ZEP front intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>#### Outline of the Book of Zephaniah<br><br>1. Zephaniah introduces this book (1:1)<br>1. Yahweh will punish Judah and the nations (1:2–18)<br>1. Yahweh calls Judah to repent (2:1–3)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (2:4-15)<br>- Philistia (2:4–7)<br>- Moab and Ammon (2:8–11)<br>- Egypt (2:12)<br>- Assyria (2:13–15)<br>1. Yahweh will judge Jerusalem (3:1–8)<br>1. Yahweh will purify, restore, gather, and bless his people (3:9–20)<br><br>#### What is the Book of Zephaniah about?<br><br>Zechariah warned Judah and other nations that Yahweh was about to punish them. He also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])<br><br>#### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional name of this book is "The Book of Zephaniah" or just "Zephaniah." Translators may decide to call it "The Sayings of Zephaniah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>#### Who wrote the Book of Zephaniah?<br><br>Zephaniah wrote this book. But four different Old Testament people have the name Zephaniah. This Zephaniah was probably the great-grandson of King Hezekiah and a cousin to King Josiah. Zephaniah lived in the city of Jerusalem. He began to prophesy about seventy years after the prophets Isaiah and Micah. Zephaniah spoke Yahweh's messages during the reign of King Josiah (about 640–621 B.C.), and just before Jeremiah began to prophesy.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>#### Were the people of Judah faithful to Yahweh at the time Zephaniah started to prophesy?<br><br>Manasseh, the grandfather of Josiah, had been one of the worst kings of Judah. He led the people to worship other gods. After his death, his son Amon ruled for only two years before he was killed. Amon's son Josiah became king when he was eight years old. Josiah learned to worship and honor Yahweh. Zephaniah likely began his work after Josiah had destroyed most of the idols and shrines of false gods in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>#### What country is coming to invade Judah?<br><br>Zephaniah often said a foreign nation would invade the kingdom of Judah. Zephaniah probably meant Babylonia. However, the Book of Zephaniah never names this nation.<br>
ZEP 01 intro t3tv 0 # Zephaniah 01 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 1:2-18.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the fall of Jerusalem, the coming of the Messiah or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])<br>
ZEP 01 01 w6l8 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh's judgment. Verses 1:2-3 describe Yahweh's final judgment of every sinner in the future.
ZEP 01 01 k2ge figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh that came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: "Yahweh gave a message" or "Yahweh spoke this message" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 01 01 exz8 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
ZEP 01 01 zlc5 figs-explicit 0 son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah This is a list of Zephaniah's ancestors. These usages of "son of" are the broader sense of "descendant of." Here "Hezekiah" refers to King Hezekiah. These things can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "the grandson of Gedaliah, and the great-grandson of Amariah, whose father was King Hezekiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 01 02 x2u5 figs-hyperbole 0 I will utterly destroy everything from off the surface of the earth The words "everything" and "will cut off man" are deliberate exaggerations by Yahweh to express his anger at the people's sin. Yahweh will destroy neither sinners who repent nor all living things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
ZEP 01 02 atu6 0 destroy everything from off the surface of the earth "destroy everything that is on the entire earth"
ZEP 01 02 fg27 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh's declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ZEP 01 03 aqr7 0 I will cut off man from the surface of the earth "I will kill all people." This is a hyperbole, as in [Zephaniah 1:2] (./02.md).
ZEP 01 03 zd2p 0 man and beast "people and animals"
ZEP 01 03 kw4a 0 the ruins Possible meanings are 1) the piles of rubble that will remain after the judgment or 2) the idols that Yahweh destroyed.
ZEP 01 03 xxd9 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. Alternate translation: "destroy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 01 04 zb97 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh's judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh's judgment on the people of Judah.
ZEP 01 04 q6dj figs-idiom 0 I will reach out with my hand over Judah This is an idiom that means God will punish. Alternate translation: "I will punish Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 01 04 wn2w figs-ellipsis 0 I will cut off every remnant ... the names of the idolatrous people among the priests The verb "cut off" applies to each of these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: "I will cut off every remnant ... I will cut off the names of the idolatrous people among the priests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ZEP 01 04 gdu9 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. See how you translated this in [Zephaniah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "destroy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 01 04 h6cv figs-idiom 0 cut off ... the names of the idolatrous people among the priests Here "cut off ... the names" is an idiom that means to cause people to forget them. Alternate translation: "cause everyone ... to forget the priests who are idolatrous" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 01 05 u98g figs-ellipsis 0 the people who on the housetops ... the people who worship and swear The verb "cut off" ([Zechariah 1:4] (./04.md)) applies to these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: "I will cut off the people who on the housetops ... I will cut off the people who worship and swear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
ZEP 01 05 w2r8 0 by their king See the footnote about the possible rendering of this as "by Milcom."
ZEP 01 06 ql66 figs-metaphor 0 neither seek Yahweh nor ask for his guidance Seeking Yahweh represents either 1) asking God for help or 2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: "do not think about Yahweh or ask him to guide them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 01 07 ztx9 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh's judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh's judgment on the people of Judah.
ZEP 01 07 etv8 figs-idiom 0 Be silent This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: "Be shocked" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 01 07 xb5b figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has prepared the sacrifice and set apart his guests The people of Judah are spoken of as Yahweh's sacrifice, and the enemy nations are spoken of as his guests who would eat the sacrifice. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has prepared the people of Judah as a sacrifice, and invited the enemy nations as his guests" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 01 07 hwp4 figs-idiom 0 set apart his guests Here "set apart" is an idiom that means he has invited them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 01 08 z1ix figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1:8-13, Yahweh is speaking. He alternates between using first person and speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ZEP 01 08 w2xl 0 It will come about This phrase is used to mark the point at which Yahweh's judgment of Judah will begin.
ZEP 01 08 igq2 figs-explicit 0 everyone dressed in foreign clothes This phrase suggests that the Israelites wore clothes similar to the foreigners to show sympathy to their customs and to the worship of their foreign gods. Alternate translation: "everyone who worships foreign gods" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 01 09 gma8 0 On that day "On the day of Yahweh"
ZEP 01 09 fr1s 0 all those who leap over the threshold Possible meanings are 1) this is a reference to people who did not step on thresholds as part of their worship of a god called Dagan or 2) people who leapt up onto platforms to worship pagan idols or 3) royal officials who climbed the steps to the throne.
ZEP 01 09 u614 0 fill their master's house with violence and deceit The abstract nouns "violence" and "deceit" can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: "those who do violent things and tell lies in the temples of their gods"
ZEP 01 10 n2di figs-123person 0 General Information: Zephaniah 1:2-18 refers to Yahweh's judgment. Zephaniah 1:4-16 describes Yahweh's judgment on the people of Judah. In Zephaniah 1:8-13, Yahweh is speaking. He alternates between using first person and speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ZEP 01 10 mm2c 0 Fish Gate The Fish Gate was one of the gates in the Jerusalem city wall.
ZEP 01 10 bm2g 0 wailing from the Second District "Mourn loudly from the Second District." The Second District was a newer part of Jerusalem.
ZEP 01 10 ysx8 figs-explicit 0 a great crashing sound This refers to the sound of buildings collapsing. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "a loud sound of buildings collapsing" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 01 10 ahw8 0 from the hills This refers to the hills surrounding Jerusalem.
ZEP 01 11 ne51 figs-parallelism 0 for all the merchants will be ruined; all those who weigh out silver will be cut off These two phrases refer to the same people and are used to emphasize that business will be destroyed. Alternate translation: "for those who buy and sell goods will be killed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 01 11 fu79 0 those who weigh out silver This refers to merchants. Before coins were used, people weighed out silver or gold as payment for things they bought.
ZEP 01 11 eyb8 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. See how you translated this in [Zephaniah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: "destroyed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 01 12 vc63 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh's judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh's judgment on the people of Judah.
ZEP 01 12 fb6r 0 It will come about at that time This phrase is used to mark the time when Jerusalem has been destroyed by the enemies.
ZEP 01 12 n4xe figs-metaphor 0 I will search Jerusalem with lamps Yahweh speaks of knowing about all people of Jerusalem as if he had searched for them with lamps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 01 12 sb9c figs-idiom 0 settled into their wine They feel safe from trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 01 12 t4ux 0 say in their heart, 'Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil.' This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "say in their heart that Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil.
ZEP 01 12 nu98 figs-idiom 0 say in their heart This idiom means they think to themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 01 12 fhk8 figs-merism 0 Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil Here "good and evil" is a merism that includes everything in between. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will not do anything at all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
ZEP 01 13 nu8u 0 an abandoned devastation "destroyed and abandoned"
ZEP 01 14 r2si 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh's judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh's judgment on the people of Judah.
ZEP 01 14 a6kw figs-doublet 0 near, near and hurrying quickly The repetition of the word "near," along with the phrase "hurrying quickly," emphasize that the day when Yahweh judges the people will soon happen. Alternate translation: "close and will be here soon" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 01 14 ky2m 0 the day of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Zephaniah 1:7](../01/07.md).
ZEP 01 14 nu8q 0 a warrior crying bitterly Possible meanings are 1) a soldier crying in despair or 2) a soldier's battle cry.
ZEP 01 15 xb57 0 That day ... a day These phrases refer back to the "day of Yahweh" in [Zephaniah 1:14](../01/14.md).
ZEP 01 15 lw4t figs-doublet 0 a day of distress and anguish The words "distress" and "anguish" mean about the same thing and emphasize the intensity of the people's distress. Alternate translation: "a day when people feel terrible distress" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 01 15 ud2q figs-doublet 0 a day of storm and devastation Here the word "storm" refers to divine judgment. The word "devastation" describes the effects of that judgment. Alternate translation: "a day of devastating storms" or "a day of devastating judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 01 15 jub4 figs-doublet 0 a day of darkness and gloom The words "darkness" and "gloom" share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of darkness. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: "a day that is full of darkness" or "a day of terrible judgment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 01 15 swy2 figs-doublet 0 a day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies, the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both "clouds" and "thick darkness" refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: "a day full of dark storm clouds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 01 16 deb6 figs-doublet 0 a day of trumpets and alarms The words "trumpets" and "alarms" mean basically the same thing here. Both are means to call soldiers to prepare for battle. Alternate translation: "a day when people sound the alarm for battle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 01 16 da9h figs-doublet 0 fortified cities and the high battlements These two phrases both refer to military strongholds. Alternate translation: "well fortified cities" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 01 17 w66r 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh's judgment. Verses 1:17-18 describe Yahweh's final judgment of every sinner in the future.
ZEP 01 17 krq4 figs-simile 0 they will walk about like blind men The result of Yahweh's judgment is that people will be so confused and dazed when they walk about that people will think they are blind. Alternate translation: "they will walk around as confused and dazed as blind men" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 01 17 cq1r figs-simile 0 Their blood will be poured out like dust Their blood that is shed will be as worthless as dust. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Their enemies will pour out their blood and consider it to be worthless" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 01 17 jrq1 figs-simile 0 their inner parts like dung The verb "poured out" is understood here. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "their enemies will cut open their bodies and leave them to rot like dung" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 01 18 ai7h figs-metaphor 0 the fire of his jealousy Here "fire" refers to the intensity of Yahweh's anger. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "his jealousy is as intense as a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 01 18 ij81 figs-explicit 0 all the inhabitants of the earth It is understood that this refers to the wicked people. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "all the wicked people who live on the earth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 02 intro t1it 0 # Zephaniah 02 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 2:1-9, 12-15.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])<br>
ZEP 02 01 w5gd 0 General Information: In 2:1-3, Yahweh continues to speak to Judah, and tells them to repent.
ZEP 02 01 w14p figs-doublet 0 Rally yourselves together and gather These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they intensify the command for the people to gather together in order to repent of their sins. Alternate translation: "Gather yourselves together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 02 02 m93y figs-metonymy 0 before the decree takes effect This phrase refers to the punishment that will happen as a result of Yahweh's decree. Alternate translation: "before Yahweh punishes you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 02 02 j7xn 0 that day This phrase relates to the "day of Yahweh." Translate as you did similar phrases in [Zephaniah 1:9](../01/09.md).
ZEP 02 02 m9s2 figs-simile 0 that day passes like the chaff The chaff is the insignificant part of the plant that the wind blows away. In a similar way, the day of judgment will pass quickly. Alternate translation: "that day passes as quickly as chaff blown by the wind" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 02 02 xg13 figs-parallelism 0 before the fierce anger of Yahweh's wrath comes upon you, before the day of the wrath of Yahweh comes upon you The prophet repeats the same phrase almost exactly in order to emphasize how terrible Yahweh's judgment will be and the urgency with which the people must repent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 02 02 c8mp figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh's wrath This stands for God's intent to punish. Alternate translation: "Yahweh's punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 02 03 rm7u figs-metaphor 0 Seek Yahweh Seeking Yahweh represents either 1) asking God for help or 2) thinking about God and obeying him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 02 03 rg17 figs-abstractnouns 0 Seek righteousness. Seek humility The abstract nouns "righteousness" and "humility" can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: "Try to do what is right and to be humble" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ZEP 02 03 s75g figs-activepassive 0 you will be protected in the day of Yahweh's wrath This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will protect you in the day of his wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ZEP 02 04 r1bq 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
ZEP 02 04 dth6 0 Gaza ... Ashkelon ... Ashdod ... Ekron These were the four major Philistine cities of that day.
ZEP 02 04 f893 figs-parallelism 0 will be abandoned ... will turn into a devastation These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the complete destruction of these cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 02 04 mi6f 0 They will drive out Ashdod at noon Here "They" refers to the enemies of the Philistines. Possible meanings for "at noon" are 1) the enemies will defeat Ashdod before noon or 2) the enemies will attack Ashdod at noon while the people are resting and unaware.
ZEP 02 04 sb41 figs-metaphor 0 they will uproot Ekron The defeat of Ekron is spoken of as if it was a tree that was pulled from the ground and thrown away. Alternate translation: "they will take the people of Ekron away as if uprooting a tree" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 02 05 p4be 0 the inhabitants of the seacoast, the nation of the Kerethites The first phrase explains where the Kerethites lived.
ZEP 02 05 pq8v 0 Canaan, land of the Philistines The Philistines were one of several people groups who lived in Canaan.
ZEP 02 05 w9gq 0 until no inhabitant remains "until no one is left." This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "until every inhabitant is dead"
ZEP 02 06 s8lg 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
ZEP 02 06 gm12 0 So the seacoast will become pastures for shepherds and for sheep pens This probably means that the Philistine cities are gone, and only open fields remain. However, the Hebrew meaning is unclear and is sometimes translated differently by modern versions.
ZEP 02 06 ip1f 0 sheep pens A sheep pen is a small area surrounded by a fence to keep the sheep together.
ZEP 02 07 h1ww 0 Their people "The people of Judah"
ZEP 02 07 e8k3 0 lie down "lie down to sleep"
ZEP 02 08 yb33 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
ZEP 02 08 ep73 figs-parallelism 0 the taunts ... the reviling "the taunts ... the insults." These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that both Moab and Ammon have insulted Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 02 08 zd77 0 violated their borders This refers to crossing over into Judah's territory in order to attack them.
ZEP 02 09 hzr2 figs-idiom 0 as I live "as surely as I am alive." Yahweh uses this expression to show that what he says next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Alternate translation: "I solemnly swear" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 02 09 pi3w figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ZEP 02 09 b2lh figs-explicit 0 like Sodom ... like Gomorrah These two cities were so wicked that God completely destroyed them with fire from heaven. These similes therefore refer to complete destruction. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "completely destroyed like Sodom ... like Gomorrah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 02 09 l2f5 0 a place of nettles and a salt pit "a place with thorns and a salt pit." This describes a barren, useless land.
ZEP 02 09 dr9e figs-parallelism 0 the remnant of my people ... the remainder of my nation These two phrases mean the same thing and refer to the Israelites that survived Yahweh's punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 02 12 ai2t 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
ZEP 02 12 dr9y figs-metonymy 0 You Cushites also will be pierced by my sword Here "pieced by my sword" is a metonym for being killed in battle. Alternate translation: "I will kill you people of Cush in battle" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ZEP 02 13 rqc2 figs-metonymy 0 God's hand Here "hand" refers to power. Alternate translation: "God's power" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 02 13 vj6j figs-abstractnouns 0 an abandoned devastation The abstract noun "devastation" can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "ruined and deserted" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ZEP 02 13 ra14 figs-simile 0 as dry as the desert This means it will be so dry that nothing will grow there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 02 14 fgc1 0 every animal of the nations "every kind of animal"
ZEP 02 14 rq3s 0 the screech owl This term is uncertain. Some versions translate it as "hedgehog."
ZEP 02 14 jp3m 0 in the top of her columns When buildings were destroyed and fell down, the columns used for decoration and support would often remain standing.
ZEP 02 14 u3vb 0 A call will sing out from the windows "A call will be heard from the windows"
ZEP 02 14 e998 0 beams Beams are long and thick pieces of wood that are used to keep a building stable.
ZEP 02 15 ev51 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
ZEP 02 15 kl78 0 the exultant city "the city that is proud of itself." This refers to the city of Nineveh, about whom Yahweh began to speak in [Zephaniah 2:13](../02/13.md).
ZEP 02 15 pvv7 figs-idiom 0 said in her heart This idiom means "said to herself" or "she thought." The city is spoken of as if it were a person that could speak. It represents the people who live in that city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 02 15 g214 figs-explicit 0 I am, and nothing is my equal It may be necessary to supply an object for "I am." Alternate translation: "I am the greatest city, and no other city is equal to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 02 15 w3q5 0 a horror "a horrible place to see"
ZEP 02 15 n4jw 0 hiss and shake his fist A hiss is an angry sound. This phrase indicates extreme anger of the people toward Nineveh.
ZEP 03 intro f3en 0 # Zephaniah 03 General Notes<br>#### Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 3:1-20.<br><br>#### Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>##### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])<br>
ZEP 03 01 d7qu figs-metonymy 0 General Information: In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahweh's message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem. The city represents the people who live within it. To make this clear, it may be helpful to replace the singular "she" and "her" with the plural "they" and "their." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 01 aew2 figs-explicit 0 the rebellious city The nature of their rebellion can be stated. Alternate translation: "the people of the city who have rebelled against God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 03 01 fc2a 0 The violent city is defiled "The people of the city have committed violence and so I consider them unclean"
ZEP 03 02 lb6h figs-metonymy 0 She has not listened to the voice of God The voice is a metonym for what the speaker says with the voice, and listening is a metonym for obeying. Alternate translation: "She has not obeyed what God has said to her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 03 nf4u figs-metonymy 0 General Information: In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahweh's message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem. The city represents the people who live within it. To make this clear, it may be helpful to replace the singular "she" and "her" with the plural "they" and "their." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 03 ae1f figs-metaphor 0 Her princes are roaring lions in her midst Lions roar to chase other animals away from the prey they have caught. The princes of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were roaring lions who were keeping the prey for themselves. Alternate translation: "Jerusalem's royalty are as greedy as roaring lions" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 03 03 z5i2 figs-metaphor 0 Her judges are evening wolves who leave nothing to be gnawed upon in the morning Wolves are especially hungry before they hunt at night. The judges are spoken of as if they were hungry wolves. Alternate translation: "Her judges are as greedy as hungry wolves that leave nothing for anyone else" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 03 04 u7tc 0 Her prophets are insolent and treasonous men "Her prophets do not listen to anyone and cannot be trusted"
ZEP 03 04 q96w 0 have profaned what is holy "have treated holy things with disrespect"
ZEP 03 04 xm2b 0 have done violence to the law "have broken the law"
ZEP 03 05 ine1 0 General Information: In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahweh's message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem.
ZEP 03 05 a3p2 figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh is righteous ... He can do no wrong These two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize Yahweh's righteousness even among the wicked people in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 03 05 z4ht 0 in her midst "among them"
ZEP 03 05 fe75 figs-idiom 0 Morning by morning This idiom means "Every day" or "Day after day." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 03 05 cvu6 figs-metaphor 0 he will dispense his justice Yahweh's just treatment of every person is spoken of as if he was handing out a commodity. Alternate translation: "he will treat people justly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 03 05 dm1b figs-litotes 0 It will not be hidden in the light This uses a negative statement to emphasize the positive truth that Yahweh's justice is always visible. Alternate translation: "His justice is clearly shown to all" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
ZEP 03 05 dwk9 0 know no shame "are not ashamed"
ZEP 03 06 t3em figs-explicit 0 General Information: In verses 3:6-7, Yahweh rebukes the people of Jerusalem because they did not learn from how he judged other sinful cities. It may be helpful to add "Yahweh says this:" to the beginning of verse 6 to make this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 03 06 ie5c figs-parallelism 0 I have made their streets ruins, so that no one passes over them. Their cities are destroyed so that there is no man inhabiting them These two sentences express the same idea in two different ways in order to emphasize the complete destruction of the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 03 06 y9qd 0 no one passes over them "no one walks on them"
ZEP 03 06 asi4 0 there is no man inhabiting them "no one lives there." This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: "all the people are dead"
ZEP 03 07 mvv5 figs-quotations 0 I said, 'Surely you will fear me ... I have planned to do to you.' This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: "I thought they would surely fear me and accept correction so that they would not be cut off from their homes by all that I have planned to do to them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
ZEP 03 07 g15j figs-idiom 0 and do not be cut off from your homes Here "cut off" is an idiom that means to be removed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that I will not remove you from your homes" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ZEP 03 07 u1c9 0 by corrupting all their deeds "by doing deeds that were corrupt"
ZEP 03 08 lfl4 0 General Information: In verse 3:8, Yahweh warns that he will judge all nations.
ZEP 03 08 my26 0 wait for me ... until the day This phrase implies that they are waiting for judgment.
ZEP 03 08 rhe9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh's declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: "this is what Yahweh has declared" or "this is what I, Yahweh, have declared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
ZEP 03 08 izp2 figs-metaphor 0 I rise up to seize the prey Yahweh's judgment on the nations is spoken of as if he was an hungry animal that attacked a smaller animal. Alternate translation: "I will rise up and destroy them as an animal seizes its prey" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 03 08 mvx7 figs-doublet 0 to assemble the nations, to gather the kingdoms These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will judge all of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 03 08 q1ml figs-doublet 0 my anger—all of my burning wrath The words "anger" and "burning wrath" mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of Yahweh's anger. Alternate translation: "my very fierce wrath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 03 08 ge59 figs-activepassive 0 in the fire of my jealousy all the earth will be consumed This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the fire of my jealousy will devour all the land" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ZEP 03 08 hc95 figs-metaphor 0 in the fire of my jealousy ... consumed Yahweh's jealousy is here spoken of as if it were fire that could consume something. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "my jealousy will consume all the earth as a fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 03 09 cs8h 0 General Information: In verses 3:9-10, Yahweh says that he will renew the Gentiles after the judgment.
ZEP 03 09 la62 figs-metonymy 0 I will purify the lips of the peoples Here "lips" refers to the ability to speak. Alternate translation: "I will cause the peoples to speak what is right" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 09 k8y7 figs-idiom 0 call upon the name of Yahweh This is an idiom that means they worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: "worship Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 03 09 f339 figs-idiom 0 serve him shoulder to shoulder Here "shoulder to shoulder" is an idiom that means "side by side." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 03 10 zs4q 0 beyond the river of Cush This may refer to the area where Sudan is located today.
ZEP 03 11 hvk2 0 General Information: In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment.
ZEP 03 11 ryq3 0 In that day ... at that time "When that happens ... at that time." These phrases here refer to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh.
ZEP 03 11 xcx2 figs-activepassive 0 will not be put to shame for all your deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will no longer be ashamed of all your deeds" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
ZEP 03 11 y6pj 0 those who celebrated your pride "all the people who are very proud"
ZEP 03 12 q74i 0 General Information: In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment.
ZEP 03 12 c1gc figs-metaphor 0 they will find refuge in the name of Yahweh Yahweh's protection of this remnant is spoke of as if he was a refuge or a fortress. Here "name of Yahweh" refers to his person. Alternate translation: "they will come to Yahweh and he will help them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 13 y163 0 The remnant of Israel This refers to the "lowly and poor people" of [Zephaniah 3:12](../03/12.md).
ZEP 03 13 ja4i figs-activepassive 0 no deceitful tongue will be found in their mouth Here "tongue ... in their mouth" represents the things that the tongue enables the mouth to speak. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "none of them will speak deceitful things" or "they will not say deceitful things" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 13 pe7k figs-metaphor 0 they will graze and lie down Yahweh speaks of his provision for the people of Israel as if they are a flock of sheep that grazes and rests in safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 03 14 d65d 0 General Information: In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice.
ZEP 03 14 d6q3 figs-idiom 0 daughter of Zion ... daughter of Jerusalem Here "daughter" refers to all the people who lived in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 03 14 x7wg figs-doublet 0 Be glad and rejoice These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how happy they should be. Alternate translation: "Be very happy" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
ZEP 03 14 qj83 figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart Here "heart" refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: "with all your inner being" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 15 lb51 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh has taken away your punishment Here to "take away" punishment is an idiom that means to stop doing it. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has stopped punishing you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
ZEP 03 15 t4fy figs-abstractnouns 0 You will never again fear evil The abstract noun "evil" can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: "You will no longer be afraid that people will harm you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ZEP 03 16 v9ia 0 In that day "At that time" or "When this happens." This phrase here refers to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh.
ZEP 03 16 eh5e figs-metonymy 0 say to Jerusalem ... Zion The names of these cities here refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: "say to the people of Jerusalem ... people of Zion" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
ZEP 03 16 pc5c figs-metaphor 0 Do not let your hands falter To feel weak or helpless is spoken of as if their hands became physically weak. Here "hands" represents the whole person. Alternate translation: "Do not become weak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
ZEP 03 17 w8tr 0 General Information: In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice.
ZEP 03 17 g95f figs-metaphor 0 a mighty one to save you "he is mighty and will save you." Yahweh is spoken of as a mighty warrior. Alternate translation: "he is a mighty warrior and will give you victory" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 03 17 gk13 figs-parallelism 0 He will celebrate over you with joy ... he will be glad over you with a shout for joy These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize Yahweh's joy that the remnant is restored to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
ZEP 03 17 h9ek 0 he will be silent over you in his love Possible meanings are 1) "he will quiet you by his love for you" or 2) "he will renew you because he loves you."
ZEP 03 18 i4ff figs-metaphor 0 no longer bear any shame for it Here shame is spoken of as if it was a heavy thing that a person had to carry. Alternate translation: "no longer be ashamed because of it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
ZEP 03 19 ih9r 0 General Information: In verses 3:19-20, Yahweh speaks directly to the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment and tells them that they should rejoice.
ZEP 03 19 f6zj 0 Behold This tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: "Look" or "Pay attention"
ZEP 03 19 l1m4 figs-explicit 0 I am about to deal with all your oppressors It is understood that "deal with" means to punish the oppressors. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "I will severely punish all those who oppressed you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
ZEP 03 19 qc78 figs-metaphor 0 I will rescue the lame and gather up the outcast Here the Israelites who suffered in exile are spoken of as if they were lame and outcast sheep. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: "I will rescue and bring together the remnant of Israel who are like lame and outcast sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 03 19 kzw3 0 the lame This refers to people or animals that cannot walk.
ZEP 03 19 ry88 figs-simile 0 I will make them as praise The full thought here is, "I will make them to be objects of praise," that is, "I will make them to be praised by others." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
ZEP 03 19 cxu6 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will change their shame into renown The abstract nouns "shame" and "renown" can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: "I will cause them to no longer be ashamed, but for people to respect them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
ZEP 03 20 d2a1 figs-parallelism 0 At that time I will lead you; at that time I will gather you together These two lines mean basically the same thing and imply that Yahweh will bring the exiled people back to their homeland. Alternate translation: "At that time I will gather you together and lead you home" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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