20 KiB
引用
Lane C. McGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ’Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek, SBL Dissertation Series 6 (Missoula MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972), 36-54.
McGaughy 規則
- Rule 1: "The subject is that word or word cluster which agrees in person a nd number with the personal ending of the verb."
- Ὑμεῖς ἐστε τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου. ⇐ 動詞是 2P,所以 Ὑμεῖς 是 S,τὸ φῶς (NSN) 只能是 C。
- ἐστὲ ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ ⇐ 動詞是 2P,所以 ἐπιστολὴ (NSF) 不能當 S,因此 S 是內含在動詞內的 2P。
- Rule 2: "The word or word cluster with head term in the nominative case is the subject."
- ἀτιμία αὐτῷ ἐστιν, 【便是他的羞辱】 ⇐ Young (64) 認為 ἀτιμία 是 S (dishonor is to him),但或許應該當作 C 比較好 (BW10)。
- οὐκ ἐστὲ ἑαυτῶν; 【你們不是自己的人】
- Rule 3: "The subject is determined by its antecedent."
- Rule 3a: "Demonstrative and relative pronouns are subjects."
- Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ⇐ Οὗτός 是 S。
- Τῶν δὲ δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα· ⇐ ταῦτα 是 S。
- αὐτός ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός.¶ ⇐ αὐτός 是 S。
- Rule 3b: "The subject is indicated by zero anaphora."
- Ὁ Κύριός ἐστιν. ⇐ 主語 (S) 內含在動詞裡面,所以要理解成:(it/he) is the Lord.
- Rule 3c: "The word or word cluster determined by an article is the subject."
- Rule 3d: "If both words or word clusters are determined by an article, the first one is the subject."
- Rule 3a: "Demonstrative and relative pronouns are subjects."
針對 Rule 3c,McGaughy 找到五節 的例外:
- Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ,
- Ἰησοῦς οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός;
- Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ,
- Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς
- Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ;
但 Goethius (1976) 認為這些其實不是例外,從以下幾節可以看出:
Goetchius, E. V. N. "Review of Toward a Descriptive Analysis of Einai as a Linking Verb in New Testament Greek." Journal of Biblical Literature 95.1 (1976): 147-49, , http://dx.doi .org/10.2307/3265495.
- συνείχετο τῷ λόγῳ ὁ Παῦλος διαμαρτυρόμενος τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν.
- εὐτόνως γὰρ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διακατηλέγχετο δημοσίᾳ ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν γραφῶν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
- πᾶσάν τε ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ κατ᾽ οἶκον οὐκ ἐπαύοντο διδάσκοντες καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενοι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. ¶
Wallace 規則
- 對等動詞 (equative verb)、聯繫動詞 (linking/copular verb)
- 例如: εἰμί, γίνομαι, and ὑπάρχω 等
- 基本原則:已知的是 S
- 三條規則:
- 代名詞 & 動詞內含的主詞 (疑問代名詞 τίς 例外)
- 帶冠詞的實名詞
- 專有名詞 (姓名 ὄνομα 例外)
- 前後都符合時的優先順序:
- 代名詞 & 動詞內含的主詞 (疑問代名詞例外)
- 字詞順序 (word-order) 在前面的
- 前後都符合時 ⇒ 互換命題 (S=C)
- 例外?:
- Ἰωάννης ἐστὶν ὄνομα αὐτοῦ.
- Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ.
D. A. Carson, "The Purpose of the Fourth Gospel: John 20:31 Reconsidered," JBL 106 (1987): 639-51, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3260824.
區分 S(N) or C(PN)
καὶ σκοτία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεμία.
區分 S(N) or C(PN)
Θεὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐνεργῶν ἐν ὑμῖν καὶ τὸ θέλειν καὶ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐδοκίας.
Matthew D. Jensen, “John Is No Exception: Identifying the Subject of Εἰμί and Its Implications,” Journal of Biblical Literature.2 (2021): 15, 347.
Jensen 指出 Wallace 規則的缺點:
ἀπῆλθεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἀνήγγειλεν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ.
【Jensen 的解經不對,John 5:15c 不是在回答問題,而是瘸子主動告知猶太人他所得到 (John 5:13-14) 的新資訊:耶穌。因此,5:15c 的 S 應該還是 Ἰησοῦς。Wallace 的規則正確。】
GGBB 沒考慮的情況:
- 不定詞內嵌子句當作 S
Καθώς ἐστιν (δίκαιον)C (ἐμοὶ)A { ‹ τοῦτο ›c φρονεῖν ‹ ὑπὲρ πάντων ὑμῶν ›a }S