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8.1 KiB
BW10 統計 (NA28)
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對等連接詞 14209
- καί 8233
- δέ 2791
- γάρ 1041
- ἀλλά 638
- οὖν 498
- ἤ 343
- τέ 215
- οὐδέ 93
- οὔτε 87
- εἴτε 65
- διό 53
- καί+ἐγώ 48
- μήτε 34
- πλήν 27
- καί+ἐκεῖνος 11
- καί+ἐκεῖθεν 10
- καί+ἐκεῖ 9
- καί+ἐάν 7
- τοίνυν 3
- διόπερ 2
- ἤτοι 1
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從屬連接詞 4024
- ὅτι 1291
- ἵνα 663
- ὡς 480
- εἰ 457
- ἐάν 268
- καθώς 182
- ὅταν 123
- ὅτε 103
- ὥστε 83
- ὅπου 82
- ὅπως 53
- ἕως 38
- ὥσπερ 36
- ἐπεί 26
- διότι 23
- μήποτε 22
- καί+ἐάν 14
- καθάπερ 13
- πρίν 13
- ἐπειδή 10
- εἴπερ 6
- καθότι 6
- ἄχρι 5
- καίπερ 5
- καθό 4
- ἐάνπερ 3
- ἐπάν 3
- ὁσάκις 3
- ἡνίκα 2
- ἐπειδήπερ 1
- ἤπερ 1
- καθά 1
- καθώσπερ 1
- καίτοιγε 1
- μέχρι 1
- ὡσπερεί 1
Accordance 統計 (NA28)
Total number of verses = 7323 (total number of verses displayed = 7323)
[CONJUNCTION] (17570 total words)
Number of different forms = 70: (Triple-click a form to see its occurrences)
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Coordinating = 13738
- καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 8236
- δέ but, and, now = 2649
- γάρ for, since, then, indeed = 1041
- ἀλλά (ἄλλος) but, rather, on the contrary = 638
- οὖν therefore, thus = 498
- τέ and, so, both/and = 215
- οὐδέ (οὐ, δέ) and not, neither, nor, not even = 93
- οὔτε (οὐ, τέ) neither = 87
- διό (διά, ὅς) therefore = 53
- μηδέ (μή, δέ) nor, and not = 50
- ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 37
- μήτε (μή, τέ) and not; neither . . . nor = 34
- πλήν (πληρόω) (+gen) only, except (prep.); but, nevertheless (conj.) = 27
- εἰ if; whether = 20
- καθάπερ (κατά, ὅς, περ) as, just as, like = 13
- ὅθεν (ὅς, θεν) therefore, where, from where = 9
- μέντοι (μέν, τοι) but, nevertheless = 8
- ἱνατί (ἵνα, τίς) why, to what reason? = 6
- ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 4
- ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 4
- ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 3
- διόπερ (διά, ὅς, περ) therefore, therefore indeed = 2
- διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 2
- καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 2
- μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 2
- τοιγαροῦν (τοι, γάρ, οὖν) therefore, then = 2
- καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 1
- καθώσπερ (κατά, ὡς, περ) as, just as = 1
- πότερον (ποῦ, ἕτερος) whether = 1
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Subordinating = 3737
- ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 1291
- ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 659
- εἰ if; whether = 476
- ἐάν_1 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 270
- ὡς as, like, while, that; (interjection) how! = 188
- καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 180
- ὅταν (ὅς, ἄν) when, whenever = 123
- ὅτε (ὅς, τέ) when, while = 103
- ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 78
- εἴτε (εἰ, τέ) or, either/or, even if = 65
- ὅπως (ποῦ) so that, in order that; how that = 53
- μή not, lest = 43
- ἕως_1 (ἕως) until; when, up to, as far as = 38
- ὥσπερ (ὡς, περ) as, just as = 29
- ἐπεί since, because, when; otherwise = 26
- διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 21
- μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 20
- πρίν (πρό) before; (adv) formerly = 13
- ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 12
- ἐπειδή (ἐπεί, δή) since, because, for = 10
- εἴπερ (εἰ, περ) since, if it is true that = 6
- ἄχρι (ἀκή) (+gen) up to, as far as; (conj) until = 5
- καίπερ (καί, περ) though = 5
- καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 4
- ἄν_2 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 3
- ἐάνπερ (εἰ, ἄν_1, περ) if only, if indeed = 3
- ἐπάν (ἐπί, ἄν) when, as soon as = 3
- ἡνίκα when = 2
- καίτοι (καί, τοι) yet, and yet, although = 2
- δέ but, and, now = 1
- ἐπειδήπερ (ἐπεί, δή, περ) inasmuch as, since = 1
- καθά (κατά, ὅς) as, just as = 1
- καίτοιγε (καί, τοι, γε) although = 1
- μέχρι (+gen) up to (prep.); until (conj.) = 1
- οὗ (ὅς) where, to where = 1
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(no Class) = 95
- κἀγώ (καί, ἐγώ) and I (crasis) = 47
- κἄν (καί, εἰ, ἄν) and if = 15
- κἀκεῖνος (καί, ἐκεῖ) and that one, even that one (crasis) = 13
- κἀκεῖθεν (καί, ἐκεῖ, θεν) and from there (crasis) = 10
- κἀκεῖ (καί, ἐκεῖ) and there (crasis) = 9
- καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 1
Randall Buth, "Οὖν, Δέ, Καί and Asyndeton in John's Gospel," in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 157.
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Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 256.
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Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 257.
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Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 258.
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Stanley E. Porter et al., eds., Modeling Biblical Language: Selected Papers from the McMaster Divinity College Linguistics Circle (Linguistic Biblical Studies 13; Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2016), Chapter 13.
SFL : 表達 ideation --- ideation 下面又區分：experience & logic。
表達 logic 有三種方法：recursion ()、logico-semantics、taxis (排列)
- recursion : stop/go-on
- logico-semantics: extension/elaboration/enhancement
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- taxis: hypotactic/paratactic
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Note： 2) 和 3) 互補，但有關連：
- enhancement —— 透過 hypotactic (從屬連接詞)
- extension —— 透過 paratctic (對等連接詞)
- elaboration —— hypotactic、paratctic 兩種都有可能
另外，內嵌子句可以用於 enhancement (當形容詞用的時候)、extension (當副詞用的時候)、elaboration (表達讓步的時候)
整合起來看 (p. 405)：
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Porter & O'Donnell - - Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse
- Vertical Axis of Levels of Discourse
- 連結 word-word; phrase-phrase; clause-clause; paragraph-paragraph
- Horizontal Axis of Continuity-Discontinuity (p.10) ⇐ 全是對等連接詞
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- The Cline of Logical-Semantic Significance (p. 11) ⇐ 全是從屬連接詞
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