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Fixes for blank lines around headers
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Jesse Griffin
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@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ In metonymy, a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of s
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) for a list of some common metonymies in the Bible"
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### Cultural Models
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Cultural models are mental pictures of parts of life or behavior. These pictures help us imagine and talk about these things. For example, Americans often think of many things, including marriage and friendship, as if they were machines. Americans might say, "His marriage is breaking down," or "Their friendship is going full speed ahead."
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The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep. This is a cultural model.
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@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep
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Some of the cultural models in the Bible were used much by the cultures in the Ancient Near East, and not only by the Israelites.
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3) for a list of cultural models in the Bible."
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"see [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3) for a list of cultural models in the Bible."
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@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
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#### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
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>My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains; (Jeremiah 50:6 ULB)
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<blockquote>He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) </blockquote>
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@ -87,4 +88,4 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
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>then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULB)
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<blockquote>See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) </blockquote>
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<blockquote>See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULB) </blockquote>
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does appear.
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#### A FARMER represents God, and the VINEYARD represents his chosen people
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> My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.
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> He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.
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> He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
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@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all
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> There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULB)
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#### The GROUND represents people's hearts (inner being)
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> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: 'Plow your own ground,
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> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULB)
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@ -22,12 +23,14 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all
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> for it is time to seek Yahweh.... (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
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#### SOWING represents actions or attitudes, and REAPING represents judgment or reward
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> Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity
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> and sow trouble reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULB)
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> Do not be deceived. God is not mocked. Whatever a man plants, that is what he will also harvest. For he who sows seed to his own sinful nature will harvest destruction, but he who sows seed to the Spirit, will harvest eternal life from the Spirit. (Galatians 6:7-8 ULB)
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#### THRESHING and WINNOWING represent the separation of evil people from good people
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After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _threshing floor_, a flat place with hard ground, and have oxen pull heavy wheeled carts or sleds without wheels over the grain to _thresh_ it, to separate the usable grains from the useless chaff. Then they take large forks and _winnow_ the threshed grain by throwing it up in the air so the wind can carry off the chaff while the grains fall back to the threshing floor, where they can be gathered and used for food. (see *thresh* and *winnow* pages in [translationWords](https://unfoldingword.org/en/?resource=translation-words) for help translating "thresh" and "winnow")
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> So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULB)
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@ -36,13 +39,14 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre
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<blockquote> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULB)</blockquote>
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#### GRAFTING represents God's allowing the Gentiles to become his people
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> For if you were cut out of what is by nature a wild olive tree, and contrary to nature were grafted into a good olive tree, how much more will these Jews, who are the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree? For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, of this mystery, in order that you will not be wise in your own thinking. This mystery is that a partial hardening has occurred in Israel, until the completion of the Gentiles come in. (Romans 11:24-25 ULB)
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#### RAIN represents God's gifts to his people
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> ...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
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> ...he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULB)
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<blockquote>For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)</blockquote>
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> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB)
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> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB)
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@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
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Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed below in alphabetical order. The word in all capital letters represents an idea. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does.
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#### The BODY represents a group of people
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> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULB)
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<blockquote>Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULB) </blockquote>
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@ -144,6 +145,6 @@ Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
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Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
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### Translation Strategies
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(see the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md))
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(see the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md))
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@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
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#### The eye is modeled as a LAMP
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Variations of this model and the model of the EVIL EYE are found in many parts of the world. In most of the cultures represented in the Bible, these models included the following elements:
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People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light that shines from their eyes onto those objects.
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@ -180,6 +179,7 @@ In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
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>my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULB)
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#### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
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When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
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>This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u>. (Numbers 33:4 ULB)
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@ -188,7 +188,6 @@ When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nat
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>The servants of the king of Aram said to him, "<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u>. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they." (1 Kings 20:23 ULB)
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#### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
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The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties or the lack of difficulties in life.
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@ -224,4 +223,4 @@ Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
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>Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>." Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, "I am willing. Be clean." Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULB)
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An "unclean spirit" is an evil spirit.
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>When an <u>unclean spirit</u> has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULB)
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>When an <u>unclean spirit</u> has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULB)
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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### Description
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Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this:
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**Peter painted his house yesterday.**
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@ -14,9 +14,11 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking o
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<u>Heaven and earth</u> is a merism that includes everything that exists.
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#### Reason this is a translation issue
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Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that the phrase only applies to the items mentioned. They may not realize that it refers to those two things and everything in between.
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### Examples from the Bible
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><u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULB)
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This underlined phrase is a merism because it speaks of the east and the west and everywhere in between. It means "everywhere."
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@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
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### Description
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The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen. It is also called the prophetic perfect.
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> Therefore my people have gone into captivity for lack of understanding;
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@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ The predictive past is a figure of speech that uses the past tense to refer to t
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In the example above, the people of Israel had not yet gone into captivity, but God spoke of their going into captivity as if it had already happened because he had decided that they certainly would go into captivity.
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#### Reason this is a translation issue:
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Readers who are not aware of the past tense being used in prophecy to refer to future events may find it confusing.
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### Examples from the Bible
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@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
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### A translator is like a hunter
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A translator is like a hunter, who must aim his gun at an animal if he wants to hit it. He must know the kind of animal he is hunting, because a hunter does not shoot birds with the same kind of bullets that he would use to kill an antelope, for example.
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It is the same when we speak to other people. We do not speak to young children with exactly the same words that we would say to an adult. Neither do we speak to our friends in exactly the same way we would speak to the president or ruler of our country.
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@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ In addition, languages are like trees that grow new leaves and lose old ones: ne
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For these reasons, Bible translators must decide who are the people that they will aim their translation at. Here are their choices:
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#### Aim to the Future
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Translators can aim their translation at young mothers and their children who speak the target language, because these people represent the future of their language. If translators work in this way, they will avoid using old words that the younger people are not learning. Instead, they will use ordinary, everyday words as much as possible. In addition, such translators will follow these other rules:
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1. They do not try to transliterate common Bible words from other languages into the target language. For example, this means that they will not try to transform the Bible word "synagogue" into something like "sinagog" and then try to teach its meaning to the people. They will not try to transform the Bible word "angel" into something like "enjel" and then try to teach its meaning to the target language readers.
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@ -23,6 +25,7 @@ Translators can aim their translation at young mothers and their children who sp
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When translators follow these rules, we call the result a common language version. If you are working to provide a language with its first Bible, then we recommend that you follow these guidelines. Common language versions in English include Today's English Version and The Common English Bible. But remember that your target language will probably want to express many ideas in ways that are very different from what you find in these English versions.
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#### Aim for a Bible Study Translation
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Translators can aim their translation at Christians who want to study the Bible in a way that is deeper than the way it is read by new Christians. Translators may decide to do this if the target language already has a good Bible that speaks well to unbelievers and new believers. If translators work in this way, they may decide to:
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1. Try to imitate more of the grammatical structures they find in the biblical languages. For example, when the Bible says, "The love of God," translators might decide to leave the expression ambiguous. If they do this, they will not decide whether it means "the love that people have for God" or "the love that God has for people." When the Bible says, "the love that we have in Christ Jesus," translators might decide not to say that it means "because of Christ Jesus" or "united to Christ Jesus."
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@ -1,26 +1,34 @@
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### Definitions
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These are definitions of words that we use to talk about how people make the sounds that form into words, and also definitions of words that refer to the parts of words.
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#### Consonant
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These are the sounds that people make when the air flow from their lungs is interrupted or limited by the position of the tongue, teeth or lips. The majority of letters in the alphabet are consonant letters. Most consonant letters have only one sound.
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#### Vowel
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These sounds are made by the mouth when the breath flows out through the mouth without being blocked by the teeth, tongue, or lips. (In English, vowels are a, e, i, o, u and sometimes y.)
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#### Syllable (syl-ab-al)
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A part of a word that has only one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants. Some words have only one syllable.
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#### Affix
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Something that is added to a word that changes its meaning. This could be at the beginning, or the end, or in the body of a word.
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#### Root
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The most basic part of a word; what is left when all the affixes are removed.
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#### Morpheme
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A word or a part of a word that has a meaning and that contains no smaller part that has a meaning. (For example, “syllable” has 3 syllables, but only 1 morpheme, while “syllables” has 3 syllables and two morphemes (syl-lab-le**s**). (The final "s" is a morpheme that means "plural.")
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### How Syllables Make Words
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Every language has sounds which combine to form syllables. An affix of a word or the root of a word may have a single syllable, or it may have a number of syllables. Sounds combine to make syllables which also join together to make morphemes. Morphemes work together to make meaningful words.
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It is important to understand the way syllables are formed in your language and how those syllables influence one another so that spelling rules can be formed and people can more easily learn to read your language.
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@ -81,4 +89,4 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come
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Fricative f/ v ch/dg
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Liquid /l /r
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Semi-vowel /w /y h/
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Nasals /m /n
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Nasals /m /n
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@ -34,8 +34,9 @@ If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number t
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The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does.
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* **<sup>14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** <sup><u>15</u></sup> **<u>Peace</u> be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB)
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* "<sup>14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name."(3 John 14)
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**<sup>14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** <sup><u>15</u></sup> **<u>Peace</u> be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULB)
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<sup>14</sup> But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name. (3 John 14)
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Next is an example from Psalm 3. Some Bibles do not mark the explanation at the beginning of the psalm as a verse, and others mark it as verse 1. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does.
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<sup>2</sup> Yahweh, how many are my enemies!
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Many have turned away and attacked me.
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<sup>3</sup> Many say about me,
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"There is no help for him from God." *Selah*
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"There is no help for him from God." *Selah*
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* The scripture may tell about something happening in a certain month, but readers will not be able to fully understand what is said about it if they do not know what season of the year that was.
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#### List of Hebrew Months
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This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be helpful in the translation.
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**Abib** - (This month is called **Nisan** after the Babylonian exile.) This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is at the beginning of the spring season when the late rains come and people begin to harvest their crops. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on western calendars. The Passover celebration started on Abib 10, the Festival of Unleavened Bread was right after that, and the Festival of Harvest was a few weeks after that.
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> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day <u>in the first month of the year</u>, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB)
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### Translation Strategies
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You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md))
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1. Tell the the number of the Hebrew month.
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### Using translationHelps
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To help translators make the best translation possible, **translationNotes**, **translationWords**, and **translationQuestions** have been created.
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**translationNotes** are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The translationNotes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See http://ufw.io/tn/.
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@ -10,4 +11,4 @@ The **translationQuestions** are comprehension questions that can be used to sel
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Once you have consulted the translationNotes, translationWords and translationQuestions, then you are ready to make the best translation.
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**Please consult the translationNotes and translationWords when doing your translation!**
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**Please consult the translationNotes and translationWords when doing your translation!**
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@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ This was in a dream. Eating the scroll is a symbol of reading and understanding
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- Another purpose of symbolism is to tell some people about something while hiding the true meaning from others who do not understand the symbolism.
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#### Reason this is a translation issue
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People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language is symbolic, and they may not know what the symbol stands for.
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#### Translation Principles
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