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### Description ### Description
A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept (the "topic") is used as if it were another concept (the "image"). For example, someone might say, A metaphor is a figure of speech in which one concept (the "topic") is spoken of as if it were another concept (the "image"). For example, someone might say,
* The girl I love is a red rose. * The girl I love is a red rose.
Here the topic is "the girl I love," and the image is "a red rose." Here the topic is "the girl I love," and the image is "a red rose." The girl is spoken of as if she were a red rose.
Anything in a language can serve as a metaphor. For example, verb forms can be used in unusual ways, as in, Anything in a language can serve as a metaphor. For example, verb forms can be used in unusual ways, as in,
* The Apostle Paul tells us that Christians will rise to life again. * The Apostle Paul tells us that Christians will rise to life again.
In this case, the English present tense form "tells" is a metaphor for the past tense form "told," because the Apostle Paul lived long ago. In this case, the English present tense form "tells" is a metaphor for the past tense form "told," because the Apostle Paul lived long ago.
@ -21,8 +23,7 @@ There are several kinds of metaphors: "live" metaphors, "dead" metaphors, and pa
**Live Metaphors** **Live Metaphors**
These are metaphors that people recognize as speaking of one concept as if it were another. People also easily recognize them as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example,
These are metaphors that people recognize as using one concept for another. These are metaphors that people easily recognize as giving strength and unusual qualities to the message. For this reason, people pay attention to these metaphors. For example,
> For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB) > For you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULB)
@ -32,39 +33,39 @@ Here is another example:
Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" where "that fox" refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was referring to Herod either as a very evil, cunning person or as a king who was only pretending to be great. Jesus said, 'Go and tell that fox...,'" where "that fox" refers to King Herod. The people listening to Jesus certainly understood that Jesus was referring to Herod either as a very evil, cunning person or as a king who was only pretending to be great.
**Dead Metaphors** **Dead Metaphors**
A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are probably "heal" meaning "repair," and "sick" meaning "spiritually powerless because of sin." A dead metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Examples in English are "table leg," "family tree," "leaf" meaning a page in a book, and "crane" meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads. English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one sense or meaning. Examples in Biblical Hebrew are probably "heal" meaning "repair," and "sick" meaning "spiritually powerless because of sin."
**Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors** **Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors**
Many ways of metaphorical speaking depend on pairs of concepts, where one underlying concept frequently stands for a different underlying concept. For example, in English, the direction UP often stands for the concept of MORE. Because of this pair of underlying concepts, we can make sentences such as "The price of gasoline is going up," "A highly intelligent man," and also the opposite kind of idea: "The heat is going down," and "The stock market took a tumble." Many ways of metaphorical speaking depend on pairs of concepts, where one underlying concept frequently stands for a different underlying concept. For example, in English, the direction UP often stands for the concept of MORE. Because of this pair of underlying concepts, we can make sentences such as "The price of gasoline is going *up*," "A *highly* intelligent man," and also the opposite kind of idea: "The heat is going *down*," and "The stock market *took a tumble*."
Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the world's languages, because they serve as convenient ways to organize thought. In general, people like to speak of abstract qualities, such as power, presence, emotions, and moral qualities, as if they were objects that could be seen or held, as if they were body parts, or as if they were events that could be watched as they happened. Patterned pairs of concepts are constantly used for metaphorical purposes in the world's languages, because they serve as convenient ways to organize thought. In general, people like to speak of abstract qualities, such as power, presence, emotions, and moral qualities, as if they were objects that could be seen or held, as if they were body parts, or as if they were events that could be watched as they happened.
When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are: When these metaphors are used in normal ways, it is rare that the speaker and audience regard them as figurative speech. Examples of metaphors in English that go unrecognized are:
* "Turn the heat up." Up is More * "Turn the heat *up*." MORE is spoken of as UP.
* "Let us go ahead with our debate." EXPLAINING IDEAS IS WALKING OR ADVANCING * "Let us *go ahead* with our debate." DOING WHAT WAS PLANNED is spoken of as WALKING or ADVANCING.
* "You defend your theory well." ARGUMENT IS WAR * "You *defend* your theory well." ARGUMENT is spoken of as WAR.
* "A flow of words" WORDS ARE LIQUIDS * "A *flow* of words" WORDS are spoken of as LIQUIDS.
English speakers do not view them as unusual expression, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech. English speakers do not view them as unusual expressions, so it would be wrong to translate them into other languages in a way that would lead people to pay special attention to them as figurative speech.
For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns and the pages it will direct you to. For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor in biblical languages, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns] https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-ta-translate-vol2/src/master/content/translate_bita_part1.md and the pages it will direct you to.
#### Parts of a Metaphor #### Parts of a Metaphor
When talking about metaphors, it can be helpful to talk about their parts. A metaphor has three parts. When talking about metaphors, it can be helpful to talk about their parts. A metaphor has three parts.
1. **Topic** The thing someone speaks of is called the topic. 1. **Topic** - The thing someone speaks of is called the topic.
1. **Image** The thing he calls it is the image. 1. **Image** - The thing he calls it is the image.
1. **Points of Comparison** The ways in which the author claims that the topic and image are similar in some manner. 1. **Points of Comparison** - The ways in which the author claims that the topic and image are similar in some manner are their points of comparison.
In the metaphor below, the speaker describes the woman he loves as a red rose. The woman (his "love") is the topic, and "red rose" is the **image**. Beauty and delicacy are the points of comparison that the speaker sees as similarities between both the topic and image. Note, however, that a rose's beauty is not identical to a woman's beauty. Neither are the two kinds of delicacy the same. So these points of comparison are not built upon identical characteristics, but rather upon characteristics that are seen by the writer as similar in some way. In the metaphor below, the speaker describes the woman he loves as a red rose. The woman (his "love") is the **topic**, and "red rose" is the **image**. Beauty and delicacy are the points of comparison that the speaker sees as similarities between both the topic and image. Note, however, that a rose's beauty is not identical to a woman's beauty. Neither are the two kinds of delicacy the same. So these points of comparison are not built upon identical characteristics, but rather upon characteristics that are seen by the writer as similar in some way.
* My love is a red, red rose. * My love is a red, red rose.
Often, as in the metaphor above, the speaker explicitly states the **topic** and the **image**, but he does not state points of comparison. The speaker leaves it to the hearer to think of those points of comparison. Because the hearers must do that, the speaker's message tends to be more powerful. Often, as in the metaphor above, the speaker explicitly states the **topic** and the **image**, but he does not state the points of comparison. The speaker leaves it to the hearer to think of those points of comparison. Because the hearers must do that, the speaker's message tends to be more powerful.
Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, but not the points of comparison. The writer hopes that the audience will understand the points of comparison that are implied. Also in the Bible, normally the **topic** and the **image** are stated clearly, but not the points of comparison. The writer hopes that the audience will understand the points of comparison that are implied.
@ -74,8 +75,7 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is "I,"
Note that this metaphor is really several metaphors. The first metaphor is that bread is used to represent Jesus. The second metaphor, which is inside the first one, is that physical life represents the spiritual life, which consists of living with God forever. The third metaphor is that eating bread represents benefitting from Jesus, who enables us to live with God forever. Note that this metaphor is really several metaphors. The first metaphor is that bread is used to represent Jesus. The second metaphor, which is inside the first one, is that physical life represents the spiritual life, which consists of living with God forever. The third metaphor is that eating bread represents benefitting from Jesus, who enables us to live with God forever.
**Purposes of Metaphor**
#### Purposes of this second kind of Metaphor
* One purpose of metaphor is to teach people about something that they do not know (the **topic**) by showing that it is like something that they already do know (the **image**). * One purpose of metaphor is to teach people about something that they do not know (the **topic**) by showing that it is like something that they already do know (the **image**).
* Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way. * Another purpose is to emphasize that something has a particular quality or to show that it has that quality in an extreme way.
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* People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it. * People may not recognize that something is a metaphor. In other words, they may mistake a metaphor for a literal statement, and thus misunderstand it.
* People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so not be able to understand the metaphor. * People may not be familiar with the thing that is used as an image, and so not be able to understand the metaphor.
* If the topic is not stated, people may not know what the topic is. * If the topic is not stated, people may not know what the topic is.
* People may not know the points of comparison that the speaker intends for them to understand that he is thinking of. If they fail to think of these points of comparison, they will not understand the metaphor. * People may not know the points of comparison that the speaker is thinking of and wants them to understand. If they fail to think of these points of comparison, they will not understand the metaphor.
#### Translation Principles #### Translation Principles
* Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience. * Make the meaning of a metaphor as clear to the target audience as it was to the original audience.
* Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the target audience than it was to the original audience. * Do not make the meaning of a metaphor more clear to the receptor audience than you think it was to the original audience.
### Examples from the Bible ### Examples from the Bible
@ -101,10 +101,9 @@ In this metaphor Amos speaks to the upper-class women of Samaria (the topic is "
Note, however, that Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows, for he speaks to them as human beings. Note, however, that Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows, for he speaks to them as human beings.
>And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB) >And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make out of something what they wish: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes out of his people Israel what he wishes. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and "us" is that both the clay and the people of Israel are made into something different from what they were before. The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are "we" and "you," and the images are "clay and "potter." The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people Israel. The point of comparison between the potter's clay and "us" is that both the clay and the people of Israel are made into something different from what they were before.
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of <u>the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees</u>." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6-7 ULB) >Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of <u>the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees</u>." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." (Matthew 16:6-7 ULB)
@ -133,9 +132,9 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
1. If the metaphor is common and seems to be a normal way to say something in the source language (a "dead" metaphor), express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language. 1. If the metaphor is a common expression of a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language, express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
* **And his brethren also went and <u>fell down before his face</u>;** (Genesis 50:18 ASV) * **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u>.** (Mark 5:22 ULB)
* Then his brothers also went and <u>immediately bowed down in front of him</u>; * Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>immediately bowed down in front of him</u>.
2. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. 2. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
* **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB) * **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB)
@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the tar
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB) * **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
* Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick</u>. * Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's pointed stick</u>.
8. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then just state the idea plainly without using a metaphor. 8. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.
* **I will make you become <u>fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULB) * **I will make you become <u>fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULB)
* I will make you become <u>people who gather men</u>. * I will make you become <u>people who gather men</u>.
* Now you gather fish. I will make you <u>gather people</u>. * Now you gather fish. I will make you <u>gather people</u>.