Andley_BG4e/Syntax/§43.md

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BW10 統計 (NA28)

  • 對等連接詞 14209

    • καί 8233
    • δέ 2791
    • γάρ 1041
    • ἀλλά 638
    • οὖν 498
    • ἤ 343
    • τέ 215
    • οὐδέ 93
    • οὔτε 87
    • εἴτε 65
    • διό 53
    • καί+ἐγώ 48
    • μήτε 34
    • πλήν 27
    • καί+ἐκεῖνος 11
    • καί+ἐκεῖθεν 10
    • καί+ἐκεῖ 9
    • καί+ἐάν 7
    • τοίνυν 3
    • διόπερ 2
    • ἤτοι 1
  • 從屬連接詞 4024

    • ὅτι 1291
    • ἵνα 663
    • ὡς 480
    • εἰ 457
    • ἐάν 268
    • καθώς 182
    • ὅταν 123
    • ὅτε 103
    • ὥστε 83
    • ὅπου 82
    • ὅπως 53
    • ἕως 38
    • ὥσπερ 36
    • ἐπεί 26
    • διότι 23
    • μήποτε 22
    • καί+ἐάν 14
    • καθάπερ 13
    • πρίν 13
    • ἐπειδή 10
    • εἴπερ 6
    • καθότι 6
    • ἄχρι 5
    • καίπερ 5
    • καθό 4
    • ἐάνπερ 3
    • ἐπάν 3
    • ὁσάκις 3
    • ἡνίκα 2
    • ἐπειδήπερ 1
    • ἤπερ 1
    • καθά 1
    • καθώσπερ 1
    • καίτοιγε 1
    • μέχρι 1
    • ὡσπερεί 1

Accordance 統計 (NA28)

Total number of verses = 7323 (total number of verses displayed = 7323)

[CONJUNCTION] (17570 total words)

Number of different forms = 70: (Triple-click a form to see its occurrences)

  • Coordinating = 13738

    • καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 8236
    • δέ but, and, now = 2649
    • γάρ for, since, then, indeed = 1041
    • ἀλλά (ἄλλος) but, rather, on the contrary = 638
    • οὖν therefore, thus = 498
    • τέ and, so, both/and = 215
    • οὐδέ (οὐ, δέ) and not, neither, nor, not even = 93
    • οὔτε (οὐ, τέ) neither = 87
    • διό (διά, ὅς) therefore = 53
    • μηδέ (μή, δέ) nor, and not = 50
    • ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 37
    • μήτε (μή, τέ) and not; neither . . . nor = 34
    • πλήν (πληρόω) (+gen) only, except (prep.); but, nevertheless (conj.) = 27
    • εἰ if; whether = 20
    • καθάπερ (κατά, ὅς, περ) as, just as, like = 13
    • ὅθεν (ὅς, θεν) therefore, where, from where = 9
    • μέντοι (μέν, τοι) but, nevertheless = 8
    • ἱνατί (ἵνα, τίς) why, to what reason? = 6
    • ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 4
    • ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 4
    • ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 3
    • διόπερ (διά, ὅς, περ) therefore, therefore indeed = 2
    • διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 2
    • καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 2
    • μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 2
    • τοιγαροῦν (τοι, γάρ, οὖν) therefore, then = 2
    • καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 1
    • καθώσπερ (κατά, ὡς, περ) as, just as = 1
    • πότερον (ποῦ, ἕτερος) whether = 1
  • Subordinating = 3737

    • ὅτι (ὅς, τίς) that, because, since; why? = 1291
    • ἵνα that, in order that, so that = 659
    • εἰ if; whether = 476
    • ἐάν_1 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 270
    • ὡς as, like, while, that; (interjection) how! = 188
    • καθώς (κατά, ὡς) as, just as, inasmuch as = 180
    • ὅταν (ὅς, ἄν) when, whenever = 123
    • ὅτε (ὅς, τέ) when, while = 103
    • ὥστε (ὡς, τέ) so that, in order that, thus = 78
    • εἴτε (εἰ, τέ) or, either/or, even if = 65
    • ὅπως (ποῦ) so that, in order that; how that = 53
    • μή not, lest = 43
    • ἕως_1 (ἕως) until; when, up to, as far as = 38
    • ὥσπερ (ὡς, περ) as, just as = 29
    • ἐπεί since, because, when; otherwise = 26
    • διότι (διά, ὅς) because, for, therefore = 21
    • μήποτε (μή, ποῦ) lest, perhaps = 20
    • πρίν (πρό) before; (adv) formerly = 13
    • ἄρα (ἀρά_1) then, therefore = 12
    • ἐπειδή (ἐπεί, δή) since, because, for = 10
    • εἴπερ (εἰ, περ) since, if it is true that = 6
    • ἄχρι (ἀκή) (+gen) up to, as far as; (conj) until = 5
    • καίπερ (καί, περ) though = 5
    • καθότι (κατά, ὅς) because, for, as = 4
    • ἄν_2 (εἰ, ἄν_1) if = 3
    • ἐάνπερ (εἰ, ἄν_1, περ) if only, if indeed = 3
    • ἐπάν (ἐπί, ἄν) when, as soon as = 3
    • ἡνίκα when = 2
    • καίτοι (καί, τοι) yet, and yet, although = 2
    • δέ but, and, now = 1
    • ἐπειδήπερ (ἐπεί, δή, περ) inasmuch as, since = 1
    • καθά (κατά, ὅς) as, just as = 1
    • καίτοιγε (καί, τοι, γε) although = 1
    • μέχρι (+gen) up to (prep.); until (conj.) = 1
    • οὗ (ὅς) where, to where = 1
  • (no Class) = 95

    • κἀγώ (καί, ἐγώ) and I (crasis) = 47
    • κἄν (καί, εἰ, ἄν) and if = 15
    • κἀκεῖνος (καί, ἐκεῖ) and that one, even that one (crasis) = 13
    • κἀκεῖθεν (καί, ἐκεῖ, θεν) and from there (crasis) = 10
    • κἀκεῖ (καί, ἐκεῖ) and there (crasis) = 9
    • καί and, also, even, and yet, but = 1

Randall Buth, "Οὖν, Δέ, Καί and Asyndeton in John's Gospel," in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 157.

!../images/Buth-1993.png


Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 256.

!../images/Pasted image 20211111094356.png

Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 257.

!../images/Pasted image 20211111094902.png

Kermit Tutrud, “The Function of Καί in the Greek New Testament and an Application to 2 Peter,” in Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis, ed. David Alan Black, Katherine Barnwell, and Stephen Levinsohn (Nashville, Tenn: B&H Academic, 1993), 258. !../images/Pasted image 20211111094923.png


Stanley E. Porter et al., eds., Modeling Biblical Language: Selected Papers from the McMaster Divinity College Linguistics Circle (Linguistic Biblical Studies 13; Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2016), Chapter 13.

SFL : 表達 ideation --- ideation 下面又區分experience & logic。

表達 logic 有三種方法recursion ()、logico-semantics、taxis (排列)

  1. recursion : stop/go-on
  2. logico-semantics: extension/elaboration/enhancement

!../images/Pasted image 20220501171600.png

  1. taxis: hypotactic/paratactic

!../images/Pasted image 20220501171536.png

!../images/Pasted image 20220501171644.png

Note 2) 和 3) 互補,但有關連:

  • enhancement —— 透過 hypotactic (從屬連接詞)
  • extension —— 透過 paratctic (對等連接詞)
  • elaboration —— hypotactic、paratctic 兩種都有可能

另外,內嵌子句可以用於 enhancement (當形容詞用的時候)、extension (當副詞用的時候)、elaboration (表達讓步的時候)

整合起來看 (p. 405) !../images/Pasted image 20220501173624.png


Porter & O'Donnell - - Conjunctions, Clines and Levels of Discourse

  • Vertical Axis of Levels of Discourse
    • 連結 word-word; phrase-phrase; clause-clause; paragraph-paragraph
  • Horizontal Axis of Continuity-Discontinuity (p.10) ⇐ 全是對等連接詞 !../images/Pasted image 20220501201115.png
  • The Cline of Logical-Semantic Significance (p. 11) ⇐ 全是從屬連接詞 !../images/Pasted image 20220501200938.png