EPH front intro e3di 0 # Introduction to Ephesians<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>#### Outline of Ephesians<br><br>1. Greeting and prayer for the spiritual blessings in Christ (1:1-23)<br>1. Sin and salvation (2:1-10)<br>1. Unity and peace (2:11-22)<br>1. Mystery of Christ in you, made known (3:1-13)<br>1. Prayer for riches of his glory to make them strong (3:14-21)<br>1. Unity of the Spirit, building up the Body of Christ (4:1-16)<br>1. New life (4:17-32)<br>1. Imitators of God (5:1-21)<br>1. Wives and husbands; children and parents; slaves and masters (5:22-6:9)<br>1. Armor of God (6:10-20)<br>1. Final greeting (6:21-24)<br><br>#### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians?<br><br>Paul wrote Ephesians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>The Apostle Paul helped start the church in Ephesus on one of his trips. He also lived in Ephesus for a year and a half and helped the believers there. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome.<br><br>#### What is the Book of Ephesians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Ephesus to explain God's love for them in Christ Jesus. He described the blessings that God was giving them because they were now united with Christ. He explained that all believers are united together, whether Jew or Gentile. Paul also wanted to encourage them to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>#### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Ephesians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Ephesus" or "A Letter to the Christians in Ephesus." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>#### What was the "hidden truth" in the Book of Ephesians?<br><br>The expression translated in the ULT as "hidden truth" or "hidden" occurs six times. By it Paul always meant something that God had to reveal to human beings because they could not know it on their own. It always referred to something about how God planned to save mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to cause peace between himself and mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to unite Jews and Gentiles through Christ. Gentiles are now able to benefit from the promises of Christ as equals with the Jews.<br><br>#### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living?<br><br>Paul said much about salvation and righteous living in this letter and in many of his letters. He said that God has been very kind and saved Christians because they believe in Jesus. Therefore, after they become Christians, they should live in a righteous way to show that they have faith in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>#### Singular and plural "you"<br><br>In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers who may read this letter. The three exceptions to this are: 5:14, 6:2, and 6:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>#### What did Paul mean by the "new self" or the "new man"?<br><br>When Paul spoke of the "new self" or the "new man," he meant the new nature that a believer receives from the Holy Spirit. This new nature was created in God's image (See: 4:24). The phrase "new man" is also used for God causing peace between Jews and Gentiles. God brought them together as one people that belong to him (See: 2:15).<br><br>#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Ephesians in the ULT?<br><br>The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:<br><br>* Sometimes the meanin
EPH 01 intro fg42 0 # Ephesians 01 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>##### "I pray"<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Predestination<br>Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])<br>
EPH 01 01 kx1g figs-you 0 General Information: Paul names himself as the writer of this letter to the believers at the church at Ephesus. Except where noted, all instances of "you" and "your" refers to the Ephesian believers as well as all believers and so are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EPH 01 01 ilf2 0 Paul, an apostle ... to God's holy people in Ephesus Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and its intended audience. Alternate translation: "I, Paul, an apostle ... write this letter to you, God's holy people Ephesus"
EPH 01 01 u73p figs-metaphor 0 who are faithful in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 02 x9ey 0 Grace to you and peace This is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in his letters.
EPH 01 03 lm67 figs-inclusive 0 General Information: In this book, unless otherwise stated, the words "us" and "we" refer to Paul, the believers in Ephesus, as well as all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
EPH 01 03 g6sj figs-activepassive 0 May the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ be praised This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "Let us praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 01 03 cr9h 0 who has blessed us "for God has blessed us"
EPH 01 03 m8qh 0 every spiritual blessing "every blessing coming from the Spirit of God"
EPH 01 03 j2lk 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is.
EPH 01 03 v9qz figs-metaphor 0 in Christ Possible meanings 1) the phrase "in Christ" refers to what Christ has done. Alternate translation: "through Christ" or "through what Christ has done" or 2) "in Christ" is a metaphor referring to our close relationship with Christ. Alternate translation: "by uniting us with Christ" or "because we are united with Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 04 ibv6 figs-doublet 0 holy and blameless Paul uses two similar words to emphasize moral goodness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH 01 05 fp7l 0 General Information: The words "his," "He," and "he" refer to God.
EPH 01 05 h7pn figs-inclusive 0 God chose us beforehand for adoption The word "us" refers to Paul, the Ephesian church, and all believers in Christ. Alternate translation: "God planned long ago to adopt us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
EPH 01 05 pq1x 0 God chose us beforehand "God chose us ahead of time" or "God chose us long ago"
EPH 01 05 e6f6 figs-gendernotations 0 for adoption as sons Here "adoption" refers to becoming part of God's family. Here the word "sons" refers to males and females. Alternate translation: "to be adopted as his children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
EPH 01 05 ciu3 0 through Jesus Christ God brought believers into his family by the work of Jesus Christ.
EPH 01 06 s9qk 0 he has freely given us in the One he loves. "he has kindly given to us by means of the One he loves"
EPH 01 06 x7jp 0 the One he loves "the One he loves, Jesus Christ" or "his Son, whom he loves"
EPH 01 07 m9l4 figs-metaphor 0 riches of his grace Paul speaks of God's grace as if it were material wealth. Alternate translation: "greatness of God's grace" or "abundance of God's grace" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 08 pg6j 0 He lavished this grace upon us "He gave us this great amount of grace" or "He was extremely kind to us"
EPH 01 08 sw98 0 with all wisdom and understanding Possible meanings are 1) "because he has all wisdom and understanding" 2) "so that we might have great wisdom and understanding"
EPH 01 09 v71p 0 according to what pleased him Possible meanings are 1) "because he wanted to make it known to us" or 2) "which was what he wanted."
EPH 01 09 c2uk 0 which he demonstrated in Christ "he demonstrated this purpose in Christ"
EPH 01 09 u53h 0 in Christ "by means of Christ"
EPH 01 10 n2sl 0 with a view to a plan A new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: "He did this with a view to a plan" or "He did this, thinking about a plan"
EPH 01 10 em7q 0 for the fullness of time "for when the time is right" or "for the time that he has appointed"
EPH 01 11 t281 figs-activepassive 0 we were appointed as heirs This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God chose us to be heirs" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 01 11 nkf8 figs-activepassive 0 We were decided on beforehand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God chose us ahead of time" or "God chose us long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 01 11 ww9s figs-exclusive 0 we were appointed as heirs ... We were decided on beforehand By means of these pronouns "we," Paul is referring to himself and the other Jewish Christians, those who trusted Christ before the Ephesian believers did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH 01 12 gj44 figs-exclusive 0 so that we might be the first Again, the word "we" refers to the Jewish believers who first heard the good news, not the believers at Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH 01 12 zqm9 0 so we would be for the praise of his glory "so that we would live to praise him for his glory"
EPH 01 12 jm4j figs-exclusive 0 so that we might be the first ... so we would be for the praise Once again, the pronouns "we" refer to Paul and the other Jewish believers, not to the Ephesian believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
EPH 01 13 j1zc 0 General Information: Paul has been speaking in the previous two verses about himself and the other Jewish believers, but now he begins speaking about the Ephesian believers.
EPH 01 13 ac1e 0 the word of truth Possible meanings are 1) "the message about the truth" or 2) "the true message."
EPH 01 13 qgf9 figs-metaphor 0 were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit Wax was placed on a letter and stamped with a symbol representing the person who wrote the letter. Paul uses this custom as a picture to show how God has used the Holy Spirit to assure us that we belong to him. Alternate translation: "God has sealed you with the Holy Spirit that he promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 01 14 g6dw figs-metaphor 0 the guarantee of our inheritance Receiving what God has promised is spoken of as though one inherits property or wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: "the guarantee that we will receive what God has promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 16 scy9 figs-litotes 0 I have not stopped thanking God Paul uses "not stopped" to emphasize that he continues to thank God. Alternate translation: "I continue to thank God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
EPH 01 17 b7l1 0 a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him "spiritual wisdom to understand his revelation"
EPH 01 18 gbl7 figs-metonymy 0 that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind. The phrase "eyes of your heart" is a metaphor for one's ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: "that you may gain understanding and be enlightened" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 18 iv1h figs-activepassive 0 that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened This may be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: that God may enlighten your heart" or "that God may enlighten your understanding" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 01 18 m5j5 0 enlightened "made to see"
EPH 01 18 h6ig figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers, is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 18 lg8h 0 all God's holy people "all those whom he has set apart for himself" or "all those who belong completely to him"
EPH 01 19 t7lx 0 the incomparable greatness of his power God's power is far beyond all other power.
EPH 01 19 die1 0 toward us who believe "for us who believe"
EPH 01 19 e6g2 0 the working of his great strength "his great power that is at work for us"
EPH 01 20 dc4l 0 raised him "made him alive again"
EPH 01 20 pu97 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
EPH 01 20 ekj4 figs-metonymy 0 seated him at his right hand in the heavenly places The person who sits "at the right hand" of a king sits at his right side and rules with all the authority of the king at whose right hand or side he sits. This is a metonym of location that represents the authority that the person in that location possesses. Alternate translation: "gave him all authority to rule from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 01 20 f3dh translate:translate_symaction 0 seated him at his right hand To sit at the "right hand of God" is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: "seated him in the place of honor and authority beside him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate:translate_symaction]])
EPH 01 20 jrv1 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how you translated this in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
EPH 01 21 k8k7 0 far above all rule and authority and power and dominion These are different terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. Alternate translation: "far above all types of supernatural beings"
EPH 01 21 ra11 figs-activepassive 0 every name that is named This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: Possible meanings are 1) "every name that man gives" or 2) "every name that God gives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 01 21 x6qc figs-metonymy 0 name Possible meanings are 1) title or 2) position of authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 01 21 pym8 0 in this age "at this time"
EPH 01 21 qw2x 0 in the age to come "in the future"
EPH 01 22 jm9i figs-metonymy 0 all things under Christ's feet Here "feet" represents Christ's lordship, authority, and power. Alternate translation: "all things under Christ's power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 01 22 pm4t figs-metaphor 0 head over all things Here "head" refers to the leader or the one who is in charge. Alternate translation: "ruler over all things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 23 ge2c figs-metaphor 0 his body Just as with a human body, the head (verse 22) rules all things pertaining to its body, so Christ is the head of the church body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 01 23 w2kh 0 the fullness of him who fills all in all "Christ fills the church with his life and power just as he gives life to all things"
EPH 02 intro e7qn 0 # Ephesians 02 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter focuses on a Christian's life before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a person's former way of living is distinct from a Christian's new identity "in Christ." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### One body<br>Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or "body." The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ.<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### "Dead in trespasses and sins"<br>Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually "dead." Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>##### Descriptions of worldly living<br>Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They "lived according to the ways of this world" and are "living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air," "fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature," and "carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind."<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### "It is the gift of God"<br>Some scholars believe "it" here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, "it" here more likely refers to all of being saved by God's grace through faith.<br><br>##### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. The phrase "Gentiles in the flesh" indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. "Flesh" is also used in this verse to refer to the physical part of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br>
EPH 02 01 dxx8 figs-metaphor 0 you were dead in your trespasses and sins This shows how sinful people are unable to obey God in the same way a dead person is unable to respond physically. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 01 lp32 figs-doublet 0 your trespasses and sins The words "trespasses" and "sins" have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the people's sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH 02 02 i7d4 figs-metonymy 0 according to the ways of this world The apostles also used "world" to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. Alternate translation: "according to the values of people living in the world" or "following the principles of this present world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 02 02 n5d2 0 the ruler of the authorities of the air This refers to the devil or Satan.
EPH 02 02 bj9y 0 the spirit that is working "the spirit of Satan, who is working"
EPH 02 03 d3wd figs-metonymy 0 the desires of the body and of the mind The words "body" and "mind" represent the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 02 03 zd6v figs-metaphor 0 children of wrath people with whom God is angry (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 04 chm6 0 God is rich in mercy "God is abundant in mercy" or "God is very kind to us"
EPH 02 04 hrx9 0 because of his great love with which he loved us "because of his great love for us" or "because he loves us very much"
EPH 02 05 h6km figs-activepassive 0 by grace you have been saved This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: "God saved us because of his great kindness toward us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 02 06 na2n figs-pastforfuture 0 God raised us up together with Christ Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Possible meanings are 1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given Paul and the believers in Ephesus new spiritual life. Alternate translation: "God has given us new life because we belong to Christ" or 2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Ephesus can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: "We can be sure that God will give us life as he has caused Christ to come alive again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH 02 06 b499 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
EPH 02 06 m6pq 0 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
EPH 02 07 y6cf 0 in the ages to come "in the future"
EPH 02 08 t9pc figs-activepassive 0 For by grace you have been saved through faith God's kindness to us is the reason he made it possible for us to be saved from judgment if we simply trust in Jesus. Alternate translation: "God saved you by grace because of your faith in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 02 08 r8u8 0 this did not The word "this" refers back to "by grace you have been saved by faith."
EPH 02 09 al4s 0 not from works, so that no one may boast You may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: "Salvation does not come from works, so that no one may boast" or "God does not save a person because of what that person does, so no one can boast and say that he earned his salvation"
EPH 02 10 fa4l 0 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
EPH 02 10 lws4 0 we would walk in them Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Here "in them" refers to the "good deeds." Alternate translation: "we would always and continually do those good deeds"
EPH 02 11 diq1 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds these believers that God has now made Gentiles and Jews into one body through Christ and his cross.
EPH 02 11 p7m2 figs-metaphor 0 Gentiles in the flesh This refers to people who were not born Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 11 e76g figs-metonymy 0 uncircumcision Non-Jewish people were not circumcised as babies and thus the Jews considered them people who do not follow any of God's laws. Alternate translation: "uncircumcised pagans" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 02 11 nlf2 figs-metonymy 0 circumcision This was another term for Jewish people because all male infants were circumcised. Alternate translation: "circumcised people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 02 11 fb4r 0 what is called the "circumcision" in the flesh made by human hands Possible meanings are 1) "Jews, who are circumcised by humans" or 2) "Jews, who circumcise the physical body."
EPH 02 11 tf9i figs-activepassive 0 by what is called This can be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "by what people call" or "by those whom people call" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 02 12 u3vu 0 separated from Christ "unbelievers"
EPH 02 12 sti2 figs-metaphor 0 strangers to the covenants of the promise Paul speaks to the Gentile believers as if they had been foreigners, kept out of the land of God's covenant and promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 13 quq4 0 But now in Christ Jesus Paul is marking a contrast between the Ephesians before they believed in Christ and after they believed in Christ.
EPH 02 13 uf8m figs-metaphor 0 you who once were far away from God have been brought near by the blood of Christ Not belonging to God due to sin is spoken of as being far away from God. Belonging to God because of the blood of Christ is spoken of as being brought near to God. Alternate translation: "you who once did not belong to God now belong to God because of the blood of Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 13 tth1 figs-metonymy 0 by the blood of Christ The blood of Christ is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: "by Christ's death" or "when Christ died for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 02 14 ue4u 0 he is our peace "Jesus gives us his peace"
EPH 02 14 ccy8 figs-inclusive 0 our peace The word "our" refers to Paul and his readers and so is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
EPH 02 14 t9zn 0 He made the two one "He made the Jews and Gentiles one"
EPH 02 14 t6rd figs-metonymy 0 By his flesh The words "his flesh," his physical body, are a metonym for his body dying. Alternate translation: "By the death of his body on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 02 14 d7uf 0 the wall of hostility "the wall of hatred" or "the wall of ill will"
EPH 02 14 gg6k figs-inclusive 0 that divided us The word "us" refers to Paul and the Ephesians. The Ephesians, as Gentiles, were separated from Paul and the other Jews. Alternate translation: "that separated us Jews and Gentiles from one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
EPH 02 15 bn71 0 he abolished the law of commandments and regulations Jesus' blood satisfied the law of Moses so that both the Jews and Gentiles can live at peace in God.
EPH 02 15 sr2r figs-metaphor 0 one new man a single new people, the people of redeemed humanity (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 15 b628 0 in himself It is union with Christ that makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles.
EPH 02 16 zz8k 0 Christ reconciles both peoples "Christ brings the Jews and the Gentiles together in peace"
EPH 02 16 bj8x figs-metonymy 0 through the cross The cross here represents Christ's death on the cross. Alternate translation: "by means of Christ's death on the cross" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 02 16 lq3m figs-metaphor 0 putting to death the hostility Stopping their hostility is spoken of as if he killed their hostility. By dying on the cross Jesus eliminated the reason for Jews and Gentiles to be hostile toward each other. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: "stopping them from hating one another" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 17 vhi8 0 Connecting Statement: Paul tells the Ephesian believers that present Gentile believers are also now made one with the Jewish apostles and prophets; they are a temple for God in the Spirit.
EPH 02 17 g1hz 0 proclaimed peace "announced the gospel of peace" or "declared the gospel of peace"
EPH 02 17 wdu8 0 you who were far away This refers to the Gentiles or non-Jews.
EPH 02 17 a58n 0 those who were near This refers to the Jews.
EPH 02 18 qw56 figs-inclusive 0 For through Jesus we both have access Here "we both" refers to Paul, the believing Jews, and the believing non-Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
EPH 02 18 kt1m 0 in one Spirit All believers, both Jewish and Gentile, are given the right to enter into the presence of God the Father by the same Holy Spirit.
EPH 02 19 r11r figs-metaphor 0 you Gentiles ... God's household Paul is again speaking of the spiritual condition of Gentiles after they become believers as he would speak about foreigners becoming citizens of a different nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 20 r2je figs-metaphor 0 You have been built on the foundation Paul speaks of God's people as if they were a building. Christ is the cornerstone, the apostles are the foundation, and the believers are the structure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 20 fs7j figs-activepassive 0 You have been built This can be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: "God has built you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 02 21 g8ga figs-metaphor 0 the whole building fits together and grows as a temple Paul continues to speak of Christ's family as if it were a building. In the same way a builder fits stones together while building, so Christ is fitting us together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 21 ljt5 figs-metaphor 0 In him ... in the Lord "In Christ ... in the Lord Jesus" These metaphors express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 22 u55j figs-metaphor 0 in him "in Christ" This metaphor expresses the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 22 b4c8 figs-metaphor 0 you also are being built together as a dwelling place for God in the Spirit This describes how believers are being put together to become a place where God will permanently live through the power of the Holy Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 02 22 e52h figs-activepassive 0 you also are being built together This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: "God is also building you together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 03 intro gha7 0 # Ephesians 03 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>##### "I pray"<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Mystery<br>Paul refers to the church as a "mystery." The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God.<br>
EPH 03 01 w896 0 Connecting Statement: To make clear the hidden truth about the church to believers, Paul refers back to the oneness of Jews and Gentiles and the temple of which believers are now a part.
EPH 03 01 jb9u 0 Because of this "Because of God's grace to you"
EPH 03 01 m9b6 0 the prisoner of Christ Jesus "the one whom Christ Jesus has put in prison"
EPH 03 02 rx7t 0 the stewardship of the grace of God that was given to me for you "the responsibility that God gave me to bring his grace to you"
EPH 03 03 dc7x figs-activepassive 0 according to the revelation made known to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "according to what God revealed to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 03 03 qm6m 0 about which I briefly wrote to you Paul refers to another letter he had written to these people.
EPH 03 05 srn9 figs-activepassive 0 In other generations this truth was not made known to the sons of men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God did not make these things known to people in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 03 05 eq5u figs-activepassive 0 But now it has been revealed by the Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "But now the Spirit has revealed it" or "But now the Spirit has made it known" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 03 05 iux3 0 his apostles and prophets who were set apart for this work "the apostles and prophets whom God set apart to do this work"
EPH 03 06 pqy3 0 the Gentiles are fellow heirs ... through the gospel This is the hidden truth Paul began to explain in the previous verse. The Gentiles who receive Christ also receive the same things as the Jewish believers.
EPH 03 06 y88q figs-metaphor 0 fellow members of the body The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 03 06 wxs4 0 in Christ Jesus "In Christ Jesus" and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
EPH 03 06 i4h7 0 through the gospel Possible meanings are 1) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow sharers in the promise or 2) because of the gospel the Gentiles are fellow heirs and members of the body and fellow sharers in the promise.
EPH 03 08 y97f figs-metaphor 0 unsearchable unable to be completely known (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 03 08 e96z figs-metaphor 0 riches of Christ Paul speaks of the truth about Christ and the blessings he brings as if they were material wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 03 09 f2zp figs-activepassive 0 the mystery hidden for ages in God who created all things This can be stated in active form. "God, who created all things, kept this plan hidden for long ages in the past" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 03 10 q62l 0 the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places would come to know the many-sided nature of the wisdom of God "God will make his great wisdom known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places through the Church"
EPH 03 10 elh2 figs-doublet 0 rulers and authorities These words share similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize that every spiritual being will know God's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH 03 10 z7vy 0 in the heavenly places "in the supernatural world." The word "heavenly" refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
EPH 03 10 ll77 figs-metaphor 0 the many-sided nature of the wisdom of God God's complex wisdom (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 03 11 aaz8 0 according to the eternal plan "in keeping with the eternal plan" or "consistent with the eternal plan"
EPH 03 12 we6c 0 we have boldness "we are without fear" or "we have courage"
EPH 03 12 zx5c figs-explicit 0 access with confidence It may be helpful to state explicitly that this access is into God's presence. Alternate translation: "access into God's presence with confidence" or "freedom to enter into God's presence with confidence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH 03 12 kri2 0 confidence "certainty" or "assurance"
EPH 03 13 ciu6 figs-metonymy 0 for you, which is your glory Here "your glory" is a metonym for the pride they should feel or will feel in the future kingdom. The Christians in Ephesus should be proud of what Paul is suffering in prison. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: "for you. This is for your benefit" or "for you. You should be proud of this" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 03 14 v3gd figs-explicit 0 For this reason You may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: "Because God has done all this for you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH 03 14 vju2 figs-synecdoche 0 I bend my knees to the Father Bowed knees are a picture of the whole person in an attitude of prayer. Alternate translation: "I bow down in prayer to the Father" or "I humbly pray to the Father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EPH 03 15 c492 figs-activepassive 0 from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named The act of naming here probably also represents the act of creating. Alternate translation: "who created and named every family in heaven and on earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 03 16 z9q5 0 he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with power "God, because he is so great and powerful, would allow you to become strong with his power"
EPH 03 17 wg1v 0 that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, that you will be rooted and grounded in his love This is the second item for which Paul prays that God will "grant" the Ephesians "according to the riches of his glory." The first is that they would "be strengthened" ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)).
EPH 03 17 q6yy figs-metonymy 0 that Christ may live in your hearts through faith Here "heart" represents a person's inner being, and "through" expresses the means by which Christ lives within the believer. Christ lives in the hearts of believers because God graciously allows them to have faith. Alternate translation: "that Christ may live within you because you trust in him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 03 17 g4g1 figs-metaphor 0 that you will be rooted and grounded in his love Paul speaks of their faith as if it were a tree that has deep roots or a house built on a solid foundation. Alternate translation: "that you will be like a firmly rooted tree and a building built on stone" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 03 18 cja8 0 May you have strength so you can understand These words can be combined with the words that begin with "faith, that you will be rooted and grounded in his love" in verse 17 in two ways. Possible meanings are 1) "faith. I pray that you will be rooted and grounded in his love so that you have strength and can understand" or 2) "faith so you will be rooted and grounded in his love. I also pray that you will have strength so you can understand"
EPH 03 18 bkk6 0 so you can understand This is the second item for which Paul bends his knees and prays; the first is that God will grant that they be strengthened ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)) and that Christ may live in their hearts through faith ([Ephesians 3:17](../03/17.md)). And "understand" is the first thing that Paul prays that the Ephesians themselves will be able to do.
EPH 03 18 uu6l 0 all the believers "all believers in Christ" or "all the saints"
EPH 03 18 ef4t figs-metaphor 0 the width, the length, the height, and the depth Possible meanings are 1) these words describe the greatness of God's wisdom, Alternate translation: "how very wise God is" or 2) these word describe the intensity of Christ's love for us. Alternate translation: "how much Christ loves us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 03 19 rev9 0 that you may know the love of Christ This is the second thing that Paul prays that the Ephesians will be able to do; the first is that they "understand." Alternate translation: "that you can know how great Christ's love for us is"
EPH 03 19 px4z 0 that you may be filled with all the fullness of God This is the third item for which Paul bends his knees and prays ([Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md)). The first is that they would "be strengthened" ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)), and the second is that they "can understand" ([Ephesians 3:18](../03/18.md)).
EPH 03 20 jk5c figs-inclusive 0 General Information: The words "we" and "us" in this book continue to include Paul and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
EPH 03 20 zxt3 0 to do far beyond all that we ask or think "to do much more than all that we ask or think" or "to do things that are much greater than all that we ask him for or think about"
EPH 04 intro ang8 0 # Ephesians 04 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Spiritual gifts<br>Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>##### Unity<br>Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter.<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Old man and new man<br>The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ.<br>
EPH 04 01 sb64 0 Connecting Statement: Because of what Paul has been writing to the Ephesians, he tells them how they should live their lives as believers and again emphasizes that believers are to agree with each other.
EPH 04 01 uss5 0 as the prisoner for the Lord "as someone who is in prison because of his choice to serve the Lord"
EPH 04 01 zxr1 figs-metaphor 0 walk worthily of the calling Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one's life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 02 zs6s 0 to live with great humility and gentleness and patience "to learn to be humble, gentle, and patient"
EPH 04 03 pi5c 0 to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace Here Paul speaks of "peace" as if it were a bond that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: "to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible" (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 04 x5kv figs-metaphor 0 one body The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 04 y6ep 0 one Spirit "only one Holy Spirit"
EPH 04 04 b9mr figs-activepassive 0 you were called in one certain hope of your calling This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God called you to have one confident hope in your calling" or "there is one thing that God also chose you to be confident in and expect him to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 04 06 bz5i 0 Father of all ... over all ... through all ... and in all The word "all" here means "everything."
EPH 04 07 pp9t 0 General Information: The quote here is from a song that King David wrote.
EPH 04 07 i4za 0 Connecting Statement: Paul reminds believers of the gifts that Christ gives believers to use in the church, which is the whole body of believers.
EPH 04 07 u2bw figs-activepassive 0 To each one of us grace has been given This can be stated using an active form. Alternate translation: "God has given grace to each one of us" or "God gave a gift to each believer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 04 08 wj8t 0 When he ascended to the heights "When Christ went up into heaven"
EPH 04 09 e5at 0 He ascended "Christ went up"
EPH 04 09 zu81 0 he also descended "Christ also came down"
EPH 04 09 eq56 0 into the lower regions of the earth Possible meanings are 1) the lower regions are a part of the earth or 2) "the lower regions" is another way of referring to the earth. Alternate translation: "into the lower regions, the earth"
EPH 04 10 w6t5 0 that he might fill all things "so that he might be present everywhere in his power"
EPH 04 10 b5ig 0 fill "complete" or "satisfy"
EPH 04 12 uii8 figs-explicit 0 He gave these offices The one to whom Christ gave the gifts can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Christ gave these offices to the church" or "He gave people with these responsibilities to the church (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH 04 12 jx12 0 to equip the saints "to prepare the people he has set apart" or "to provide the believers with what they need"
EPH 04 12 y9gd 0 for the work of service "so they can serve others"
EPH 04 12 n33m figs-metaphor 0 for the building up of the body of Christ Paul is speaking of people who grow spiritually as if they were doing exercises to increase the strength of their physical bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH 04 12 pdh4 0 building up "improvement"
EPH 04 12 x5gd 0 body of Christ The "body of Christ" refers to all of the individual members of Christ's Church.
EPH 04 13 w1ik 0 reach the unity of faith and knowledge of the Son of God The believers need to know Jesus as the Son of God if they are to be united in faith and mature as believers.
EPH 04 13 er6a 0 reach the unity of faith "become equally strong in faith" or "become united together in faith"
EPH 04 13 x7k3 guidelines-sonofgodprinciples 0 Son of God This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
EPH 04 13 m3rt 0 become mature "become mature believers"
EPH 04 13 gv6m 0 mature "fully developed" or "grown up" or "complete"
EPH 04 14 xgi4 figs-metaphor 0 be children Paul refers to believers who have not grown spiritually as if they were children who have had very little experience in life. Alternate translation: "be like children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 14 ndj2 figs-metaphor 0 tossed back and forth ... carried away by every wind of teaching This speaks of a believer who has not become mature and follows wrong teaching as if that believer were a boat that the wind is blowing in different directions on the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 14 r3bj 0 by the trickery of people in their deceitful schemes "by crafty people who trick believers with clever lies"
EPH 04 15 zw32 figs-metaphor 0 into him who is the head Paul uses the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 15 i2ff 0 in love "as the members love one another"
EPH 04 16 ll7f figs-metaphor 0 Christ builds the whole body ... makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love Paul uses the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow healthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 16 l5r6 0 by every supporting ligament A "ligament" is a strong band that connects bones or organs in place in the body.
EPH 04 17 ksr8 0 Therefore, I say and insist on this in the Lord "Because what I have just said, I will say something more to strongly encourage you because we all belong to the Lord"
EPH 04 17 wcx2 0 that you must no longer live as the Gentiles live, in the futility of their minds "stop living like the Gentiles with their worthless thoughts"
EPH 04 18 lab7 figs-metaphor 0 They are darkened in their understanding They no longer think or reason clearly. Alternate translation: "They have darkened their thoughts" or "They are not able to understand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 04 18 w69u figs-activepassive 0 alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Because they do not know God, they cannot live the way God wants his people to live" or "They have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 04 18 w235 0 alienated "cut off" or "separated"
EPH 04 18 s1uz 0 ignorance "lack of knowledge" or "lack of information"
EPH 04 18 k8qv figs-metonymy 0 because of the hardness of their hearts Here "hearts" is a metaphor for people's minds. The phrase "hardness of their hearts" is a metaphor that means "stubbornness." Alternate translation: "because they are stubborn" or "because they refuse to listen to God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 19 ldy8 figs-metaphor 0 have handed themselves over to sensuality Paul speaks of these people as if they were objects that they themselves were giving to other people, and he speaks of the way they want to satisfy their physical desires as if it were the person to whom they give themselves. Alternate translation: "only want to satisfy their physical desires" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 20 e5vk 0 But that is not how you learned about Christ The word "that" refers to the way the Gentiles live, as described in [Ephesians 4:17-19](./17.md). This emphasizes that what the believers learned about Christ was the opposite of that. Alternate translation: "But what you learned about Christ was not like that"
EPH 04 21 hy7r figs-irony 0 I assume that you have heard ... and that you were taught Paul knows that the Ephesians have heard and been taught. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
EPH 04 21 b3pn figs-activepassive 0 you were taught in him Possible meanings are 1) "Jesus' people have taught you" or 2) "someone has taught you because you are Jesus' people." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 04 21 gdz6 0 as the truth is in Jesus "as everything about Jesus is true"
EPH 04 22 h1ha figs-metaphor 0 to put off what belongs to your former manner of life Paul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: "to stop living according to your former manner of life" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 22 j7n7 figs-metaphor 0 to put off the old man Paul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: "to stop living as your former self did" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 22 d3j6 0 old man The "old man" refers to the "old nature" or "former self."
EPH 04 22 qw3d figs-metaphor 0 that is corrupt because of its deceitful desires Paul speaks of the sinful human nature as if it were a dead body falling apart in its grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 23 jy7h figs-activepassive 0 to be renewed in the spirit of your minds This may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: "to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts" or "to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 04 24 x41y 0 in true righteousness and holiness "truly righteous and holy"
EPH 04 25 abn8 0 get rid of lies "stop telling lies"
EPH 04 25 zh2g 0 we are members of one another "we belong to one another" or "we are members of God's family"
EPH 04 26 w8rw 0 Be angry and do not sin "You may get angry, but do not sin" or "If you become angry, do not sin"
EPH 04 26 ki7p figs-metonymy 0 Do not let the sun go down on your anger The sun going down represents nightfall, or the end of the day. Alternate translation: "You must stop being angry before night comes" or "Let go of your anger before the day ends" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 04 27 w71s 0 Do not give an opportunity to the devil "Do not give the devil an opportunity to lead you into sin"
EPH 04 29 f6yk 0 filthy talk This refers to speech that is cruel or rude.
EPH 04 29 p9wc 0 for building others up "for encouraging others" or "for strengthening others"
EPH 04 29 bv8a 0 their needs, that your words would be helpful to those who hear you "their needs. In this way you will help those who hear you"
EPH 04 30 air6 0 do not grieve "do not distress" or "do not upset"
EPH 04 30 pgk9 figs-metaphor 0 for it is by him that you were sealed for the day of redemption The Holy Spirit assures believers that God will redeem them. Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a mark that God puts on believers to show that he owns them. Alternate translation: "for he is the seal that assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption" or "for he is the one who assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption" or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 04 31 v576 figs-metaphor 0 Put away all bitterness, rage, anger "Put away" here is a metaphor for not continuing to have certain attitudes or behaviors. Alternate translation: "You must not allow these things to be part of your life: bitterness, rage, anger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 04 31 t1gj 0 rage intense anger
EPH 04 32 ygw4 0 Be kind "Instead, be kind"
EPH 04 32 w7tk 0 tenderhearted being gentle and compassionate towards others
EPH 05 intro tdd2 0 # Ephesians 05 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 14.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Inheritance of the kingdom of Christ<br>This is difficult to understand. Some scholars believe those who continue to practice these things will not inherit eternal life. But God can forgive all the sins listed in this verse. So immoral, impure, or greedy people can still receive eternal life if they repent and believe in Jesus. A more natural reading is "No person who is sexually immoral or indecent, or who is greedy (for this is the same as worshiping idols) will be among God’s people over whom Christ rules as king." (UST) (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])<br><br>#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>##### Wives, submit to your husbands<br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.<br>
EPH 05 01 jx2q 0 Therefore be imitators of God "Therefore you should do what God does." Therefore refers back to [Ephesians 4:32](../04/32.md) which tells why believers should imitate God, because Christ forgave believers.
EPH 05 01 zen5 figs-simile 0 as dearly loved children God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his children. Alternate translation: "as dearly loved children imitate their fathers" or "because you are his children and he loves you dearly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
EPH 05 02 ta41 figs-metaphor 0 walk in love Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one's life. Alternate translation: "live a life of love" or "always love each other" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 02 bak1 0 a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God "like a sweet-smelling offering and sacrifice to God"
EPH 05 03 le5f 0 But there must not be even a suggestion among you of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or of greed "Do not do anything that would let anyone think that you are are guilty of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or greed"
EPH 05 03 xat9 0 any kind of impurity "any moral uncleanness"
EPH 05 04 utm5 0 Instead there should be thanksgiving "Instead you should thank God"
EPH 05 05 vb16 figs-metaphor 0 inheritance Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 06 px7p 0 empty words words that have no truth to them
EPH 05 08 wy9d figs-metaphor 0 For you were once darkness Just as one cannot see in the dark, so people who love to sin lack spiritual understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 08 iw4q figs-metaphor 0 but now you are light in the Lord Just as one can see in the light, so people whom God has saved understand how to please God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 08 l6ki figs-metaphor 0 Walk as children of light Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: "Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 09 q194 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of the light consists in all goodness, righteousness, and truth "Fruit" here is a metaphor for "result" or "outcome." Alternate translation: "the result of living in the light is good work, right living, and truthful behavior" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 11 zdu1 figs-metaphor 0 Do not associate with the unfruitful works of darkness Paul speaks of the useless, sinful things that unbelievers do as if they are evil deeds people do in the dark so no one will see them. Alternate translation: "Do not do useless, sinful things with unbelievers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 11 v4d1 figs-metaphor 0 unfruitful works actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable. Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 11 hpl2 figs-metaphor 0 expose them Speaking against the works of darkness is spoken of as bringing them out into the light so that people can see them. Alternate translation: "bring them out into the light" or "uncover them" or "show and tell people how wrong these actions are" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 13 sp1z 0 General Information: It is unknown if this quotation is a combination of quotations from the prophet Isaiah or a quotation from a hymn sung by the believers.
EPH 05 14 vqi7 figs-metaphor 0 anything that becomes visible is light "people can clearly see everything that comes into the light." Paul makes this general statement in order to imply that God's Word shows people's actions to be good or bad. The Bible often speaks of God's truth as if it were light that could reveal the character of something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 14 z4ar figs-apostrophe 0 Awake, you sleeper, and arise from the dead Possible meanings are 1) Paul is addressing unbelievers who need to wake up from being dead spiritually just as a person who has died must come alive again in order to respond, or 2) Paul is addressing the Ephesian believers and using death as a metaphor for their spiritual weakness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 14 e873 0 from the dead From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To arise from among them speaks of becoming alive again.
EPH 05 14 ma8w figs-you 0 you sleeper ... shine on you These instances of "you" refer to the "sleeper" and are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EPH 05 14 ym6b figs-metaphor 0 Christ will shine on you Christ will enable an unbeliever to understand how evil his deeds are and how Christ will forgive him and give him new life, just as light shows what actually is there that darkness hid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 15 du5n figs-doublenegatives 0 Look carefully how you live—not as unwise but as wise Unwise people do not guard themselves against sin. Wise people, however, can identify sin and flee from it. Alternate translation: "Therefore you must be careful to live as a wise person rather than a foolish person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
EPH 05 16 h8b1 figs-metaphor 0 Redeem the time Using time wisely is spoken of as if it were redeeming the time. Alternate translation: "Do the best things you can with your time" or "Use time wisely" or "Put time to its best use" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 16 lrb6 figs-metonymy 0 because the days are evil The word "days" is a metonym for what people do during those days. Alternate translation: "because the people around you are doing all kinds of evil things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 05 18 scp1 0 And do not get drunk with wine "You should not get drunk from drinking wine"
EPH 05 18 lgw3 0 Instead, be filled with the Holy Spirit "Instead, you should be controlled with the Holy Spirit"
EPH 05 19 egk6 figs-merism 0 psalms and hymns and spiritual songs Possible meanings are that 1) Paul is using these words as a merism for "all sorts of songs to praise God" or 2) Paul is listing specific forms of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
EPH 05 19 n5jj 0 psalms These are probably songs from the Old Testament book of Psalms that Christians sang.
EPH 05 19 g5ss 0 hymns These are songs of praise and worship that may have been written specifically for Christians to sing.
EPH 05 19 v9ay figs-doublet 0 spiritual songs Possible meanings are 1) these are songs that Holy Spirit inspires a person to sing right at that moment or 2) "spiritual songs" and "hymns" are doublets and mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH 05 19 v3ql figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts or inner being. The phrase "with all your heart" means to do something with enthusiasm. Alternate translation: "with all of your being" or "enthusiastically" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 05 20 e6w5 0 in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ "because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ" or "as people who belong to our Lord Jesus Christ"
EPH 05 22 isd7 0 Connecting Statement: Paul begins to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to one another ([Ephesians 5:21](../05/21.md)). He starts with instructions to wives and husbands on how they should act toward each other.
EPH 05 23 x637 figs-metaphor 0 the head of the wife ... the head of the church The word "head" represents the leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 25 sx8d 0 General Information: Here the words "himself" and "he" refer to Christ. The word "her" refers to the church.
EPH 05 25 sm9e 0 love your wives Here "love" refers to unselfish serving or giving love to wives.
EPH 05 25 i24y 0 gave himself up "allowed people to kill him"
EPH 05 25 kp8k figs-metaphor 0 for her Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: "for us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 26 a9p5 figs-metaphor 0 having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word Possible meanings are 1) Paul is referring to God making Christ's people clean by God's word and through water baptism in Christ or 2) Paul speaks of God making us spiritually clean from our sins by the message as if God were making our bodies clean by washing them with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 26 h6vx figs-metaphor 0 make her holy ... cleansed her Paul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: "make us holy ... cleansed us" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 27 d1sm figs-metaphor 0 without stain or wrinkle Paul speaks of the church as though it were a garment that is clean and in good condition. He uses the same idea in two ways to emphasize the church's purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH 05 27 jvi4 figs-doublet 0 holy and without fault The phrase "without fault" means basically the same thing as "holy." Paul uses the two together to emphasize the church's purity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
EPH 05 28 wp8b figs-explicit 0 as their own bodies That people love their own bodies may be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "as husbands love their own bodies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH 05 29 h5aa 0 but nourishes "but feeds"
EPH 05 30 h44f figs-metaphor 0 we are members of his body Here Paul speaks of the close union of believers with Christ as if they were part of his own body, for which he would naturally care. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 05 31 yp23 0 General Information: The quotation is from the writings of Moses in the Old Testament.
EPH 05 31 yp23 0 General Information: The words "his" and "himself" refer to a male believer who marries.
EPH 06 intro r7c3 0 # Ephesians 06 General Notes<br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Slavery<br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them.<br><br>#### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>##### Armor of God<br>This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br>
EPH 06 01 wq46 figs-you 0 General Information: The first word "your" is plural. Then Paul quotes Moses. Moses was talking to the people of Israel as though they were one person, so "your" and "you" are singular. You may need to translate them as plurals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
EPH 06 01 jf17 0 Connecting Statement: Paul continues to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to each other. He gives instructions to children, fathers, workers, and masters.
EPH 06 01 ev8m 0 Children, obey your parents in the Lord Paul reminds children to obey their physical parents.
EPH 06 04 bb7g 0 do not provoke your children to anger "do not make your children angry" or "do not cause your children to be angry"
EPH 06 04 ytg5 figs-abstractnouns 0 raise them in the discipline and instruction of the Lord The abstract nouns "discipline" and "instruction" can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: "teach them to become adults by making sure that they know and do what the Lord wants them to do" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
EPH 06 05 r29d 0 be obedient to "obey." This is a command.
EPH 06 05 s1pq figs-doublet 0 deep respect and trembling The phrase "deep respect and trembling" uses two similar ideas to emphasize the importance of honoring their masters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH 06 05 z6xx figs-hyperbole 0 and trembling Here "trembling" is an exaggeration used to emphasize how important it is that slaves obey their masters. Alternate translation: "and fear" or "as though you were shaking with fear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
EPH 06 05 pd6z figs-metonymy 0 in the honesty of your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's mind or intentions. Alternate translation: "with honesty" or "with sincerity" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 06 06 l9ve 0 as slaves of Christ Serve your earthly master as though your earthly master were Christ himself.
EPH 06 06 u5fn figs-metonymy 0 from your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for "thoughts" or "intentions." Alternate translation: "with sincerity" or "enthusiastically" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 06 07 h45y figs-metonymy 0 Serve with all your heart Here "heart" is a metonym for "thoughts" or "inner being." Alternate translation: "Serve with all of your being" or "Be completely dedicated when you serve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 06 09 i85s 0 treat your slaves in the same way "you also must treat your slaves well" or "just as slaves must do good to their masters, you also must do good to your slaves" ([Ephesians 6:5](../06/05.md))
EPH 06 09 wii4 0 You know that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven "You know that Christ is the Master of both slaves and their masters, and that he is in heaven"
EPH 06 09 r9ue 0 there is no favoritism with him "he judges everyone the same way"
EPH 06 10 e4mg 0 the strength of his might "his great power." See how "the strength of his power" is translated near the end of [Ephesians 1:21](../01/21.md).
EPH 06 11 n8x8 figs-metaphor 0 Put on the whole armor of God, so that you may be able to stand against the scheming plans of the devil Christians should use all the resources God gives to stand firmly against the devil just as a soldier puts on armor to protect himself from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 11 ra3y 0 the scheming plans "the tricky plans"
EPH 06 12 d7be figs-synecdoche 0 flesh and blood This expression refers to people, not spirits who do not have human bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
EPH 06 12 ftu4 figs-explicit 0 against the powers over this present darkness Here it is implied that "the powers" refers to powerful spiritual beings. Here "darkness" is a metaphor for things that are evil. Alternate translation: "against the powerful spiritual beings that rule over people during this present evil time" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 13 jrn9 figs-metaphor 0 Therefore put on the whole armor of God Christians should use the protective resources God gives them in fighting the devil in the same way a soldier puts on armor to protect himself against his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 13 cy9h figs-metaphor 0 so that you may be able to stand in this time of evil The words "stand firm" represent successfully resisting or fighting something. Alternate translation: "so that you may be able to resist evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 14 r5m7 figs-metaphor 0 Stand, therefore The words "stand" represents successfully resisting or fighting something. See how you translated "stand firm" in [Ephesians 6:13](../06/13.md). "So resist evil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 14 lbd4 figs-metaphor 0 the belt of truth Truth holds everything together for a believer just as a belt holds the clothing of a soldier together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 14 zt21 0 truth ... righteousness We are to know the truth and act in ways that please God.
EPH 06 14 ij1q figs-metaphor 0 the breastplate of righteousness Possible meanings are 1) the gift of righteousness covers a believer's heart just as a breastplate protects the chest of a soldier or 2) our living as God wants us, gives us a clear conscience that protects our hearts the way a breastplate protects a soldier's chest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 15 f6w1 figs-metaphor 0 Then as shoes for your feet, put on the readiness to proclaim the gospel of peace Just as a soldier wears shoes to give him solid footing, the believer must have solid knowledge of the gospel of peace in order to be ready to proclaim it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 16 n65c figs-metaphor 0 In all circumstances take up the shield of faith The believer must use the faith that God gives for protection when the devil attacks, just as a soldier uses a shield to protect him from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 16 djl5 figs-metaphor 0 the flaming arrows of the evil one The attacks of the devil against a believer are like flaming arrows shot at a soldier by an enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 17 g2kw figs-metaphor 0 take the helmet of salvation Salvation given by God protects the believer's mind just as a helmet protects the head of a soldier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 17 c191 figs-metaphor 0 the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God The writer speaks of God's instructions to his people as if they were a sword that his people could use to fight an enemy, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
EPH 06 18 mu4w 0 With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the Spirit "Pray at all times in the Spirit as you pray and make specific requests"
EPH 06 18 g1i7 0 To this end "For this reason" or "Keeping this in mind." This refers to the attitude of taking God's armor.
EPH 06 18 i5hm 0 be watching with all perseverance, as you offer prayers for all the saints "persevere in being alert, and pray for all God's holy people" or "pray with constant alertness for all the believers"
EPH 06 19 rm1h 0 Connecting Statement: In his closing, Paul asks them to pray for his boldness in telling the gospel while he is in prison and says he is sending Tychicus to comfort them.
EPH 06 19 j135 figs-activepassive 0 that a message might be given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God might give me the word" or "God might give me the message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
EPH 06 19 jv6j 0 when I open my mouth. Pray that I might make known with boldness "when I speak. Pray that I boldly explain"
EPH 06 19 gu1n figs-idiom 0 open my mouth This is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: "speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
EPH 06 20 wx9k figs-metonymy 0 It is for the gospel that I am an ambassador who is kept in chains The words "in chains" are a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: "I am now in prison because I am a representative of the gospel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 06 20 pmm2 figs-explicit 0 so that I may declare it boldly, as I ought to speak The word "pray" is understood from verse 19. Alternate translation: "so pray that whenever I teach the gospel, I will speak it as boldly as I should" or "pray that I may speak the gospel as boldly as I should" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
EPH 06 21 cxs9 translate-names 0 Tychicus Tychicus was one of several men who served with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
EPH 06 22 nv5m figs-metonymy 0 so that he may encourage your hearts Here "hearts" is a metonym for people's inner beings. Alternate translation: "so that he may encourage you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
EPH 06 23 j395 0 Connecting Statement: Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of peace and grace on all believers who love Christ.
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