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- 3 Syntax
- 3.1 Basics of syntax
- §126 Definition and organization of syntax
- §127 Sentence and its constituents
- §128 Means of expressing syntactic relationships.
- 3.2 Words and phrases as sentence elements.
- 3.2.1 Syntax of declinable words and their phrases
- §129 Peculiarities of number use.
- 3.2.1.1 Syntax of the article
- §130 Usage differences between Ancient Greek and English
- §131 The pronominal use of the article
- §132 Standard use of the article.
- §133 Definiteness without the article
- §134 The article and proper names
- §135 Article use with complements and adverbials
- §136 Article use and the attributive and predicative positions
- 3.2.1.2 Syntax of the adjective
- §137 Adjective phrases and their use
- §138 Comparison.
- 3.2.1.3 Syntax of pronouns
- §139 Personal and reciprocal pronouns
- §140 The possessive pronoun and its alternatives
- §141 Demonstrative pronouns
- §142 Relative pronouns
- §143 Interrogative pronouns
- §144 Indefinite pronoun.
- 3.2.1.4 Syntax of numerals
- §145 Important points on numeral use
- 3.2.1.5 Syntax of case forms.
- §146 Syntax of case forms: preliminaries
- (i) Nominative and vocative
- §147 Nominative
- §148 Vocative
- (ii) Accusative.
- §149 Accusative: preliminaries
- (a) Object accusative.
- §150 Accusative of direct external object
- §151 Accusative of direct internal object
- §152 Simple object accusative.
- §153 Double accusative
- §154 Accusative and passive transformation.
- (b) Free use accusative
- §155 Accusative of extent
- §156 Accusative of respect
- §157 Adverbial accusative.
- (iii) Genitive
- §158 Genitive: preliminaries
- (a) Genitive proper
- (aa) Genitive of appurtenances
- §159 Genitive of originator or possessor.
- §160 Subjective and objective genitive
- §161 Genitive of material or content
- §162 Genitive of quality
- §163 Genitive of value or price
- §164 Genitive of direction or purpose
- §165 Genitive of explanation or apposition.
- (ab) Partitive genitive
- §166 Partitive genitive modifying noun phrases
- §167 Verbs combining with partitive genitive objects
- (ac) Genitive of time
- §168 Genitive of time
- (b) Ablative genitive (genitive of departure point)
- §169 Genitive of separation
- §170 Genitive of comparison.
- §171 Genitive of place
- (c) Special cases of genitive use
- §172 Combinations of different types of genitives
- (iv) Dative
- §173 Dative: preliminaries.
- (a) Dative proper
- §174 Objective dative
- §175 Objective dative with adjectives
- §176 Dative of interest.
- (b) Instrumental dative
- §177 Dative of instrument or cause
- §178 Dative of respect
- (c) Sociative dative
- §179 Dative of association.
- §180 Dative of manner
- (d) Locative dative
- §181 Dative of place
- §182 Dative of time
- 3.2.1.6 Prepositions.
- §183 Syntax of prepositions: preliminaries
- §184 Proper prepositions
- §185 Improper prepositions
- §186 Prepositional prefixes
- §187 Overview of phrases indicating space, time etc..
- 3.2.2 Syntax of verb forms
- 3.2.2.1 Voice.
- §188 Voice: preliminaries
- §189 The active voice
- §190 The middle voice
- §191 The passive voice
- 3.2.2.2 Aspects and tenses
- (i) General points on aspects and tenses
- §192 Preliminary remarks about aspects and tenses
- §193 Synopsis of aspect forms with and without tense value
- §194 The three aspects: detailed explanation
- §195 Overview: examples of typical aspect use
- (ii) Indicative verb forms
- §196 Indicative forms: preliminaries
- §197 Indicative present
- §198 Imperfect.
- §199 Indicative aorist.
- §200 Indicative perfect
- §201 Pluperfect
- §202 Indicative future
- §203 Periphrastic conjugation
- (iii) Non-indicative verb forms
- §204 Overview of non-indicative verb forms
- (iv) Verb forms seemingly expressing a tense value
- §205 Absolute tense seemingly expressed by certain verb forms
- §206 Relative tense seemingly expressed by certain verb forms
- 3.2.2.3 Moods
- §207 Moods: preliminaries
- §208 Moods and tense/aspect meanings
- §209 Indicative
- §210 Subjunctive
- §211 Optative.
- §212 Imperative
- 3.2.2.4 Non-finite verb (nominal verb forms)
- (i) Infinitive.
- §213 Infinitive: preliminaries
- §214 Infinitive and tense/aspect meanings
- §215 Negated infinitive phrases
- §216 Cases inside infinitive phrases: ACI et al
- (a) Non-articular infinitive/ACI
- §217 Infinitive/ACI phrases as subjects
- §218 Infinitive/ACI phrases as objects
- §219 Infinitive phrases as complements of adjectives.
- §220 Infinitive/ACI phrases as adverbials of purpose.
- §221 Infinitive/ACI phrases as adverbials of result.
- §222 Explanatory infinitive/ACI phrases as appositions.
- (b) Articular infinitive/ACI.
- §223 Articular infinitive/ACI phrases: preliminaries
- §224 Infinitive/ACI phrases with simple article
- §225 Infinitive/ACI phrases with τοῦ
- §226 Articular infinitive/ACI phrases governed by prepositions
- (ii) Participle
- §227 Participle: preliminaries
- §228 Participle and tense/aspect meanings
- §229 Syntactic use of participles
- (a) Adverbial participle.
- §230 Adverbial participle: “p.c.” and “gen.abs.”
- §231 Adverbial participle: adverbial nuances
- §232 Adverbial participle: standard ways of translating it
- (b) Predicative participle.
- §233 Predicative participle: ACP (and GCP)
- §234 Predicative participle: modifying verbs
- §235 Predicative participle: periphrastic conjugation
- (c) Attributive and nominalized participles
- §236 Participle phrases as attributive modifiers
- §237 Nominalized participle phrases.
- (d) Special idiomatic uses of participles
- §238 “Graphic” participle
- §239 Pleonastic participles
- §240 Participle and the Hebrew infinitive absolute.
- 3.2.3 Uninflected words
- 3.2.3.1 Adverbs
- §241 On the use of adverbs
- §242 Comparison of adverbs
- 3.2.3.2 Negatives
- §243 Overview of negatives in Ancient Greek
- §244 Typical use of negatives in KG.
- §245 Use of the negative particle οὐ
- §246 Use of the negative particle μή
- §247 Peculiar uses of negative particles
- §248 Double and multiple negatives
- §249 Negation influenced by Semitic usage
- 3.2.3.3 Conjunctions
- §250 Conjunctions: preliminaries
- §251 Overview of conjunctions
- §252 Alphabetical list of important uninflected words
- 3.3 Sentences and their constituents
- §253 Sentences and their constituents: preliminaries
- 3.3.1 Sentence constituents
- §254 Sentence constituents: terminological approach.
- 3.3.1.1 Obligatory sentence constituents
- (i) Subject
- §255 Subject: function and ways of expressing it
- (ii) Predicate
- §256 The predicator
- §257 Complements: objects.
- §258 Complements: other types of predicative elements
- 3.3.1.2 Optional sentence constituents
- §259 Adverbial adjuncts and subject/object adjuncts
- 3.3.1.3 Attributive modifiers
- §260 Attributive modifiers including apposition.
- 3.3.2 Concord
- §261 Concord: preliminaries
- §262 Number concord
- §263 Gender, number and case concord
- §264 Phrases joined by means of καί “and” or the like
- §265 Notional concord.
- 3.4 Sentence/clause types
- §266 Sentence/clause types: preliminaries
- 3.4.1 Independent (main) clauses
- §267 Independent declarative clauses
- §268 Independent desiderative clauses
- §269 Independent interrogative clauses (direct questions)
- 3.4.2 Dependent (subordinate) clauses
- §270 Dependent (subordinate) clauses: preliminaries
- 3.4.2.1 Conjunctional clauses
- (i) Conjunctional subject-object clauses
- §271 Dependent declarative (subject-object) clauses
- §272 Dependent desiderative (subject-object) clauses
- §273 Dependent interrogative (subject-object) clauses
- §274 Direct and indirect speech.
- §275 Overview of constructions often rendered by “that”-clauses
- (ii) Conjunctional adverbial clauses
- §276 Temporal clauses
- §277 Causal clauses
- §278 Purpose clauses
- §279 Result clauses
- §280 Conditional clauses: preliminaries and overview
- §281 Indefinite conditional case
- §282 Prospective conditional case.
- §283 Potential conditional case.
- §284 Remote conditional case.
- §285 Mixed conditional constructions and special cases
- §286 Concessive and exceptive conditional clauses
- §287 Manner clauses
- (iii) Conjunctional clauses as attributive modifiers
- §288 Conjunctional attributive clauses
- 3.4.2.2 Relative clauses.
- §289 Form and syntactic function of relative clauses
- §290 Relative clauses with adverbial force
- 3.5 Deviations from syntactic and other “norms”
- §291 Deviations as stylistic devices or “figures of speech”
- §292 Figures involving word or clause order
- §293 Figures involving omission.
- §294 Figures involving repetition and amplification.
- §295 Tropes
- §296 Figures involving paraphrasing, veiling, and unveiling
- 4 Textgrammar
- 4.1 Text basics
- 4.1.1 Texts as a linguistic phenomenon
- §297 Basic characteristics of a text
- 4.1.1.1 Text structure
- §298 The concept of text structure
- §299 Example: text structure of Matthew 13:45f
- 4.1.1.2 Coherence
- §300 The concept of coherence
- §301 Example: coherence of Matthew 13:45f
- 4.1.1.3 Communicative function of texts
- §302 The concept of communicative function of texts
- §303 Example: the communicative function of Matthew 13:45f
- 4.1.1.4 Further text-related aspects
- §304 Text production strategies.
- §305 Text types and text genres
- §306 Macro-texts and partial texts.
- §307 Example: further text-related aspects of Matthew 13:45f
- 4.1.2 Text comprehension.
- §308 Text comprehension and text interpretation.
- §309 Text comprehension – types of knowledge
- §310 Text comprehension – interaction of two processes
- §311 Text comprehension – parsing and text constituents
- §312 Text comprehension – propositional structure
- §313 Text comprehension – frames.
- §314 Text comprehension – implied elements
- 4.2 Coherence and the two sides of text structures
- 4.2.1 Coherence and the grammatical side of text structures
- 4.2.1.1 Coherence and connectives.
- (i) Connectives: possible forms
- §318 Connectives: conjunctions
- §319 Connectives: relatives
- §320 Connectives: adverbs or the like
- §321 Connectives: prepositions and case forms
- (ii) Connections.
- §322 Basics of connections
- §323 Overview of connections
- (a) Copulative connections
- §325 Additive connection
- §326 Alternative connection
- (b) Temporal connection.
- §328 Temporal-anterior connection.
- §329 Temporal-posterior connection.
- §330 Temporal-simultaneous connection
- (c) Conditional connection
- §331 Conditional connection
- (d) Causal-codirectional connections in the widest sense
- §333 Causal connection in a narrower sense
- §334 Consequential connection
- §335 Modal-instrumental connection
- §336 Purpose-oriented connection.
- (e) Causal-contradirectional connections in the widest sense
- §338 Adversative connection.
- §339 Concessive connection
- (f) Specifying connections
- §341 Explanatory connection
- §342 Restrictive connection.
- (g) Connections involving comparisons
- §344 Comparative connection
- §345 Proportional connection
- 4.2.1.2 Coherence and phoric or deictic function words
- §347 Phora and deixis
- §348 Words used for phora and deixis
- 4.2.2 Coherence and the content side of text structures
- 4.2.2.1 Content words
- §350 Coherence and coreferentiality
- §351 Types of coreferentiality
- 4.2.2.2 Propositional structure
- §352 Semantic relations between propositions
- §353 Example: relational structure of Philippians 2:5–11
- §354 Alphabetical list of connectives and the like