ1according to his good pleasurePossible meanings are (1) “because he wanted to make it known to us” or (2) “which was what he wanted.”
28EPH19c2ukἣν προέθετο ἐν αὐτῷ1which he had planned in him“he demonstrated this purpose in Christ”
29EPH19u53hἐν αὐτῷ1in him“by means of Christ”
30EPH110n2slεἰς οἰκονομίαν1with a view to an administrationA new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: “He did this with a view to an administration” or “He did this, thinking about a stewardship”
31EPH110em7qτοῦ πληρώματος τῶν καιρῶν1of the fullness of time“when the time is right” or “at the time that he has appointed”
32EPH111t281figs-activepassiveἐκληρώθημεν1we were also allotted as a possessionPossible meanings are (1) “God chose us to be his possession” or (2) “God chose us to be heirs.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
33EPH111nkf8figs-activepassiveπροορισθέντες1We were predestinedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God chose us ahead of time” or “God chose us long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
34EPH111ww9sfigs-exclusiveἐκληρώθημεν, προορισθέντες1we were also allotted as a possession. We were predestinedThe pronouns **we** and **We** are implied from the verbs. Paul is referring to himself and the other Jewish Christians, those who trusted Christ before the Ephesian believers did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
35EPH112gj44figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς…τοὺς προηλπικότας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ1we, who were the first to have confident hope in ChristHere, the word **we** refers to the Jewish believers who first heard the good news, not the believers at Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
36EPH112zqm9εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς, εἰς ἔπαινον δόξης αὐτοῦ1so that we…would be for the praise of his glory“so that we…would live to praise him for his glory”
37EPH113j1zc0General Information:Paul has been speaking in the previous two verses about himself and the other Jewish believers, but now he begins speaking about the Ephesian believers.
38EPH113ac1eτὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας1the word of truthPossible meanings are (1) “the message about the truth” or (2) “the true message.”
39EPH113qgf9figs-metaphorἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ Πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, τῷ Ἁγίῳ1you were sealed with the promised Holy SpiritWax was placed on a letter and stamped with a symbol representing the person who wrote the letter. Paul uses this custom as a picture to show how God has used the Holy Spirit to assure us that we belong to him. Alternate translation: “God has placed the Holy Spirit that he promised on you as if he were a seal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
40EPH113abcffigs-activepassiveἐσφραγίσθητε1you were sealedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has sealed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
41EPH114g6dwfigs-metaphorἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν1a down payment of our inheritanceReceiving what God has promised is spoken of as though one inherits property or wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: “an initial portion that we will receive from what God has promised” or “a guarantee that we will receive what God has promised to give us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
42EPH115d9qy0Connecting Statement:Paul prays for the Ephesian believers and praises God for the power that believers have through Christ.
43EPH115abccgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ τοῦτο1For this reasonThe connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a result relationship. The result is that Paul praises God. The reason is that the Ephesians had believed the gospel and had been sealed by the Holy Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
44EPH116scy9figs-litotesοὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν1I have not stopped giving thanksPaul uses **not stopped** to emphasize that he continues to thank God. Alternate translation: “I continue to thank God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
45EPH117abcdgrammar-connect-logic-resultἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a result relationship. The result is that God would enlighten the Ephesians about all that he has done for them through Christ. The reason is that Paul prays for the Ephesians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
46EPH117b7l1πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως, ἐν ἐπιγνώσει αὐτοῦ1a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him“spiritual wisdom to understand his revelation”
47EPH118gbl7figs-metonymyπεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας1that the eyes of your heart may be enlightenedHere **heart** refers to a persons mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
48EPH118abcgfigs-metonymyτοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας1that the eyes of your heartThe phrase **eyes of your heart** is a metaphor for ones ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: “that you may gain understanding and be enlightened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
49EPH118iv1hfigs-activepassiveπεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας1that the eyes of your heart may be enlightenedThis may be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: that God may enlighten your heart” or “that God may enlighten your understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
50EPH118m5j5πεφωτισμένους1enlightened“made to see”
51EPH118abc4τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ1of his callingThe **calling** of God refers to his choosing people to believe in him. Alternate translation: “that you have because he chose you to be his people”
52EPH118h6igfigs-metaphorτῆς κληρονομίας1inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers, is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
53EPH118lg8hἐν τοῖς ἁγίοις1the saints“those whom he has set apart for himself” or “those who belong completely to him”
54EPH119t7lxτὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ1the incomparable greatness of his powerGods power is far beyond all other power.
55EPH119die1εἰς ἡμᾶς, τοὺς πιστεύοντας1toward us who believe“for us who believe”
56EPH119e6g2τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ1the working of the force of his strength“his great power that is at work for us”
57EPH119abcefigs-doubletτοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ1the force of his strengthThe words **force** and **strength** have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: “his great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
58EPH120dc4lἐγείρας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν1when he raised him from the dead“when he made him alive again”
59EPH120pu97figs-nominaladjἐκ νεκρῶν1from the deadFrom among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
60EPH120ekj4figs-metonymyἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ1at his right handTo be at the right hand of a king is a metonym of location that represents the authority that the person in that location possesses. Alternate translation: “with all authority to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
61EPH120f3dhtranslate-symactionκαθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ1seated him at his right handTo sit at the **right hand** of God is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “seated him in the place of honor and authority beside him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
62EPH120jrv1ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly places“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is. See how you translated this in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
63EPH121k8k7ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς, καὶ ἐξουσίας, καὶ δυνάμεως, καὶ κυριότητος1far above all rule and authority and power and dominionThese are different terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. Alternate translation: “far above all types of supernatural beings”
64EPH121ra11figs-activepassiveπαντὸς ὀνόματος ὀνομαζομένου1every name that is namedThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are (1) “every name that man gives” or (2) “every name that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
65EPH121x6qcbita-hqὀνόματος1namePossible meanings are (1) title or (2) position of authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
66EPH121pym8ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ1in this age“at this time”
67EPH121qw2xἐν τῷ μέλλοντι1in the age to come“in the future”
68EPH122jm9ifigs-metonymyπάντα ὑπέταξεν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ1all things under Christs feetHere **feet** represents Christs lordship, authority, and power. Alternate translation: “all things under Christs power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
69EPH122pm4tbita-hqκεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ πάντα1head over all thingsHere **head** refers to the leader or the one who is in charge. Alternate translation: “ruler over all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
70EPH123ge2cbita-hqτὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ1his bodyJust as with a human body, the head (verse 22) rules all things pertaining to its body, so Christ is the head of the church body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
71EPH123w2khτὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν πληρουμένου1the fullness of the one who fills all in all“Christ fills the church with his life and power just as he gives life to all things”
72EPH2introe7qn0# Ephesians 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter focuses on a Christians life before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a persons former way of living is distinct from a Christians new identity “in Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### One body<br>Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or “body.” The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### “Dead in trespasses and sins”<br>Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are “dead” in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually “dead.” Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Descriptions of worldly living<br>Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They “lived according to the ways of this world” and are “living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air,” “fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature,” and “carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind.”<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “It is the gift of God”<br>Some scholars believe “it” here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, “it” here more likely refers to all of being saved by Gods grace through faith.<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for a persons sinful nature. The phrase “Gentiles in the flesh” indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. “Flesh” is also used in this verse to refer to the physical part of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
73EPH21xf5s0Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the believers of their past and the way they now are before God.
74EPH21dxx8figs-metaphorὑμᾶς ὄντας νεκροὺς τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν1you were dead in your trespasses and sinsThis shows how sinful people are unable to obey God in the same way a dead person is unable to respond physically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
75EPH21lp32figs-doubletτοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν1your trespasses and sinsThe words **trespasses** and **sins** have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the peoples sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
76EPH22i7d4figs-metonymyκατὰ τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου1according to the age of this worldThe apostles also used **world** to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. Alternate translation: “according to the values of people living in the world” or “following the principles of this present world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
77EPH22n5d2τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος1the ruler of the authorities of the airThis refers to the devil or Satan.
78EPH22bj9yτοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ νῦν ἐνεργοῦντος1the spirit that is now working“the spirit of Satan, who is currently working”
79EPH23d3wdfigs-metonymyτὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν διανοιῶν1the desires of the body and of the mindThe words **body** and **mind** represent the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
80EPH23zd6vfigs-metaphorτέκνα…ὀργῆς1children of wrathpeople with whom God is angry (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
81EPH24abcogrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The love and mercy of God is in sharp contrast to the evil way the Ephesians lived before they believed in God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
82EPH24chm6Θεὸς πλούσιος ὢν ἐν ἐλέει1God is rich in mercy“God is abundant in mercy” or “God is very kind to us”
83EPH24hrx9διὰ τὴν πολλὴν ἀγάπην αὐτοῦ, ἣν ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς1because of his great love with which he loved us“because of his great love for us” or “because he loves us very much”
84EPH25h6kmfigs-activepassiveχάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι1by grace you have been savedThis can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “God saved you because of his great kindness toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
85EPH26na2nfigs-idiomσυνήγειρεν1raised us up with himHere **raise up** is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
86EPH26abchfigs-pastforfutureσυνήγειρεν1raised us up with himPossible meanings are (1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given Paul and the believers in Ephesus new spiritual life. Alternate translation: “God has given us new life because we belong to Christ” or (2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Ephesus can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “We can be sure that God will give us life as he has caused Christ to come alive again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
87EPH26b499ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly places“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
88EPH26m6pqἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ Jesus**In Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
89EPH27abcpgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God raising up believers and seating them in heaven with Christ is to show the extent of his grace in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
90EPH27y6cfἐν τοῖς αἰῶσιν, τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις1in the ages that are coming“in the future”
91EPH28abcqgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a result relationship. The result is that people would see the grace of God to us in Christ. The reason is that the Ephesians had been saved by God, and not by their own good works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
92EPH28t9pcfigs-activepassiveτῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι διὰ πίστεως1For by grace you have been saved through faithGods kindness to us is the reason he made it possible for us to be saved from judgment if we simply trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: “God saved you by grace because of your faith in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
93EPH28r8u8τοῦτο1thisThe word **this** refers back to **by grace you have been saved by faith**.
94EPH29al4sοὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἵνα μή τις καυχήσηται1not from works, so that no one may boastYou may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Salvation does not come from works, so that no one may boast” or “God does not save a person because of what that person does, so no one can boast and say that he earned his salvation”
95EPH29abcrgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God of saving believers by grace instead of by their works is that no person might boast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
96EPH210abcsgrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a result relationship. The result is that people cannot boast. The reason is that God is the one who created us to do any good works that we do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
97EPH210fa4lἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ Jesus**In Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
98EPH210abd0grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God creating us as he did is that we would do the good works that he intended for us to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
99EPH210lws4ἐν αὐτοῖς περιπατήσωμεν1we would walk in themWalking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Here **in them** refers to the **good works**. Alternate translation: “we would always and continually do those good deeds”
100EPH211abctgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesians would remember that they were once separated from God. The reason is that they were saved by God, and not by anything they had done on their own. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
101EPH211diq10Connecting Statement:Paul reminds these believers that God has now made Gentiles and Jews into one body through Christ and his cross.
102EPH211p7m2figs-metaphorτὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί1Gentiles in the fleshThis refers to people who were not born Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
103EPH211e76gfigs-metonymyἀκροβυστία1uncircumcisedNon-Jewish people were not circumcised as babies and thus the Jews considered them people who do not follow any of Gods laws. Alternate translation: “uncircumcised pagans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
104EPH211nlf2figs-metonymyπεριτομῆς1circumcisedThis was another term for Jewish people because all male infants were circumcised. Alternate translation: “circumcised people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
105EPH211tf9ifigs-activepassiveὑπὸ τῆς λεγομένης1by those who are calledThis can be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: “by what people call” or “by those whom people call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
106EPH211fb4rτῆς λεγομένης περιτομῆς ἐν σαρκὶ χειροποιήτου1those who are called “circumcised” in the flesh, performedPossible meanings are (1) “Jews, who are circumcised by humans” or (2) “Jews, who circumcise the physical body.”
107EPH212abczgrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Gentile Ephesians were separated from God. The reason is that they were not part of Jews, who were circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
108EPH212u3vuχωρὶς Χριστοῦ1apart from Christ“unbelievers”
109EPH212sti2figs-metaphorξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας1strangers to the covenants of the promisePaul speaks to the Gentile believers as if they had been foreigners, kept out of the land of Gods covenant and promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
110EPH213abcwgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The current condition of the Gentile Ephesian believers as being near to God is in contrast to their previous condition as being separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
111EPH213quq4νυνὶ δὲ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1But now in Christ JesusPaul is marking a contrast between the Ephesians before they believed in Christ and after they believed in Christ.
112EPH213uf8mfigs-metaphorὑμεῖς οἵ ποτε ὄντες μακρὰν, ἐγενήθητε ἐγγὺς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ1you who once were far away have been brought near by the blood of ChristNot belonging to God due to sin is spoken of as being far away from God. Belonging to God because of the blood of Christ is spoken of as being brought near to God. Alternate translation: “you who once did not belong to God now belong to God because of the blood of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
113EPH213tth1figs-metonymyἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ1by the blood of ChristThe blood of Christ is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: “by Christs death” or “when Christ died for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
114EPH214abcvgrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Gentile Ephesian believers were brought near to God. The reason is that Christ himself joined them to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
115EPH214ue4uαὐτὸς…ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν1he himself is our peace“Jesus gives us his peace”
116EPH214ccy8figs-inclusiveἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν1our peaceThe word **our** refers to Paul and his readers and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
117EPH214t9znὁ ποιήσας τὰ ἀμφότερα ἓν1who has made the two one“who made the Jews and Gentiles one”
118EPH214t6rdfigs-metonymyἐν τῇ σαρκὶ αὐτοῦ1in his fleshThe words **his flesh,** his physical body, are a metonym for his body dying. Alternate translation: “by the death of his body on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
119EPH214d7ufτὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ…τὴν ἔχθραν1the middle wall of partition, the hostility“the hostility that was like a wall that separated them”
120EPH215bn71τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν καταργήσας1he abolished the law of commandments in regulationsJesus blood satisfied the law of Moses so that both the Jews and Gentiles can live at peace in God.
121EPH215abcxgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ in abolishing the law was to join the Jews and the Gentiles together into one group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
122EPH215sr2rfigs-metaphorἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον1one new mana single new people, the people of redeemed humanity (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
123EPH215b628ἐν αὑτῷ1in himselfIt is union with Christ that makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles.
124EPH216zz8kἀποκαταλλάξῃ τοὺς ἀμφοτέρους…τῷ Θεῷ1he might reconcile both to God“Christ enabled both the Jews and the Gentiles to have peace with God”
125EPH216abc0bita-hqἐν ἑνὶ σώματι1as one bodyThe church is often referred to as the body of Christ. Here it is comprised of both Jews and Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
126EPH216bj8xfigs-metonymyδιὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ1through the crossThe cross here represents Christs death on the cross. Alternate translation: “by means of Christs death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
127EPH216lq3mfigs-metaphorἀποκτείνας τὴν ἔχθραν1putting to death the hostilityStopping their hostility is spoken of as if Jesus killed their hostility. By dying on the cross Jesus eliminated the reason for God to be hostile towards both the Jews and the Gentiles. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “stopping the hatred between God and men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
128EPH217g1hzεὐηγγελίσατο εἰρήνην1proclaimed peace“announced the gospel of peace” or “declared the gospel of peace”
129EPH217wdu8ὑμῖν τοῖς μακρὰν1you who were far awayThis refers to the Gentiles or non-Jews.
130EPH217a58nτοῖς ἐγγύς1those who were nearThis refers to the Jews.
131EPH218qw56figs-inclusiveοἱ ἀμφότεροι1we bothHere **we both** refers to Paul and the other believing Jews, and also the believing non-Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
132EPH218abcugrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1forThe connecting word **for** introduces a result relationship. The result is that Christ proclaimed peace to both the Jews and the Gentiles. The reason is that he himself is the one who enabled both Jew and Gentile to come to the Father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
133EPH218kt1mἐν ἑνὶ Πνεύματι1in one SpiritAll believers, both Jewish and Gentile, are given the right to enter into the presence of God the Father by the same Holy Spirit.
134EPH219abcygrammar-connect-logic-resultἄρα οὖν1So thenThe connecting phrase **So then** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers are no longer separated from God. The reason is that Christ gave them access to God through the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
135EPH219abd1figs-doubletξένοι καὶ πάροικοι1strangers and foreignersThe words **strangers** and **foreigners** have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: “people who had no relationship to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
136EPH219abd2grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. The previous separation of the Ephesians from God is in contrast to their current status as citizens of the kingdom of God and members of his household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
137EPH219r11rfigs-metaphorἐστὲ συνπολῖται τῶν ἁγίων καὶ οἰκεῖοι τοῦ Θεοῦ1you are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of GodPaul is again speaking of the spiritual condition of Ephesian Gentiles after they become believers as he would speak about foreigners becoming citizens of a different nation. They are now citizens of Gods kingdom. They are “fellow citizens” with the believing Jews (including Paul) who are now also citizens of Gods kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
138EPH220r2jefigs-metaphorἐποικοδομηθέντες ἐπὶ τῷ θεμελίῳ1You have been built on the foundationPaul speaks of the Gentile Ephesian believers as if they were a building. Christ is the cornerstone, the New Testament apostles and prophets are the foundation, and the Ephesian believers are part of the structure along with the Jews who believed in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
139EPH220fs7jfigs-activepassiveἐποικοδομηθέντες1You have been builtThis can be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: “God has built you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
140EPH221g8gafigs-metaphorπᾶσα οἰκοδομὴ συναρμολογουμένη, αὔξει εἰς ναὸν ἅγιον1the whole building, being fit together, grows into a holy templePaul continues to speak of Christs family as if it were a building. In the same way a builder fits stones together while building, so Christ is fitting us together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
141EPH221ljt5figs-metaphorἐν ᾧ…ἐν Κυρίῳ1In whom…in the Lord“In Christ…in the Lord Jesus” These metaphors express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
142EPH222u55jfigs-metaphorἐν ᾧ1in whom“in Christ” This metaphor expresses the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
143EPH222b4c8figs-metaphorκαὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε, εἰς κατοικητήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Πνεύματι1you also are being built together as a dwelling place for God in the SpiritThis describes how believers are being put together to become a place where God will permanently live through the power of the Holy Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
144EPH222e52hfigs-activepassiveκαὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε1you also are being built togetherThis can be stated as active. Alternate translation: “God is also building you together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
145EPH3introgha70# Ephesians 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “I pray”<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Mystery<br>Paul refers to the church as a “mystery.” The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God.
146EPH31w8960Connecting Statement:To make clear the hidden truth about the church to believers, Paul refers back to the oneness of Jews and Gentiles and the temple of which believers are now a part.
147EPH31jb9ugrammar-connect-logic-resultτούτου χάριν1For this reasonThe connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a result relationship. The result is that Paul is preaching to the Gentiles about Jesus. The reason is that Christ showed his grace by removing the division between Jews and Gentiles and making them into one group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
148EPH31abd6figs-explicitτούτου χάριν1For this reasonYou may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: “Because of Gods grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
149EPH31m9b6ὁ δέσμιος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ1the prisoner of Christ Jesus“the one whom Christ Jesus has put in prison”
150EPH32rx7tτὴν οἰκονομίαν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ, τῆς δοθείσης μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς1the stewardship of the grace of God that was given to me for you“the responsibility that God gave me to bring his grace to you”
151EPH33dc7xfigs-activepassiveκατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν ἐγνωρίσθη μοι1according to the revelation made known to meThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “according to what God revealed to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
152EPH33qm6mκαθὼς προέγραψα ἐν ὀλίγῳ1about which I already wrote in briefPaul refers to what he wrote earlier in this letter in 2:11-22.
153EPH35srn9figs-activepassiveὃ ἑτέραις γενεαῖς οὐκ ἐγνωρίσθη τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων1which in other generations was not made known to the sons of menThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God did not make these things known to people in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
154EPH35eq5ufigs-activepassiveὡς νῦν ἀπεκαλύφθη…ἐν Πνεύματι1as it now has been revealed by the SpiritThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but now the Spirit has revealed it” or “but now the Spirit has made it known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
155EPH36pqy3εἶναι τὰ ἔθνη, συνκληρονόμα, καὶ σύνσωμα, καὶ συνμέτοχα, τῆς ἐπαγγελίας ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1that the Gentiles are fellow heirs and fellow members of the body, and fellow partakers of the promise in Christ Jesus through the gospelThis is the hidden truth Paul began to explain in the previous verse. The Gentiles who receive Christ also receive the same things as the Jewish believers.
156EPH36y88qbita-hqσύνσωμα1fellow members of the bodyThe church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
157EPH36wxs4ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ Jesus**In Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
158EPH36i4h7διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1through the gospelPossible meanings are (1) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow sharers in the promise or (2) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow heirs and members of the body and fellow sharers in the promise.
159EPH38y97ffigs-metaphorἀνεξιχνίαστον1unsearchableunable to be completely known (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
160EPH38e96zfigs-metaphorπλοῦτος τοῦ Χριστοῦ1riches of ChristPaul speaks of the truth about Christ and the blessings he brings as if they were material wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
161EPH39f2zpfigs-activepassiveτοῦ μυστηρίου, τοῦ ἀποκεκρυμμένου ἀπὸ τῶν αἰώνων ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, τῷ τὰ πάντα κτίσαντι1the mystery that was hidden from the ages in God who created all thingsThis can be stated in active form. “God, who created all things, kept this plan hidden for long ages in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
162EPH310abd3grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God revealing the mystery of the church to Paul is to enable the rulers in the heavenly places to see the wisdom of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
163EPH310q62lγνωρισθῇ…ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις…ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ1the multifaceted wisdom of God might be made known to the rulers and to the authorities in the heavenly places“God will make his great wisdom known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places through the Church”
164EPH310elh2figs-doubletταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις1to the rulers and to the authoritiesThese words share similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize that every spiritual being will know Gods wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
165EPH310z7vyἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly places“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
166EPH310ll77figs-metaphorἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ1the multifaceted wisdom of GodGods complex wisdom (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
167EPH311aaz8κατὰ πρόθεσιν τῶν αἰώνων1according to the eternal purpose“in keeping with the eternal plan” or “consistent with the eternal plan”
168EPH312qfn90Connecting Statement:Paul praises God in his sufferings and prays for these Ephesian believers.
169EPH312we6cἔχομεν τὴν παρρησίαν1we have the boldness“we are without fear” or “we have courage”
170EPH312zx5cfigs-explicitπροσαγωγὴν ἐν πεποιθήσει1access with confidenceIt may be helpful to state explicitly that this access is into Gods presence. Alternate translation: “access into Gods presence with confidence” or “freedom to enter into Gods presence with confidence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
171EPH312kri2πεποιθήσει1confidence“certainty” or “assurance”
172EPH313abd4grammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the believers will not be discouraged. The reason is that they have access to Christ with confidence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
173EPH313ciu6figs-metonymyὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἥτις ἐστὶν δόξα ὑμῶν1for you, which is your gloryHere **your glory** is a metonym for the pride they should feel or will feel in the future kingdom. The Christians in Ephesus should be proud of what Paul is suffering in prison. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “for you. This is for your benefit” or “for you. You should be proud of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
174EPH314abd5grammar-connect-logic-resultτούτου χάριν1For this reasonThe connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a result relationship. The result is that Paul prays to the Father. The reason is that Pauls sufferings have caused glory for the believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
175EPH314v3gdfigs-explicitτούτου χάριν1For this reasonYou may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: “Because God has done all this for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
176EPH314vju2figs-synecdocheκάμπτω τὰ γόνατά μου πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα1I bend my knees to the FatherBowed knees are a picture of the whole person in an attitude of prayer. Alternate translation: “I bow down in prayer to the Father” or “I humbly pray to the Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
177EPH315c492figs-activepassiveἐξ οὗ πᾶσα πατριὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ὀνομάζεται1from whom every family in heaven and on earth is namedThe act of naming here probably also represents the act of creating. Alternate translation: “who created and named every family in heaven and on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
178EPH316abd7grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The first goal or purpose of Pauls prayer is that the Ephesian believers would be strengthened by God in their faith and love. There are two more occurrences of “so that” in this section in verses 18 and 19. These three occurrences indicate the three things that Paul prays for the Ephesians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
179EPH316z9q5δῷ ὑμῖν κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, δυνάμει κραταιωθῆναι1he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with power“God, because he is so great and powerful, would allow you to become strong with his power”
180EPH316rgf5δῷ1would grant“would give”
181EPH317wg1vκατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι1that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, being rooted and grounded in loveThis verse continues to describe how Paul wants the Ephesians to be strengthened.
182EPH317q6yybita-hqκατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1that Christ may live in your hearts through faithHere **heart** represents a persons inner being, and **through** expresses the means by which Christ lives within the believer. Christ lives in the hearts of believers because God graciously allows them to have faith. Alternate translation: “that Christ may live within you because you trust in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
183EPH317g4g1figs-metaphorἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι1being rooted and grounded in lovePaul speaks of their faith as if it were a tree that has deep roots or a house built on a solid foundation. Alternate translation: “you will be like a firmly rooted tree and a building built on stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
184EPH318abd8grammar-connect-logic-resultἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers would fully know the love of God and be filled with Gods fullness. The reason is that Christ would live in their hearts. This indicates the second thing that Paul prays for the Ephesians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
185EPH318bkk6ἵνα ἐξισχύσητε καταλαβέσθαι1so that you may be fully able to comprehendThis is the second thing for which Paul prays for the Ephesians. He asks that they will understand how much Christ loves them.
186EPH318uu6lπᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις1all the saints“all the believers in Christ”
187EPH318ef4tfigs-metaphorτὸ πλάτος, καὶ μῆκος, καὶ ὕψος, καὶ βάθος1the width and length and height and depthPossible meanings are (1) these words describe the greatness of Gods wisdom, Alternate translation: “how very wise God is” or (2) these words describe the intensity of Christs love for us. Alternate translation: “how much Christ loves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
188EPH319rev9γνῶναί τε τὴν ὑπερβάλλουσαν τῆς γνώσεως ἀγάπην τοῦ Χριστοῦ1to know the love of ChristThis continues to describe the second thing that Paul prays that the Ephesians will be able to do—to fully know how much Christ loves them. Alternate translation: “so that you can know how great Christs love for us is”
189EPH319abd9grammar-connect-logic-resultἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers would be filled with the fullness of God. The reason is that they would know the love of Christ. This indicates the third thing for which Paul prays for the Ephesians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
190EPH319px4zἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ1so that you may be filled with all the fullness of GodThis is the third item for which Paul prays for the Ephesians. He wants them to be completely filled with the fullness of Christ.
191EPH320jk5cfigs-inclusive0General Information:The words “we” and “us” in this book continue to include Paul and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
192EPH320m7gi0Connecting Statement:Paul concludes his prayer with a blessing.
193EPH320zxj3τῷ δὲ1Now to him who“Now to God, who”
194EPH320zxt3ποιῆσαι ὑπέρ ἐκ περισσοῦ ὧν αἰτούμεθα ἢ νοοῦμεν1to do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or think“to do much more than all that we ask or think” or “to do things that are much greater than all that we ask him for or think about”
195EPH4introang80# Ephesians 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Spiritual gifts<br>Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Unity<br>Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Old man and new man<br>The term “old man” probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The “new man” is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ.
196EPH41sb640Connecting Statement:Because of what Paul has been writing to the Ephesians, he tells them how they should live their lives as believers and again emphasizes that believers are to agree with each other.
197EPH41abdagrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that believers should walk in a way that is worthy of the Lord. The reason is that God will be glorified in the church for all generations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
198EPH41uss5ὁ δέσμιος ἐν Κυρίῳ1the prisoner for the Lord“someone who is in prison because of his choice to serve the Lord”
199EPH41zxr1figs-metaphorἀξίως περιπατῆσαι τῆς κλήσεως1to walk worthily of the callingWalking is a common way to express the idea of living ones life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
200EPH41abc5τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε1of the calling by which you were calledHere **the calling** refers to the fact that God chose them to be his people. Alternate translation: “because God chose you to be his people”
201EPH42zs6sμετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ πραΰτητος1with all humility and gentleness, with patience“to learn to be humble, gentle, and patient”
202EPH43pi5cτηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης1to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peaceHere Paul speaks of **peace** as if it were a bond that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: “to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
203EPH44x5kvbita-hqἓν σῶμα1one bodyThe church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
204EPH44y6epἓν Πνεῦμα1one Spirit“only one Holy Spirit”
205EPH44b9mrfigs-activepassiveἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν1you were called in one certain hope of your callingThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God called you to have one confident hope in your calling” or “there is one thing that God also chose you to be confident in and expect him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
206EPH46bz5iΠατὴρ πάντων…ἐπὶ πάντων…διὰ πάντων…ἐν πᾶσιν1Father of all…over all…through all…and in allThe word **all** here means **everything**.
207EPH47pp9t0General Information:The quote here is from a song that King David wrote.
208EPH47i4za0Connecting Statement:Paul reminds believers of the gifts that Christ gives believers to use in the church, which is the whole body of believers.
209EPH47u2bwfigs-activepassiveἑνὶ…κάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις1to each one of us grace has been givenThis can be stated using an active form. Alternate translation: “God has given grace to each one of us” or “God gave a gift to each believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
210EPH48abdbgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the scripture says Jesus gave gifts to men. The reason is that every believer has been given a spiritual gift. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
211EPH48wj8tἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος1When he ascended to the heights“When Christ went up into heaven”
212EPH49e5atἀνέβη1he ascended“Christ went up”
213EPH49zu81καὶ κατέβη1he also descended“Christ also came down”
214EPH410w6t5ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα1he might fill all things“he might be present everywhere in his power”
215EPH410b5igπληρώσῃ1fill“complete” or “satisfy”
216EPH412jx12πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων1for the equipping of the saints“to prepare the people he has set apart” or “to provide the believers with what they need”
217EPH412y9gdεἰς ἔργον διακονίας1for the work of serving“so they can serve others”
218EPH412n33mfigs-metaphorεἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ1for the building up of the body of ChristPaul is speaking of people who grow spiritually as if they were doing exercises to increase the strength of their physical bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
219EPH412pdh4οἰκοδομὴν1building up“improvement”
220EPH412x5gdbita-hqσώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ1body of ChristThe **body of Christ** refers to all of the individual members of Christs Church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
221EPH413w1ikκαταντήσωμεν…εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως, καὶ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ1reach to the unity of the faith and the knowledge of the Son of GodThe believers need to know Jesus as the Son of God if they are to be united in faith and mature as believers.
222EPH413er6aκαταντήσωμεν…εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως1reach to the unity of the faith“become equally strong in faith” or “become united together in faith”
223EPH413x7k3guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ1the Son of GodThis is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
224EPH413m3rtεἰς ἄνδρα τέλειον1to a mature man“a mature believer”
225EPH413gv6mτέλειον1mature“fully developed” or “grown up” or “complete”
226EPH414abdcgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of gifted people in the church is to bring all the believers to spiritual maturity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
227EPH414xgi4figs-metaphorὦμεν νήπιοι1be childrenPaul refers to believers who have not grown spiritually as if they were children who have had very little experience in life. Alternate translation: “be like children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
228EPH414ndj2figs-metaphorκλυδωνιζόμενοι καὶ περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας1tossed back and forth by the waves and carried away by every wind of teachingThis speaks of a believer who has not become mature and follows wrong teaching as if that believer were a boat that the wind is blowing in different directions on the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
229EPH414r3bjἐν τῇ κυβίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐν πανουργίᾳ πρὸς τὴν μεθοδίαν τῆς πλάνης1through the trickery of people in cleverness for deceitful scheming“by crafty people who trick believers with clever lies”
230EPH415abddgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Following every changing teaching is in contrast to becoming mature in Christ and building up his body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
231EPH415zw32bita-hqεἰς αὐτὸν…ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλή1into him who is the headPaul uses the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
232EPH415i2ffἐν ἀγάπῃ1in love“as the members love one another”
233EPH416ll7fbita-hqἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα, συναρμολογούμενον καὶ συνβιβαζόμενον διὰ πάσης ἁφῆς τῆς ἐπιχορηγίας κατ’ ἐνέργειαν ἐν μέτρῳ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου μέρους, τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ σώματος ποιεῖται εἰς οἰκοδομὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ1from whom the whole body, being joined and held together by every supporting ligament, according to the working in measure of each individual part, causes the growth of the body, for building up itself in lovePaul uses the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
234EPH416l5r6bita-hqδιὰ πάσης ἁφῆς τῆς ἐπιχορηγίας1by every supporting ligamentA **ligament** is a strong band that connects bones or organs in place in the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
235EPH417n5cy0Connecting Statement:Paul tells them what they should no longer do now that they as believers are sealed by the Holy Spirit of God.
236EPH417abdegrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers should no longer act as the Gentiles act. The reason is that Christ wants every believer to become spiritually mature and to serve the other believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
237EPH417ksr8τοῦτο οὖν λέγω καὶ μαρτύρομαι ἐν Κυρίῳ1Therefore, I say this and strongly urge you in the Lord“Because what I have just said, I will say something more to strongly encourage you because we all belong to the Lord”
238EPH417wcx2μηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν, καθὼς καὶ τὰ ἔθνη περιπατεῖ ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν1to walk no longer as the Gentiles also walk, in futility of their minds“to stop living like the Gentiles with their worthless thoughts”
239EPH418lab7figs-metaphorἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ1They have been darkened in their understandingThey no longer think or reason clearly. Alternate translation: “They have darkened their thoughts” or “They are not able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
240EPH418abcifigs-activepassiveἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ1They have been darkened in their understandingThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They have darkened their thoughts” or “They are not able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
241EPH418w69ufigs-activepassiveἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ, διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς1alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in themThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Because they do not know God, they cannot live the way God wants his people to live” or “They have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
242EPH418w235ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι1alienated“cut off” or “separated”
243EPH418abdfgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ1becauseThe first connecting word **because** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Gentiles are separated from God. The first reason is that they are ignorant of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
244EPH418s1uzἄγνοιαν1ignorance“lack of knowledge” or “lack of information”
245EPH418k8qvfigs-metaphorδιὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν1because of the hardness of their heartsThe phrase **hardness of their hearts** is a metaphor that means “stubbornness.” Alternate translation: “because they are stubborn” or “because they refuse to listen to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
246EPH418abdggrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ2becauseThe second connecting word **because** introduces a result relationship. The result is that Gentiles are separated from God. The second reason is that their hearts are hardened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
247EPH418abcjbita-hqτῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν1of their heartsHere **hearts** represents peoples minds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
248EPH419ldy8figs-metaphorἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ1have handed themselves over to sensualityPaul speaks of these people as if they were objects that they themselves were giving to other people, and he speaks of the way they want to satisfy their physical desires as if it were the person to whom they give themselves. Alternate translation: “only want to satisfy their physical desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
249EPH420abdhgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The sinful way the Gentiles live is in contrast to the way that Paul taught the Ephesians to live according to the truth of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
250EPH420e5vkὑμεῖς…οὐχ οὕτως ἐμάθετε τὸν Χριστόν1you did not thus learn about ChristThe word **thus** refers to the way the Gentiles live, as described in [Ephesians 4:17-19](./17.md). This emphasizes that what the believers learned about Christ was the opposite of that. Alternate translation: “what you learned about Christ was not like that”
251EPH421hy7rfigs-ironyεἴ γε αὐτὸν ἠκούσατε καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε1if indeed you have heard about him and were taught in himPaul knows that the Ephesians have heard and been taught. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
252EPH421b3pnfigs-activepassiveἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε1were taught in himPossible meanings are (1) “Jesus people have taught you” or (2) “someone has taught you because you are Jesus people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
253EPH421gdz6καθώς ἐστιν ἀλήθεια ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ1as the truth is in Jesus“as everything about Jesus is true”
254EPH422h1hafigs-metaphorἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν1to put aside what belongs to your former manner of lifePaul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: “to stop living according to your former manner of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
255EPH422qw3dfigs-metaphorτὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον, τὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης1that is corrupt because of its deceitful desiresPaul speaks of the sinful human nature as if it were a dead body falling apart in its grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
256EPH422d3j6τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον1the old manThe **old man** refers to the “old nature” or “former self.”
257EPH423jy7hfigs-activepassiveἀνανεοῦσθαι…τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν1to be renewed in the spirit of your mindsThis may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: “to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts” or “to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
258EPH424abc7figs-metaphorἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον1to put on the new manHere seeking to have the character qualities of the new man is spoken of as if they were putting them on like clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
259EPH424x41yἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας1in righteousness and holiness of the truth“truly righteous and holy”
260EPH425abdigrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers would stop acting immorally like they used to live. The reason is that God has created them as new, holy people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
261EPH425abn8ἀποθέμενοι τὸ ψεῦδος1putting aside lying“no longer telling lies”
262EPH425abdjgrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces a result relationship. The result is that believers should speak the truth to each other. The reason is that believers are members of the same body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
263EPH425zh2gbita-hqἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων μέλη1we are members of one anotherHere Paul speaks of the close union of believers with each other as if they were each part of one single body. Alternate translation: “we belong to one another” or “we are all members of Gods family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
264EPH426w8rwὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε1Be angry and do not sin“You may get angry, but do not sin” or “If you become angry, do not sin”
265EPH426ki7pfigs-metonymyὁ ἥλιος μὴ ἐπιδυέτω ἐπὶ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν1Do not let the sun go down on your indignationThe sun going down represents nightfall, or the end of the day. Alternate translation: “You must stop being angry before night comes” or “Let go of your anger before the day ends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
266EPH427w71sμηδὲ δίδοτε τόπον τῷ διαβόλῳ1nor give an opportunity to the devil“Do not give the devil an opportunity to lead you into sin”
267EPH428abdkgrammar-connect-logic-contrastμᾶλλον δὲ1But ratherThe connecting phrase **But rather** introduces a contrast relationship. The way a former thief should work hard to have something to share with others is in contrast to the way he formerly stole for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
268EPH428abdlgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of working hard with ones own hands is to be able to meet the needs of others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
269EPH429f6ykλόγος σαπρὸς1corrupt talkThis refers to speech that is cruel or rude.
270EPH429abdmgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking what is corrupt is in contrast to speaking good things that will build up others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
271EPH429p9wcπρὸς οἰκοδομὴν1for building up“for encouraging” or “for strengthening”
272EPH429abdngrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of speaking things that build up others is to give grace to those who hear the words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
273EPH429bv8aτῆς χρείας, ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν1the one in need, so that it might give grace to the hearers“the needy. In this way you will help those who hear you”
274EPH430air6μὴ λυπεῖτε1do not grieve“do not distress” or “do not upset”
275EPH430pgk9figs-metaphorἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως1by whom you were sealed for the day of redemptionThe Holy Spirit assures believers that God will redeem them. Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a mark that God puts on believers to show that he owns them. Alternate translation: “for he is the seal that assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption” or “for he is the one who assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
276EPH430abckfigs-metaphorἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως1by whom you were sealed for the day of redemptionThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for he has sealed you for the day of redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
277EPH431b72p0Connecting Statement:Paul finishes his instructions on what believers should not do and ends with what they must do.
278EPH431v576figs-metaphorἀρθήτω1Let…be removed**Let…be removed** here is a metaphor for not continuing to have certain attitudes or behaviors. Alternate translation: “You must not allow…to be part of your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
279EPH431t1gjθυμὸς1rageintense anger
280EPH432abdogrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking angry and hurtful things is in contrast to speaking kind and tender things to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
281EPH432w7tkεὔσπλαγχνοι1tenderheartedbeing gentle and compassionate towards others
282EPH5introtdd20# Ephesians 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 14.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Inheritance of the kingdom of Christ<br>This is difficult to understand. Some scholars believe those who continue to practice these things will not inherit eternal life. But God can forgive all the sins listed in this verse. So immoral, impure, or greedy people can still receive eternal life if they repent and believe in Jesus. A more natural reading is “No person who is sexually immoral or indecent, or who is greedy (for this is the same as worshiping idols) will be among Gods people over whom Christ rules as king.” (UST) (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Wives, submit to your husbands<br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.
283EPH51wus50Connecting Statement:Paul continues to tell the believers how they should and should not live as Gods children.
284EPH51jx2qγίνεσθε οὖν μιμηταὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ1Therefore be imitators of God“Therefore you should do what God does.” Therefore refers back to [Ephesians 4:32](../04/32.md) which tells why believers should imitate God, because Christ forgave believers.
285EPH51abdpgrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that believers should imitate what God is like. The reason is that God has forgiven us through Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
286EPH51zen5figs-simileὡς τέκνα ἀγαπητά1as beloved childrenGod desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: “as dearly loved children imitate their fathers” or “because you are his children and he loves you dearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
287EPH52ta41figs-metaphorπεριπατεῖτε ἐν ἀγάπῃ1walk in loveWalking is a common way to express the idea of living ones life. Alternate translation: “live a life of love” or “always love each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
288EPH52bak1προσφορὰν καὶ θυσίαν τῷ Θεῷ εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας1an offering and sacrifice to God for a fragrant aroma“like a sweet-smelling offering and sacrifice to God”
289EPH53le5fπορνεία δὲ, καὶ ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα, ἢ πλεονεξία, μηδὲ ὀνομαζέσθω ἐν ὑμῖν1But sexual immorality and every impurity or greed must not even be named among you“Do not do anything that would let anyone think that you are guilty of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or greed”
290EPH53abdqgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The fragrant offering and sacrifice to God is in contrast to sinful acts and thoughts that are not fitting for saints. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
291EPH53xat9ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα1every impurity“any moral uncleanness”
292EPH54utm5ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον εὐχαριστία1but instead thanksgiving“but instead you should thank God”
293EPH54abdrgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ μᾶλλον1but insteadThe connecting phrase **but instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Sinful acts and thoughts are in contrast to thanksgiving to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
294EPH55abc6figs-metaphorἀκάθαρτος1uncleanHere being dirty is a metaphor for being sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
295EPH55vb16figs-metaphorκληρονομίαν1inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
296EPH56px7pκενοῖς λόγοις1empty wordswords that have no truth to them
297EPH56abdsgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1forThe connecting word **for** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers should not let anyone deceive them with empty words. The reason is that the wrath of God will judge those things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
298EPH57abdtgrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers should not become partners with evil men. The reason is that God will judge those people in his wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
299EPH58abdwgrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers will not become partners with evil men. The reason is that the Ephesian believers are no longer darkness, but are now light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
300EPH58wy9dfigs-metaphorἦτε…ποτε σκότος1formerly you were darknessJust as one cannot see in the dark, so people who love to sin lack spiritual understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
301EPH58abdugrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. The fact that the Ephesian believers were formerly darkness is in contrast to the fact that they are now light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
302EPH58iw4qfigs-metaphorνῦν…φῶς ἐν Κυρίῳ1now are light in the LordJust as one can see in the light, so people whom God has saved understand how to please God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
303EPH58l6kifigs-metaphorὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε1Walk as children of lightWalking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
304EPH58abc9figs-simileὡς τέκνα φωτὸς1as children of lightGod desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: “as Gods children who know the truth” or “because you are Gods children and see the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
305EPH59abdvgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1forThe connecting word **for** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the Ephesian believers should walk as children of light. The reason is that the fruit of the light is goodness and righteousness and truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
306EPH59q194figs-metaphorὁ…καρπὸς τοῦ φωτὸς ἐν πάσῃ ἀγαθωσύνῃ, καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ, καὶ ἀληθείᾳ1the fruit of the light consists in all goodness and righteousness and truthHere **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “the result of living in the light is good work, right living, and truthful behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
307EPH511zdu1figs-metaphorμὴ συνκοινωνεῖτε τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους1Do not take part in the unfruitful works of darknessPaul speaks of the useless, sinful things that unbelievers do as if they are evil deeds people do in the dark so no one will see them. Alternate translation: “Do not do useless, sinful things with unbelievers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
308EPH511abc8figs-metaphorτοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους1the unfruitful works of darknessThe word **darkness** is often used to represent sin. In this instance, these works result from sinful motives. Alternate translation: “deeds that are worthless because they were done from sinful motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
309EPH511v4d1figs-metaphorἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις1unfruitful worksUnfruitful works are actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable. Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
310EPH511abdxgrammar-connect-logic-contrastμᾶλλον δὲ1but ratherThe connecting phrase **but rather** introduces contrast relationship. Participating in the works of darkness is in contrast to exposing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
311EPH511hpl2figs-metaphorἐλέγχετε1expose themSpeaking against the works of darkness is spoken of as bringing them out into the light so that people can see them. Alternate translation: “bring them out into the light” or “uncover them” or “show and tell people how wrong these actions are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
312EPH513abdygrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. Hiding the shameful works of darkness now is in contrast to the light exposing them later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
313EPH513vqi7figs-metaphorπᾶν…τὸ φανερούμενον φῶς ἐστιν1anything that becomes visible is light“people can clearly see everything that comes into the light.” Paul makes this general statement in order to imply that Gods Word shows peoples actions to be good or bad. The Bible often speaks of Gods truth as if it were light that could reveal the character of something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
314EPH514sp1z0General Information:It is unknown if this quotation is a combination of quotations from the prophet Isaiah or a quotation from a hymn sung by the believers.
315EPH514abdzgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that sinners should allow Christ to shine on them. The reason is that their sins will be revealed by the light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
316EPH514z4arfigs-apostropheἔγειρε, ὁ καθεύδων, καὶ ἀνάστα ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν1Awake, O sleeper, and arise from the deadPossible meanings are (1) Paul is addressing unbelievers who need to wake up from being dead spiritually just as a person who has died must come alive again in order to respond, or (2) Paul is addressing the Ephesian believers and using death as a metaphor for their spiritual weakness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
317EPH514abclfigs-apostropheὁ καθεύδων1O sleeperPaul addresses this comment directly to either the Ephesians, or to unbelievers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
318EPH514e873ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν1from the deadFrom among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To arise from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
319EPH514ma8wfigs-youἐπιφαύσει σοι1shine on youHere **you** refers to the **sleeper** and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
320EPH514ym6bfigs-metaphorἐπιφαύσει σοι ὁ Χριστός1Christ will shine on youChrist will enable an unbeliever to understand how evil his deeds are and how Christ will forgive him and give him new life, just as light shows what actually is there that darkness hid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
321EPH515du5nfigs-parallelismβλέπετε…ἀκριβῶς πῶς περιπατεῖτε, μὴ ὡς ἄσοφοι, ἀλλ’ ὡς σοφοί1Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—not as unwise but as wiseUnwise people do not guard themselves against sin. Wise people, however, can identify sin and flee from it. Alternate translation: “Therefore you must be careful to live as a wise person rather than a foolish person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
322EPH515abe0grammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1thereforeThe connecting word **therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the sinner will walk carefully in the light. The reason is that Christ has shown the light on him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
323EPH515abe1grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Being unwise is in contrast to being wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
324EPH515abe2figs-ellipsisὡς σοφοί1as wiseThe verb “walk” is left out. It can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “walk as wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
325EPH516h8b1figs-metaphorἐξαγοραζόμενοι τὸν καιρόν1redeeming the timeUsing time wisely is spoken of as if it were redeeming the time. Alternate translation: “doing the best things you can with your time” or “using time wisely” or “putting time to its best use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
326EPH516abe3grammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the believers will redeem the time. The reason is that the days are evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
327EPH516lrb6figs-metonymyαἱ ἡμέραι πονηραί εἰσιν1the days are evilThe word **days** is a metonym for what people do during those days. Alternate translation: “the people around you are doing all kinds of evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
328EPH517abe4grammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ τοῦτο1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that the believers will not be foolish, but understand Gods will. The reason is that the days are evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
329EPH517abe5grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Being foolish is in contrast to understanding Gods will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
330EPH518scp1καὶ μὴ μεθύσκεσθε οἴνῳ1And do not get drunk with wine“You should not get drunk from drinking wine”
331EPH518abe6grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Being drunk is in contrast to being filled with the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
332EPH518lgw3πληροῦσθε ἐν Πνεύματι1be filled with the Spirit“you should be controlled with the Holy Spirit”
333EPH519egk6figs-merismψαλμοῖς, καὶ ὕμνοις, καὶ ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς1psalms, and hymns, and spiritual songsPossible meanings are that (1) Paul is using these words as a merism for “all sorts of songs to praise God” or (2) Paul is listing specific forms of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
334EPH519n5jjψαλμοῖς1psalmsThese are probably songs from the Old Testament book of Psalms that Christians sang.
335EPH519g5ssὕμνοις1hymnsThese are songs of praise and worship that may have been written specifically for Christians to sing.
336EPH519v9ayfigs-doubletᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς1spiritual songsPossible meanings are (1) these are songs that the Holy Spirit inspires a person to sing right at that moment or (2) **spiritual songs** and **hymns** are doublets and mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
337EPH519v3qlbita-hqτῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν1in your heartHere **heart** is a metonym for a persons thoughts or inner being. The phrase **with all your heart** means to do something with enthusiasm. Alternate translation: “with all of your being” or “enthusiastically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
338EPH520e6w5bita-hqἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1in the name of our Lord Jesus ChristHere **name** may represent (1) Jesus himself or (2) the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: “because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ” or “with the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
339EPH522isd70Connecting Statement:Paul begins to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to one another ([Ephesians 5:21](../05/21.md)). He starts with instructions to wives and husbands on how they should act toward each other.
340EPH523abe7grammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a result relationship. The result is that wives should submit to their husbands. The reason is that the husband is head of the wife in the same way Christ is head of the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
341EPH523x637bita-hqκεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικὸς…κεφαλὴ τῆς ἐκκλησίας1the head of the wife…the head of the churchThe word **head** represents the leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
342EPH523abc1bita-hqτοῦ σώματος1the bodyThe church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
343EPH525sx8d0General Information:Here the words **himself** and **he** refer to Christ. The word **her** refers to the church.
344EPH525sm9eἀγαπᾶτε τὰς γυναῖκας1love your wivesHere **love** refers to unselfish serving or giving love to wives.
345EPH525i24yἑαυτὸν παρέδωκεν1gave himself up“allowed people to kill him”
346EPH525kp8kfigs-metaphorὑπὲρ αὐτῆς1for herPaul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: “for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
347EPH526abe9grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ giving himself up to death is to sanctify the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
348EPH526h6vxfigs-metaphorαὐτὴν ἁγιάσῃ, καθαρίσας1sanctify her…having cleansed herPaul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus made holy. Alternate translation: “make us holy…cleansed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
349EPH526a9p5figs-metaphorκαθαρίσας τῷ λουτρῷ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐν ῥήματι1having cleansed her by the washing of water with the wordPossible meanings are (1) Paul is referring to God making Christs people clean by Gods word and through water baptism in Christ or (2) Paul speaks of God making us spiritually clean from our sins by the message as if God were making our bodies clean by washing them with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
350EPH527abeagrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ cleansing the church with the word is to present the church to himself as a glorious bride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
351EPH527d1smfigs-metaphorμὴ ἔχουσαν σπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα1not having stain or wrinklePaul speaks of the church as though it were a garment that is clean and in good condition. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
352EPH527abcmfigs-doubletσπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα1stain or wrinkleHere **stain** and **wrinkle** represent the same idea of defect in two ways to emphasize the churchs purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
353EPH527abebgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. The church having stains and wrinkles of sin is in contrast to the church being holy and blameless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
354EPH527abecgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα2so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ washing the church is to make the church holy and blameless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
355EPH527jvi4figs-doubletἁγία καὶ ἄμωμος1holy and blamelessThe phrase **blameless** means basically the same thing as **holy**. Paul uses the two together to emphasize the churchs purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
356EPH528wp8bfigs-explicitὡς τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα1as their own bodiesThat people love their own bodies may be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “as husbands love their own bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
357EPH529h5aaἀλλὰ ἐκτρέφει1but he nourishes“but he feeds”
358EPH529abedgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Hating ones own body is in contrast to caring for it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
359EPH530abeegrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces a result relationship. The result is thatChrist cares for the church. The reason is that the church is his body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
360EPH530h44fbita-hqμέλη ἐσμὲν τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ1we are members of his bodyHere Paul speaks of the close union of believers with Christ as if they were part of his own body, for which he would naturally care. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
361EPH531yp230General Information:The quotation is from the writings of Moses in the Old Testament.
362EPH531yp240General Information:The words **his** and **himself** refer to a male believer who marries.
363EPH531abefgrammar-connect-logic-resultἀντὶ τούτου1For this reasonThe connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a result relationship. The result is that a man will leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife. The reason is that believers are members of Christs body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
364EPH6intror7c30# Ephesians 06 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Slavery<br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Armor of God<br>This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
365EPH61wq46figs-you0General Information:The word **your** is plural. Paul is speaking to every believing child who is not yet an adult and is therefore still under the authority of his or her parents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
366EPH61jf170Connecting Statement:Paul continues to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to each other. He gives instructions to children, fathers, workers, and masters.
367EPH61ev8mτὰ τέκνα, ὑπακούετε τοῖς γονεῦσιν ὑμῶν ἐν Κυρίῳ1Children, obey your parents in the LordPaul reminds children to obey their physical parents.
368EPH61abeggrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1forThe connecting word **for** introduces a result relationship. The result is that children will obey their parents. The reason is that this is the right thing to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
369EPH62bbc1figs-you0General Information:Paul quotes Moses in verses 2-3. Moses was talking to the people of Israel as though they were one person, so **your** and **you** are singular. You may need to translate them as plurals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
370EPH63abehgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of obeying your father and mother is to live well and long on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
371EPH64bb7gμὴ παροργίζετε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν1do not provoke your children to anger“do not make your children angry” or “do not cause your children to be angry”
372EPH64abeigrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Fathers provoking their children to anger is in contrast to raising their children in discipline and instruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
373EPH64ytg5figs-abstractnounsἐκτρέφετε αὐτὰ ἐν παιδείᾳ καὶ νουθεσίᾳ Κυρίου1raise them in the discipline and instruction of the LordThe abstract nouns **discipline** and **instruction** can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “teach them to become adults by making sure that they know and do what the Lord wants them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
374EPH65s1pqfigs-doubletφόβου καὶ τρόμου1fear and tremblingThe phrase **fear and trembling** uses two similar ideas to emphasize the importance of honoring their masters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
375EPH65z6xxfigs-hyperboleκαὶ τρόμου1and tremblingHere **trembling** is an exaggeration used to emphasize how important it is that slaves obey their masters. Alternate translation: “and fear” or “as though you were shaking with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
376EPH65pd6zbita-hqἐν ἁπλότητι τῆς καρδίας ὑμῶν1in honesty of your heartHere **heart** is a metonym for a persons mind or intentions. Alternate translation: “with honesty” or “with sincerity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
377EPH66abejgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Obeying our masters as men-pleasers is in contrast to obeying them because we are slaves of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
378EPH66l9veὡς δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ1as slaves of ChristServe your earthly master as though your earthly master were Christ himself.
379EPH66u5fnfigs-metonymyἐκ ψυχῆς1from the soulThe term **soul** refers to “inner self” or “thoughts” or “feelings.” Alternate translation: “wholeheartedly” or “enthusiastically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
380EPH69i85sτὰ αὐτὰ ποιεῖτε πρὸς αὐτούς1do the same to them“you also must treat your slaves well” or “just as slaves must do good to their masters, you also must do good to your slaves” ([Ephesians 6:5](../06/05.md))
381EPH69wii4εἰδότες ὅτι καὶ αὐτῶν καὶ ὑμῶν ὁ Κύριός ἐστιν ἐν οὐρανοῖς1You know that the Master, both theirs and yours, is in heaven“You know that Christ is the Master of both slaves and their masters, and that he is in heaven”
382EPH69r9ueπροσωπολημψία οὐκ ἔστιν παρ’ αὐτῷ1there is no favoritism with him“he judges everyone the same way”
383EPH610t5th0Connecting Statement:Paul gives instructions to make believers strong in this battle we live for God.
384EPH610e4mgτῷ κράτει τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ1the force of his strength“his great power.” See how **the strength of his power** is translated near the end of [Ephesians 1:21](../01/21.md).
385EPH611n8x8figs-metaphorἐνδύσασθε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, πρὸς τὸ δύνασθαι ὑμᾶς στῆναι πρὸς τὰς μεθοδίας τοῦ διαβόλου1Put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to stand against the scheming plans of the devilChristians should use all the resources God gives to stand firmly against the devil just as a soldier puts on armor to protect himself from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
386EPH611ra3yτὰς μεθοδίας1the scheming“the clever plans”
387EPH612abekgrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a result relationship. The result is that we put on the whole armor of God. The reason is that we are in a struggle against spiritual forces of darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
388EPH612d7befigs-synecdocheαἷμα καὶ σάρκα1blood and fleshThis expression refers to people, not spirits who do not have human bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
389EPH612abelgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. People made of flesh and blood are in contrast to spiritual forces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
390EPH612ftu4figs-explicitπρὸς τοὺς κοσμοκράτορας1against the world-controllersHere it is implied that **the world-controllers** refers to powerful spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “against the powerful spiritual beings that rule over people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
391EPH612abcnfigs-explicitτοῦ σκότους τούτου1this darknessHere **darkness** is a metaphor for things that are evil. Alternate translation: “during this present evil time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
392EPH613abemgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ τοῦτο1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that we will put on the whole armor of God. The reason is that we are in a battle against evil spiritual forces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
393EPH613jrn9figs-metaphorἀναλάβετε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ1put on the whole armor of GodChristians should use the protective resources God gives them in fighting the devil in the same way a soldier puts on armor to protect himself against his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
394EPH613abengrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of putting on the whole armor of God is to be able to withstand the attacks of the spiritual forces of darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
395EPH613cy9hfigs-metaphorδυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ πονηρᾷ1you may be able to withstand in the evil dayThe words **stand firm** represent successfully resisting or fighting something. Alternate translation: “you may be able to resist evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
396EPH614r5m7figs-metaphorστῆτε1StandThe word **Stand** represents successfully resisting or fighting something. See how you translated **to stand** in [Ephesians 6:13](../06/13.md). “So resist evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
397EPH614abengrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1thereforeThe connecting word **therefore** introduces a result relationship. The result is that believers will stand and resist the evil spiritual forces. The reason is that we have put on our spiritual armor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
398EPH614lbd4figs-metaphorπεριζωσάμενοι τὴν ὀσφὺν ὑμῶν ἐν ἀληθείᾳ1having fastened up your robe around your waist with the truthTruth holds everything together for a believer just as a belt holds the clothing of a soldier together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
399EPH614zt21ἀληθείᾳ…δικαιοσύνης1truth…righteousnessWe are to know the truth and act in ways that please God.
400EPH614abcafigs-metaphorἐνδυσάμενοι τὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης1having put on the breastplate of righteousnessChristians trusting in righteousness is spoken of as if they were soldiers putting on a breastplate to protect themselves from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
401EPH614ij1qfigs-metaphorτὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης1the breastplate of righteousnessPossible meanings are (1) the gift of righteousness covers a believers heart just as a breastplate protects the chest of a soldier or (2) our living as God wants us, gives us a clear conscience that protects our hearts the way a breastplate protects a soldiers chest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
402EPH615f6w1figs-metaphorὑποδησάμενοι τοὺς πόδας ἐν ἑτοιμασίᾳ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς εἰρήνης1having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peaceJust as a soldier wears boots to give him solid footing, the believer must have solid knowledge of the gospel of peace in order to be ready to proclaim it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
403EPH616n65cfigs-metaphorἐν πᾶσιν ἀναλαβόντες τὸν θυρεὸν τῆς πίστεως1In everything take up the shield of the faithThe believer must use the faith that God gives for protection when the devil attacks, just as a soldier uses a shield to protect him from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
404EPH616djl5figs-metaphorτὰ βέλη τοῦ πονηροῦ πεπυρωμένα1the flaming arrows of the evil oneThe attacks of the devil against a believer are like flaming arrows shot at a soldier by an enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
405EPH617g2kwfigs-metaphorτὴν περικεφαλαίαν τοῦ σωτηρίου δέξασθε1Take the helmet of salvationSalvation given by God protects the believers mind just as a helmet protects the head of a soldier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
406EPH617c191figs-metaphorτὴν…μάχαιραν τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ῥῆμα Θεοῦ1the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of GodThe writer speaks of Gods instructions to his people as if they were a sword that his people could use to fight an enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
407EPH618mu4wδιὰ πάσης προσευχῆς καὶ δεήσεως, προσευχόμενοι ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ἐν Πνεύματι1With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit“Pray at all times in the Spirit as you pray and make specific requests”
408EPH618g1i7εἰς αὐτὸ1To this end“For this reason” or “Keeping this in mind.” Since believers are to always pray, they should also be faithful to pray for other believers, including Paul.
409EPH618i5hmἀγρυπνοῦντες ἐν πάσῃ προσκαρτερήσει καὶ δεήσει περὶ πάντων τῶν ἁγίων1be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saints“persevere in being alert, and pray for all Gods holy people” or “pray with constant alertness for all the believers”
410EPH619rm1h0Connecting Statement:In verses 19-20, Paul asks them to pray for his boldness in telling the gospel while he is in prison.
411EPH619j135figs-activepassiveἵνα μοι δοθῇ λόγος1so that a message might be given to meThis can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God might give me the word” or “God might give me the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
412EPH619abeogrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
413EPH619gu1nfigs-idiomἀνοίξει τοῦ στόματός μου1open my mouthThis is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
414EPH620wx9kfigs-metonymyὑπὲρ οὗ πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει1for which I am an ambassador in chainsThe words **in chains** are a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: “I am now in prison because I am a representative of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
415EPH620pmm2figs-explicitἵνα ἐν αὐτῷ παρρησιάσωμαι, ὡς δεῖ με λαλῆσαι1so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speakThe word **pray** is understood from verse 19. Alternate translation: “so pray that whenever I teach the gospel, I will speak it as boldly as I should” or “pray that I may speak the gospel as boldly as I should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
416EPH620abepgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly even though he is in chains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
417EPH621abergrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to Ephesus was to tell the Ephesian believers what was happening to Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
418EPH621cxs9translate-namesΤυχικὸς1TychicusTychicus was one of several men who served with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
419EPH621abc2figs-metaphorἀδελφὸς1brotherPaul speaks of Tychicus as if he were a brother to all the other believers who were in Gods spiritual family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
420EPH622nv5mbita-hqπαρακαλέσῃ τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν1your hearts may be encouragedHere **hearts** is a metonym for peoples inner beings. Alternate translation: “he may encourage you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/bita-hq]])
421EPH622abesgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to the Ephesians is to encourage their hearts and to let them know what was happening to Paul and his companions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
422EPH623j3950Connecting Statement:Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of peace and grace on all believers who love Christ.
423EPH623abc3figs-metaphorἀδελφοῖς1brothersPaul speaks of the other believers as if they were brother to all the other believers who were in Gods spiritual family (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])