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00-BIEL_Descriptions/About.Each.Resource.md
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#### Unlocked Literal Bible
### Unlocked Literal Bible
The ULB is a more literal version of the Bible. It is adapted from the 1901 ASV Bible that is currently in public domain. *(I'm not sure about "more literal")*
@ -8,38 +8,38 @@ The Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) is an adaptation of the American Standard Versi
#### WA Translation Resources (Interleaved pdfs)
### WA Translation Resources (Interleaved pdfs)
The WA Translation Resources contain verse-by-verse translation helps for translators. They contain the Unlocked Literal Bible, Unlocked Dynamic Bible, Translation Notes, and links to Translation Words and Translation Topics.
The Translation Notes deal with topics such as pronouns, implicit information, cultural information, figures of speech and more. They also have book and chapter introductions. Also included in the Translation Resources are Translation Questions.
#### Reviewer's Guide
### Reviewer's Guide
The Reviewer's Guide is a collection of documents to help local churches check the accuracy and naturalness of their Bible translation.
#### ULB Translation Questions
### ULB Translation Questions
These questions are designed to help the translators check for comprehension related to specific books of the Bible.
#### ULB Translation Words
### ULB Translation Words
This contains a list of important biblical words along with their definitions and translation suggestions.
#### ULB Translation Manual -
### ULB Translation Manual -
The Translation Manual teaches the basics of translation theory and processes, provides practical helps for dealing with various translation issues, and provides instruction and processes for checking translations.
(Could we delete ULB from the title?)
#### Unlocked Dynamic Bible
### Unlocked Dynamic Bible
The UDB is a supplemental resource that can be used alongside the ULB to help clarify difficult passages.
#### Open Bible Stories
### Open Bible Stories
This contains fifty bible stories from the Old and New Testaments along with the following support resources: illustrations, notes, words, and questions.

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1ch/01/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter gives the genealogies of Abraham, Esau and the early kings of Edom.

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1ch/02/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the descendants of Judah, son of Jacob.

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1ch/03/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the descendants of King David.

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1ch/04/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the other descendants of Judah.

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1ch/05/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the descendants of Jacob's sons who lived east of the Jordan River: Reuben, Gad and Manasseh.

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1ch/06/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the descendants of Levi.

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1ch/07/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the descendants of Issachar, Benjamin, Ephraim, Asher, and Manasseh living west of the Jordan River.

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1ch/08/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the genealogy of Saul's family.

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1ch/09/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 09 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter records the genealogy of the people who returned to Jerusalem after the exile and the family of Saul.

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1ch/10/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 10 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The death of Saul

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1ch/11/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The story of David begins here and continues throughout the remainder of this book.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### King David the military leader
David was made the king of all Israel and was the leader of their army. He conquered Jerusalem and strengthened its defenses. He had many brave men in his army that did great deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

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1ch/12/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 12 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### "[They] could use both the right hand and the left"
These soldiers were very skilled. They were able to fight with either hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])

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1ch/13/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 13 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Ark of the covenant
David tried to bring the ark to Jerusalem on an ox cart instead of being carried by priests as the law said to do. The ox stumbled and Uzzah touched the ark to keep it from falling and he immediately died because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

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1ch/14/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 14 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
David asked for help from God and because of this, God enabled him to defeat the Philistines when they tried to capture him.

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1ch/15/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Chapters 15 and 16 explain how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

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1ch/16/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 16 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Chapters 15 and 16 tell how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 16:8-36.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### David's psalm
As David organized the priests in their work in the tent, he wrote a psalm of praise to Yahweh.

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1ch/17/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 17 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Building the temple
David wanted to build a temple for God but God would not allow him to. Instead he promised that his son, Solomon, would build the temple and he promised David would have a descendant who would be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

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1ch/18/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 18 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### David's victories
David conquered all kingdoms neighboring Israel. The gold, silver and bronze he received from these victories, he saved for building the temple. This may indicate that he believed that the victories were because of Yahweh and therefore the goods received in victory belonged to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

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1ch/19/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 19 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the beginning of the story about the war against the Ammonites. This story continues in the first part of the next chapter.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Insults

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1ch/20/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 20 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter ends the story of the war with Ammon and tells of giants being killed by David's soldiers.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### "When kings normally go to war"
It was advantageous for kings to go to war in the springtime. This was possibly due to the weather being neither too hot nor too cold.
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### "It came about"
This is a phrase used to indicate the next event in a series. It can often be translated as "after," "then" or "next."

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1ch/21/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 21 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Trust
To trust in one's own power instead of God's protection is a sin. David had been trusting God to protect him, but now he counted the men of military age so he could know the strength of his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

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1ch/22/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 22 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter begins a new section lasting for the remainder of the book. David begins preparing the things needed for building the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Solomon
In addition to preparing for the construction of the temple by gathering supplies, David also prepares his son, Solomon, to build the temple. David instructs Solomon to obey God. This is what is most necessary.

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1ch/23/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 23 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The preparation for the construction of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Organizing the Levites
As priests, the Levites had a significant role in the construction of the temple. David organized the Levites according to their families and explained what each group was to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

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1ch/24/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 24 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Arranging the priests
David arranged for the order in which priests would be on duty. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])

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1ch/25/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 25 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Music
The 24 groups who were chosen to play music in the temple cast lots to see in what order they would serve.

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1ch/26/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 26 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Casting lots
The gatekeepers cast lots to see which gate they would guard. Those who took care of the storage also cast lots.

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1ch/27/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 27 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

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1ch/28/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 28 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. David lectured the people and Solomon on what they should do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### David's instructions
David gives instructions to the people because he knows that he will not be there when the temple is built. It was common in the ancient Near East for leaders to give instructions to people before they die in preparation or anticipation of their death.

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1ch/29/intro.md
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# 1 Chronicles 29 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The preparation for the temple is finished in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Offering
David and the people made a free will offering and dedicated it all to God.

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1ch/front/intro.md
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## Part 1: General Introduction
#### Outline of 1 Chronicles
### Outline of 1 Chronicles
1. Lists of descendants (1:1-9:44)
- From Adam to Jacob (1:1–2:2)
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- David prospers (13:1–22:1)
- David prepares for Solomon to build the temple (22:2–29:30)
#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles about?
### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles about?
The Book of 1 Chronicles retells the line of descendants from Adam to Saul. It then gives the history of Israel during the time of David. The Book of 2 Chronicles gives the history of Israel beginning with Solomon. It ends when the Babylonian army attacks Judah and takes some of the people to Babylon. The writers of Chronicles probably wrote these books for the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon. The purpose was to teach the people to avoid disobeying God as their ancestors did.
#### How should the title of this book be translated?
### How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators can use the traditional title "1 Chronicles" or "First Chronicles." You may also call this book "The Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel, Book 1" or "The First Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel."
#### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles?
### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles?
The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles are unknown. They mention that they used other books when writing Chronicles. The names of these other books are "The Chronicles of Samuel the Seer," "The Chronicles of Nathan the Seer," "The Chronicles of Gad the Seer," "The History of Nathan the Prophet," "The Chronicles of Shemaiah the Prophet and Iddo," "The Story of the Prophet Iddo" and "The books of the kings of Judah and Israel."
#### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel?
### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel?
The books of Chronicles and the books of Kings tell much of the same history, but they are not exactly the same. The writers of Chronicles wrote mostly about the kings of Judah who were faithful to Yahweh and his covenant. The writers wanted the Jews to think carefully about David and Solomon. They also wanted the Jews to think about how Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah caused their ancestors to repent and to worship Yahweh. The writers wanted to encourage the Jews and their leaders to obey the law and to honor God's covenant with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
#### Why did God punish the people of Israel?
### Why did God punish the people of Israel?
God punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped false gods. God punished them with disease, disasters, and defeat in battle. However, God forgave them and caused them to prosper again if they repented and obeyed him. The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles continually reminded the readers that God punished his people because they disobeyed. They wanted the readers to understand that they must obey God.
#### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books?
### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books?
Yahweh led and protected the nation of Israel. The people of Israel should have trusted him instead of relying on other nations to protect them.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah.
#### What does it mean to "seek God"?
### What does it mean to "seek God"?
The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles often wrote about "seeking God." To "seek God" means to make an effort to please and honor God. It can also mean to ask God for help. It does not imply that God is hidden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean?
### What does the phrase "to this day" mean?
The writers used the phrase "to this day" to refer to the time when they were writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in 1 Chronicles 4:41, 43; 5:26; 13:11; 20:26; 21:10; 35:25.

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1co/01/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The first three verses are a greeting. In the ancient Near East, this was a common way of starting a letter.
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 19, which is from the Old Testament.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Disunity
In this chapter, Paul scolds the church for being divided and for following different apostles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ In this chapter, Paul scolds the church for being divided and for following diff
##### Spiritual gifts
Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities to help the church. The Holy Spirit gives these gifts to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. Paul lists spiritual gifts in Chapter 12. Some scholars believe the Holy Spirit gave some of these gifts only in the early church to help establish the developing church. Other scholars believe all the gifts of the Spirit are still available to help all Christians throughout the church history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idioms
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In this chapter, Paul refers to the return of Christ using two different phrases
##### Rhetorical questions
Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the Corinthians for dividing into factions and for relying on human wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Stumbling block
A stumbling block is a rock people stumble over. Here it represents the difficulty Jews have in believing that God allowed his Messiah to be crucified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])

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1co/02/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9 and 16. These poetic lines are from the Old Testament.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Wisdom
Paul continues the discussion from the first chapter that contrasts human wisdom and God's wisdom. For Paul, human wisdom can be foolish. He says the wisdom from the Holy Spirit is the only true wisdom. Paul uses the phrase "hidden wisdom" when he refers to previously unknown truths. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])

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1co/03/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verses 19 and 20.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Fleshly people
The Corinthian believers were immature because of their unrighteous actions. He calls them "fleshly," meaning acting as nonbelievers. This term is used in opposition to those who are "spiritual." Christians following their "flesh" are acting foolishly. They are following the wisdom of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor
There are many metaphors in this chapter. Paul uses "little children" and "milk" to illustrate spiritual immaturity. He uses the metaphors of planting and watering to describe the roles he and Apollos played in growing the church in Corinth. Paul uses other metaphors to help teach spiritual truths to the Corinthians and to help them to understand his teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])

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1co/04/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 04 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Pride
Paul contrasts the Corinthians' pride with the apostles' humility. The Corinthian believers had no reason to be proud. All that they had, and all they were, was a gift from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphors
Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. He describes the apostles as servants. Paul speaks of a victory parade where the apostles are the prisoners who will be killed. He uses a rod to stand for punishment. He calls himself their father because he is their "spiritual father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])

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1co/05/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 13.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Euphemisms

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1co/06/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 06 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Lawsuits
Paul teaches that a Christian should not take another Christian to court before a non-Christian judge. It is better to be cheated. Christians will judge the angels. So they should be able to solve problems among themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor
The temple of the Holy Spirit is an important metaphor. It refers to the place where the Holy Spirit stays and is worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])

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1co/07/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Paul begins to answer a series of questions that the Corinthians may have asked him. The first question is about marriage. The second question is about a slave trying to become free, a Gentile becoming a Jew, or a Jew becoming a Gentile.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Divorce
Paul says married Christians should not divorce. A Christian married to an unbeliever should not leave their husband or wife. If the unbelieving husband or wife leaves, this is not a sin. Paul advises that, because of the difficult times and because it is near to the time that Jesus will return, it is good to remain unmarried. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Euphemisms
Paul uses many euphemisms to discreetly refer to sexual relations. This is often a sensitive topic. Many cultures do not wish to speak openly about these matters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]])

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1co/08/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
In Chapters 8-10, Paul answers the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?"
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Meat sacrificed to idols
Paul answers the question about eating meat sacrificed to idols by saying that idols are supposed to be gods but that those gods do not really exist. Therefore nothing is wrong with the meat. Christians are free to eat it. However, someone who does not understand this may see a Christian eating it. They may then be encouraged to eat the meat as an act of worship to the idol.

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1co/09/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 09 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Paul defends himself in this chapter. Some people claimed that he was trying to gain financially from the church.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Earning money from the church
People accused Paul of just wanting money from the church. Paul answered that he rightfully could get money from the church. The Old Testament taught that those who worked should get their living from their work. He and Barnabas purposefully never used this right and earned their own living.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor
Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors teach complex truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Contextualization
This passage is important because Paul "contextualizes" ministering the gospel to different audiences. This means that Paul makes himself and the gospel understandable without his actions hindering the gospel being received. The translator should take extra care to preserve aspects of this "contextualization" if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]])

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1co/10/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Chapters 8-10 together answer the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?"
In this chapter, Paul uses the exodus to warn people not to sin. Then he returns to discussing meat offered to idols. He uses the Lord's Supper as an example. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Exodus
Paul uses the experiences of Israel leaving Egypt and roaming the desert as a warning to the believers. Although the Israelites all followed Moses, God did not allow most of them to enter the Promised Land. Some worshiped an idol, some tested God, and some grumbled. Paul warns Christians not to sin. We can resist temptation because God provides a way of escape. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

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1co/11/intro.md
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# 1 Corinthians 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the beginning of a new section of the letter (Chapters 11-14). Paul now talks about proper church services. In this chapter, he deals with two different problems: women in the church services (verses 1-16) and the Lord's Supper (verses 17-34).
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Proper conduct in a church service
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Paul's instructions here are debated among scholars. There may have been women w
##### The Lord's Supper
There were problems in how the Corinthians were handling the Lord's Supper. They did not act in a unified manner. During the feast celebrated along with the Lord's Supper, some of them ate their own food without sharing. Some of them got drunk while the poor people remained hungry. Paul taught that the believers dishonored Christ's death if they participated in the Lord's Supper while they were sinning or while they were in broken relationships with each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Rhetorical questions

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# 1 Corinthians 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
##### Gifts of the Holy Spirit
This chapter begins a new section. Chapters 12-14 discuss spiritual gifts within the church.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The church, the body of Christ
This is an important metaphor in Scripture. The church has many different parts. Each part has different functions. They combine to make one church. All of the different parts are necessary. Each part is to be concerned for all the other parts, even those that seem less important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit."
In reading the Old Testament, the Jews would have substituted the word "Lord" for the word "Yahweh." This sentence probably means that no one can say that Jesus is Yahweh, God in the flesh, without the Holy Spirit's influence drawing them to accept this truth. If this statement is translated poorly, it can have unintended theological consequences.

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# 1 Corinthians 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Paul seems to interrupt his teaching about spiritual gifts to speak about love.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Love
Love is the most important characteristic of the believer. This chapter fully describes love. Paul tells why love is more important than the gifts of the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor

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# 1 Corinthians 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
In this chapter, Paul returns to discussing spiritual gifts.
Some translations set what is quoted from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the words of verse 21.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Tongues

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# 1 Corinthians 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
##### Resurrection
This chapter includes a very important teaching about the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek people did not believe that people could live after they died. Paul defends the resurrection of Jesus. He teaches why it is important to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Resurrection
Paul presents the resurrection as the ultimate proof that Jesus is God. Christ is the first of many whom God will raise to life. The resurrection is central to the gospel. Few doctrines are as important as this one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
Paul uses many different figures of speech in this chapter. He uses them to express difficult theological teachings in a way that people can understand.

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# 1 Corinthians 16 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Paul briefly covers many topics in this chapter. It was common in the ancient Near East for the last part of letters to have personal greetings.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Preparation for his coming

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## Part 1: General Introduction
#### Outline of the Book of 1 Corinthians
### Outline of the Book of 1 Corinthians
1. Divisions in the church (1:10-4:21)
1. Moral sins and irregularities (5:1-13)
@ -17,33 +17,33 @@
1. The resurrection of believers and the resurrection of Christ (15:1-58)
1. Closing: the contribution for Christians in Jerusalem, requests, and personal greetings (16:1-24)
#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Corinthians?
### Who wrote the Book of 1 Corinthians?
Paul wrote 1 Corinthians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
Paul started the church that met in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter.
#### What is the Book of 1 Corinthians about?
### What is the Book of 1 Corinthians about?
1 Corinthians is a letter that Paul wrote to the believers who were in the city of Corinth. Paul had heard that there were problems among the believers there. They were arguing with each other. Some of them did not understand some of the Christian teachings. And some of them were behaving badly. In this letter, Paul responded to them and encouraged them to live in a way that pleased God.
#### How should the title of this book be translated?
### How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "First Corinthians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to the Church in Corinth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
#### What was the city of Corinth like?
### What was the city of Corinth like?
Corinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes.
#### What was the problem with meat sacrificed to idols?
### What was the problem with meat sacrificed to idols?
Many animals were slaughtered and sacrificed to the false gods in Corinth. Priests and worshipers kept some of the meat. Much of the meat was sold in markets. Many Christians disagreed with each other over whether it was right for them to eat this meat, because it had been dedicated to a false god. Paul writes about this problem in 1 Corinthians.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 1 Corinthians in the ULB?
### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 1 Corinthians in the ULB?
The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, 1 Corinthians ULB uses the following principles:
@ -53,17 +53,17 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea
The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.
#### What is the meaning of "flesh?"
### What is the meaning of "flesh?"
Paul frequently used the terms "flesh" or "fleshly" to refer to Christians who did sinful things. However, it is not the physical world that is evil. Paul also described Christians who lived in a righteous way as "spiritual." This is because they did what the Holy Spirit taught them to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?
### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.?
This kind of expression occurs in 1:2, 30, 31; 3:1; 4:10, 15, 17; 6:11, 19; 7:22; 9:1, 2; 11:11, 25; 12:3, 9, 13, 18, 25; 14:16; 15:18, 19, 22, 31, 58; 16:19, 24. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "those who have been dedicated in Christ Jesus" (1:2), where Paul specifically meant that Christian believers have been dedicated to Christ.
Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.
#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Corinthians?
### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Corinthians?
For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. Translators are advised to follow the modern versions of the Bible. However, if in the translators' region there are Bibles that read according to older versions of the Bible, the translators can follow those. If so, these verses should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to 1 Corinthians.

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# 1 John 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is a letter that John wrote to Christians.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Christians and sin
In this chapter John teaches that all Christians are still sinners. But God continues to forgive a Christian's sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphors

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# 1 John 02 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Antichrist
In this chapter John writes about both a specific antichrist and many antichrists. The word "antichrist" means "opposed to Christ." The antichrist is a person who will come in the last days and imitate Jesus's work, but he will do it for evil. Before this person comes, there will be many people who work against Christ; they too are called "antichrists." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor

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# 1 John 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Children of God
God created all people, but people can only become children of God by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ God created all people, but people can only become children of God by believing
##### Cain
Cain was a son of the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. He was jealous of his brother and murdered him. Readers may not know who Cain was if they have not read Genesis. It may help them if you explain this to them.
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### "To know"
The verb "to know" is used in two different ways in this chapter. Sometimes it is used about knowing a fact, as in 3:2, 3:5, and 3:19. Sometimes it means to experience and understand someone or something, as in 3:1, 3:6, 3:16, and 3:20. Some languages have different words for these different meanings.

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# 1 John 04 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Spirit
This word "spirit" is used in different ways in this chapter. Sometimes the word "spirit" refers to spiritual beings. Sometimes it refers to the character of something. For example "the spirit of the antichrist," "the spirit of truth," and "the spirit of error" refer to what is typical of the antichrist, truth, and error. "The Spirit" (written with a capital "S") and "the Spirit of God" refer to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Loving God
If people love God, they should show it in the way they live and the way they treat other people. Doing this may assure us that God has saved us and that we belong to him, but loving others does not save us. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

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# 1 John 05 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Children born from God
When people believe in Jesus, God makes them his children and gives them eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When people believe in Jesus, God makes them his children and gives them eternal
##### Christian living
People who believe in Jesus should obey God's commands and love his children.
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### A sin that results in death
This seems to refer to behaviors that will result in a person experiencing spiritual death, that is, to be separated from God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])

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## Part 1: General Introduction
#### Outline of the Book of 1 John
### Outline of the Book of 1 John
1. Introduction (1:1-4)
1. Christian living (1:5-3:10)
1. The command to love one another (3:11-5:12)
1. Conclusion (5:13-21)
#### Who wrote the Book of 1 John?
### Who wrote the Book of 1 John?
This book does not name the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the Apostle John was the author. He also wrote of the Gospel of John.
#### What is the Book of 1 John about?
### What is the Book of 1 John about?
John wrote this letter to Christians at a time when false teachers were troubling them. John wrote this letter because he wanted to prevent believers from sinning. He wanted to protect believers from false teachings. And he wanted to assure believers that they were saved.
#### How should the title of this book be translated?
### How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 John" or "First John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter From John" or "The First Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
#### Who were the people that John spoke against?
### Who were the people that John spoke against?
The people John spoke against were possibly those who would become known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since they believed Jesus was divine, they denied that he was truly human. This is because they thought God would not become human since the physical body is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in 1 John?
### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in 1 John?
John often used the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" as metaphors. John spoke of a believer becoming more faithful to Jesus and knowing Jesus better as if Jesus's word "remained" in the believer. Also, John spoke of someone being spiritually joined to someone else as if the person "remained" in the other person. Christians are said to "remain" in Christ and in God. The Father is said to "remain" in the Son, and the Son is said to "remain" in the Father. The Son is said to "remain" in believers. The Holy Spirit is also said to "remain" in the believers.
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Many translators will find it impossible to represent these ideas in their langu
In the passage "the word of God remains in you" (1 John 2:14), the UDB expresses this idea as "you are living by the commands of the word of God." Many translators will find it possible to use this translation as a model.
#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 John?
### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 John?
For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.

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# 1 Kings 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
1 Kings is a continuation of 2 Samuel.
This chapter records the beginning of the reign of Solomon (chapters 1-11) after the death of David.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The next king
David did not announce who was to succeed him. Because of this, there was fighting between David's sons over who should be king. Adonijah invited guests to a banquet and declared himself king. Then those favoring Solomon told David and he declared Solomon the new king.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idiom
Several times in this chapter, the people use the idiom "sit on the throne" to mean "be king." Solomon assures Adonijah that if he behaves himself "not a hair of his will fall to the earth," meaning "he will not be harmed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])

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# 1 Kings 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter has two stories: David's last advice to Solomon and Solomon's punishment of those who supported Adonijah and also Shimei, who had cursed David when David was fleeing from Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Exalting oneself
Exalting oneself can lead to disaster as when Adonijah made himself king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Euphemism
David spoke of his impending death using a euphemism: "I am going the way of all the earth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Parallelism

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# 1 Kings 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter has two stories. Verses 1-15 is the story of Solomon's dream when God asked him what he wanted and he said he needed wisdom to be a good and fair ruler. Verses 16-28 is the story of a court case showing Solomon's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Wisdom

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# 1 Kings 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter names the important people in Solomon's government and shows the extent of his kingdom.
## Links:

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# 1 Kings 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the beginning of the description of the building of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Building the temple
Building the temple took a lot of work and cooperation. King Hiram of Tyre provided lumber for building the temple in exchange for wheat and olive oil. Solomon also had many people cutting rocks for the walls of the temple.

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# 1 Kings 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Building the temple
Solomon built the temple in seven years. The outside walls were made of rock. Solomon shaped the rocks for the wall in the quarry and then assembled them at the temple site. The inside was covered with wood. Inside the temple was a room covered by gold, which was the Most Holy Place where the ark was housed under statues of angels. It represented the presence of God.

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# 1 Kings 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter has a description of the palace Solomon built and the materials used in the temple courtyard. It is the last chapter about the building of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Bronze
Solomon hired a man from Tyre who was good at casting things out of bronze. The bronze objects were made by hollowing out the shape of the object in clay and then pouring in the hot melted liquid bronze and letting it cool. He made two large pillars and a large water reservoir set on the backs of 12 bronze cows. He made all the instruments for use in the sacrifices outside the temple. He made the furnishing inside the temple out of gold.

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# 1 Kings 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The ark is placed in the new temple. This is a very significant event in the history of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Celebration of the temple's completion
When the temple was finished, Solomon told all of the people to come to Jerusalem. They took the ark out of the tent and brought it to the temple. Then Solomon prayed that God would hear and answer prayers made to him when they faced towards the temple.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idiom
Solomon prayed that God would respond to people's prayers using an idiom: "that your eyes may be open to the request of your servant." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])

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# 1 Kings 09 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
There are two parts to this chapter. Verses 1–9 is a dream in which God warned Solomon that he and his descendants were not to worship idols. If they did this, the temple would be destroyed. Verses 10–28 is about Solomon's extensive building and his partnership with Hiram, king of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Worship only Yahweh
Yahweh alone must be worshiped. It is necessary for people to stay faithful to God and not worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor
'Walk" is a common image in Scripture. It is said, "if you walk before me as David your father walked." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/walk]])

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# 1 Kings 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
There are two parts to this chapter: The fame of Solomon's wisdom and the wealth of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
==Queen of Sheba ==
King Solomon became so famous for his wisdom that the queen of Sheba (modern day Yemen) came all the way to see him and was deeply impressed. God promised him great wealth and he became famously rich. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

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# 1 Kings 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the end of the story of Solomon. (Chapters 1-11)
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Intermarriage with Gentiles
God had told the people of Israel in Moses's law never to marry women from the Gentile nations. But Solomon married many women from Gentile countries. This was because their religious beliefs would negatively affect Israel. Solomon, the wisest man, became a fool and his wives persuaded him to worship foolish idols. God became angry and warned he would take away 10 tribes from the kingdom of his son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])

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# 1 Kings 12 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
##### Civil war
This chapter explains how the united kingdom of Israel was split into the two kingdoms: Israel and Judah. This is sometimes called a "civil war."
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Israel splits
God's warning to Solomon came true. In spite of his famous wealth, Solomon had over-taxed his own people and forced them to work for free. When the people requested that King Rehoboam reduce taxes and forced labor, he said that he would be harsher than his father. This caused the 10 northern tribes to revolt and appoint Jeroboam as their king. These northern tribes are now called the kingdom of Israel. Only Judah and Benjamin stayed with Rehoboam. They are called Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]])
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ God's warning to Solomon came true. In spite of his famous wealth, Solomon had o
##### Jeroboam introduces calf worship
Jeroboam made a terrible mistake. He was afraid that if the people continued to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple, they would want to return to Rehoboam as their king. So he made two shrines with calves made of gold for the people to worship. This eventually caused the destruction of his whole family. The kingdom of Israel continued worshiping the idols until they were taken slaves by the Assyrians. The northern tribes were unable to truly worship Yahweh without going to Jerusalem in the kingdom of Judah.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor
The people used the metaphor of "yoke" for oppressive government: "Your father made our yoke difficult. Now then, make your father's hard work easier, and lighten the heavy yoke that he put on us." But Rehoboam promised to increase their oppression with three metaphors: "My little finger is thicker than my father's waist. So now, although my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke. My father punished you with whips, but I will punish you with scorpions." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

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# 1 Kings 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter has two parts: The young prophet's warning to Jeroboam (1-10) and the old prophet's deception (11-34). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Obeying God
People should do what God tells them to do and not what other people tell them is God's will for them. The story of the young prophet and the old prophet is an example of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]])

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# 1 Kings 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter has two stories. One is the death of Jeroboam's son (1-18). The other is the reign of Rehoboam (20-31) .
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The death of Jeroboam's son
God knows the truth; it is useless to try to fool God's prophet. Jeroboam's son became sick; so the king sent his wife, disguised as a common woman, to the prophet. The prophet was blind, but when Jeroboam's wife arrived he told her, "Come in, wife of Jeroboam." He also told her that her son would die and that all of Jeroboam's family would be killed, because he had caused Israel to worship the golden calves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

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# 1 Kings 15 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
Judah had some bad kings and some good kings. All of the kings in Israel continued to worship the golden calves, so they were all considered to be bad. Judah and Israel continually fought each other.
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### "But the shrines were not taken away."
At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign, it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

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# 1 Kings 16 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Incorrect worship
The prophet Jehu warned Baasha, king of Israel, that God would destroy his family for worshiping the idols. But Baasha did not change his ways; so Zimri murdered Baasha's son and all his relatives. Then Omri killed Zimri. Omri's son Ahab brought in the rain god Baal and his wife, the fertility goddess Ashtoreth, as the official religion of Israel. This was very evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

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# 1 Kings 17 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the beginning of the story of Elijah. (1 Kings 17 – 2 Kings 2)
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Baal worship
Ahab had introduced the worship of Baal, the god people thought brought rain, to Israel. Because of this, God caused a drought. Elijah told Ahab that it would not rain or dew until he, Elijah, said so. Elijah had to hide so Ahab would not kill him for bringing the drought. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

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# 1 Kings 18 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The story of Elijah continues in this chapter.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Baal
God proved himself to all the people of Israel. Elijah went to meet Ahab. He told Ahab to bring the 450 prophets of Baal and all the people to Mount Carmel. Then he proposed an experiment, which was carried out. The prophets of Baal took one bull, killed it, cut it up, and placed it on wood on an altar without lighting the fire. The prophets of Baal danced and prayed to Baal all morning and half the afternoon. After they were exhausted, Elijah built his altar, put the bull he had prepared on it, and drenched it with water. Then he prayed. God answered his prayer with fire that burned up the sacrifice, the altar and the water. Then Elijah told the people to seize the prophets of Baal and kill them. After that, Elijah prayed for rain, and it rained very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Humor
Elijah insults the false god Baal. He states, "Perhaps he is thinking, or is relieving himself, or he is traveling on a journey, or perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened." Baal was too busy in the bathroom to answer the prophets. "Relieving himself" is a euphemism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]])

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# 1 Kings 19 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The story of Elijah continues in this chapter.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
The queen was angry that Elijah had killed her prophets of Baal. She promised to kill Elijah. Elijah fled south into the desert south of Judah. He traveled on to Mount Horeb also known as Mount Sinai, the mountain of God. God asked him why he was there. He said he had come to Mount Horeb because Israel had deserted God, killed his prophets, and wanted to kill him. God sent him home to make Hazael the king of Aram, Jehu the king of Israel, and Elisha as the prophet in his place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

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# 1 Kings 20 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is a story of two battles between Aram and Israel.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Battle
God had chosen to defeat Ben Hadad, king of Aram. So when he attacked Samaria with a huge army, the tiny army of Israel defeated him. The people of Aram said that Yahweh was the god of the hills, but they could defeat Israel on the plains. So they came again but Israel defeated them again. Then Ben Hadad offered a peace plan and Ahab accepted. But God had wanted him to kill Ben Hadad and was angry at Ahab for making peace with him.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Simile
There were so few Israel soldiers that they were "like two little flocks of goats." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])

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# 1 Kings 21 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The story of Elijah continues in this chapter.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
God hates oppression but is forgiving to people who are sorry for their sins. Ahab wanted Naboth's vineyard to make into a garden for his palace, but Naboth refused to sell it. So the queen, Ahab's wife, told the civic leaders of Naboth's town to falsely accuse him and execute him. Elijah told Ahab that he would be killed in Naboth's vineyard and all his family destroyed. Ahab repented and showed he was very sorry for what he did, so God said it would not happen to Ahab himself but to his son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

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# 1 Kings 22 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the end of the story of Ahab and a continuation of the story of Elijah as he had predicted Ahab's death and the dogs licking his blood.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
When God has decided a person will die, then they cannot avoid death. Ahab persuaded Jehoshaphat, king of Judah to help him in a battle against the army of Aram. Ahab's false prophets all told him to go because he would be successful. But a randomly shot arrow hit him and he bled to death. They washed his chariot at the pool and the dogs licked up his blood, just as Elijah had said they would. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### "However, the shrines were still not taken away. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense at the shrines."
At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

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## Part 1: General Introduction
#### Outline of 1 Kings
### Outline of 1 Kings
1. David dies and Solomon begins to reign (1:1-2:46)
1. Solomon reigns (3:1–11:43)
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
- Jehoshaphat in Judah (22:41–50)
- Ahaziah in Israel (22:51–53)
#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about?
### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about?
These books are about what happened to the people of Israel, from the time of King Solomon to the time both the northern and southern kingdoms were destroyed. These books describe how Israel split into two kingdoms after Solomon died. It also tells about all the kings that ruled over each kingdom after Solomon died.
@ -33,31 +33,31 @@ In the southern kingdom, some kings did what Yahweh judged to be right. For exam
The Assyrians destroyed the northern kingdom in 722 B.C. The Babylonians destroyed the southern kingdom in 586 B.C.
#### How should the title of this book be translated?
### How should the title of this book be translated?
The Books of 1 and 2 Kings were originally one book in Hebrew. They were separated into two books when translated into Greek. Translators might choose more meaningful titles such as "The First Book about the Kings" and "The Second Book about the Kings." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
#### What was the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings?
### What was the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings?
These books were probably finished during the exile, after the Babylonians had destroyed the temple. They show how being faithful to Yahweh results in his blessing and prospering his people. Worshipping idols and not being faithful result in their being punished and destroyed.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
#### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly?
### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly?
In the Bible, people often referred to themselves as "your servant" when speaking to anyone in a superior position to themselves. Indirectly addressing people in this way was intended to honor the one addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" in this way. But a translator should use whatever expressions that are natural in the project language in order to honor someone in a superior position.
#### What does the king "did what was right (or evil) in the eyes of Yahweh" mean?
### What does the king "did what was right (or evil) in the eyes of Yahweh" mean?
The writer repeats this kind of expression throughout the Books of 1 and 2 Kings. Here "in the eyes of Yahweh" represents what Yahweh thinks about someone. If a king was faithful and obeyed the covenant, he did what was right according to Yahweh. If he was not faithful and disobeyed the covenant, he did what was evil according to Yahweh.
#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])
#### Can I translate the Book of 1 Kings before I translate the Books of 1 and 2 Samuel?
### Can I translate the Book of 1 Kings before I translate the Books of 1 and 2 Samuel?
The Books of 1 and 2 Samuel should be translated before 1 Kings, since 1 Kings continues from where 2 Samuel ends.

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# 1 Peter 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### What God reveals
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bib
Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### Paradox

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# 1 Peter 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Stones
Peter uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Milk and babies

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# 1 Peter 03 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### "Outward ornaments"
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are
Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metaphor

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# 1 Peter 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Ungodly Gentiles
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not
##### Martyrdom
It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
##### "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those"

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# 1 Peter 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Crowns
The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Lion

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## Part 1: General Introduction
#### Outline of 1 Peter
### Outline of 1 Peter
1. Introduction (1:1-2)
1. Praise for God's salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)
@ -11,31 +11,31 @@
1. Closing (5:12-14)
#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?
### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?
The Book of 1 Peter was written by the apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.
#### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?
### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?
Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of "encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God" (5:12).
He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they were suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus would return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.
#### How should the title of this book be translated?
### How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title "1 Peter" or "First Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter from Peter" or "The First Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
#### How were Christians treated in Rome?
### How were Christians treated in Rome?
Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of "Babylon" (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
#### Singular and plural "you"
### Singular and plural "you"
In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter, except in two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]])
#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?
### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?
* "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart" (1:22). The ULB and most other modern translations read this way. Some older translations read, "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart."

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# 1 Samuel 01 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 which tells about Samuel, the religious leader of Israel.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Two wives
This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of M
##### "Pay his vow"
It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying one's vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idioms

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# 1 Samuel 02 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with Hannah's poetic prayer in 2:1-10 .
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Hannah's song of praise to God
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This song is about how God protects the weak and strengthens them. He humbles th
Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually sinned and did not honor God. Eli corrected them but they did not listen. A prophet warned Eli that God would stop his family from being priests and his sons would both die on the same day. At the same time, Samuel was growing up and serving God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
This chapter has many figures of speech because the first part of the chapter is a song and the last part of the chapter is a prophecy. Songs and prophecy tend to have many figures of speech.

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# 1 Samuel 03 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### God speaks to Samuel
God spoke at night to Samuel when he was a small boy, telling him that he would punish Eli's family. As Samuel grew up, God gave him many messages. People came from all over Israel to find out what God had to say.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Metonymy

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# 1 Samuel 04 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
##### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country
This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The Ark is captured
The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israel's army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Eli's sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Eli's two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby "the glory has departed."
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Rhetorical Question

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# 1 Samuel 05 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
The story of the Ark of the Covenant in Philistia continues.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The Ark in the Philistine Cities
The Philistines took the Ark of God to Ashdod and put it in their idol temple, but their idol fell down in front of the Ark and the people got sick with bubonic plague. They took it to Gath next, and the people of Gath began dying of the plague. When they took the Ark to Ekron, the people of Ekron were afraid of it too and did not want it there. Finally they decided to send it back to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idioms

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# 1 Samuel 06 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter ends the story of the Ark of the Covenant among the Philistines.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel

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# 1 Samuel 07 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again
Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idioms

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# 1 Samuel 08 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
##### Saul and Samuel
The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The people want a king

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# 1 Samuel 09 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king
When the donkeys of Saul's father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Rhetorical questions

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# 1 Samuel 10 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the first chapter about King Saul.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Saul as the New King
Samuel told Saul that God had chosen him to be king, and on the way home he would meet some prophets. Saul would then begin prophesying and God would give him the Holy Spirit to help him to know what to do. Samuel told everyone to come to Mizpah where he announced that God had chosen Saul to be their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Rhetorical questions

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# 1 Samuel 11 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead
Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idioms

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# 1 Samuel 12 General Notes
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Samuel's farewell address
This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
It is common in Scripture to use Israel's history to show how faithful God has been. This gives the readers evidence to trust in Yahweh in their current situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

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# 1 Samuel 13 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathan's victory over the Philistines.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### Preparation for the battle
Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Saul's army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Hyperbole

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# 1 Samuel 14 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter completes the story of Jonathan's victory over the Philistines.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### The battle against the Philistines
Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the hill. He said God could use a few people just as easily as he could use many people to win his battles. He and his armor bearer started killing the Philistines, and suddenly the Philistines began fighting each other or running away. The rest of Israel, who had hidden, came and chased the Philistines. Even though Israel had a king, God was still in control of the nation of Israel.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Special reference

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# 1 Samuel 15 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15).
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### God wants total obedience
Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed God's command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king.
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Idiom
"He has turned back from following me" is an idiom meaning "he has stopped obeying me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])

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# 1 Samuel 16 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
##### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David
Chapter 16 establishes God's choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### David chosen to be the next king
Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected David's older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Rhetorical Question
God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept God's decision: "How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?" It was wrong to mourn because it was God's punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])

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# 1 Samuel 17 General Notes
#### Structure and formatting
### Structure and formatting
This chapter introduced David as a soldier, a skill that will be important for the rest of his life.
#### Special concepts in this chapter
### Special concepts in this chapter
##### David kills Goliath
Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equipment. David, trusting in the Lord and armed only with a sling, defeats Goliath who is well-armed and physically strong but who did not believe in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equip
The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
##### Rhetorical questions
David uses rhetorical questions to state his desire to fight the giant: "What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])

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