From FD

jhn/03/16.md

@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ Here "world" is a metonym that refers to everyone in the world. (See: [[rc://en/
 
 # loved
 
-This is the kind of love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. God himself is love and is the source of true love.
+The kind of love that comes from God is focused on having good things happen to others even when those good things do not happen to the one who loves. God himself is love and is the source of true love.
 

jhn/05/20.md

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ Jesus, as the Son of God, followed and obeyed his Father's leadership on earth,
 
 # loves
 
-The kind of love that comes from God is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. God himself is love and is the source of true love.
+The kind of love that comes from God is focused on having good things happen to others even when those good things do not happen to the one who loves. God himself is love and is the source of true love.
 

jhn/08/42.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # love
 
-This is the kind of love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others (including those who are our enemies), even when it does not benefit oneself.
+The kind of love that comes from God is focused on having good things happen to others even when those good things do not happen to the one who loves.
 

jhn/10/17.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-
 
 # loves
 
-This kind of love comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do.
+The kind of love that comes from God is focused on having good things happen to others even when those good things do not happen to the one who loves. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do.
 
 # I lay down my life so that I may take it again
 

jhn/12/09.md

@@ -2,3 +2,6 @@
 
 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here John tells about a new group of people that has come to Bethany from Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
 
+# the dead
+
+All those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld.

jhn/13/01.md

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-
 
 # loved
 
-This is the kind of love that comes from God, which is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do.
+The kind of love that comes from God is focused on having good things happen to others even when those good things do not happen to the one who loves. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do.
 

jhn/18/10.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Malchus
 
-Malchus is a male servant of the high priest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+a male servant of the high priest (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 

jhn/18/11.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # sheath
 
-the cover for a sharp knife or sword, so the knife will not cut the owner
+the cover for a knife or sword that keeps the knife or sword from cutting the owner
 
 # Should I not drink the cup that the Father has given me?
 

jhn/18/12.md

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# General Information:
-
-Verse 14 tells us background information about Caiaphas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
-
 # the Jews
 
 Here "the Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate translation: "the Jewish leaders" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])

jhn/18/14.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # General Information:
 
-This page has intentionally been left blank.
+Verse 14 tells us background information about Caiaphas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
+

jhn/18/26.md

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# Did I not see you in the garden with him?
+# General Information:
-
-This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Here the word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "I saw you in the olive tree grove with the man they arrested! Did I not?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 
+This page has intentionally been left blank.

jhn/18/28.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Here the story line shifts back to Jesus. The soldiers and Jesus' accusers bring
 
 # Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas
 
-Here it is implied that they are leading Jesus from Caiaphas' house. Alternate translation: "Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas' house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+Here it is implied that they led Jesus from Caiaphas' house. Alternate translation: "Then they led Jesus from Caiaphas' house" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 
 # they did not enter the government headquarters so that they would not be defiled
 

jhn/18/30.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # If this man was not an evildoer, we would not have given him over to you
 
-You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "This man is an evil doer, and we had to bring him to you for punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
+You can translate this double negative in a positive form. Alternate translation: "This man is an evildoer, and we had to bring him to you for punishment" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
 
 # given him over
 

jhn/18/31.md

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# General Information:
-
-In verse 32 there is a break from the main story line as the author tells us background information about how Jesus' predicted how he would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
-
 # The Jews said to him
 
 Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus and arrested him. Alternate translation: "The Jewish leaders said to him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])

jhn/18/32.md

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-# so that the word of Jesus would be fulfilled
+# General Information:
+
+In verse 32 there is a break from the main story line as the author tells us background information about how Jesus' predicted how he would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
+
+# so that the word of Jesus would be fulfilled which he had spoken
 
 You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "in order to fulfill what Jesus had said earlier" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 

jhn/18/intro.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ No one knows for sure what Jesus meant when he told Pilate that his kingdom was
 
 ##### King of the Jews #####
 
-When Pilate asked if Jesus were the King of the Jews ([John 18:33](../../jhn/18/33.md)), he was asking if Jesus were claiming to be like King Herod, whom the Romans were permitting to rule Judea. When he asked the crowd if he should release the King of the Jews ([John 18:39](../../jhn/18/39.md)), he is mocking the Jews, because the Romans and Jews hated each other. He was also mocking Jesus, because he did not think that Jesus was a king at all, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
+Pilate asked Jesus if he were the King of the Jews ([John 18:33](../../jhn/18/33.md)) to see if Jesus were claiming to be like King Herod, whom the Romans were permitting to rule Judea. When he asked the crowd if he should release the King of the Jews ([John 18:39](../../jhn/18/39.md)), he was mocking the Jews because the Romans and Jews hated each other. He was also mocking Jesus, because he did not think that Jesus was a king at all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
 
 ## Links: ##
 

jhn/19/01.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Connecting Statement:
 
-The part of the story from the previous chapter continues. Jesus is standing before Pilate as he is being accused by the Jews.
+The story that began in the previous chapter continues. Jesus is standing before Pilate as he is being accused by the Jews.
 
 # Then Pilate took Jesus and whipped him
 
-Pilate himself did not whip Jesus. Here "Pilate" is a synecdoche for the soldiers that Pilate ordered to whip Jesus. Alternate translation: "Then Pilate ordered his soldiers to whip Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+Pilate himself did not whip Jesus. Here "Pilate" is a metonym for the soldiers whom Pilate ordered to whip Jesus. Alternate translation: "Then Pilate's soldiers took Jesus out of the room and whipped him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 

jhn/19/04.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # I find no guilt in him
 
-Pilate states this twice to say he does not believe Jesus is not guilty of any crime. He does not want to punish him. Alternate translation: "I see no reason to punish him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+Pilate states this twice to say he does not believe Jesus is guilty of any crime. He does not want to punish him. Alternate translation: "I see no reason to punish him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 

jhn/19/10.md

@@ -6,7 +6,3 @@ This remark appears in the form of a question. Here Pilate expresses his surpris
 
 This remark appears in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: "You should know that I am able to release you or to order my soldiers to crucify you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
 
-# power
-
-Here "power" is a metonym that refers to the ability to do something or to cause something to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-

jhn/19/11.md

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ You can translate this double negative in a positive and active form. Alternate
 
 # from above
 
-This is a respectful way of referring to God.
+This is a respectful way of referring to something coming from God.
 
 # gave me over
 
-This phrase here means to hand over to an enemy.
+"handed me over"
 

jhn/19/13.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # he brought Jesus out
 
-Here "he" refers to Pilate and is a synecdoche for "Pilate ordered the soldiers." Alternate translation: "he ordered the soldiers to bring Jesus out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+Here "he" refers to Pilate and is a metonym for the soldiers whom he ordered to bring Jesus out. Alternate translation: "Pilate ordered the soldiers to bring Jesus out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 
 # sat down
 

jhn/19/14.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This word marks a break in the story line so that John can provide information a
 
 # the sixth hour
 
-"about noontime"
+"noontime"
 
 # Pilate said to the Jews
 

jhn/19/16.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Then Pilate gave Jesus over to them to be crucified
 
-Here Pilate gives the order for his soldiers to crucify Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So Pilate ordered his soldiers to crucify Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+Though it was Roman soldiers who actually crucified Jesus, word "them" here refers to "the Jews" [John 19:14](./14.md), whom Pilate allowed to crucify Jesus. You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So Pilate gave the Jews power over Jesus so they could crucify Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 

jhn/19/19.md

@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ Here "Pilate" is a synecdoche for the person who wrote on the sign. Here "on the
 
 # There it was written: JESUS OF NAZARETH, THE KING OF THE JEWS
 
-You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "So that person wrote the words: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "The sign said,'Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 

jhn/19/23.md

@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
-# General Information:
-
-At the end of verse 24 there is a break from the main story line as the John tells us how this event fulfills Scriture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
-
 # also the tunic
 
 "and they also took his tunic." The soldiers kept the tunic separate and did not divide it. Alternate translation: "they kept his tunic separate" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

jhn/19/24.md

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
+# General Information:
+
+At the end of verse 24 there is a break from the main story line as John tells the reader how this event fulfills Scriture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
+
 # let us cast lots for it to decide whose it will be
 
 The soldiers will gamble and the winner will receive the shirt. Alternate translation: "let us gamble for the tunic and the winner will get to keep it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 
-# so that the scripture would be fulfilled which said
+# This happened so that the scripture would be fulfilled which said
 
 You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled the scripture that said" or "This happened to make the scripture come true which said"
 
 # cast lots
 
-This was how the soldiers divided Jesus' clothing among themselves. Alternate translation: "they gambled"
+This was how the soldiers divided Jesus' clothing among themselves. Alternate translation: "gamble"
 

jhn/19/31.md

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ This is the time before the Passover when people prepared food for the Passover.
 
 # to break their legs and to remove them
 
-You can translate this in an active form. Alternate translation: "to break the legs of the executed men and take their bodies down from the crosses" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+Breaking the victims' legs caused them to die almost immediately so that the soldiers could take the dead bodies off the crosses. You may need to add this information. Alternate translation: "to break their legs so they would die and to have the soldiers remove them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 

jhn/19/36.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # General Information:
 
-In these verses there is a break from the main story line as John tells us about how these events have made Scripture come true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
+In this verse and the next there is a break from the main story line as John tells us about how these events have made Scripture come true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
 
 # in order to fulfill scripture
 

jhn/19/38.md

@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ Here "Jews" is a synecdoche for the Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus. Alternate
 
 # if he could take away the body of Jesus
 
-John implies that Joseph of Arimathea wants to bury the body of Jesus. Alternate translation: "for permission to take the body of Jesus down from the cross for burial" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+John implies that Joseph of Arimathea wanted to bury the body of Jesus. Alternate translation: "for permission to take the body of Jesus down from the cross for burial" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 

jhn/19/39.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Nicodemus was one of the Pharisees who believed in Jesus. See how you translated
 
 # myrrh and aloes
 
-These are spices that people use to prepare a body for burial.
+These are spices that people used to prepare a body for burial.
 
 # about one hundred litras in weight
 

jhn/19/42.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Because it was the day of preparation for the Jews
 
-According to Jewish law, no one could work after sundown on Friday. It was the beginning of the Sabbath and Passover. Alternate translation: "The Passover was about to begin that evening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+According to Jewish law, no one could work after sundown on Friday. It was the beginning of the Sabbath and Passover. Alternate translation: "Because the Passover was about to begin that evening" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 

jhn/19/intro.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Pilate knew that Jesus was not a criminal, so he did not want to have his soldie
 
 ##### The tomb #####
 
-The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 19:41](../../jhn/19/41.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.
+The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 19:41](../../jhn/19/41.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they placed the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they rolled a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter.
 
 #### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
 

jhn/20/02.md

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@
 
 This phrase appears to be the way that John refers to himself throughout his book. Here the word "love" refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member.
 
-# They took away the Lord out from the tomb
+# They took away
 
-Mary Magdalene thinks that someone has stolen the Lord's body. Alternate translation: "Someone has taken the Lord's body out of the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+The author uses the word "they" here to show that Mary Magdalene did not know who took the Lord away. She was probably thinking of the Jews or Romans, but it would be best to translate using your language's way of leaving the actor or actors unknown.
 
+# the Lord ... laid him
+
+These words are metonyms for Jesus' dead body. Alternate translation: "the Lord's dead body ... laid it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])

jhn/20/03.md

@@ -2,7 +2,3 @@
 
 John apparently shows his humility by referring to himself here as "the other disciple," rather than including his name.
 
-# went out
-
-John implies that these disciples were going to the tomb. Alternate translation: "rushed out to the tomb" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-

jhn/20/08.md

@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ John apparently expresses his humility by referring to himself as "the other dis
 
 # he saw and believed
 
-When he saw that the tomb was empty, he believed that Jesus had risen from the dead. Alternate translation: "he saw these things and began to believe that Jesus had risen from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+Until he saw that the tomb was empty, he did not believe that Jesus had risen from the dead, but when he saw that the tomb was empty, he did believe. Alternate translation: "he saw these things and now believed that Jesus had risen from the dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 

jhn/20/09.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Here the word "they" refers to the disciples who did not understand the scriptur
 
 become alive again
 
-# from the dead
+# the dead
 
-From among all those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld.
+All those who have died. This expression describes all dead people together in the underworld.
 

jhn/20/13.md

@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@
 
 "They asked her"
 
-# Because they took away my Lord
+# Because they took away my Lord, and I do not know where they have put him
 
-"Because they took away the body of my Lord"
+The words "my Lord" here are a metonym for the Lord's body. Alternate translation: "Because they took away the body of my Lord, and I do not know where they have put it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-
-# I do not know where they have put him
-
-"I do not know where they have put it"
 

jhn/20/15.md

@@ -2,15 +2,7 @@
 
 "Jesus asked her"
 
-# Sir, if you have taken him away
+# if you have taken him away, tell me where you have put him, and I will take him away
 
-Here the word "him" refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: "If you have taken away the body of Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+Here the word "him" is a metonym that refers to Jesus' dead body. Alternate translation: "if you have taken his dead body away, tell me where you have put it, and I will take it away" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/metonymy]])
-
-# tell me where you have put him
-
-"tell me where you have put it"
-
-# I will take him away
-
-Mary Magdalene wants to get Jesus' body and bury it again. Alternate translation: "I will get the body and bury it again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 

jhn/20/16.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # Rabboni
 
-The word "Rabboni" means rabbi or teacher in Aramaic, the language that Jesus and his disciples spoke.
+The word "Rabboni" means "teacher" in Aramaic, which some translations call "Hebrew," the language that Jesus and his disciples spoke.
 

jhn/20/21.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Peace to you
 
-This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace" .
+This is a common greeting that means "May God give you peace."
 
 # Father
 

jhn/21/07.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # loved
 
-This is love that comes from God and is focused on the good of others, even when it does not benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do.
+The kind of love that comes from God is focused on having good things happen to others even when those good things do not happen to the one who loves. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do.
 
 # he tied up his outer garment
 

jhn/21/14.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # the third time
 
-You can translate this ordinal term "third" as "time number 3." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
+You can translate this ordinal term as "time number 3." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
 

jhn/21/intro.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 ##### The metaphor of sheep #####
 
-Before Jesus died, he spoke of himself taking care of his people as if he were a good shepherd taking care of sheep ([John 10:11](../../jhn/10/11.md)). After he became alive again, he told Peter that Peter would be the one who took care of Jesus' sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+Before Jesus died, he spoke of himself taking care of his people as if he were a good shepherd taking care of sheep ([John 10:11](../../jhn/10/11.md)). After he became alive again, he told Peter that Peter would be the one who would take care of Jesus' sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 
 ## Links: ##
 

jhn/front/intro.md

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ In the passage, "If my words remain in you" (John 15:7), the UDB expresses this
 
 #### What are the major issues in the text of the Gospel of John? ####
 
-The following verses found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to translate these verses. However, if in the translators' region, there are older versions of the Bible that include these verses, the translators can include them. If they are translated, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to John's Gospel.
+The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to translate these verses. However, if in the translators' region there are older versions of the Bible that include these verses, the translators can include them. If they are translated, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to John's Gospel.
 
 * "waiting for the moving of the water. For an angel of the Lord occasionally went down into the pool and stirred the water and whoever went first after the stirring of the water, was made well from the disease they had." (5:3-4)
 * "going through the midst of them, and so passed by" (8:59)