Lane C. McGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ’Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 36–54.
- Rule 1: "The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person a nd number with the personal ending of the verb."
- Rule 2: "The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject."
- Rule 3: "The subject is determined by its antecedent."
- Rule 3a: "Demonstrative and relative pronouns are subjects."
- Rule 3b: "The subjec is indicated by zero anaphora."
- 主詞內含在動詞裡面，從上文就可以得知，不需要另外標示出來。
- ὁ λέγων ὅτι Ἔγνωκα αὐτόν καὶ τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ μὴ τηρῶν ψεύστης ἐστίν,
- 是 "(he) is a liar" 而非 "a liar exists"
- Rule 3c: "The word or word cluster determined by an article is the subject."
- Rule 3d: "If both words or word clusters are determined by an article, the first one is the subject."
針對 Rule 3c，McGaughy 找到五節 的例外：
-
ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύητε ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἵνα πιστεύοντες ζωὴν ἔχητε ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ. ¶
-
Τίς ἐστιν ὁ ψεύστης εἰ μὴ ὁ ἀρνούμενος ὅτι Ἰησοῦς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός; οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀντίχριστος, ὁ ἀρνούμενος τὸν Πατέρα καὶ τὸν Υἱόν.
-
Ὃς ἐὰν ὁμολογήσῃ ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὁ Θεὸς ἐν αὐτῷ μένει καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ Θεῷ.
-
Πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ γεγέννηται, καὶ πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὸν γεννήσαντα ἀγαπᾷ καὶ τὸν γεγεννημένον ἐξ αὐτοῦ.
-
Τίς δέ ἐστιν ὁ νικῶν τὸν κόσμον εἰ μὴ ὁ πιστεύων ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ;
但 Goethius (1976) 認為這些其實不是例外，從以下幾節可以看出：
Goetchius, E. V. N. "Review of Toward a Descriptive Analysis of Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek." Journal of Biblical Literature 95.1 (1976): 147–49, , http://dx.doi
.org/10.2307/3265495.
- Ὡς δὲ κατῆλθον ἀπὸ τῆς Μακεδονίας ὅ τε Σιλᾶς καὶ ὁ Τιμόθεος, συνείχετο τῷ λόγῳ ὁ Παῦλος διαμαρτυρόμενος τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν.
- εὐτόνως γὰρ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διακατηλέγχετο δημοσίᾳ ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν γραφῶν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
- πᾶσάν τε ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ κατ᾽ οἶκον οὐκ ἐπαύοντο διδάσκοντες καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενοι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
D. A. Carson, "The Purpose of the Fourth Gospel: John 20:31 Reconsidered," JBL 106 (1987): 639–51, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3260824.
區分 S(N) or C(PN)
καὶ σκοτία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεμία.
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區分 S(N) or C(PN)
Θεὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐνεργῶν ἐν ὑμῖν καὶ τὸ θέλειν καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας.
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Matthew D. Jensen, “John Is No Exception: Identifying the Subject of Εἰμί and Its Implications,” Journal of Biblical Literature.2 (2021): 15, 347.
Jensen 指出 Wallace 規則的缺點：
ἀπῆλθεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἀνήγγειλεν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ.
【Jensen 的解經不對，John 5:15c 不是在回答問題，而是瘸子主動告知猶太人他所得到 (John 5:13–14) 的新資訊：耶穌。因此，5:15c 的 S 應該還是 Ἰησοῦς。Wallace 的規則正確。】
GGBB 沒考慮的情況：
- 不定詞內嵌子句當作 S
Καθώς ἐστιν (δίκαιον)C (ἐμοὶ)A { ‹ τοῦτο ›c φρονεῖν ‹ ὑπὲρ πάντων ὑμῶν ›a }S
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