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Goetchius 規則 (1965)
Eugene Van Ness Goetchius, The Language of the New Testament (New York: Scribner, 1965), 45-46.
Goetchius 用「限定 (definiteness)、非限定 (indefiniteness)」當指標，認為「限定 (definiteness)」程度越高的是主語 (S)，並且列出五條規則來判斷誰是 S (主語)、誰是 PN (述語主格)：
- (a) If one of the two nous is a proper name, it is the subject.
- John 18:40 (ἦν)P δὲ ὁ (Βαραββᾶς)S (λῃστής.¶)PN
- (b) If only one of the nouns has the article, it is the subject:
- 1Jo 4:8 ὅτι ὁ (Θεὸς)S (ἀγάπη)PN (ἐστίν.)P
- (c) If both nouns are equally definite (or indefinite), the one which has the narrower reference is the subject:
- 1Jo 3:4 καὶ ἡ (ἁμαρτία)S (ἐστὶν)P ἡ (ἀνομία.)PN
- (i.e. there are other kinds of lawlessness besides sin)
- (d) If one of the two nouns has been referred to in the immediately preceding context, it is the subject:
- 1Co 10:4 ἡ (πέτρα)S δὲ (ἦν)P ὁ (Χριστός.)PN
- (In this particular example, since Christ may be regarded as a proper name, the translation may be reversed: Christ[S] was the rock[PN].)
- (e) If an equative verb joins a noun to a pronoun, the pronoun is the subject:
- Gal 4:24 (αὗται)S γάρ (εἰσιν)P (δύο διαθῆκαι,)PN
McGaughy 規則 (1972)
Lane C. McGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ’Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 23-65.
McGaughy (1972, 32) 認為 Goetchius 的方法有缺陷：(1) 分類混亂。規則 (a) (b) (e) 是根據形式和結構 (morphology & syntax)，但規則 (d) 是根據上下文 (context)，規則 (c) 卻又是根據語意 (semantics)；(2) 五條規則沒有排列出優先順序；(3) 專有名詞未必「限定 (definiteness)」程度就一定比較高 (e.g. Joh 8:39 ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ ἐστιν Our father[S] is Abraham[PN])。因此，McGaughy (1972, 36-) 改用結構語言學的原則，從形式和結構入手，歸納出三大規則，並按優先順序排列如下：
- Rule 1. The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person and number with the personal ending (bound morpheme) of the verb.
- 2Co 6:16 (ἡμεῖς)S γὰρ (ναὸς Θεοῦ)⦇ ἐσμεν ⦈(ζῶντος,)PN
- ἡμεῖς 的人稱、數 (1P) 與動詞的人稱字尾 (1P) 一致，所以是 S。
- Mat 5:14 Ὑμεῖς ἐστε τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου. ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 Ὑμεῖς 是 S，τὸ φῶς (NSN) 只能是 C。
- 2Co 3:3 ἐστὲ ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ ⇐ 動詞是 2P，所以 ἐπιστολὴ (NSF) 不能當 S，因此 S 是內含在動詞內的 2P。
- 2Co 6:16 (ἡμεῖς)S γὰρ (ναὸς Θεοῦ)⦇ ἐσμεν ⦈(ζῶντος,)PN
- Rule 2. The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject.
- 1Co 11:14 ἀτιμία αὐτῷ ἐστιν, 【便是他的羞辱】 ⇐ Young (64) 認為 ἀτιμία 是 S (dishonor is to him)，但或許應該當作 C 比較好 (BW10)。
- Co 6:19 οὐκ ἐστὲ ἑαυτῶν; 【你們不是自己的人】
- Rule 3: "The subject is determined by its antecedent."
- Rule 3a: "Demonstrative and relative pronouns are subjects."
- Mat 3:17 Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ⇐ Οὗτός 是 S。
- Mat 10:2 Τῶν δὲ δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα· ⇐ ταῦτα 是 S。
- Mat 16:20 αὐτός ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός.¶ ⇐ αὐτός 是 S。
- Rule 3b: "The subject is indicated by zero anaphora."
- Joh 21:7 Ὁ Κύριός ἐστιν. ⇐ 主語 (S) 內含在動詞裡面，所以要理解成：(it/he) is the Lord.
- Rule 3c: "The word or word cluster determined by an article is the subject."
- Rule 3d: "If both words or word clusters are determined by an article, the first one is the subject."
- Rule 3a: "Demonstrative and relative pronouns are subjects."
針對 Rule 3c，McGaughy 找到五節 的例外：
- Joh 20:31 Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ,
- 1Jo 2:22 Ἰησοῦς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός;
- 1Jo 4:15 Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ,
- 1Jo 5:1 Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς
- 1Jo 5:5 Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ;
但 Goethius (1976) 認為這些其實不是例外
Goetchius, E. V. N. "Review of Toward a Descriptive Analysis of Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek." Journal of Biblical Literature 95.1 (1976): 147-49, , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3265495.
從以下幾節可以看出：
- Act 18:5 συνείχετο τῷ λόγῳ ὁ Παῦλος διαμαρτυρόμενος τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν.
- Act 18:28 εὐτόνως γὰρ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διακατηλέγχετο δημοσίᾳ ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν γραφῶν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
- Act 5:42 πᾶσάν τε ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ κατ᾽ οἶκον οὐκ ἐπαύοντο διδάσκοντες καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενοι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), 40-48.
Wallace 規則 (1996)
- 對等動詞 (equative verb)、聯繫動詞 (linking/copular verb)
- 例如： εἰμί, γίνομαι, and ὑπάρχω 等 (GGBB, 40)
- 誰是 S？
- 基本原則：已知的是 S (GGBB, 42)
- 二者之一合乎以下規則的是 S (GGBB, 43-44)：
- (1) 代名詞 & 動詞內含的主詞
- 疑問代名詞 τίς 例外：
- 少數例外：指示代名詞後面跟著一連串同位 (apposition)、補述 (epexegetical) 字串的時候 (GGBB, 40 n.12)
- Jas 1:27 (θρησκεία καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος)S (παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρὶ)A (αὕτη)C (ἐστίν,)P ={ (ἐπισκέπτεσθαι)p (ὀρφανοὺς καὶ χήρας)c (ἐν τῇ θλίψει αὐτῶν,)a }C ={ (ἄσπιλον)+c (ἑαυτὸν)c (τηρεῖν)p (ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου.¶)a }C
- (2) 帶冠詞的實名詞
- (3) 專有名詞
- 例外：談論 ὄνομα (姓名) 的時候，因為「每個人都有姓名」是已知概念，而「名字」是未知概念，
- Luk 1:63 Ἰωάννης ἐστὶν ὄνομα αὐτοῦ.
- 例外：談論 ὄνομα (姓名) 的時候，因為「每個人都有姓名」是已知概念，而「名字」是未知概念，
- (1) 代名詞 & 動詞內含的主詞
- 二者都合乎上述規則時：
- 優先順序 (pecking order; GGBB, 44-45)：
- 代名詞有最高優先權
- 疑問代名詞 τίς 例外
- 字詞順序 (word-order) 在前面的
- 代名詞有最高優先權
- 語意 ⇒ 互換命題 (S＝C)
- 優先順序 (pecking order; GGBB, 44-45)：
- 例外？：
- Joh 5:15 Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ.
John 20:31 爭議
D. A. Carson, "The Purpose of the Fourth Gospel: John 20:31 Reconsidered," JBL 106 (1987): 639-51, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3260824.
區分 S(N) or C(PN)
1Jo 1:5 καὶ σκοτία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεμία.
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區分 S(N) or C(PN)
Php 2:13 Θεὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐνεργῶν ἐν ὑμῖν καὶ τὸ θέλειν καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας.
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Matthew D. Jensen, “John Is No Exception: Identifying the Subject of Εἰμί and Its Implications,” Journal of Biblical Literature.2 (2021): 15, 347.
Jensen 指出 Wallace 規則的缺點：
- Joh 5:15 ἀπῆλθεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος
- καὶ ἀνήγγειλεν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις
- ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ.
【已知的是 ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ，新資訊是「耶穌」，所以即便耶穌在前，但還是應該當作 PN (補語)】
GGBB 沒考慮的情況：
- 不定詞內嵌子句當作 S
Καθώς ἐστιν (δίκαιον)C (ἐμοὶ)A { ‹ τοῦτο ›c φρονεῖν ‹ ὑπὲρ πάντων ὑμῶν ›a }S