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Issue 30 "Examples of Translation Strategies Applied" Formatting. Thru figs-litotes
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@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
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* <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
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* **Your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
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* Your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
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1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is additional information.
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* **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u>. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULB)
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* You are my Son. <u>I love you</u> and I am pleased with you.
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@ -33,17 +33,12 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Translate only one of the phrase.
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* **... he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself ... (1 Kings 2:32 ULB)** (Daniel 2:9 ULB)
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* ... he attacked two men who were <u>more righteous than himself ...
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1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many."
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* **... King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u> ...** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
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* ... King David was <u>very old</u> ...
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1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that.
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* **... a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB)
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* ... a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> ...
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@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ If the euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
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* Mary said to the angel, "How will this happen, since <u>I have not lain with any man</u>?"
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* Mary said to the angel, "How will this happen, since <u>I have not been intimate with any man</u>?"
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* Mary said to the angel, "How will this happen, since <u>I have not been with any man</u>?"
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1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
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* **... they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB)
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* ... they found Saul and his sons <u>dead</u> on Mount Gilboa.
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@ -35,11 +35,9 @@ Readers might think that the events happened in the order that they are told. It
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* ... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now <u>before John was put in prison,</u> when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized....
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* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB)
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* Who is worthy to open the scroll <u>after</u> breaking its seals?
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1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
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* **<sup>8</sup>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... <sup>10</sup>But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
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* <sup>8</sup>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup>But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout.
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1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
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* **<sup>8</sup>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... <sup>10</sup>But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
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* <sup>8-10</sup>Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets....
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@ -56,22 +56,18 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo
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* You <u>are</u> such a worthless person!
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* **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULB)
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* Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God <u>are</u> so deep!
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1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling.
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* **They were extremely astonished, saying, "He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."** (Mark 7:37 ULB)
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* They were extremely astonished, saying, "<u>Wow</u>! He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."
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* **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
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* __Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
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1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
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* **<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
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* Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u>? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"
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* <u>Help</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
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1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
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* **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULB)
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* His judgements are <u>so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u>far</u> beyond discovering!
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1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
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* **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
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* Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>Gideon was terrified</u> and said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face! (Judges 6:22 ULB)
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@ -61,11 +61,9 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
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1. If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using "like" or "as." It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two.
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* **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. He makes <u>me</u> to lie down in green pastures; <u>he leads me</u> beside tranquil water.** (Psalm 23:1-2 ULB)
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* Yahweh is <u>like</u> a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing. <u>Like</u> a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters, Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.
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1. If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
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* **My well beloved had a <u>vineyard</u> on a very fertile hill. He <u>spaded</u> it, removed the stones, and planted it with an <u>excellent kind of vine</u>. He built <u>a tower</u> in the middle of it, and also built a <u>winepress</u>. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it only produced <u>wild grapes</u>.** (Isaiah 5:1-2 ULB)
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* My well beloved had a <u>grapevine garden</u> on a very fertile hill. He <u>dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u>the best grapevines</u>. He built a <u>watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u>a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u>. He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u>."
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1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
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* **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
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* Yahweh <u>cares for me</u> like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.
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@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the full messa
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* But it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you.
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* **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB)
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* Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual to make them ritually clean</u> when they eat.
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1. If readers cannot understand the implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
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* **Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULB)
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* Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u>, have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u>."
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@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target
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* **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
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* Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it</u>.
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* Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to set it on fire</u>.
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* **The centurion answered and said, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."** (Matthew 8:8 ULB)
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* The centurion <u>answered</u>, "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof."
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@ -46,11 +46,9 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and
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* Wise <u>people</u> die just like fools die.
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* **For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are <u>sons</u> of God.** (Proverbs 10:1 ULB)
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* For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are <u>children</u> of God.
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1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
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* **For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8)
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* For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8)
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1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
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* **If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u>, take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB)
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* If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u>, take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me.
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@ -35,19 +35,15 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or th
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1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase.
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* **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULB)
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* Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u>, but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u>. (Proverbs 12:2)
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1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase.
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>a man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...
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1. Use the word "any, as in "any person" or "anyone."
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>any man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...
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1. Use the plural form, as in "people" (or in this sentence, "men").
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>men</u> who refuse to sell them grain ...
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1. Use any other way that is natural in your language.
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>whoever</u> refuses to sell them grain ...
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@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your
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1. Use the word "go," "come," "take," or "bring" that would be natural in your language.
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* **But you will be free from my oath if you <u>come</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULB)
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* But you will be free from my oath if you <u>go</u> to my relatives and they will not give her to you.
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1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
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* **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB)
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* When you have <u>arrived</u> at the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...
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@ -43,17 +43,14 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
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* ... for I will give you <u>wise words</u> ...
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* **... who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
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* ... who calls you to <u>his own glorious kingdom</u>.
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1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
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* **... for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u> ...** (Luke 21:15 ULB)
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* ... for I will give you <u>words of wisdom</u> ...
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* **... who calls you into <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
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* ... who calls you to <u>his own kingdom of glory</u>.
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1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
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* **If you are <u>willing</u> and <u>obedient</u> ...** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB)
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* If you are <u>willingly obedient</u> ...
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1. Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other.
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* **If you are, <u>willing and obedient</u>** (Isaiah 1:19 ULB) - The adjective "obedient" can be substituted with the verb "obey."
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* If you <u>obey willingly</u>
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@ -75,18 +75,15 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
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1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
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* **... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB)
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* ... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u>a great number of troops</u>.
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1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like "in general" or "in most cases."
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* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB)
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* <u>In general,</u> the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...
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* **When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7)
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* When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles <u>generally</u> do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.
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1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact.
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* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB)
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* <u>Almost all</u> the country of Judea and <u>almost all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him."
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* <u>Most</u> of the country of Judea and <u>most</u> of the people of Jerusalem went out to him."
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1. For a generalization that has a word like "all," always," "none," or "never," consider deleting that word.
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* **The <u>whole</u> country of Judea and <u>all</u> the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULB)
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* The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.
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@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
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* But when the young man began to think clearly
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* **... he ... <u>threw himself</u> into the sea.** (John 21:7 ULB)
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* ... he <u>dived</u> into the sea.
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1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
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* **Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u> ...** (Luke 9:44 ULB)
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* <u>Be all ears</u> when I say these words to you ...
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@ -60,12 +60,10 @@ In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his w
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* God said, "<u>There is now light</u>" and there was light.
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* **God blessed them and said to them, "<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
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* God blessed them and said to them, "<u>My will for you is that you be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>I want you to have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."
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1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
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* **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:28 ULB)
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* God said, 'Let there be light,' <u>so</u> there was light.
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* God said, "Light must be;" <u>as a result</u>, there was light.
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1. If a command in the ULB functions as a condition, and people would not use a command that way, translate it as a condition with the words "if" and "then."
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* **Teach a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULB)
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* <u>If</u> you teach a child the way he should go, <u>then</u> when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.
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@ -41,15 +41,12 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
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* <u>You act like it is good to reject God's commandment</u> so you may keep your tradition!
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* **I did not come to call <u>righteous people</u>, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32)
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* I did not come to call <u>people who think that they are righteous</u>, but to call sinners to repentance.
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1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
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* **<u>How well</u> you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB)
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* <u>You are doing a terrible thing</u> when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!
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* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u>, so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations</u>, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB)
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* "Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "<u>Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen</u> so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because <u>they cannot speak</u> to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled."
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1. Translate it in a way that shows the speaker's feelings about the situation.
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* **<u>How well you reject</u> the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB)
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* <u>How dare you reject</u> the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!
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