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## HW❶ (1:1-6a) 圖析 ## HW❶ (Mat 1:1-6a) 圖析
- <rt>1:1</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βίβλος<rt>βίβλος</rt></ruby><rt>[The] book</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S - <rt>1:1</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Βίβλος<rt>βίβλος</rt></ruby><rt>[The] book</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S
- <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γενέσεως<rt>γένεσις</rt></ruby><rt>of [the] genealogy</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSF</rt></RUBY> - <RUBY><ruby><ruby>γενέσεως<rt>γένεσις</rt></ruby><rt>of [the] genealogy</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSF</rt></RUBY>

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## HW❷ (6:9-13) 圖析 ## HW❷ (Mat 6:9-13) 圖析
- <rt>6:9a</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Οὕτως<rt>οὕτω, οὕτως</rt></ruby><rt>Thus</rt></ruby><rt>ADV</rt></RUBY>)A <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὖν<rt>οὖν</rt></ruby><rt>therefore</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>προσεύχεσθε</strong><rt>προσεύχομαι</rt></ruby><rt>pray</rt></ruby><rt>V-PNM-2P</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑμεῖς·<rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>you</rt></ruby><rt>P-2NP</rt></RUBY>)S - <rt>6:9a</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Οὕτως<rt>οὕτω, οὕτως</rt></ruby><rt>Thus</rt></ruby><rt>ADV</rt></RUBY>)A <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὖν<rt>οὖν</rt></ruby><rt>therefore</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>προσεύχεσθε</strong><rt>προσεύχομαι</rt></ruby><rt>pray</rt></ruby><rt>V-PNM-2P</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὑμεῖς·<rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>you</rt></ruby><rt>P-2NP</rt></RUBY>)S
- <rt>6:9b</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Πάτερ<rt>πατήρ</rt></ruby><rt>Father</rt></ruby><rt>N-VSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμῶν<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>of us</rt></ruby><rt>P-1GP</rt></RUBY>)S =(<RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>who [is]</rt></ruby><rt>T-VSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῖς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐρανοῖς·<rt>οὐρανός</rt></ruby><rt>heavens</rt></ruby><rt>N-DPM</rt></RUBY>)S - <rt>6:9b</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Πάτερ<rt>πατήρ</rt></ruby><rt>Father</rt></ruby><rt>N-VSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμῶν<rt>ἐγώ</rt></ruby><rt>of us</rt></ruby><rt>P-1GP</rt></RUBY>)S =(<RUBY><ruby><ruby><rt></rt></ruby><rt>who [is]</rt></ruby><rt>T-VSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῖς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>οὐρανοῖς·<rt>οὐρανός</rt></ruby><rt>heavens</rt></ruby><rt>N-DPM</rt></RUBY>)S
- <rt>6:9c</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>Ἁγιασθήτω</strong><rt>ἁγιάζω</rt></ruby><rt>hallowed be</rt></ruby><rt>V-APM-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὄνομά<rt>ὄνομα</rt></ruby><rt>name</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>σου·<rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>of You</rt></ruby><rt>P-2GS</rt></RUBY>)S - <rt>6:9c</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>Ἁγιασθήτω</strong><rt>ἁγιάζω</rt></ruby><rt>hallowed be</rt></ruby><rt>V-APM-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>τὸ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>the</rt></ruby><rt>T-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ὄνομά<rt>ὄνομα</rt></ruby><rt>name</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>σου·<rt>σύ</rt></ruby><rt>of You</rt></ruby><rt>P-2GS</rt></RUBY>)S

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## HW❸ (1:1-5) 圖析 ## HW❸ (Mar 1:1-5) 圖析
- <rt>1:1</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἀρχὴ<rt>ἀρχή</rt></ruby><rt>[The] beginning</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S - <rt>1:1</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἀρχὴ<rt>ἀρχή</rt></ruby><rt>[The] beginning</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSF</rt></RUBY>)S
- (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>of the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>εὐαγγελίου<rt>εὐαγγέλιον</rt></ruby><rt>gospel</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSN</rt></RUBY>) - (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>τοῦ<rt></rt></ruby><rt>of the</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSN</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>εὐαγγελίου<rt>εὐαγγέλιον</rt></ruby><rt>gospel</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSN</rt></RUBY>)
- (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦ<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>of Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστοῦ<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-T</rt></RUBY>) =(<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Υἱοῦ<rt>υἱός</rt></ruby><rt>Son</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ.<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>) - (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦ<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>of Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-P</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Χριστοῦ<rt>Χριστός</rt></ruby><rt>Christ</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM-T</rt></RUBY>) =(<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Υἱοῦ<rt>υἱός</rt></ruby><rt>Son</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Θεοῦ.<rt>θεός</rt></ruby><rt>of God</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSM</rt></RUBY>)

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## HW❹ (1:9-13) 圖析 ## HW❹ (Mar 1:9-13) 圖析
- <rt>1:9a</rt> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>And</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐγένετο</strong><rt>γίνομαι</rt></ruby><rt>it came to pass</rt></ruby><rt>V-ADI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> « <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐκείναις<rt>ἐκεῖνος</rt></ruby><rt>those</rt></ruby><rt>D-DPF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ταῖς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμέραις<rt>ἡμέρα</rt></ruby><rt>days</rt></ruby><rt>N-DPF</rt></RUBY> » )A - <rt>1:9a</rt> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Καὶ<rt>καί</rt></ruby><rt>And</rt></ruby><rt>CONJ</rt></RUBY> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἐγένετο</strong><rt>γίνομαι</rt></ruby><rt>it came to pass</rt></ruby><rt>V-ADI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐν<rt>ἐν</rt></ruby><rt>in</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> « <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἐκείναις<rt>ἐκεῖνος</rt></ruby><rt>those</rt></ruby><rt>D-DPF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ταῖς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-DPF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἡμέραις<rt>ἡμέρα</rt></ruby><rt>days</rt></ruby><rt>N-DPF</rt></RUBY> » )A
- <rt>1:9b</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἦλθεν</strong><rt>ἔρχομαι</rt></ruby><rt>[that] came</rt></ruby><rt>V-AAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀπὸ<rt>ἀπό</rt></ruby><rt>from</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> «<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ναζαρὲτ<rt>Ναζαρέθ, Ναζαρά</rt></ruby><rt>Nazareth</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSF-L</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῆς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Γαλιλαίας<rt>Γαλιλαία</rt></ruby><rt>of Galilee</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSF-L</rt></RUBY> » )A - <rt>1:9b</rt> (<RUBY><ruby><ruby><strong>ἦλθεν</strong><rt>ἔρχομαι</rt></ruby><rt>[that] came</rt></ruby><rt>V-AAI-3S</rt></RUBY>)P (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ἰησοῦς<rt>Ἰησοῦς</rt></ruby><rt>Jesus</rt></ruby><rt>N-NSM-P</rt></RUBY>)S (<RUBY><ruby><ruby>ἀπὸ<rt>ἀπό</rt></ruby><rt>from</rt></ruby><rt>PREP</rt></RUBY> «<RUBY><ruby><ruby>Ναζαρὲτ<rt>Ναζαρέθ, Ναζαρά</rt></ruby><rt>Nazareth</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSF-L</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>τῆς<rt></rt></ruby><rt>-</rt></ruby><rt>T-GSF</rt></RUBY> <RUBY><ruby><ruby>Γαλιλαίας<rt>Γαλιλαία</rt></ruby><rt>of Galilee</rt></ruby><rt>N-GSF-L</rt></RUBY> » )A

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- §01希臘文源流 - §01希臘文源流
- 希臘文歷史 §1a - 希臘文歷史 §1a
- 閃語對聖經希臘文的影響 §1b - 閃語對聖經希臘文的影響 §1b
- 耶穌也說希臘文 §1c - 耶穌也說希臘文 §1c
- 聖經希臘文與古典希臘文之異同 §1d - 聖經希臘文與古典希臘文之異同 §1d
- 聖經希臘文與現代希臘文之異同 §1e - 聖經希臘文與現代希臘文之異同 §1e
- §02 語言學基礎 - §02 語言學基礎
- 語言金字塔 §2a - 語言金字塔 §2a
- 形式與功能 §2b - 形式與功能 §2b
- Choice implies Meaning §2c - Choice implies Meaning §2c
- 希臘文詞類 (Parts of Speech) §2d - 希臘文詞類 (Parts of Speech) §2d
- ---
---
[The grammar Koine-Greek](https://koine-greek.com/the-grammar/?fbclid=IwAR1QXMZ5VNphmUPqFZe-9m3YSgosnf2f1QQziG-fyQ2SoY4Q1TUFC8r62j4)
## Preliminaries
### 0. Introduction: The approach of this grammar
#### 0.1 The intended audience
##### 0.1.1 Translators
##### 0.1.2 Linguists
#### 0.2 Greek grammars & linguistic adequacy
#### 0.3 The theoretical perspective
##### 0.3.1 Cognitive
##### 0.3.1.1 The rejection of classical categories
##### 0.3.1.2 Language and the embodied mind
##### 0.3.1.3 Prototypes & gestalts
##### 0.3.1.4 Emergence & complex systems
#### 0.3.2 Functional
##### 0.3.2.1 Motivated syntax
##### 0.3.2.2 Iconicity in form and function
#### 0.3.3 Descriptive
##### 0.3.3.1 Sources of data
##### 0.3.3.2 Methodology for analysis
#### 0.4 Conclusion & summary
## Part I: Parts-of-speech and morphosyntax
### 1. Verbal inflectional categories
#### 1.1 Valance & Valency alternating morphology
##### 1.1.1 Transitivity and embodiment
##### 1.1.2 Prototypical transitive events
##### 1.1.3 Event energy source
##### 1.1.4 Event energy direction
##### 1.1.5 Notes on activa tantum and media tantum verbs
#### 1.2 Aspect
##### 1.2.1 Perfective
##### 1.2.2 Imperfective
##### 1.2.3 Completive-resultative
#### 1.3 Tense
##### 1.3.1 Past
##### 1.3.2 Non-past
##### 1.3.3 Future
#### 1.4 Mood/modality
#### 1.4.1 Indicative: The unmarked/default mood
##### 1.4.2 Subjunctive: Epistemic modality
##### 1.4.3 Optative: Remote epistemic modality
##### 1.4.4 Imperative: Deontic modality & illocutionary force
##### 1.4.5 Exhortatives: interlocutors & participant reference
#### 1.5 Subject agreement
##### 1.5.1 Person
##### 1.5.2 Number
### 2. Inflectional morphology of the verb
### 3. Auxiliary verbs
#### 3.1 Types of auxiliaries
#### 3.2 Periphrasis
#### 3.3 Auxiliaries and participles
### 4. Verbal derivational morphology
#### 4.1 Infinitive
#### 4.2 Participle
#### 4.3 Compounding & similar processes
##### 4.3.1 Pre-verb attachment/directionals
##### 4.3.2 Compounding
##### 4.3.3 Noun incorporation
### 5. Nominal inflectional categories
#### 5.1 Gender
##### 5.1.1 Gender as noun class
##### 5.1.2 Masculine
##### 5.1.3 Feminine
##### 5.1.4 Neuter
##### 5.1.5 Gender in nouns
##### 5.1.6 Gender agreement & co-indexing
#### 5.2 Number
##### 5.2.1 Singular
##### 5.2.2 Plural
##### 5.2.3 Dual*
#### 6. Inflectional Morphology of the Noun
#### 7. Inflectional Morphology of the Adjective
##### 7.1 Adjective inflection classes and iconicity
##### 7.2 Formal relationships among adjective classes
#### 8. Inflectional morphology of quantifiers
#### 9. Other derivational morphology
##### 9.1 Nominalization
##### 9.2 Modifier derivation
#### 10. Referential & deictic system
##### 10.1 Interlocutives
###### 10.1.1 Personal pronouns
###### 10.1.2 Possessive pronouns
###### 10.1.3 Reflexive pronouns
##### 10.2 Non-interlocutives
###### 10.2.1 Definite
###### 10.2.1.1 Substitutive
###### 10.2.1.1.1 Personal
###### 10.2.1.1.2 Demonstrative
###### 10.2.1.2 Non-substitutive
##### 10.2.2 Non-definite
###### 10.2.2.1 Indefinite
###### 10.2.2.2 Interrogative
#### 10.2.3 Relative
#### 10.2.4 Correlative
#### 11. Prepositions
#### 12. Other lexical classes
#### 12.1 Adverbs
#### 12.2 Negators
#### 12.3 Connectives
#### 12.4 Interjectives
## Part II: Syntax, semantics, & discourse
### 1. An overview of syntax & semantics
#### 1.1 The layered structure of the clause
##### 1.1.1 The nucleus, core, and clause
##### 1.1.2 Verbal and non-verbal predicates
##### 1.1.3 Arguments & Adjuncts
##### 1.1.4 Special syntactic positions
##### 1.1.5 Operators
#### 1.2 Predicate-types
##### 1.2.1 States
##### 1.2.2 Activities & active achievements
##### 1.2.3 Achievements
##### 1.2.4 Accomplishment
##### 1.2.5 Semelfactives
##### 1.2.6 Causatives
#### 1.3 Sentence Prosody: Prominence and Pauses
#### 1.4 Information Packaging in the Clause
#### 1.5 Conclusion: A construction-driven approach
### 2. The simplex clause
#### 2.1 Default clause structure
##### 2.1.1 Natural information flow & information structure
##### 2.1.2 Constituent order & prosody within the core
##### 2.1.3 Declaratives
##### 2.1.4 Content Questions
##### 2.1.5 Yes/No Questions
##### 2.1.6 Commands and prohibitions
#### 2.2 Marked clause structures
##### 2.2.1 Prosody, constituent order & the pre-core slot
##### 2.2.2 Prosody, constituent order & the detached positions
##### 2.2.3 Marked topic constructions
##### 2.2.4 Marked focus constructions
#### 2.3 Other constructions
##### 2.3.1 Noun incorporation and other ditransitive constructions
##### 2.3.2 Predicate types of clause constructions
##### 2.3.3 Constructions involving operators in the clause
### 3. The simple reference phrase (i.e. the noun phrase)
#### 3.1 Major functions of the reference phrase
#### 3.2 Basic noun phrase structure
##### 3.2.1 Constituent structure
###### 3.2.1.1 Layered Structure of the noun phrase
###### 3.2.1.2 NP Arguments
###### 3.2.1.3 NP Adjuncts
##### 3.2.2 Noun phrase operators
###### 3.2.2.1 Deixis
###### 3.2.2.2 Identifiability
###### 3.2.2.3 Specificity
###### 3.2.2.4 Negation
###### 3.2.2.5 Quantification
###### 3.2.2.6 Aspect
#### 3.3 Noun phrases and information structure
#### 3.4 Lexical Nominalization
##### 3.4.1 Processes for forming nouns from lexical verbs
##### 3.4.2 Syntactic collocation
###### 3.4.2.1 Assimilation of arguments to NP syntax
###### 3.4.2.2 Unexpressed arguments
### 4. Prepositional phrases
### 5. An introduction to complex constructions
### 6. Coordinate constructions
#### 6.1 The semantics of connectives
6.2 The structure of coordination
6.3 Postpositives
### 7. Subordination & co-subordination
#### 7.1 Subordinate clauses with clause linkage markers
#### 7.2 Infinitives
##### 7.2.1 Infinitives as arguments
##### 7.2.2 Infinitives as adjuncts
##### 7.2.3 Infinitives as complex predicates
#### 7.3 Participles
##### 7.3.1 Participles as arguments
##### 7.3.2 Participles as adjuncts
##### 7.3.3 Participles as complex predicates
### 8. Insubordination
### 9. Prepositional phrases
#### 9.1 Prepositional phrases as adjuncts
#### 9.2 Prepositional phrases as arguments
#### 9.3 Prepositional phrases between adjuncts & arguments
### 10. Complex reference phrases
#### 10.1 Participles within the reference phrase
#### 10.2 Relative clauses
##### 10.2.1 Headed relative clauses
##### 10.2.2 Non-headed relative clauses
### 11. Discourse structure
#### 11.1 Sentence processing
#### 11.2 Sentence fragments and interjections
#### 11.3 Self-repair & Correction
### 12. Cohesion strategies
### Appendices
#### Appendix #1 Middle voice systems in a typological context
#### Appendix #2 The Tense / Aspect non-debate
#### Appendix #2 The Greek Referential & Deictic System
#### Appendix #3 The Lexicon
## Cross-referencing index for traditional grammar categories