Andley_BG4e/Syntax/IBG4E-Syntax.md

# 全民希臘文進階句法 (IBG4E–Syntax) <br>Intermediate Biblical Greek for Everyone — Syntax

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- Part I 希臘文基礎
	- Chapter 1: 希臘文源流 §1
		- 希臘文歷史 §1a
		- 閃語對聖經希臘文的影響 §1b
		- 耶穌也說希臘文 §1c
		- 聖經希臘文與古典希臘文之異同 §1d
		- 聖經希臘文與現代希臘文之異同 §1e
	- Chapter 2: 語言學基礎 §2
		- 語言金字塔 §2a
		- 形式與功能 §2b
		- Choice implies Meaning §2c
		- 希臘文詞類 (Parts of Speech) §2d
- Part II 字詞與片語 (Word and Phrase)
	- 名詞類
		- Chapter 3: 名詞 (Noun) §3
			- 簡介 [[§3a]]
			- 主格 [[$3b]]
				- 主語 (Subject) §3b1
				- 述語主格 (Predicate Nominative) [[§3b2]]
				- 
			- 直接受格 $3c
			- 所有格 $3d
			- 間接受格 $3e
			- 數、性 $3f
		- 冠詞
		- 形容詞
		- 代名詞
	- 動詞類
	- 功能詞類
		- 介系詞
		- 質詞
		- 連接詞
		- 動詞：
- Part III 子句與句子 (Clause and Sentence)
- Part IV 段落與篇章 (Paragraph and Discourse)



### 名詞類
#### 格 (Cases) §100

##### §311 主格 (Nominative)
- Subject
- Predicate Nominative 
- Nominative in Simple Apposition
- Nominative Absolute
- *Nominativus Pendens* (Pendent Nominative)
- Parenthetic Nominative
- Nominative in Proverbial Expressions
- Nominative for Vocative
- Nominative of Exclamation
- Nominative of Appellation
- Nominative in Apposition to Oblique Cases
- Nominative After Preposition
- Nominative for Time
##### §312 呼格 (Vocative)
- Simple Address
- Emphatic (or Emotional) Address
- Exclamation
- Apposition
##### §313 所有格 (Genitive)
###### Adjectival Genitive
- Descriptive Genitive
- Possessive Genitive
- Genitive of Relationship
- Partitive Genitive ("Wholative")
- Attributive Genitive
- Attributed Genitive
- Genitive of Material
- Genitive of Content
- Genitive in Simple Apposition
- Genitive of Apposition (Epexegetical)
- Genitive of Destination
- Predicate Genitive
- Genitive of Subordination
- Genitive of Production/Producer
- Genitive of Product
###### Ablative Genitive
- Genitive of Separation
- Genitive of Source (or Origin)
- Genitive of Comparison
###### Verbal Genitive
- Subjective Genitive
- Objective Genitive
- Plenary Genitive
###### Adverbial Genitive
- Genitive of Price or Value or Quantity
- Genitive of Time
- Genitive of Place
- Genitive of Means
- Genitive of Agency
- Genitive Absolute
- Genitive of Reference
- Genitive of Association
- Genitive After Certain Verbs (as Direct Object)
- Genitive After Certain Adjectives
- Genitive After Certain Nouns
- Genitive After Certain Prepositions
##### §314 間接受格 (Dative)
- Dative Indirect Object
- Dative of Interest
	- Advantage (*commodi*)
	- Disadvantage (*incommodi*)
- Dative of Reference/Respect
- Ethical Dative
- Dative of Destination
- Dative of Recipient
- Dative of Possession
- Dative of Thing Possessed
- Predicate Dative
- Dative in Simple Apposition
- Dative of Place: see sphere
- Dative of Sphere
- Dative of Time
- Dative of Rule
- Dative of Association/Accompaniment
- Dative of Manner
- Dative of Means/Instrument
- Dative of Agency
- Dative of Measure/Degree of Difference
- Dative of Cause
- Cognate Dative
- Dative of Material
- Dative of Content
- Dative Direct Object
- Dative After Certain Nouns
- Dative After Certain Adjectives
- Dative After Certain Prepositions
##### §315 直接受格 (Accusative)
- Accusative Direct Object
- Double Accusative
- Person-Thing
- Object-Complement
- Cognate Accusative
- Predicate Accusative
- Accusative Subject of Infinitive
- Accusative of Retained Object
- Pendent Accusative (*Accusativum Pendens*)
- Accusative in Simple Apposition
- Adverbial Accusative (Manner)
- Accusative of Measure (Space, Time)
- Accusative of Respect or (General) Reference
- Accusative in Oaths
- Accusative After Certain Prepositions


#### §200 Article
- **Regular Uses**
	- *As a Pronoun (4)*
		- Personal Pronoun
		- Alternative Pronoun
		- Relative Pronoun
		- Possessive Pronoun
	- *With Substantives (10)*
		- Individualizing Article
		- Simple Idenitification
		- Anaphoric (Previous Reference)
		- Kataphoric (Following Reference)
		- Deictic ("Pointing")
		- Par Excellence
		- Monadic ("One of a Kind")
		- Well-Known ("Familiar")
		- Abstract
		- Generic (Categorical)
	- *As a Substantiver of: (9)*
		- Adverbs
		- Adjectives
		- Participles
		- Infinitives
		- Genitive Word or Phrase
		- Prepositional Phrase
		- Particles
		- Finite Verbs
		- Clauses, Statements, & Quotations
	- *As a Function Marker (9)*
		- Denote Adjectival Positions
		- With Possessive Pronouns
		- In Genitive Phrases
		- With Indeclinable Nouns
		- With Participles
		- With Demonstratives
		- With Nominative Nouns
		- To Distinguish S from PN & Object from Complement
		- With Infinitive (various functions)
- **Absence of the Article (12)**
	- *Indefinite (1)*
	- *Qualitative (1)*
	- *Definite (10)*
		- Proper Names
		- Object of Preposition
		- With Ordinal Numbers
		- Predicate Nominative
		- Complement in Object-Complement Construction
		- Monadic Nouns
		- Abstract Nouns
		- Genitive Construction (Apollonius' Corollary)
		- With Pronominal Adjective
		- Generic Nouns
- **Special Uses/Non-Uses of the Article (2)**
	- Anarthrous Pre-Verbal PNs (involving Colwell's Rule)
	- Article with Multiple Substantives Connected by καί (Sharp's Rule & related constructions)


#### §300 Adjectives
- **"Non-Adjectival" Uses of Adjective**
	- Adverbial
	- Substantival
- **Positive, Comparative, Superlative**
	- *Positive*
		- Normal Use
		- Positive for Comparative
		- Positive for Superlative
	- *Comparative*
		- Normal Use
		- Comparative for Superlative
		- Comparative for Elative
	- *Superlative*
		- "Normal" Use
		- Superlative for Elative
		- Superlative for Comparative
- **Relation of Adjective to Noun**
	- *When Article is Present*
		- Attributive Positions
			- First Attributive
			- Second Attributive
			- Third Attributive
		- Predicate Positions
			- First Predicate
			- Second Predicate
	- *When Article is Absent*
		- Anarthrous Adjective-Noun Construction
		- Anarthrous Noun-Adjective Construction


#### §400 Adverbs
#### §500 Pronouns
- **Personal Pronouns**
	- *Nominative Uses*
		- Emphasis: contrast, subject focus
		- Redundancy
	- *Oblique Cases*
		- Normal Use: Anaphoric
		- Possessive
		- Reflexive
- **Demonstrative Pronouns**
- *Regular Uses (as Demonstratives):*
	- οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, ὅδε 
- *For Personal Pronouns*
- *Unusual Uses*
	- Pleonastic (Redundant, Resumptive)
	- Constructio ad Sensum: Gender, Number
	- Conceptual Antecedent/Postcedent
- **Relative Pronouns**
	- ὅς
		- *Regular Uses (as RP)*
		- *"Unusual" Uses*
			- Natural vs. Grammatical Gender
			- Case
				- Attraction
				- Inverse Attraction
			- Antecedent Complexities
				- Omission of Antecedent
				- Adverbial/Conjunctive
	- ὅστις
		- Generic
		- Qualitative
		- Confusion with ὅς
- **Interrogative Pronouns**
	- τίς / τί: identifying
	- ποῖος, πόσος: qualitative, quantative (respectively)
- **Indefinite Pronoun**
	- Substantival
	- Adjectival
- **Possessive "Pronoun"**
	- Possessive Adjective
	- Personal Pronoun in Genitive
- **Intensive Pronoun:** αὐτός
	- Intensive Pronoun
	- As Identifying Adjective
	- As Third Person Personal Pronoun
- **Reflexive Pronoun**
- **Reciprocal Pronoun**





### §400 動詞類
#### §600 Tense and Aspect
- **Present**
	- Instantaneous Present
	- Progressive Present
	- Extending-From-Past Present
	- Iterative Present
	- Customary Present
	- Gnomic Present
	- Historical Present
	- Perfective Present
	- Conative Present
		- In Progress, but not Complete
		- Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted
	- Futuristic Present
		- Completely Futuristic
		- Mostly Futuristic
	- Present Retained in Indirect Discourse
- **Imperfect**
	- Instantaneous Imperfect
	- Progressive (Descriptive) Imperfect
	- Ingressive Imperfect
	- Iterative Imperfect
	- Customary Imperfect
	- "Pluperfective" Imperfect
	- Conative Imperfect
		- In Progress, but not Complete
		- Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted
	- Imperfect Retained in Indirect Discourse
- **Aorist**
	- Constative Aorist
	- Ingressive Aorist
	- Consummative Aorist
	- Gnomic Aorist
	- Epistolary Aorist
	- Proleptic Aorist
	- Immediate Past/Dramatic Aorist
- **Future**
	- Predictive Future
	- Imperatival Future
	- Deliberative Future
	- Gnomic Future
	- Miscellaneous Subjunctive Equivalents
- **Perfect**
	- Intensive Perfect (Resultative)
	- Extensive Perfect (Consummative)
	- Aoristic (Dramatic, Historical) Perfect
	- Perfect with Present Force
	- Gnomic Perfect
	- Proleptic Perfect
	- Perfect of Allegory
- **Pluperfect**
	- Intensive Pluperfect (Resultative)
	- Extensive Pluperfect (Consummative)
	- Simple Past Pluperfect


#### §700 Voice
- **Active**
	- Simple Active
	- Causative Active (Ergative)
	- Stative Active
	- Reflexive Active
- **Middle**
	- Direct Middle
	- Redundant Middle
	- Indirect Middle
	- Causative Middle
	- Permissive Middle
	- Reciprocal Middle
	- Deponent Middle
- **Passive**
	- *Passive Constructions*
		- With & Without Agency Expressed:
			- Ultimate Agent
			- Intermediate Agent
			- Impersonal Means
			- No Expressed Agency
		- With Accusative Object
	- *Passive Uses*
		- Simple Passive
		- Causative/Permissive Passive
		- Deponent Passive


#### §800 Moods
- **Indicative**
	- Declarative Indicative
	- Interrogative Indicative
	- Conditional Indicative
	- Potential Indicative
	- Cohortative (Command,Volitive) Indicative
	- Indicative with ῾Οτι
		- Subject
			- Direct Object
			- Direct Object Proper
			- Direct Discourse
			- Indirect Discourse
		- Apposition
		- Epexegetical
		- Causal
- **Subjunctive**
	- *Independent Clauses*
		- Hortatory Subjunctive
		- Deliberative Subjunctive
		- Emphatic Negation Subjunctive
		- Prohibitive Subjunctive
	- *Dependent Clauses*
		- Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences
		- ῾Ινα + Subjunctive
			- Purpose
			- Result
			- Purpose-Result
			- Subject
			- Predicate Nominative
			- Direct Object
			- Apposition
			- Epexegetical
			- Complementary
			- Imperatival
		- Subjunctive with Verbs of Fearing
		- Subjunctive in Indirect Questions
		- Subjunctive in Indefinite Relative Clause
		- Subjunctive in Indefinite Temporal Clause
- **Optative**
	- Voluntative Optative (Obtainable Wish)
	- Oblique Optative
	- Potential Optative
	- Conditional Optative
- **Imperative**
	- Command
	- Prohibition
	- Request (Entreaty)
	- Permissive Imperative (Toleration)
	- Conditional Imperative
	- Potential Imperative
	- Pronouncement Imperative
	- Stereotyped Greeting


#### §440 Person & Number
- **Person**
	- First for Third Person
	- Second for Third Person
	- First Plural Constructions
		- Editorial "We" (Epistolary Plural)
		- Inclusive "We"
		- Exclusive "We"
- **Number**
	- Neuter Plural Subject, Singular Verb
	- Collective Singular Subject, Plural Verb
	- Compound Subject, Singular Verb
	- Indefinite Plural
	- Categorical Plural


#### §450 Infinitive
- **Adverbial Uses**
	- Purpose
	- Result
	- Time
		- Antecedent
		- Contemporaneous
		- Subsequent
	- Cause
	- Means
	- Complementary (Supplementary)
- **Substantival**
	- Subject
	- Direct Object
	- Indirect Discourse
	- Appositional
	- Epexegetical
- **Independent**
	- Imperatival
	- Absolute


#### §460 Participle
- **Adjectival Participles**
	- *Adjectival Proper*
		- Attributive
		- Predicate
	- *Substantival*
- **Verbal Participles**
	- *Dependent Verbal*
		- Temporal
		- Manner
		- Means
		- Cause
		- Condition
		- Concession
		- Purpose
		- Result
		- Attendant Circumstance
		- Indirect Discourse
		- Complementary
		- Periphrastic
		- Redundant (Pleonastic)
	- *Independent Verbal*
		- Imperatival
		- Indicative
	- **Participle Absolute**
		- Nominative Absolute
		- Genitive Absolute



### §500 功能詞類
#### §510 介系詞 (Prepositions)
- (see main section of Syntax Summaries)

#### §520 連接詞 (Conjunctions
- **Logical Functions**
	- Ascensive
	- Connective
	- Contrastive (Adversative)
	- Correlative
	- Disjunctive (Alternative)
	- Emphatic
	- Explanatory
	- Inferential
	- Transitional
- **Adverbial Functions**
	- Causal
	- Comparative (Manner)
	- Conditional
	- Local (Sphere)
	- Purpose
	- Result
	- Temporal
- **Substantival Functions**
	- Content
	- Epexegetical

)

#### §530 質詞 (Particles)
- 功能詞類
		- 介系詞 (Preposition)
		- 連接詞 (Conjunctive)
		- 質詞 (Particle)


## Part III — 子句與句子 (Clause and Sentence)
### 600 Clauses
#### [[§610]] 子句結構 (Clause Structure)
#### §620 句子類型 (Sentence Classification)
- **Clauses (in General)**
	- *Independent Clauses*
	- *Dependent Clauses*
		- Substantival
		- Adjectival
		- Adverbial

#### §630 Conditional Sentences
- **In General**
	- Cause-Effect
	- Evidence-Inference
	- Equivalence
- **In Greek**
	- First Class
	- Second Class
	- Third Class
	- Fourth Class


#### §640 Volitional Clauses
- **Commands**
	- *Future Indicative*
	- *Aorist Imperative*
		- Ingressive
			- Momentary or Single Act
			- Pure Ingressive
		- Constative
	- *Present Imperative*
		- Ingressive-Progressive
		- Customary
		- Iterative
- **Prohibitions**
	- *Future Indicative*
	- *Aorist Subjunctive*
		- Ingressive
		- Constative
	- *Present Imperative*
		- Cessation of Activity in Progress
		- General Precept




## 附錄


- 附錄 I：希臘文學習策略與方法
	- 課程設計進路：文法導向、經文導向、任務導向
	- 學習方法：翻譯、朗讀、聆聽、手抄、解經、背誦、默想



### 參考書目
縮寫 | 書目
--- | ----------
GGBB| Wallace, Daniel B. *Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics*. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
中希 | 華勒斯(Daniel B. Wallace)。《中級希臘文文法》。吳存仁譯。台北市：中華福音神學院，2011。
IGNT |Porter, Stanley E. *Idioms of the Greek New Testament*. Second edition with corrections. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic, 1994.
慣用 | 斯丹利‧波特(Stanley E. Porter)。《新約希臘文的慣用語》。葉雅蓮譯。台北市：中華福音神學院，2013。|
DEEP |Köstenberger, Andreas J., Benjamin L. Merkle, and Robert L. Plummer. *Going Deeper with New Testament Greek: An Intermediate Study of the Grammar and Syntax of the New Testament*. Nashville, TN.: B&H Academic, 2016.
IGG |Mathewson, David L., and Elodie Ballantine Emig. *Intermediate Greek Grammar: Syntax for Students of the New Testament*. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2016.
Funk |Funk, Robert W. *A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek*. 3rd ed. Polebridge Press, 2013.
Runge |Runge, Steven E. *Discourse Grammar of the Greek New Testament: A Practical Introduction for Teaching and Exegesis*. Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson, 2010.
Levinsohn |Levinsohn, Stephen H. *Discourse Features of New Testament Greek: A Coursebook on the Information Structure of New Testament Greek*. 2nd ed. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, 2000.