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15 KiB
Markdown
603 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
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# 全民希臘文進階句法 (IG4E–Syntax) <br>Intermediate Greek for Everyone — Syntax
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- Part I—希臘文基礎
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- Chapter 1: 希臘文源流 §1
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- 希臘文歷史 §1a
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- 閃語對聖經希臘文的影響 §1b
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- 耶穌也說希臘文 §1c
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- 聖經希臘文與古典希臘文之異同 §1d
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- 聖經希臘文與現代希臘文之異同 §1e
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- Chapter 2: 語言學基礎 §2
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- 語言金字塔 §2a
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- 形式與功能 §2b
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- Choice implies Meaning §2c
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- 希臘文詞類 (Parts of Speech) §2d
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- Part II—字詞與片語 (Word and Phrase)
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- 名詞類
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- Chapter 3: 名詞 (Noun) §3
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- 簡介 [[§3a]]
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- 主格 [[$3b]]
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- 主語 (Subject) §3b1
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- 述語主格 (Predicate Nominative) §3b2
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-
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- 直接受格 $3c
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- 所有格 $3d
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- 間接受格 $3e
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- 數、性 $3f
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- 冠詞
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- 形容詞
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- 代名詞
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- Part IIb—功能詞類
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- 介系詞
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- 質詞
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- 連接詞
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- Part IIc—動詞類
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- 動詞：
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- Part III—子句與句子 (Clause and Sentence)
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- Part IV—段落與篇章 (Paragraph and Discourse)
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### 名詞類
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#### 格 (Cases) §100
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##### §311 主格 (Nominative)
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- Subject
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- Predicate Nominative
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- Nominative in Simple Apposition
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- Nominative Absolute
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- *Nominativus Pendens* (Pendent Nominative)
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- Parenthetic Nominative
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- Nominative in Proverbial Expressions
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- Nominative for Vocative
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- Nominative of Exclamation
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- Nominative of Appellation
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- Nominative in Apposition to Oblique Cases
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- Nominative After Preposition
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- Nominative for Time
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##### §312 呼格 (Vocative)
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- Simple Address
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- Emphatic (or Emotional) Address
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- Exclamation
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- Apposition
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##### §313 所有格 (Genitive)
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###### Adjectival Genitive
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- Descriptive Genitive
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- Possessive Genitive
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- Genitive of Relationship
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- Partitive Genitive ("Wholative")
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- Attributive Genitive
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- Attributed Genitive
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- Genitive of Material
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- Genitive of Content
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- Genitive in Simple Apposition
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- Genitive of Apposition (Epexegetical)
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- Genitive of Destination
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- Predicate Genitive
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- Genitive of Subordination
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- Genitive of Production/Producer
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- Genitive of Product
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###### Ablative Genitive
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- Genitive of Separation
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- Genitive of Source (or Origin)
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- Genitive of Comparison
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###### Verbal Genitive
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- Subjective Genitive
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- Objective Genitive
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- Plenary Genitive
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###### Adverbial Genitive
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- Genitive of Price or Value or Quantity
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- Genitive of Time
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- Genitive of Place
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- Genitive of Means
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- Genitive of Agency
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- Genitive Absolute
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- Genitive of Reference
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- Genitive of Association
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- Genitive After Certain Verbs (as Direct Object)
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- Genitive After Certain Adjectives
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- Genitive After Certain Nouns
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- Genitive After Certain Prepositions
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##### §314 間接受格 (Dative)
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- Dative Indirect Object
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- Dative of Interest
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- Advantage (*commodi*)
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- Disadvantage (*incommodi*)
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- Dative of Reference/Respect
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- Ethical Dative
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- Dative of Destination
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- Dative of Recipient
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- Dative of Possession
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- Dative of Thing Possessed
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- Predicate Dative
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- Dative in Simple Apposition
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- Dative of Place: see sphere
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- Dative of Sphere
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- Dative of Time
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- Dative of Rule
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- Dative of Association/Accompaniment
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- Dative of Manner
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- Dative of Means/Instrument
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- Dative of Agency
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- Dative of Measure/Degree of Difference
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- Dative of Cause
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- Cognate Dative
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- Dative of Material
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- Dative of Content
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- Dative Direct Object
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- Dative After Certain Nouns
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- Dative After Certain Adjectives
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- Dative After Certain Prepositions
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##### §315 直接受格 (Accusative)
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- Accusative Direct Object
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- Double Accusative
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- Person-Thing
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- Object-Complement
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- Cognate Accusative
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- Predicate Accusative
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- Accusative Subject of Infinitive
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- Accusative of Retained Object
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- Pendent Accusative (*Accusativum Pendens*)
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- Accusative in Simple Apposition
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- Adverbial Accusative (Manner)
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- Accusative of Measure (Space, Time)
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- Accusative of Respect or (General) Reference
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- Accusative in Oaths
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- Accusative After Certain Prepositions
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#### §200 Article
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- **Regular Uses**
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- *As a Pronoun (4)*
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- Personal Pronoun
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- Alternative Pronoun
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- Relative Pronoun
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- Possessive Pronoun
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- *With Substantives (10)*
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- Individualizing Article
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- Simple Idenitification
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- Anaphoric (Previous Reference)
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- Kataphoric (Following Reference)
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- Deictic ("Pointing")
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- Par Excellence
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- Monadic ("One of a Kind")
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- Well-Known ("Familiar")
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- Abstract
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- Generic (Categorical)
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- *As a Substantiver of: (9)*
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- Adverbs
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- Adjectives
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- Participles
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- Infinitives
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- Genitive Word or Phrase
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- Prepositional Phrase
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- Particles
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- Finite Verbs
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- Clauses, Statements, & Quotations
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- *As a Function Marker (9)*
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- Denote Adjectival Positions
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- With Possessive Pronouns
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- In Genitive Phrases
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- With Indeclinable Nouns
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- With Participles
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- With Demonstratives
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- With Nominative Nouns
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- To Distinguish S from PN & Object from Complement
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- With Infinitive (various functions)
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- **Absence of the Article (12)**
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- *Indefinite (1)*
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- *Qualitative (1)*
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- *Definite (10)*
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- Proper Names
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- Object of Preposition
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- With Ordinal Numbers
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- Predicate Nominative
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- Complement in Object-Complement Construction
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- Monadic Nouns
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- Abstract Nouns
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- Genitive Construction (Apollonius' Corollary)
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- With Pronominal Adjective
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- Generic Nouns
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- **Special Uses/Non-Uses of the Article (2)**
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- Anarthrous Pre-Verbal PNs (involving Colwell's Rule)
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- Article with Multiple Substantives Connected by καί (Sharp's Rule & related constructions)
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#### §300 Adjectives
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- **"Non-Adjectival" Uses of Adjective**
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- Adverbial
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- Substantival
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- **Positive, Comparative, Superlative**
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- *Positive*
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- Normal Use
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- Positive for Comparative
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- Positive for Superlative
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- *Comparative*
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- Normal Use
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- Comparative for Superlative
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- Comparative for Elative
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- *Superlative*
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- "Normal" Use
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- Superlative for Elative
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- Superlative for Comparative
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- **Relation of Adjective to Noun**
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- *When Article is Present*
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- Attributive Positions
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- First Attributive
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- Second Attributive
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- Third Attributive
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- Predicate Positions
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- First Predicate
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- Second Predicate
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- *When Article is Absent*
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- Anarthrous Adjective-Noun Construction
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- Anarthrous Noun-Adjective Construction
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#### §400 Adverbs
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#### §500 Pronouns
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- **Personal Pronouns**
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- *Nominative Uses*
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- Emphasis: contrast, subject focus
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- Redundancy
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- *Oblique Cases*
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- Normal Use: Anaphoric
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- Possessive
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- Reflexive
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- **Demonstrative Pronouns**
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- *Regular Uses (as Demonstratives):*
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- οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, ὅδε
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- *For Personal Pronouns*
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- *Unusual Uses*
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- Pleonastic (Redundant, Resumptive)
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- Constructio ad Sensum: Gender, Number
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- Conceptual Antecedent/Postcedent
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- **Relative Pronouns**
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- ὅς
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- *Regular Uses (as RP)*
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- *"Unusual" Uses*
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- Natural vs. Grammatical Gender
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- Case
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- Attraction
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- Inverse Attraction
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- Antecedent Complexities
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- Omission of Antecedent
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- Adverbial/Conjunctive
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- ὅστις
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- Generic
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- Qualitative
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- Confusion with ὅς
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- **Interrogative Pronouns**
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- τίς / τί: identifying
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- ποῖος, πόσος: qualitative, quantative (respectively)
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- **Indefinite Pronoun**
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- Substantival
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- Adjectival
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- **Possessive "Pronoun"**
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- Possessive Adjective
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- Personal Pronoun in Genitive
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- **Intensive Pronoun:** αὐτός
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- Intensive Pronoun
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- As Identifying Adjective
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- As Third Person Personal Pronoun
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- **Reflexive Pronoun**
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- **Reciprocal Pronoun**
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### §400 動詞類
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#### §600 Tense and Aspect
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- **Present**
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- Instantaneous Present
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- Progressive Present
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- Extending-From-Past Present
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- Iterative Present
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- Customary Present
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- Gnomic Present
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- Historical Present
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- Perfective Present
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- Conative Present
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- In Progress, but not Complete
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- Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted
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- Futuristic Present
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- Completely Futuristic
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- Mostly Futuristic
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- Present Retained in Indirect Discourse
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- **Imperfect**
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- Instantaneous Imperfect
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- Progressive (Descriptive) Imperfect
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- Ingressive Imperfect
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- Iterative Imperfect
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- Customary Imperfect
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- "Pluperfective" Imperfect
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- Conative Imperfect
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- In Progress, but not Complete
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- Not Begun, but About/Desired to be Attempted
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- Imperfect Retained in Indirect Discourse
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- **Aorist**
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- Constative Aorist
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- Ingressive Aorist
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- Consummative Aorist
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- Gnomic Aorist
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- Epistolary Aorist
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- Proleptic Aorist
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- Immediate Past/Dramatic Aorist
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- **Future**
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- Predictive Future
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- Imperatival Future
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- Deliberative Future
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- Gnomic Future
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- Miscellaneous Subjunctive Equivalents
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- **Perfect**
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- Intensive Perfect (Resultative)
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- Extensive Perfect (Consummative)
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- Aoristic (Dramatic, Historical) Perfect
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- Perfect with Present Force
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- Gnomic Perfect
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- Proleptic Perfect
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- Perfect of Allegory
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- **Pluperfect**
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- Intensive Pluperfect (Resultative)
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- Extensive Pluperfect (Consummative)
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- Simple Past Pluperfect
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#### §700 Voice
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- **Active**
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- Simple Active
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- Causative Active (Ergative)
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- Stative Active
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- Reflexive Active
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- **Middle**
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- Direct Middle
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- Redundant Middle
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- Indirect Middle
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- Causative Middle
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- Permissive Middle
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- Reciprocal Middle
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- Deponent Middle
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- **Passive**
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- *Passive Constructions*
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- With & Without Agency Expressed:
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- Ultimate Agent
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- Intermediate Agent
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- Impersonal Means
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- No Expressed Agency
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- With Accusative Object
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|||
|
|
- *Passive Uses*
|
|||
|
|
- Simple Passive
|
|||
|
|
- Causative/Permissive Passive
|
|||
|
|
- Deponent Passive
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §800 Moods
|
|||
|
|
- **Indicative**
|
|||
|
|
- Declarative Indicative
|
|||
|
|
- Interrogative Indicative
|
|||
|
|
- Conditional Indicative
|
|||
|
|
- Potential Indicative
|
|||
|
|
- Cohortative (Command,Volitive) Indicative
|
|||
|
|
- Indicative with ῾Οτι
|
|||
|
|
- Subject
|
|||
|
|
- Direct Object
|
|||
|
|
- Direct Object Proper
|
|||
|
|
- Direct Discourse
|
|||
|
|
- Indirect Discourse
|
|||
|
|
- Apposition
|
|||
|
|
- Epexegetical
|
|||
|
|
- Causal
|
|||
|
|
- **Subjunctive**
|
|||
|
|
- *Independent Clauses*
|
|||
|
|
- Hortatory Subjunctive
|
|||
|
|
- Deliberative Subjunctive
|
|||
|
|
- Emphatic Negation Subjunctive
|
|||
|
|
- Prohibitive Subjunctive
|
|||
|
|
- *Dependent Clauses*
|
|||
|
|
- Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences
|
|||
|
|
- ῾Ινα + Subjunctive
|
|||
|
|
- Purpose
|
|||
|
|
- Result
|
|||
|
|
- Purpose-Result
|
|||
|
|
- Subject
|
|||
|
|
- Predicate Nominative
|
|||
|
|
- Direct Object
|
|||
|
|
- Apposition
|
|||
|
|
- Epexegetical
|
|||
|
|
- Complementary
|
|||
|
|
- Imperatival
|
|||
|
|
- Subjunctive with Verbs of Fearing
|
|||
|
|
- Subjunctive in Indirect Questions
|
|||
|
|
- Subjunctive in Indefinite Relative Clause
|
|||
|
|
- Subjunctive in Indefinite Temporal Clause
|
|||
|
|
- **Optative**
|
|||
|
|
- Voluntative Optative (Obtainable Wish)
|
|||
|
|
- Oblique Optative
|
|||
|
|
- Potential Optative
|
|||
|
|
- Conditional Optative
|
|||
|
|
- **Imperative**
|
|||
|
|
- Command
|
|||
|
|
- Prohibition
|
|||
|
|
- Request (Entreaty)
|
|||
|
|
- Permissive Imperative (Toleration)
|
|||
|
|
- Conditional Imperative
|
|||
|
|
- Potential Imperative
|
|||
|
|
- Pronouncement Imperative
|
|||
|
|
- Stereotyped Greeting
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §440 Person & Number
|
|||
|
|
- **Person**
|
|||
|
|
- First for Third Person
|
|||
|
|
- Second for Third Person
|
|||
|
|
- First Plural Constructions
|
|||
|
|
- Editorial "We" (Epistolary Plural)
|
|||
|
|
- Inclusive "We"
|
|||
|
|
- Exclusive "We"
|
|||
|
|
- **Number**
|
|||
|
|
- Neuter Plural Subject, Singular Verb
|
|||
|
|
- Collective Singular Subject, Plural Verb
|
|||
|
|
- Compound Subject, Singular Verb
|
|||
|
|
- Indefinite Plural
|
|||
|
|
- Categorical Plural
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §450 Infinitive
|
|||
|
|
- **Adverbial Uses**
|
|||
|
|
- Purpose
|
|||
|
|
- Result
|
|||
|
|
- Time
|
|||
|
|
- Antecedent
|
|||
|
|
- Contemporaneous
|
|||
|
|
- Subsequent
|
|||
|
|
- Cause
|
|||
|
|
- Means
|
|||
|
|
- Complementary (Supplementary)
|
|||
|
|
- **Substantival**
|
|||
|
|
- Subject
|
|||
|
|
- Direct Object
|
|||
|
|
- Indirect Discourse
|
|||
|
|
- Appositional
|
|||
|
|
- Epexegetical
|
|||
|
|
- **Independent**
|
|||
|
|
- Imperatival
|
|||
|
|
- Absolute
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §460 Participle
|
|||
|
|
- **Adjectival Participles**
|
|||
|
|
- *Adjectival Proper*
|
|||
|
|
- Attributive
|
|||
|
|
- Predicate
|
|||
|
|
- *Substantival*
|
|||
|
|
- **Verbal Participles**
|
|||
|
|
- *Dependent Verbal*
|
|||
|
|
- Temporal
|
|||
|
|
- Manner
|
|||
|
|
- Means
|
|||
|
|
- Cause
|
|||
|
|
- Condition
|
|||
|
|
- Concession
|
|||
|
|
- Purpose
|
|||
|
|
- Result
|
|||
|
|
- Attendant Circumstance
|
|||
|
|
- Indirect Discourse
|
|||
|
|
- Complementary
|
|||
|
|
- Periphrastic
|
|||
|
|
- Redundant (Pleonastic)
|
|||
|
|
- *Independent Verbal*
|
|||
|
|
- Imperatival
|
|||
|
|
- Indicative
|
|||
|
|
- **Participle Absolute**
|
|||
|
|
- Nominative Absolute
|
|||
|
|
- Genitive Absolute
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### §500 功能詞類
|
|||
|
|
#### §510 介系詞 (Prepositions)
|
|||
|
|
- (see main section of Syntax Summaries)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §520 連接詞 (Conjunctions
|
|||
|
|
- **Logical Functions**
|
|||
|
|
- Ascensive
|
|||
|
|
- Connective
|
|||
|
|
- Contrastive (Adversative)
|
|||
|
|
- Correlative
|
|||
|
|
- Disjunctive (Alternative)
|
|||
|
|
- Emphatic
|
|||
|
|
- Explanatory
|
|||
|
|
- Inferential
|
|||
|
|
- Transitional
|
|||
|
|
- **Adverbial Functions**
|
|||
|
|
- Causal
|
|||
|
|
- Comparative (Manner)
|
|||
|
|
- Conditional
|
|||
|
|
- Local (Sphere)
|
|||
|
|
- Purpose
|
|||
|
|
- Result
|
|||
|
|
- Temporal
|
|||
|
|
- **Substantival Functions**
|
|||
|
|
- Content
|
|||
|
|
- Epexegetical
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §530 質詞 (Particles)
|
|||
|
|
- 功能詞類
|
|||
|
|
- 介系詞 (Preposition)
|
|||
|
|
- 連接詞 (Conjunctive)
|
|||
|
|
- 質詞 (Particle)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## Part III — 子句與句子 (Clause and Sentence)
|
|||
|
|
### 600 Clauses
|
|||
|
|
#### [[§610]] 子句結構 (Clause Structure)
|
|||
|
|
#### §620 句子類型 (Sentence Classification)
|
|||
|
|
- **Clauses (in General)**
|
|||
|
|
- *Independent Clauses*
|
|||
|
|
- *Dependent Clauses*
|
|||
|
|
- Substantival
|
|||
|
|
- Adjectival
|
|||
|
|
- Adverbial
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §630 Conditional Sentences
|
|||
|
|
- **In General**
|
|||
|
|
- Cause-Effect
|
|||
|
|
- Evidence-Inference
|
|||
|
|
- Equivalence
|
|||
|
|
- **In Greek**
|
|||
|
|
- First Class
|
|||
|
|
- Second Class
|
|||
|
|
- Third Class
|
|||
|
|
- Fourth Class
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
#### §640 Volitional Clauses
|
|||
|
|
- **Commands**
|
|||
|
|
- *Future Indicative*
|
|||
|
|
- *Aorist Imperative*
|
|||
|
|
- Ingressive
|
|||
|
|
- Momentary or Single Act
|
|||
|
|
- Pure Ingressive
|
|||
|
|
- Constative
|
|||
|
|
- *Present Imperative*
|
|||
|
|
- Ingressive-Progressive
|
|||
|
|
- Customary
|
|||
|
|
- Iterative
|
|||
|
|
- **Prohibitions**
|
|||
|
|
- *Future Indicative*
|
|||
|
|
- *Aorist Subjunctive*
|
|||
|
|
- Ingressive
|
|||
|
|
- Constative
|
|||
|
|
- *Present Imperative*
|
|||
|
|
- Cessation of Activity in Progress
|
|||
|
|
- General Precept
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## 附錄
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- 附錄 I：希臘文學習策略與方法
|
|||
|
|
- 課程設計進路：文法導向、經文導向、任務導向
|
|||
|
|
- 學習方法：翻譯、朗讀、聆聽、手抄、解經、背誦、默想
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### 參考書目
|
|||
|
|
縮寫 | 書目
|
|||
|
|
--- | ----------
|
|||
|
|
GGBB| Wallace, Daniel B. *Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics*. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
|
|||
|
|
中希 | 華勒斯(Daniel B. Wallace)。《中級希臘文文法》。吳存仁譯。台北市：中華福音神學院，2011。
|
|||
|
|
IGNT |Porter, Stanley E. *Idioms of the Greek New Testament*. Second edition with corrections. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic, 1994.
|
|||
|
|
慣用 | 斯丹利‧波特(Stanley E. Porter)。《新約希臘文的慣用語》。葉雅蓮譯。台北市：中華福音神學院，2013。|
|
|||
|
|
DEEP |Köstenberger, Andreas J., Benjamin L. Merkle, and Robert L. Plummer. *Going Deeper with New Testament Greek: An Intermediate Study of the Grammar and Syntax of the New Testament*. Nashville, TN.: B&H Academic, 2016.
|
|||
|
|
IGG |Mathewson, David L., and Elodie Ballantine Emig. *Intermediate Greek Grammar: Syntax for Students of the New Testament*. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2016.
|
|||
|
|
Funk |Funk, Robert W. *A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek*. 3rd ed. Polebridge Press, 2013.
|
|||
|
|
Runge |Runge, Steven E. *Discourse Grammar of the Greek New Testament: A Practical Introduction for Teaching and Exegesis*. Peabody, MA.: Hendrickson, 2010.
|
|||
|
|
Levinsohn |Levinsohn, Stephen H. *Discourse Features of New Testament Greek: A Coursebook on the Information Structure of New Testament Greek*. 2nd ed. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International, 2000.
|