diff --git a/00-BIEL_Descriptions/About.Each.Resource.md b/00-BIEL_Descriptions/About.Each.Resource.md index 5f1ed7eebb..d867c359b0 100644 --- a/00-BIEL_Descriptions/About.Each.Resource.md +++ b/00-BIEL_Descriptions/About.Each.Resource.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -#### Unlocked Literal Bible +### Unlocked Literal Bible The ULB is a more literal version of the Bible. It is adapted from the 1901 ASV Bible that is currently in public domain. *(I'm not sure about "more literal")* @@ -8,38 +8,38 @@ The Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) is an adaptation of the American Standard Versi -#### WA Translation Resources (Interleaved pdfs) +### WA Translation Resources (Interleaved pdfs) The WA Translation Resources contain verse-by-verse translation helps for translators. They contain the Unlocked Literal Bible, Unlocked Dynamic Bible, Translation Notes, and links to Translation Words and Translation Topics. The Translation Notes deal with topics such as pronouns, implicit information, cultural information, figures of speech and more. They also have book and chapter introductions. Also included in the Translation Resources are Translation Questions. -#### Reviewer's Guide +### Reviewer's Guide The Reviewer's Guide is a collection of documents to help local churches check the accuracy and naturalness of their Bible translation. -#### ULB Translation Questions +### ULB Translation Questions These questions are designed to help the translators check for comprehension related to specific books of the Bible. -#### ULB Translation Words +### ULB Translation Words This contains a list of important biblical words along with their definitions and translation suggestions. -#### ULB Translation Manual - +### ULB Translation Manual - The Translation Manual teaches the basics of translation theory and processes, provides practical helps for dealing with various translation issues, and provides instruction and processes for checking translations. (Could we delete ULB from the title?) -#### Unlocked Dynamic Bible +### Unlocked Dynamic Bible The UDB is a supplemental resource that can be used alongside the ULB to help clarify difficult passages. -#### Open Bible Stories +### Open Bible Stories This contains fifty bible stories from the Old and New Testaments along with the following support resources: illustrations, notes, words, and questions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1ch/01/intro.md b/1ch/01/intro.md index 9eb250325e..85205553f7 100644 --- a/1ch/01/intro.md +++ b/1ch/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives the genealogies of Abraham, Esau and the early kings of Edom. diff --git a/1ch/02/intro.md b/1ch/02/intro.md index 510152eb31..4c60ddf697 100644 --- a/1ch/02/intro.md +++ b/1ch/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Judah, son of Jacob. diff --git a/1ch/03/intro.md b/1ch/03/intro.md index 2ab7ce8866..57313ed21c 100644 --- a/1ch/03/intro.md +++ b/1ch/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of King David. diff --git a/1ch/04/intro.md b/1ch/04/intro.md index d02fab164a..3ceedb604a 100644 --- a/1ch/04/intro.md +++ b/1ch/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the other descendants of Judah. diff --git a/1ch/05/intro.md b/1ch/05/intro.md index 82ed52e010..6ae6e5fae6 100644 --- a/1ch/05/intro.md +++ b/1ch/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Jacob's sons who lived east of the Jordan River: Reuben, Gad and Manasseh. diff --git a/1ch/06/intro.md b/1ch/06/intro.md index c76256146f..daecf0861c 100644 --- a/1ch/06/intro.md +++ b/1ch/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Levi. diff --git a/1ch/07/intro.md b/1ch/07/intro.md index 7a3eb14853..6b11840ebe 100644 --- a/1ch/07/intro.md +++ b/1ch/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Issachar, Benjamin, Ephraim, Asher, and Manasseh living west of the Jordan River. diff --git a/1ch/08/intro.md b/1ch/08/intro.md index aa1645ed0f..22c871a25d 100644 --- a/1ch/08/intro.md +++ b/1ch/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the genealogy of Saul's family. diff --git a/1ch/09/intro.md b/1ch/09/intro.md index 8a5da375db..9fcc6d045c 100644 --- a/1ch/09/intro.md +++ b/1ch/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the genealogy of the people who returned to Jerusalem after the exile and the family of Saul. diff --git a/1ch/10/intro.md b/1ch/10/intro.md index 890f828953..5bd7600b2d 100644 --- a/1ch/10/intro.md +++ b/1ch/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The death of Saul diff --git a/1ch/11/intro.md b/1ch/11/intro.md index 29a899d9d9..f48a8c7f48 100644 --- a/1ch/11/intro.md +++ b/1ch/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of David begins here and continues throughout the remainder of this book. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King David the military leader David was made the king of all Israel and was the leader of their army. He conquered Jerusalem and strengthened its defenses. He had many brave men in his army that did great deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) diff --git a/1ch/12/intro.md b/1ch/12/intro.md index 17637a9a80..01e5f1a152 100644 --- a/1ch/12/intro.md +++ b/1ch/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "[They] could use both the right hand and the left" These soldiers were very skilled. They were able to fight with either hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/1ch/13/intro.md b/1ch/13/intro.md index 2fcc2b52a9..2753b283fb 100644 --- a/1ch/13/intro.md +++ b/1ch/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ark of the covenant David tried to bring the ark to Jerusalem on an ox cart instead of being carried by priests as the law said to do. The ox stumbled and Uzzah touched the ark to keep it from falling and he immediately died because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/1ch/14/intro.md b/1ch/14/intro.md index 0735a8537b..fc90d6f168 100644 --- a/1ch/14/intro.md +++ b/1ch/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter David asked for help from God and because of this, God enabled him to defeat the Philistines when they tried to capture him. diff --git a/1ch/15/intro.md b/1ch/15/intro.md index 5874fc6e7b..8679f6eb17 100644 --- a/1ch/15/intro.md +++ b/1ch/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapters 15 and 16 explain how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/1ch/16/intro.md b/1ch/16/intro.md index 08f19a6ee0..3722a30c7e 100644 --- a/1ch/16/intro.md +++ b/1ch/16/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Chronicles 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapters 15 and 16 tell how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 16:8-36. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's psalm As David organized the priests in their work in the tent, he wrote a psalm of praise to Yahweh. diff --git a/1ch/17/intro.md b/1ch/17/intro.md index ef869e16f5..678201929e 100644 --- a/1ch/17/intro.md +++ b/1ch/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Building the temple David wanted to build a temple for God but God would not allow him to. Instead he promised that his son, Solomon, would build the temple and he promised David would have a descendant who would be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) diff --git a/1ch/18/intro.md b/1ch/18/intro.md index 13f2376473..7c6282854b 100644 --- a/1ch/18/intro.md +++ b/1ch/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's victories David conquered all kingdoms neighboring Israel. The gold, silver and bronze he received from these victories, he saved for building the temple. This may indicate that he believed that the victories were because of Yahweh and therefore the goods received in victory belonged to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/1ch/19/intro.md b/1ch/19/intro.md index 659b16f81e..8adefd32ff 100644 --- a/1ch/19/intro.md +++ b/1ch/19/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of the story about the war against the Ammonites. This story continues in the first part of the next chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Insults diff --git a/1ch/20/intro.md b/1ch/20/intro.md index 5b53225c3a..ebf51e4960 100644 --- a/1ch/20/intro.md +++ b/1ch/20/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Chronicles 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story of the war with Ammon and tells of giants being killed by David's soldiers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "When kings normally go to war" It was advantageous for kings to go to war in the springtime. This was possibly due to the weather being neither too hot nor too cold. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "It came about" This is a phrase used to indicate the next event in a series. It can often be translated as "after," "then" or "next." diff --git a/1ch/21/intro.md b/1ch/21/intro.md index 39511d3e00..83721f7f85 100644 --- a/1ch/21/intro.md +++ b/1ch/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust To trust in one's own power instead of God's protection is a sin. David had been trusting God to protect him, but now he counted the men of military age so he could know the strength of his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/1ch/22/intro.md b/1ch/22/intro.md index 4c37f30fc9..127eb1ea15 100644 --- a/1ch/22/intro.md +++ b/1ch/22/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a new section lasting for the remainder of the book. David begins preparing the things needed for building the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Solomon In addition to preparing for the construction of the temple by gathering supplies, David also prepares his son, Solomon, to build the temple. David instructs Solomon to obey God. This is what is most necessary. diff --git a/1ch/23/intro.md b/1ch/23/intro.md index 7ea9605d60..6731d355fc 100644 --- a/1ch/23/intro.md +++ b/1ch/23/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The preparation for the construction of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Organizing the Levites As priests, the Levites had a significant role in the construction of the temple. David organized the Levites according to their families and explained what each group was to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/1ch/24/intro.md b/1ch/24/intro.md index 844ef4e9f9..fa7a74da54 100644 --- a/1ch/24/intro.md +++ b/1ch/24/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Arranging the priests David arranged for the order in which priests would be on duty. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/1ch/25/intro.md b/1ch/25/intro.md index 75afc05f7f..0162e2acd6 100644 --- a/1ch/25/intro.md +++ b/1ch/25/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Music The 24 groups who were chosen to play music in the temple cast lots to see in what order they would serve. diff --git a/1ch/26/intro.md b/1ch/26/intro.md index c04f80dd75..752300296a 100644 --- a/1ch/26/intro.md +++ b/1ch/26/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Casting lots The gatekeepers cast lots to see which gate they would guard. Those who took care of the storage also cast lots. diff --git a/1ch/27/intro.md b/1ch/27/intro.md index 24f776f8e6..2aef7f8499 100644 --- a/1ch/27/intro.md +++ b/1ch/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Chronicles 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/1ch/28/intro.md b/1ch/28/intro.md index 2d3201ec69..1f80e06934 100644 --- a/1ch/28/intro.md +++ b/1ch/28/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. David lectured the people and Solomon on what they should do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's instructions David gives instructions to the people because he knows that he will not be there when the temple is built. It was common in the ancient Near East for leaders to give instructions to people before they die in preparation or anticipation of their death. diff --git a/1ch/29/intro.md b/1ch/29/intro.md index 12c535be47..ddc3be65d9 100644 --- a/1ch/29/intro.md +++ b/1ch/29/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Chronicles 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple is finished in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Offering David and the people made a free will offering and dedicated it all to God. diff --git a/1ch/front/intro.md b/1ch/front/intro.md index d7a9097958..87224564cf 100644 --- a/1ch/front/intro.md +++ b/1ch/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Chronicles +### Outline of 1 Chronicles 1. Lists of descendants (1:1-9:44) - From Adam to Jacob (1:1–2:2) @@ -14,43 +14,43 @@ - David prospers (13:1–22:1) - David prepares for Solomon to build the temple (22:2–29:30) -#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles about? +### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles about? The Book of 1 Chronicles retells the line of descendants from Adam to Saul. It then gives the history of Israel during the time of David. The Book of 2 Chronicles gives the history of Israel beginning with Solomon. It ends when the Babylonian army attacks Judah and takes some of the people to Babylon. The writers of Chronicles probably wrote these books for the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon. The purpose was to teach the people to avoid disobeying God as their ancestors did. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "1 Chronicles" or "First Chronicles." You may also call this book "The Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel, Book 1" or "The First Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? +### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles are unknown. They mention that they used other books when writing Chronicles. The names of these other books are "The Chronicles of Samuel the Seer," "The Chronicles of Nathan the Seer," "The Chronicles of Gad the Seer," "The History of Nathan the Prophet," "The Chronicles of Shemaiah the Prophet and Iddo," "The Story of the Prophet Iddo" and "The books of the kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? +### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? The books of Chronicles and the books of Kings tell much of the same history, but they are not exactly the same. The writers of Chronicles wrote mostly about the kings of Judah who were faithful to Yahweh and his covenant. The writers wanted the Jews to think carefully about David and Solomon. They also wanted the Jews to think about how Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah caused their ancestors to repent and to worship Yahweh. The writers wanted to encourage the Jews and their leaders to obey the law and to honor God's covenant with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did God punish the people of Israel? +### Why did God punish the people of Israel? God punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped false gods. God punished them with disease, disasters, and defeat in battle. However, God forgave them and caused them to prosper again if they repented and obeyed him. The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles continually reminded the readers that God punished his people because they disobeyed. They wanted the readers to understand that they must obey God. -#### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? +### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? Yahweh led and protected the nation of Israel. The people of Israel should have trusted him instead of relying on other nations to protect them. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? +### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. -#### What does it mean to "seek God"? +### What does it mean to "seek God"? The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles often wrote about "seeking God." To "seek God" means to make an effort to please and honor God. It can also mean to ask God for help. It does not imply that God is hidden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? +### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? The writers used the phrase "to this day" to refer to the time when they were writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in 1 Chronicles 4:41, 43; 5:26; 13:11; 20:26; 21:10; 35:25. diff --git a/1co/01/intro.md b/1co/01/intro.md index c202aa7129..c6f95135b9 100644 --- a/1co/01/intro.md +++ b/1co/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Corinthians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The first three verses are a greeting. In the ancient Near East, this was a common way of starting a letter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 19, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Disunity In this chapter, Paul scolds the church for being divided and for following different apostles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ In this chapter, Paul scolds the church for being divided and for following diff ##### Spiritual gifts Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities to help the church. The Holy Spirit gives these gifts to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. Paul lists spiritual gifts in Chapter 12. Some scholars believe the Holy Spirit gave some of these gifts only in the early church to help establish the developing church. Other scholars believe all the gifts of the Spirit are still available to help all Christians throughout the church history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idioms @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In this chapter, Paul refers to the return of Christ using two different phrases ##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the Corinthians for dividing into factions and for relying on human wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Stumbling block A stumbling block is a rock people stumble over. Here it represents the difficulty Jews have in believing that God allowed his Messiah to be crucified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1co/02/intro.md b/1co/02/intro.md index e8b46a3bfc..1c5fd2908f 100644 --- a/1co/02/intro.md +++ b/1co/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Corinthians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9 and 16. These poetic lines are from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wisdom Paul continues the discussion from the first chapter that contrasts human wisdom and God's wisdom. For Paul, human wisdom can be foolish. He says the wisdom from the Holy Spirit is the only true wisdom. Paul uses the phrase "hidden wisdom" when he refers to previously unknown truths. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) diff --git a/1co/03/intro.md b/1co/03/intro.md index 73f8236c5c..212bde5e57 100644 --- a/1co/03/intro.md +++ b/1co/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Corinthians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verses 19 and 20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fleshly people The Corinthian believers were immature because of their unrighteous actions. He calls them "fleshly," meaning acting as nonbelievers. This term is used in opposition to those who are "spiritual." Christians following their "flesh" are acting foolishly. They are following the wisdom of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor There are many metaphors in this chapter. Paul uses "little children" and "milk" to illustrate spiritual immaturity. He uses the metaphors of planting and watering to describe the roles he and Apollos played in growing the church in Corinth. Paul uses other metaphors to help teach spiritual truths to the Corinthians and to help them to understand his teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1co/04/intro.md b/1co/04/intro.md index d68269cd97..53f047a4e4 100644 --- a/1co/04/intro.md +++ b/1co/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Corinthians 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pride Paul contrasts the Corinthians' pride with the apostles' humility. The Corinthian believers had no reason to be proud. All that they had, and all they were, was a gift from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. He describes the apostles as servants. Paul speaks of a victory parade where the apostles are the prisoners who will be killed. He uses a rod to stand for punishment. He calls himself their father because he is their "spiritual father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) diff --git a/1co/05/intro.md b/1co/05/intro.md index 36add43d1c..95d86281f9 100644 --- a/1co/05/intro.md +++ b/1co/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Corinthians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 13. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Euphemisms diff --git a/1co/06/intro.md b/1co/06/intro.md index 3591d02c5d..7ac3f4e057 100644 --- a/1co/06/intro.md +++ b/1co/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Corinthians 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Lawsuits Paul teaches that a Christian should not take another Christian to court before a non-Christian judge. It is better to be cheated. Christians will judge the angels. So they should be able to solve problems among themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor The temple of the Holy Spirit is an important metaphor. It refers to the place where the Holy Spirit stays and is worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1co/07/intro.md b/1co/07/intro.md index f223e84360..ba2bc19805 100644 --- a/1co/07/intro.md +++ b/1co/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Corinthians 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul begins to answer a series of questions that the Corinthians may have asked him. The first question is about marriage. The second question is about a slave trying to become free, a Gentile becoming a Jew, or a Jew becoming a Gentile. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Divorce Paul says married Christians should not divorce. A Christian married to an unbeliever should not leave their husband or wife. If the unbelieving husband or wife leaves, this is not a sin. Paul advises that, because of the difficult times and because it is near to the time that Jesus will return, it is good to remain unmarried. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Euphemisms Paul uses many euphemisms to discreetly refer to sexual relations. This is often a sensitive topic. Many cultures do not wish to speak openly about these matters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) diff --git a/1co/08/intro.md b/1co/08/intro.md index 320c96f64e..d1cf6fe499 100644 --- a/1co/08/intro.md +++ b/1co/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Corinthians 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In Chapters 8-10, Paul answers the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?" -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Meat sacrificed to idols Paul answers the question about eating meat sacrificed to idols by saying that idols are supposed to be gods but that those gods do not really exist. Therefore nothing is wrong with the meat. Christians are free to eat it. However, someone who does not understand this may see a Christian eating it. They may then be encouraged to eat the meat as an act of worship to the idol. diff --git a/1co/09/intro.md b/1co/09/intro.md index 01049e54b0..6db5453ba4 100644 --- a/1co/09/intro.md +++ b/1co/09/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ # 1 Corinthians 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul defends himself in this chapter. Some people claimed that he was trying to gain financially from the church. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Earning money from the church People accused Paul of just wanting money from the church. Paul answered that he rightfully could get money from the church. The Old Testament taught that those who worked should get their living from their work. He and Barnabas purposefully never used this right and earned their own living. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors teach complex truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Contextualization This passage is important because Paul "contextualizes" ministering the gospel to different audiences. This means that Paul makes himself and the gospel understandable without his actions hindering the gospel being received. The translator should take extra care to preserve aspects of this "contextualization" if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]]) diff --git a/1co/10/intro.md b/1co/10/intro.md index 33c6ad871f..92859d0a4a 100644 --- a/1co/10/intro.md +++ b/1co/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Corinthians 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapters 8-10 together answer the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?" In this chapter, Paul uses the exodus to warn people not to sin. Then he returns to discussing meat offered to idols. He uses the Lord's Supper as an example. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Exodus Paul uses the experiences of Israel leaving Egypt and roaming the desert as a warning to the believers. Although the Israelites all followed Moses, God did not allow most of them to enter the Promised Land. Some worshiped an idol, some tested God, and some grumbled. Paul warns Christians not to sin. We can resist temptation because God provides a way of escape. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/1co/11/intro.md b/1co/11/intro.md index a07268bf9e..c0d776a6c9 100644 --- a/1co/11/intro.md +++ b/1co/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Corinthians 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of a new section of the letter (Chapters 11-14). Paul now talks about proper church services. In this chapter, he deals with two different problems: women in the church services (verses 1-16) and the Lord's Supper (verses 17-34). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Proper conduct in a church service @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Paul's instructions here are debated among scholars. There may have been women w ##### The Lord's Supper There were problems in how the Corinthians were handling the Lord's Supper. They did not act in a unified manner. During the feast celebrated along with the Lord's Supper, some of them ate their own food without sharing. Some of them got drunk while the poor people remained hungry. Paul taught that the believers dishonored Christ's death if they participated in the Lord's Supper while they were sinning or while they were in broken relationships with each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions diff --git a/1co/12/intro.md b/1co/12/intro.md index 6dcacd76c6..1b3a06e79a 100644 --- a/1co/12/intro.md +++ b/1co/12/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # 1 Corinthians 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Gifts of the Holy Spirit This chapter begins a new section. Chapters 12-14 discuss spiritual gifts within the church. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The church, the body of Christ This is an important metaphor in Scripture. The church has many different parts. Each part has different functions. They combine to make one church. All of the different parts are necessary. Each part is to be concerned for all the other parts, even those that seem less important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit." In reading the Old Testament, the Jews would have substituted the word "Lord" for the word "Yahweh." This sentence probably means that no one can say that Jesus is Yahweh, God in the flesh, without the Holy Spirit's influence drawing them to accept this truth. If this statement is translated poorly, it can have unintended theological consequences. diff --git a/1co/13/intro.md b/1co/13/intro.md index 5cb04c4cec..9bc9df624f 100644 --- a/1co/13/intro.md +++ b/1co/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Corinthians 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul seems to interrupt his teaching about spiritual gifts to speak about love. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Love Love is the most important characteristic of the believer. This chapter fully describes love. Paul tells why love is more important than the gifts of the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/1co/14/intro.md b/1co/14/intro.md index f2daf52c7a..c2a89ef2a8 100644 --- a/1co/14/intro.md +++ b/1co/14/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Corinthians 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul returns to discussing spiritual gifts. Some translations set what is quoted from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the words of verse 21. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Tongues diff --git a/1co/15/intro.md b/1co/15/intro.md index 9d9c08f74e..6900d8a7cb 100644 --- a/1co/15/intro.md +++ b/1co/15/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Corinthians 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Resurrection This chapter includes a very important teaching about the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek people did not believe that people could live after they died. Paul defends the resurrection of Jesus. He teaches why it is important to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Resurrection Paul presents the resurrection as the ultimate proof that Jesus is God. Christ is the first of many whom God will raise to life. The resurrection is central to the gospel. Few doctrines are as important as this one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter Paul uses many different figures of speech in this chapter. He uses them to express difficult theological teachings in a way that people can understand. diff --git a/1co/16/intro.md b/1co/16/intro.md index 8aef65f5de..07bc5370e3 100644 --- a/1co/16/intro.md +++ b/1co/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Corinthians 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul briefly covers many topics in this chapter. It was common in the ancient Near East for the last part of letters to have personal greetings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Preparation for his coming diff --git a/1co/front/intro.md b/1co/front/intro.md index 2be6e76ba6..3c351a81ef 100644 --- a/1co/front/intro.md +++ b/1co/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 Corinthians +### Outline of the Book of 1 Corinthians 1. Divisions in the church (1:10-4:21) 1. Moral sins and irregularities (5:1-13) @@ -17,33 +17,33 @@ 1. The resurrection of believers and the resurrection of Christ (15:1-58) 1. Closing: the contribution for Christians in Jerusalem, requests, and personal greetings (16:1-24) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Corinthians? +### Who wrote the Book of 1 Corinthians? Paul wrote 1 Corinthians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul started the church that met in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter. -#### What is the Book of 1 Corinthians about? +### What is the Book of 1 Corinthians about? 1 Corinthians is a letter that Paul wrote to the believers who were in the city of Corinth. Paul had heard that there were problems among the believers there. They were arguing with each other. Some of them did not understand some of the Christian teachings. And some of them were behaving badly. In this letter, Paul responded to them and encouraged them to live in a way that pleased God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "First Corinthians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to the Church in Corinth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the city of Corinth like? +### What was the city of Corinth like? Corinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes. -#### What was the problem with meat sacrificed to idols? +### What was the problem with meat sacrificed to idols? Many animals were slaughtered and sacrificed to the false gods in Corinth. Priests and worshipers kept some of the meat. Much of the meat was sold in markets. Many Christians disagreed with each other over whether it was right for them to eat this meat, because it had been dedicated to a false god. Paul writes about this problem in 1 Corinthians. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 1 Corinthians in the ULB? +### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 1 Corinthians in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, 1 Corinthians ULB uses the following principles: @@ -53,17 +53,17 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What is the meaning of "flesh?" +### What is the meaning of "flesh?" Paul frequently used the terms "flesh" or "fleshly" to refer to Christians who did sinful things. However, it is not the physical world that is evil. Paul also described Christians who lived in a righteous way as "spiritual." This is because they did what the Holy Spirit taught them to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:2, 30, 31; 3:1; 4:10, 15, 17; 6:11, 19; 7:22; 9:1, 2; 11:11, 25; 12:3, 9, 13, 18, 25; 14:16; 15:18, 19, 22, 31, 58; 16:19, 24. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "those who have been dedicated in Christ Jesus" (1:2), where Paul specifically meant that Christian believers have been dedicated to Christ. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Corinthians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Corinthians? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. Translators are advised to follow the modern versions of the Bible. However, if in the translators' region there are Bibles that read according to older versions of the Bible, the translators can follow those. If so, these verses should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to 1 Corinthians. diff --git a/1jn/01/intro.md b/1jn/01/intro.md index 6113aad156..f4fbe80b74 100644 --- a/1jn/01/intro.md +++ b/1jn/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 John 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is a letter that John wrote to Christians. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Christians and sin In this chapter John teaches that all Christians are still sinners. But God continues to forgive a Christian's sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors diff --git a/1jn/02/intro.md b/1jn/02/intro.md index fc999695cf..81160a9d41 100644 --- a/1jn/02/intro.md +++ b/1jn/02/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 John 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Antichrist In this chapter John writes about both a specific antichrist and many antichrists. The word "antichrist" means "opposed to Christ." The antichrist is a person who will come in the last days and imitate Jesus's work, but he will do it for evil. Before this person comes, there will be many people who work against Christ; they too are called "antichrists." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/1jn/03/intro.md b/1jn/03/intro.md index feaf2cc9af..1dd2a01375 100644 --- a/1jn/03/intro.md +++ b/1jn/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 John 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Children of God God created all people, but people can only become children of God by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ God created all people, but people can only become children of God by believing ##### Cain Cain was a son of the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. He was jealous of his brother and murdered him. Readers may not know who Cain was if they have not read Genesis. It may help them if you explain this to them. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "To know" The verb "to know" is used in two different ways in this chapter. Sometimes it is used about knowing a fact, as in 3:2, 3:5, and 3:19. Sometimes it means to experience and understand someone or something, as in 3:1, 3:6, 3:16, and 3:20. Some languages have different words for these different meanings. diff --git a/1jn/04/intro.md b/1jn/04/intro.md index d8366ad123..ea24e88d0a 100644 --- a/1jn/04/intro.md +++ b/1jn/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 John 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Spirit This word "spirit" is used in different ways in this chapter. Sometimes the word "spirit" refers to spiritual beings. Sometimes it refers to the character of something. For example "the spirit of the antichrist," "the spirit of truth," and "the spirit of error" refer to what is typical of the antichrist, truth, and error. "The Spirit" (written with a capital "S") and "the Spirit of God" refer to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Loving God If people love God, they should show it in the way they live and the way they treat other people. Doing this may assure us that God has saved us and that we belong to him, but loving others does not save us. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/1jn/05/intro.md b/1jn/05/intro.md index 329d17f6ca..c370325080 100644 --- a/1jn/05/intro.md +++ b/1jn/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 John 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Children born from God When people believe in Jesus, God makes them his children and gives them eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When people believe in Jesus, God makes them his children and gives them eternal ##### Christian living People who believe in Jesus should obey God's commands and love his children. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### A sin that results in death This seems to refer to behaviors that will result in a person experiencing spiritual death, that is, to be separated from God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) diff --git a/1jn/front/intro.md b/1jn/front/intro.md index b1e963fbfe..432079ce50 100644 --- a/1jn/front/intro.md +++ b/1jn/front/intro.md @@ -2,34 +2,34 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 John +### Outline of the Book of 1 John 1. Introduction (1:1-4) 1. Christian living (1:5-3:10) 1. The command to love one another (3:11-5:12) 1. Conclusion (5:13-21) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 John? +### Who wrote the Book of 1 John? This book does not name the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the Apostle John was the author. He also wrote of the Gospel of John. -#### What is the Book of 1 John about? +### What is the Book of 1 John about? John wrote this letter to Christians at a time when false teachers were troubling them. John wrote this letter because he wanted to prevent believers from sinning. He wanted to protect believers from false teachings. And he wanted to assure believers that they were saved. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 John" or "First John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter From John" or "The First Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who were the people that John spoke against? +### Who were the people that John spoke against? The people John spoke against were possibly those who would become known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since they believed Jesus was divine, they denied that he was truly human. This is because they thought God would not become human since the physical body is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in 1 John? +### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in 1 John? John often used the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" as metaphors. John spoke of a believer becoming more faithful to Jesus and knowing Jesus better as if Jesus's word "remained" in the believer. Also, John spoke of someone being spiritually joined to someone else as if the person "remained" in the other person. Christians are said to "remain" in Christ and in God. The Father is said to "remain" in the Son, and the Son is said to "remain" in the Father. The Son is said to "remain" in believers. The Holy Spirit is also said to "remain" in the believers. @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Many translators will find it impossible to represent these ideas in their langu In the passage "the word of God remains in you" (1 John 2:14), the UDB expresses this idea as "you are living by the commands of the word of God." Many translators will find it possible to use this translation as a model. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 John? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 John? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/1ki/01/intro.md b/1ki/01/intro.md index 7b7e20246f..488b4a5055 100644 --- a/1ki/01/intro.md +++ b/1ki/01/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # 1 Kings 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting 1 Kings is a continuation of 2 Samuel. This chapter records the beginning of the reign of Solomon (chapters 1-11) after the death of David. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The next king David did not announce who was to succeed him. Because of this, there was fighting between David's sons over who should be king. Adonijah invited guests to a banquet and declared himself king. Then those favoring Solomon told David and he declared Solomon the new king. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom Several times in this chapter, the people use the idiom "sit on the throne" to mean "be king." Solomon assures Adonijah that if he behaves himself "not a hair of his will fall to the earth," meaning "he will not be harmed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1ki/02/intro.md b/1ki/02/intro.md index 8f91d65be3..30eded3875 100644 --- a/1ki/02/intro.md +++ b/1ki/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ # 1 Kings 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter has two stories: David's last advice to Solomon and Solomon's punishment of those who supported Adonijah and also Shimei, who had cursed David when David was fleeing from Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Exalting oneself Exalting oneself can lead to disaster as when Adonijah made himself king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Euphemism David spoke of his impending death using a euphemism: "I am going the way of all the earth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Parallelism diff --git a/1ki/03/intro.md b/1ki/03/intro.md index ddf894f77a..e9b02c870e 100644 --- a/1ki/03/intro.md +++ b/1ki/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter has two stories. Verses 1-15 is the story of Solomon's dream when God asked him what he wanted and he said he needed wisdom to be a good and fair ruler. Verses 16-28 is the story of a court case showing Solomon's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wisdom diff --git a/1ki/04/intro.md b/1ki/04/intro.md index 564c67b81d..e30aeeb36d 100644 --- a/1ki/04/intro.md +++ b/1ki/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Kings 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter names the important people in Solomon's government and shows the extent of his kingdom. ## Links: diff --git a/1ki/05/intro.md b/1ki/05/intro.md index 5f23e922c2..aede42f137 100644 --- a/1ki/05/intro.md +++ b/1ki/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of the description of the building of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Building the temple Building the temple took a lot of work and cooperation. King Hiram of Tyre provided lumber for building the temple in exchange for wheat and olive oil. Solomon also had many people cutting rocks for the walls of the temple. diff --git a/1ki/06/intro.md b/1ki/06/intro.md index e91301f817..3d4e90b332 100644 --- a/1ki/06/intro.md +++ b/1ki/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Building the temple Solomon built the temple in seven years. The outside walls were made of rock. Solomon shaped the rocks for the wall in the quarry and then assembled them at the temple site. The inside was covered with wood. Inside the temple was a room covered by gold, which was the Most Holy Place where the ark was housed under statues of angels. It represented the presence of God. diff --git a/1ki/07/intro.md b/1ki/07/intro.md index 6566974d96..c527366d4b 100644 --- a/1ki/07/intro.md +++ b/1ki/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter has a description of the palace Solomon built and the materials used in the temple courtyard. It is the last chapter about the building of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Bronze Solomon hired a man from Tyre who was good at casting things out of bronze. The bronze objects were made by hollowing out the shape of the object in clay and then pouring in the hot melted liquid bronze and letting it cool. He made two large pillars and a large water reservoir set on the backs of 12 bronze cows. He made all the instruments for use in the sacrifices outside the temple. He made the furnishing inside the temple out of gold. diff --git a/1ki/08/intro.md b/1ki/08/intro.md index 4e91c01604..90ab7815b1 100644 --- a/1ki/08/intro.md +++ b/1ki/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Kings 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ark is placed in the new temple. This is a very significant event in the history of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Celebration of the temple's completion When the temple was finished, Solomon told all of the people to come to Jerusalem. They took the ark out of the tent and brought it to the temple. Then Solomon prayed that God would hear and answer prayers made to him when they faced towards the temple. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom Solomon prayed that God would respond to people's prayers using an idiom: "that your eyes may be open to the request of your servant." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1ki/09/intro.md b/1ki/09/intro.md index 05027fab7a..65e61bf16d 100644 --- a/1ki/09/intro.md +++ b/1ki/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Kings 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting There are two parts to this chapter. Verses 1–9 is a dream in which God warned Solomon that he and his descendants were not to worship idols. If they did this, the temple would be destroyed. Verses 10–28 is about Solomon's extensive building and his partnership with Hiram, king of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Worship only Yahweh Yahweh alone must be worshiped. It is necessary for people to stay faithful to God and not worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor 'Walk" is a common image in Scripture. It is said, "if you walk before me as David your father walked." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/walk]]) diff --git a/1ki/10/intro.md b/1ki/10/intro.md index fdb3981dbe..5c6e157833 100644 --- a/1ki/10/intro.md +++ b/1ki/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting There are two parts to this chapter: The fame of Solomon's wisdom and the wealth of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ==Queen of Sheba == King Solomon became so famous for his wisdom that the queen of Sheba (modern day Yemen) came all the way to see him and was deeply impressed. God promised him great wealth and he became famously rich. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/1ki/11/intro.md b/1ki/11/intro.md index 5c6a06bc96..33848c5655 100644 --- a/1ki/11/intro.md +++ b/1ki/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of Solomon. (Chapters 1-11) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Intermarriage with Gentiles God had told the people of Israel in Moses's law never to marry women from the Gentile nations. But Solomon married many women from Gentile countries. This was because their religious beliefs would negatively affect Israel. Solomon, the wisest man, became a fool and his wives persuaded him to worship foolish idols. God became angry and warned he would take away 10 tribes from the kingdom of his son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/1ki/12/intro.md b/1ki/12/intro.md index 28631b7c62..530551c6b4 100644 --- a/1ki/12/intro.md +++ b/1ki/12/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Kings 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Civil war This chapter explains how the united kingdom of Israel was split into the two kingdoms: Israel and Judah. This is sometimes called a "civil war." -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel splits God's warning to Solomon came true. In spite of his famous wealth, Solomon had over-taxed his own people and forced them to work for free. When the people requested that King Rehoboam reduce taxes and forced labor, he said that he would be harsher than his father. This caused the 10 northern tribes to revolt and appoint Jeroboam as their king. These northern tribes are now called the kingdom of Israel. Only Judah and Benjamin stayed with Rehoboam. They are called Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]]) @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ God's warning to Solomon came true. In spite of his famous wealth, Solomon had o ##### Jeroboam introduces calf worship Jeroboam made a terrible mistake. He was afraid that if the people continued to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple, they would want to return to Rehoboam as their king. So he made two shrines with calves made of gold for the people to worship. This eventually caused the destruction of his whole family. The kingdom of Israel continued worshiping the idols until they were taken slaves by the Assyrians. The northern tribes were unable to truly worship Yahweh without going to Jerusalem in the kingdom of Judah. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor The people used the metaphor of "yoke" for oppressive government: "Your father made our yoke difficult. Now then, make your father's hard work easier, and lighten the heavy yoke that he put on us." But Rehoboam promised to increase their oppression with three metaphors: "My little finger is thicker than my father's waist. So now, although my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke. My father punished you with whips, but I will punish you with scorpions." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/1ki/13/intro.md b/1ki/13/intro.md index aa87cf8713..3862a08d74 100644 --- a/1ki/13/intro.md +++ b/1ki/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter has two parts: The young prophet's warning to Jeroboam (1-10) and the old prophet's deception (11-34). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Obeying God People should do what God tells them to do and not what other people tell them is God's will for them. The story of the young prophet and the old prophet is an example of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) diff --git a/1ki/14/intro.md b/1ki/14/intro.md index c46b2162ac..9f495d6a99 100644 --- a/1ki/14/intro.md +++ b/1ki/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter has two stories. One is the death of Jeroboam's son (1-18). The other is the reign of Rehoboam (20-31) . -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The death of Jeroboam's son God knows the truth; it is useless to try to fool God's prophet. Jeroboam's son became sick; so the king sent his wife, disguised as a common woman, to the prophet. The prophet was blind, but when Jeroboam's wife arrived he told her, "Come in, wife of Jeroboam." He also told her that her son would die and that all of Jeroboam's family would be killed, because he had caused Israel to worship the golden calves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/1ki/15/intro.md b/1ki/15/intro.md index 095e2af19e..3dd3e5c8db 100644 --- a/1ki/15/intro.md +++ b/1ki/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter Judah had some bad kings and some good kings. All of the kings in Israel continued to worship the golden calves, so they were all considered to be bad. Judah and Israel continually fought each other. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "But the shrines were not taken away." At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign, it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/1ki/16/intro.md b/1ki/16/intro.md index 061d5dc8ed..94212b9dca 100644 --- a/1ki/16/intro.md +++ b/1ki/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Kings 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Incorrect worship The prophet Jehu warned Baasha, king of Israel, that God would destroy his family for worshiping the idols. But Baasha did not change his ways; so Zimri murdered Baasha's son and all his relatives. Then Omri killed Zimri. Omri's son Ahab brought in the rain god Baal and his wife, the fertility goddess Ashtoreth, as the official religion of Israel. This was very evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/1ki/17/intro.md b/1ki/17/intro.md index 8cebd7fe74..13903fe819 100644 --- a/1ki/17/intro.md +++ b/1ki/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of the story of Elijah. (1 Kings 17 – 2 Kings 2) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Baal worship Ahab had introduced the worship of Baal, the god people thought brought rain, to Israel. Because of this, God caused a drought. Elijah told Ahab that it would not rain or dew until he, Elijah, said so. Elijah had to hide so Ahab would not kill him for bringing the drought. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/1ki/18/intro.md b/1ki/18/intro.md index 28d391bd8e..b83735cf99 100644 --- a/1ki/18/intro.md +++ b/1ki/18/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Kings 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Baal God proved himself to all the people of Israel. Elijah went to meet Ahab. He told Ahab to bring the 450 prophets of Baal and all the people to Mount Carmel. Then he proposed an experiment, which was carried out. The prophets of Baal took one bull, killed it, cut it up, and placed it on wood on an altar without lighting the fire. The prophets of Baal danced and prayed to Baal all morning and half the afternoon. After they were exhausted, Elijah built his altar, put the bull he had prepared on it, and drenched it with water. Then he prayed. God answered his prayer with fire that burned up the sacrifice, the altar and the water. Then Elijah told the people to seize the prophets of Baal and kill them. After that, Elijah prayed for rain, and it rained very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Humor Elijah insults the false god Baal. He states, "Perhaps he is thinking, or is relieving himself, or he is traveling on a journey, or perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened." Baal was too busy in the bathroom to answer the prophets. "Relieving himself" is a euphemism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) diff --git a/1ki/19/intro.md b/1ki/19/intro.md index 059cc72246..4c585ad5db 100644 --- a/1ki/19/intro.md +++ b/1ki/19/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter The queen was angry that Elijah had killed her prophets of Baal. She promised to kill Elijah. Elijah fled south into the desert south of Judah. He traveled on to Mount Horeb also known as Mount Sinai, the mountain of God. God asked him why he was there. He said he had come to Mount Horeb because Israel had deserted God, killed his prophets, and wanted to kill him. God sent him home to make Hazael the king of Aram, Jehu the king of Israel, and Elisha as the prophet in his place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/1ki/20/intro.md b/1ki/20/intro.md index bdc7fdcc09..aa9a5a703e 100644 --- a/1ki/20/intro.md +++ b/1ki/20/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Kings 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is a story of two battles between Aram and Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Battle God had chosen to defeat Ben Hadad, king of Aram. So when he attacked Samaria with a huge army, the tiny army of Israel defeated him. The people of Aram said that Yahweh was the god of the hills, but they could defeat Israel on the plains. So they came again but Israel defeated them again. Then Ben Hadad offered a peace plan and Ahab accepted. But God had wanted him to kill Ben Hadad and was angry at Ahab for making peace with him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile There were so few Israel soldiers that they were "like two little flocks of goats." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/1ki/21/intro.md b/1ki/21/intro.md index 307a7727cb..20e8ec9772 100644 --- a/1ki/21/intro.md +++ b/1ki/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Kings 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter God hates oppression but is forgiving to people who are sorry for their sins. Ahab wanted Naboth's vineyard to make into a garden for his palace, but Naboth refused to sell it. So the queen, Ahab's wife, told the civic leaders of Naboth's town to falsely accuse him and execute him. Elijah told Ahab that he would be killed in Naboth's vineyard and all his family destroyed. Ahab repented and showed he was very sorry for what he did, so God said it would not happen to Ahab himself but to his son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/1ki/22/intro.md b/1ki/22/intro.md index fbc01f4acb..56cc2ecd2f 100644 --- a/1ki/22/intro.md +++ b/1ki/22/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # 1 Kings 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of Ahab and a continuation of the story of Elijah as he had predicted Ahab's death and the dogs licking his blood. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter When God has decided a person will die, then they cannot avoid death. Ahab persuaded Jehoshaphat, king of Judah to help him in a battle against the army of Aram. Ahab's false prophets all told him to go because he would be successful. But a randomly shot arrow hit him and he bled to death. They washed his chariot at the pool and the dogs licked up his blood, just as Elijah had said they would. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "However, the shrines were still not taken away. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense at the shrines." At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/1ki/front/intro.md b/1ki/front/intro.md index ea3d129472..3ff3592527 100644 --- a/1ki/front/intro.md +++ b/1ki/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Kings +### Outline of 1 Kings 1. David dies and Solomon begins to reign (1:1-2:46) 1. Solomon reigns (3:1–11:43) @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - Jehoshaphat in Judah (22:41–50) - Ahaziah in Israel (22:51–53) -#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? +### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? These books are about what happened to the people of Israel, from the time of King Solomon to the time both the northern and southern kingdoms were destroyed. These books describe how Israel split into two kingdoms after Solomon died. It also tells about all the kings that ruled over each kingdom after Solomon died. @@ -33,31 +33,31 @@ In the southern kingdom, some kings did what Yahweh judged to be right. For exam The Assyrians destroyed the northern kingdom in 722 B.C. The Babylonians destroyed the southern kingdom in 586 B.C. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The Books of 1 and 2 Kings were originally one book in Hebrew. They were separated into two books when translated into Greek. Translators might choose more meaningful titles such as "The First Book about the Kings" and "The Second Book about the Kings." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? +### What was the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? These books were probably finished during the exile, after the Babylonians had destroyed the temple. They show how being faithful to Yahweh results in his blessing and prospering his people. Worshipping idols and not being faithful result in their being punished and destroyed. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? +### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? In the Bible, people often referred to themselves as "your servant" when speaking to anyone in a superior position to themselves. Indirectly addressing people in this way was intended to honor the one addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" in this way. But a translator should use whatever expressions that are natural in the project language in order to honor someone in a superior position. -#### What does the king "did what was right (or evil) in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? +### What does the king "did what was right (or evil) in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? The writer repeats this kind of expression throughout the Books of 1 and 2 Kings. Here "in the eyes of Yahweh" represents what Yahweh thinks about someone. If a king was faithful and obeyed the covenant, he did what was right according to Yahweh. If he was not faithful and disobeyed the covenant, he did what was evil according to Yahweh. -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? +### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### Can I translate the Book of 1 Kings before I translate the Books of 1 and 2 Samuel? +### Can I translate the Book of 1 Kings before I translate the Books of 1 and 2 Samuel? The Books of 1 and 2 Samuel should be translated before 1 Kings, since 1 Kings continues from where 2 Samuel ends. diff --git a/1pe/01/intro.md b/1pe/01/intro.md index 193c28dcad..daa2a63506 100644 --- a/1pe/01/intro.md +++ b/1pe/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Peter 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### What God reveals @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bib Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/1pe/02/intro.md b/1pe/02/intro.md index b20bd612bb..d070f7e099 100644 --- a/1pe/02/intro.md +++ b/1pe/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Peter 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Stones Peter uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Milk and babies diff --git a/1pe/03/intro.md b/1pe/03/intro.md index da32be38ca..6f70f624f5 100644 --- a/1pe/03/intro.md +++ b/1pe/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Peter 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Outward ornaments" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/1pe/04/intro.md b/1pe/04/intro.md index 880bacb694..23835ca409 100644 --- a/1pe/04/intro.md +++ b/1pe/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Peter 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ungodly Gentiles @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not ##### Martyrdom It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those" diff --git a/1pe/05/intro.md b/1pe/05/intro.md index dae286be05..0ffafa62de 100644 --- a/1pe/05/intro.md +++ b/1pe/05/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Peter 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Crowns The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Lion diff --git a/1pe/front/intro.md b/1pe/front/intro.md index 3763ceec7f..22d2c7a2ea 100644 --- a/1pe/front/intro.md +++ b/1pe/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Peter +### Outline of 1 Peter 1. Introduction (1:1-2) 1. Praise for God's salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10) @@ -11,31 +11,31 @@ 1. Closing (5:12-14) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter? +### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter? The Book of 1 Peter was written by the apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. -#### What is the Book of 1 Peter about? +### What is the Book of 1 Peter about? Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of "encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God" (5:12). He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they were suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus would return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title "1 Peter" or "First Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter from Peter" or "The First Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How were Christians treated in Rome? +### How were Christians treated in Rome? Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of "Babylon" (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" +### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter, except in two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter? * "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart" (1:22). The ULB and most other modern translations read this way. Some older translations read, "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart." diff --git a/1sa/01/intro.md b/1sa/01/intro.md index 1167fdf62f..28e516e379 100644 --- a/1sa/01/intro.md +++ b/1sa/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 which tells about Samuel, the religious leader of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Two wives This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of M ##### "Pay his vow" It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying one's vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idioms diff --git a/1sa/02/intro.md b/1sa/02/intro.md index 1be2a2c516..21b57c7205 100644 --- a/1sa/02/intro.md +++ b/1sa/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with Hannah's poetic prayer in 2:1-10 . -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hannah's song of praise to God @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This song is about how God protects the weak and strengthens them. He humbles th Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually sinned and did not honor God. Eli corrected them but they did not listen. A prophet warned Eli that God would stop his family from being priests and his sons would both die on the same day. At the same time, Samuel was growing up and serving God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter This chapter has many figures of speech because the first part of the chapter is a song and the last part of the chapter is a prophecy. Songs and prophecy tend to have many figures of speech. diff --git a/1sa/03/intro.md b/1sa/03/intro.md index ede1dec27f..b4142ebcc9 100644 --- a/1sa/03/intro.md +++ b/1sa/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Samuel 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God speaks to Samuel God spoke at night to Samuel when he was a small boy, telling him that he would punish Eli's family. As Samuel grew up, God gave him many messages. People came from all over Israel to find out what God had to say. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metonymy diff --git a/1sa/04/intro.md b/1sa/04/intro.md index 2cc7abb0c7..021fec5780 100644 --- a/1sa/04/intro.md +++ b/1sa/04/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # 1 Samuel 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Ark is captured The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israel's army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Eli's sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Eli's two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby "the glory has departed." -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Question diff --git a/1sa/05/intro.md b/1sa/05/intro.md index 74bd01a609..0cf6f3ffcf 100644 --- a/1sa/05/intro.md +++ b/1sa/05/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Samuel 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of the Ark of the Covenant in Philistia continues. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Ark in the Philistine Cities The Philistines took the Ark of God to Ashdod and put it in their idol temple, but their idol fell down in front of the Ark and the people got sick with bubonic plague. They took it to Gath next, and the people of Gath began dying of the plague. When they took the Ark to Ekron, the people of Ekron were afraid of it too and did not want it there. Finally they decided to send it back to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idioms diff --git a/1sa/06/intro.md b/1sa/06/intro.md index 3c256359d8..c2460814fe 100644 --- a/1sa/06/intro.md +++ b/1sa/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story of the Ark of the Covenant among the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel diff --git a/1sa/07/intro.md b/1sa/07/intro.md index 5bb55ea726..fd8da74d31 100644 --- a/1sa/07/intro.md +++ b/1sa/07/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Samuel 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idioms diff --git a/1sa/08/intro.md b/1sa/08/intro.md index 7b54860187..d4a708ebd3 100644 --- a/1sa/08/intro.md +++ b/1sa/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Samuel 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Saul and Samuel The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The people want a king diff --git a/1sa/09/intro.md b/1sa/09/intro.md index 0cad0e6138..7aa420e838 100644 --- a/1sa/09/intro.md +++ b/1sa/09/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Samuel 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king When the donkeys of Saul's father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions diff --git a/1sa/10/intro.md b/1sa/10/intro.md index 57f69bd397..acd9c39ec4 100644 --- a/1sa/10/intro.md +++ b/1sa/10/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # 1 Samuel 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the first chapter about King Saul. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Saul as the New King Samuel told Saul that God had chosen him to be king, and on the way home he would meet some prophets. Saul would then begin prophesying and God would give him the Holy Spirit to help him to know what to do. Samuel told everyone to come to Mizpah where he announced that God had chosen Saul to be their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions diff --git a/1sa/11/intro.md b/1sa/11/intro.md index f415848bc9..69ef902ea7 100644 --- a/1sa/11/intro.md +++ b/1sa/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Samuel 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idioms diff --git a/1sa/12/intro.md b/1sa/12/intro.md index fa551f6560..a4042327a6 100644 --- a/1sa/12/intro.md +++ b/1sa/12/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Samuel 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Samuel's farewell address This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter It is common in Scripture to use Israel's history to show how faithful God has been. This gives the readers evidence to trust in Yahweh in their current situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/1sa/13/intro.md b/1sa/13/intro.md index eaacd36c8b..3402ae7617 100644 --- a/1sa/13/intro.md +++ b/1sa/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Samuel 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathan's victory over the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Preparation for the battle Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Saul's army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Hyperbole diff --git a/1sa/14/intro.md b/1sa/14/intro.md index 81a3fb8774..508370ff77 100644 --- a/1sa/14/intro.md +++ b/1sa/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Samuel 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter completes the story of Jonathan's victory over the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The battle against the Philistines Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the hill. He said God could use a few people just as easily as he could use many people to win his battles. He and his armor bearer started killing the Philistines, and suddenly the Philistines began fighting each other or running away. The rest of Israel, who had hidden, came and chased the Philistines. Even though Israel had a king, God was still in control of the nation of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Special reference diff --git a/1sa/15/intro.md b/1sa/15/intro.md index 3852171bb3..10a66b9d58 100644 --- a/1sa/15/intro.md +++ b/1sa/15/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Samuel 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God wants total obedience Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed God's command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom "He has turned back from following me" is an idiom meaning "he has stopped obeying me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/1sa/16/intro.md b/1sa/16/intro.md index 646acb6e95..6c5e811785 100644 --- a/1sa/16/intro.md +++ b/1sa/16/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 1 Samuel 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David Chapter 16 establishes God's choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David chosen to be the next king Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected David's older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Question God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept God's decision: "How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?" It was wrong to mourn because it was God's punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/17/intro.md b/1sa/17/intro.md index 72c7f3540e..ab047a963d 100644 --- a/1sa/17/intro.md +++ b/1sa/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter introduced David as a soldier, a skill that will be important for the rest of his life. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David kills Goliath Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equipment. David, trusting in the Lord and armed only with a sling, defeats Goliath who is well-armed and physically strong but who did not believe in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equip The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions David uses rhetorical questions to state his desire to fight the giant: "What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/18/intro.md b/1sa/18/intro.md index 975c54eeb2..4896299201 100644 --- a/1sa/18/intro.md +++ b/1sa/18/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Samuel 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the first chapter of a section explaining why Saul wants to kill David. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 18:7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Saul is jealous of David's popularity Saul's son, Jonathan, loves David. David is successful in battling the Philistines, and Saul is happy until the women give David more attention than they give him. He fears that David will replace him as king. This is potentially confusing because the author has already established that David will be the next king. It is probably that Saul feared David would kill him in order to be the next king sooner, or that he did not really believe David would be the next king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) diff --git a/1sa/19/intro.md b/1sa/19/intro.md index df1566792e..6765763b92 100644 --- a/1sa/19/intro.md +++ b/1sa/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Samuel 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God protects David Jonathan persuades Saul not to kill David, but Saul again becomes jealous and orders his servants to bring David to him to be killed. God uses Michal to save David. David flees to Samuel and they begin prophesying. When Saul sends servants to capture David, they begin prophesying. This causes Saul to go himself and he begins to prophesy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/1sa/20/intro.md b/1sa/20/intro.md index 15d5fdb409..3f5d3d1647 100644 --- a/1sa/20/intro.md +++ b/1sa/20/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Samuel 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jonathan warns David David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king's son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor David uses a powerful metaphor and an oath to impress Jonathan with the danger he is in: "But as truly as Yahweh lives, and as you live, there is but a step between me and death." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/1sa/21/intro.md b/1sa/21/intro.md index 83894e7957..6f0584c3d0 100644 --- a/1sa/21/intro.md +++ b/1sa/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 21:11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David and the chief priest David visits the chief priest and lies to him about being on a special mission for the king. He asks for food, weapons, and prayer. The chief priest gives him some sacred bread and Goliath's sword and prays for him. @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ David visits the chief priest and lies to him about being on a special mission f ##### David and the king of Gath David flees to Gath. The advisers to the king tell him that David is almost the king of Israel. David becomes afraid of the king and pretends to be insane. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions The king of Gath's advisers use two rhetorical questions to warn him about how dangerous David could be: "Is not this David the king of the land? Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, 'Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousands?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/22/intro.md b/1sa/22/intro.md index 1487143865..05cd5e23c3 100644 --- a/1sa/22/intro.md +++ b/1sa/22/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting There are two stories in this chapter: David gathering a group of followers and Saul having all the priests and their families killed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David assembles a force of unhappy people David hides in the wilderness, and people in trouble come to him. Soon he has a force of 500 men. The prophet then tells him to leave the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/1sa/23/intro.md b/1sa/23/intro.md index d95d476f3a..6d09bf1c6d 100644 --- a/1sa/23/intro.md +++ b/1sa/23/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Samuel 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Saul chases David Saul wants to kill David, but David trusts in God who keeps rescuing him. David rescues the town of Keilah from the Philistines who are stealing their harvest. Saul goes to Keilah to capture David, but David flees to the wilderness near Ziph. When David goes deeper into the wilderness, Saul follows but he has to leave to fight the Philistines who have invaded the land. Saul's pursuit of David shows that Saul cares more about killing his enemies than pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Synecdoche Jonathan strengthens David with a synecdoche: "For the hand of Saul my father will not find you." This helps to strengthen David's faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/1sa/24/intro.md b/1sa/24/intro.md index d4070434d9..f490a52bfc 100644 --- a/1sa/24/intro.md +++ b/1sa/24/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Samuel 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter Even though Saul tries again and again to kill David, David does not avenge himself on Saul because God had chosen Saul as king. This is meant to contrast with Saul's treatment of David, the future king. Saul represents the king the people wanted, a selfish man. David is the king God wanted, a godly man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) diff --git a/1sa/25/intro.md b/1sa/25/intro.md index 79d1c48d99..3f6ba0415c 100644 --- a/1sa/25/intro.md +++ b/1sa/25/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Samuel 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Revenge When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabal's household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) diff --git a/1sa/26/intro.md b/1sa/26/intro.md index bc1cd9ee17..cbcf921f6c 100644 --- a/1sa/26/intro.md +++ b/1sa/26/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 1 Samuel 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Vengeance David has another opportunity to kill Saul but he refuses to kill the one God had chosen as king. This contrasts with Saul, who tried to find David and kill him. Saul came to admit that David was more righteous than he was because he did not kill his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question David put his reason for not killing Saul in a rhetorical question: "Do not destroy him; for who can extend his hand against Yahweh's anointed one and be guiltless?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/27/intro.md b/1sa/27/intro.md index b1080fd01b..63ba6cd9e6 100644 --- a/1sa/27/intro.md +++ b/1sa/27/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This begins a section about David living with the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's move David is afraid Saul will someday catch him and kill him, so he moves to the Philistine city of Gath. This is a type of exile David creates for himself out of fear. It is caused by his lack of trust in God. This is the same reason his descendants would come to be exiled. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/1sa/28/intro.md b/1sa/28/intro.md index aaf2c8724b..c29dfedb06 100644 --- a/1sa/28/intro.md +++ b/1sa/28/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 1 Samuel 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Talking to the dead Talking to the dead was against the law of Moses. God or the Holy Spirit left Saul because of his sin and would not help him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question Samuel uses a rhetorical question to say it was useless to ask his advice since there was no way Saul could be successful with God against him: "What then do you ask me, since Yahweh has left you, and he has become your enemy?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/1sa/29/intro.md b/1sa/29/intro.md index bd0987c84e..251f6626b3 100644 --- a/1sa/29/intro.md +++ b/1sa/29/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 29:5. -#### Other possible translation difficulties +### Other possible translation difficulties It is unclear whether David wanted to go into battle with the Philistines. He would have been fighting against Saul, but he also would have been fighting against Israel's soldiers. It is probably best to see that David is conflicted over this issue, but some scholars believe that David planned on turning against the Philistines in the battle. diff --git a/1sa/30/intro.md b/1sa/30/intro.md index 21e41f4d92..a40e9bad61 100644 --- a/1sa/30/intro.md +++ b/1sa/30/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Samuel 30 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David fights the Amalekites When David and his men arrive home, they find the Amalekites have raided Ziklag and taken everything. They catch and destroy them and bring back all of their goods and families. Then David sends gifts to all the cities in Judah through which they had traveled. diff --git a/1sa/31/intro.md b/1sa/31/intro.md index 14c4f5b323..a8d97953e9 100644 --- a/1sa/31/intro.md +++ b/1sa/31/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Samuel 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the end of the section on Saul, but the book continues in 2 Samuel 1. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Saul's punishment Saul receives his punishment from God: death for his disobedience and resisting the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) diff --git a/1sa/front/intro.md b/1sa/front/intro.md index 5dc182f603..71c7acea8e 100644 --- a/1sa/front/intro.md +++ b/1sa/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Samuel +### Outline of 1 Samuel 1. Samuel as judge over Israel (1:1–7:17) - Samuel as a child (1:1–3:21) @@ -22,41 +22,41 @@ - David in the wilderness; David in Philistia (21:1–30:31) - Death of Saul (31:1–13) -#### What is the Book of 1 Samuel about? +### What is the Book of 1 Samuel about? The Book of 1 Samuel is about Samuel, Saul, and David. Samuel was the last of the judges over Israel. Saul was the first king of Israel. Much of the book is about how Saul became king, then how he later sinned against God and died. God chose David to be king after Saul. This book shows how God protected David when Saul tried to kill him. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "1 Samuel" or "First Samuel." Or, translators may consider a clearer title such as "The First Book About Samuel, Saul, and David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### What is the purpose of the Book of 1 Samuel? +### What is the purpose of the Book of 1 Samuel? The purpose of 1 Samuel is to give an account of the events leading up to David becoming king of Israel. In 1 Samuel, the twelve tribes of Israel unite under the first king of Israel, Saul. But Saul does not obey Yahweh's commands. So God uses Samuel to choose David as a king who will trust and obey Yahweh. -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Samuel? +### Who wrote the Book of 1 Samuel? It is uncertain who wrote 1 Samuel. It may have been someone alive soon after King Solomon died. When Solomon died, the kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms. The author probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. A descendant of David continued to rule over the southern kingdom. The author may have written 1 Samuel to defend David's right to be king. This would prove that David's descendant was the rightful king of God's people. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who is "Yahweh's anointed"? +### Who is "Yahweh's anointed"? The writer of 1 Samuel often speaks of "Yahweh's anointed." This refers to the one whom Yahweh chose to be the king of his people. Also, the phrase "Yahweh's anointed" would make later readers think about the future descendant of David who would become king of God's people. This person who Yahweh chose would be known as the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are curses, as found in 1 Samuel and elsewhere? +### What are curses, as found in 1 Samuel and elsewhere? A curse is a strong statement a person makes to cause bad things to happen to the person or thing being cursed. A curse usually has this pattern: "May God do so to you, and even more, if you hide anything from me of all the words that he spoke to you" (1 Sam. 3:17). Other instances of curses in 1 and 2 Samuel are found in 1 Sam 14:44; 20:13; 25:22; 2 Sam 3:9, 35; and 19:13. The translator should represent a curse in the project language in as strong a way as possible. -#### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? +### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) The Book of 1 Samuel has two references to Israel and Judah ([1 Samuel 17:52](../17/52.md), [1 Samuel 18:16](../18/16.md)). However, these references appear in the text long before the two kingdoms split apart. It seems clear that the references to Israel and Judah are in the text because the author wrote at a time after the kingdoms split. He wanted the readers to understand that all the twelve tribes had supported David. -#### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? +### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? This phrase was used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation's readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written" or "to this day, at the time of writing." This phrase occurs in 1 Samuel 5:5; 6:18: 27:6; 30:25. diff --git a/1th/01/intro.md b/1th/01/intro.md index e5081b74d7..559e16e3b7 100644 --- a/1th/01/intro.md +++ b/1th/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Thessalonians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Verse 1 formally introduces this letter. Letters in the ancient Near East commonly had introductions of this type. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hardship Other people persecuted the Christians in Thessalonica. But the Christians there handled it well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/1th/02/intro.md b/1th/02/intro.md index fcf2ec4de9..1b5ce265e8 100644 --- a/1th/02/intro.md +++ b/1th/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Thessalonians 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Christian witness Paul values his "Christian witness" as evidence that the gospel is true. Paul says that being godly or holy bears witness to the non-Christian. Paul defends his character so that his witness is not affected. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/1th/04/intro.md b/1th/04/intro.md index 126e4c6d74..4062912bb7 100644 --- a/1th/04/intro.md +++ b/1th/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Thessalonians 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sexual immorality Different cultures have different standards of sexual morality. These different cultural standards may make translating this passage difficult. Translators must also be aware of cultural taboos. These are topics considered improper to discuss. diff --git a/1th/05/intro.md b/1th/05/intro.md index a016c6a147..96b1eaf5ed 100644 --- a/1th/05/intro.md +++ b/1th/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Thessalonians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul concludes his letter in a way that was typical of letters in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Day of the Lord The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will be a surprise to the world. This is what the simile "like a thief in the night" means. Because of this, Christians are to live prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/1th/front/intro.md b/1th/front/intro.md index 548c339e1b..ec44541bec 100644 --- a/1th/front/intro.md +++ b/1th/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 Thessalonians +### Outline of the Book of 1 Thessalonians 1. Greeting (1:1) 1. Prayer of thanksgiving for the Thessalonian Christians (1:2-10) @@ -17,39 +17,39 @@ - Christ's return is a motive for godly living (5:1-11) 1. Closing blessings, thanks, and prayers (5:12-28) -#### Who wrote 1 Thessalonians? +### Who wrote 1 Thessalonians? Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while staying in the city of Corinth. Of all Paul's letters that are in the Bible, many scholars think 1 Thessalonians was the first letter Paul wrote. -#### What is the Book of 1 Thessalonians about? +### What is the Book of 1 Thessalonians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the city of Thessalonica. He wrote it after the Jews in the city forced him to leave. In this letter he said he considered his visit to them a success, even though he was forced to leave. Paul responded to the news from Timothy about the Thessalonian believers. The believers there were being persecuted. He encouraged them to continue living in a way that pleased God. He also comforted them by explaining what happens to those who die before Christ returns. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 Thessalonians" or "First Thessalonians." They may instead prefer to choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to the Church in Thessalonica," or "The First Letter to the Christians in Thessalonica." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? +### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? Paul wrote much in this letter about Jesus's eventual return to Earth. When Jesus returns, he will judge all mankind. He will also rule over creation, and there will be peace everywhere. -#### What happens to those who die before the return of Christ? +### What happens to those who die before the return of Christ? Paul made clear that those who die before Christ's return will come back to life and be with Jesus. They will not remain dead forever. Paul wrote this to encourage the Thessalonians. For some of them worried that those who died would miss the great day when Jesus returns. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord."? +### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord."? Paul meant to express the idea of a very a close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Thessalonians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Thessalonians? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/1ti/01/intro.md b/1ti/01/intro.md index 0dae812df9..8f8b10e0ab 100644 --- a/1ti/01/intro.md +++ b/1ti/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Timothy 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Spiritual children In this chapter, Paul calls Timothy a "son" and his "child." Paul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul called Timothy his "son in the faith." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ In this chapter, Paul calls Timothy a "son" and his "child." Paul discipled Timo Genealogies are lists that record a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Most important people had records of their genealogies. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Play on words The phrase "the law is good if one uses it lawfully" ([1 Timothy 1:8](./08.md)) is a play on words. The English words "law" and "lawfully" come from the same root, and they translate words that come from the same root in the original language, so it would be well to translate the clause so as to preserve this word play. diff --git a/1ti/02/intro.md b/1ti/02/intro.md index 228296c438..50c201f401 100644 --- a/1ti/02/intro.md +++ b/1ti/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Timothy 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Peace Paul encourages Christians to pray for everyone. They should pray for rulers so that Christians can live peacefully, in a godly and dignified way. @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Paul encourages Christians to pray for everyone. They should pray for rulers so Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings" These terms overlap each other in what they mean. It is not necessary to view them as distinct categories. diff --git a/1ti/03/intro.md b/1ti/03/intro.md index a2a956b088..6cf966c3a9 100644 --- a/1ti/03/intro.md +++ b/1ti/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 1 Timothy 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting [1 Timothy 3:16](./16.md) was probably a song, poem, or creed the early church used to list important doctrines that believers all shared. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Overseers and deacons The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include elder, pastor, and bishop. The word "overseer" reflects the meaning of the original language in verses 1-2. Paul writes about "deacons" in verses 8 and 12 as another kind of church leader. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Character qualities This chapter lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an overseer or deacon in the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) diff --git a/1ti/04/intro.md b/1ti/04/intro.md index d3ca856afd..ecfba3f33f 100644 --- a/1ti/04/intro.md +++ b/1ti/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 1 Timothy 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting [1 Timothy 4:1](../04/01.md) is a prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Later times This is another way of referring to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/1ti/05/intro.md b/1ti/05/intro.md index c01d1de8a5..14d0774f2b 100644 --- a/1ti/05/intro.md +++ b/1ti/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Timothy 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Honor and respect Paul encourages younger Christians to honor and respect older Christians. Cultures honor and respect older people in different ways. diff --git a/1ti/06/intro.md b/1ti/06/intro.md index 1c5ac38a19..607a504eea 100644 --- a/1ti/06/intro.md +++ b/1ti/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 1 Timothy 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Slavery diff --git a/1ti/front/intro.md b/1ti/front/intro.md index 714f883a56..f2c8fdffab 100644 --- a/1ti/front/intro.md +++ b/1ti/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 Timothy +### Outline of the Book of 1 Timothy 1. Greetings (1:1,2) 1. Paul and Timothy @@ -18,23 +18,23 @@ 1. Note to the wealthy people (6:17-19) 1. Closing words to Timothy (6:20,21) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Timothy? +### Who wrote the Book of 1 Timothy? Paul wrote 1 Timothy. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. This book is the first letter Paul wrote to Timothy. Timothy was his disciple and close friend. Paul probably wrote it near the end of his life. -#### What is the Book of 1 Timothy about? +### What is the Book of 1 Timothy about? Paul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matters. The topics he addressed included church worship, qualifications for church leaders, and warnings against false teachers. This letter shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 Timothy" or "First Timothy." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to Timothy." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is discipleship? +### What is discipleship? Discipleship is the process of encouraging people to live the way Jesus wants them to live, to be more like Christ. This letter gives many instructions about how a leader should train a less mature Christian. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ Discipleship is the process of encouraging people to live the way Jesus wants th ##### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Timothy. The exception to this is 6:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 1 Timothy? +### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 1 Timothy? For the following verse, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/2ch/01/intro.md b/2ch/01/intro.md index 55e1d3765a..49899e1fff 100644 --- a/2ch/01/intro.md +++ b/2ch/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about King Solomon's reign (2 Chronicles 1-9). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wisdom Solomon asks God for wisdom to rule God's people. God is pleased with this request because it is used to serve others. Therefore, God also gives Solomon tremendous wealth and a long life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/2ch/02/intro.md b/2ch/02/intro.md index 6e31528253..c294ff15a8 100644 --- a/2ch/02/intro.md +++ b/2ch/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Solomon's reign continues in this chapter. This chapter also begins a section on building the temple. (2 Chronicles 2-4 and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### House of God The temple is repeatedly referred to as the "house of God" because Yahweh will dwell in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) diff --git a/2ch/03/intro.md b/2ch/03/intro.md index 0932bf69b3..73057f8754 100644 --- a/2ch/03/intro.md +++ b/2ch/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Location of the temple The location of the temple was very significant. Many important events in history occurred at this location. diff --git a/2ch/04/intro.md b/2ch/04/intro.md index 3403cd26ed..27c1def0ad 100644 --- a/2ch/04/intro.md +++ b/2ch/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Special construction Not only is the temple constructed in a special way, the things that are used in the temple's sacrificial system and its decorations are constructed in a special way. diff --git a/2ch/05/intro.md b/2ch/05/intro.md index 76d4f69ed8..c57cf10bb4 100644 --- a/2ch/05/intro.md +++ b/2ch/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Moving the contents of the tent Everything from the tent was moved into the new temple. This too was done in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/2ch/06/intro.md b/2ch/06/intro.md index de5d5b8cdb..044fb02119 100644 --- a/2ch/06/intro.md +++ b/2ch/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Temple dedication Solomon dedicated the temple with a prayer asking God to honor the temple. It was common to dedicate something important to God when it was completed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/2ch/07/intro.md b/2ch/07/intro.md index 5a2edcd804..58c071e5b3 100644 --- a/2ch/07/intro.md +++ b/2ch/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Solomon's dream God appeared again to Solomon in a dream and said the temple was acceptable and he honored it with his presence. He would remain as long as Israel obeyed him. If they worshiped other gods and idols he would let their enemies destroy the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/2ch/08/intro.md b/2ch/08/intro.md index eee4656e1d..a7a9270371 100644 --- a/2ch/08/intro.md +++ b/2ch/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Solomon's victories Solomon achieved many victory when he was king. This chapter records many of these victories. Israel is at its height of power when Solomon was king. diff --git a/2ch/09/intro.md b/2ch/09/intro.md index ee73328080..b91accfdfe 100644 --- a/2ch/09/intro.md +++ b/2ch/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon ends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Solomon's fame Solomon was famous outside of Israel because of his wisdom and tremendous wealth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) diff --git a/2ch/10/intro.md b/2ch/10/intro.md index 2e0e110f14..076a54010f 100644 --- a/2ch/10/intro.md +++ b/2ch/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Chronicles 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This begins a section on King Rehoboam. (2 Chronicles 10-12) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rehoboam's taxes The people asked Solomon's son, Rehoboam, to reduce the heavy taxes and the forced labor Solomon had demanded but Rehoboam refused. He lacked the wisdom to follow the advice of the men who had been councilors of his father Solomon. So the ten northern tribes broke off and made Jeroboam their king. They were called "Israel" and Rehoboam's kingdom was called Judah. This will cause confusion between the northern kingdom of Israel and the whole nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/2ch/11/intro.md b/2ch/11/intro.md index 0ec38c0ae3..d2250f6710 100644 --- a/2ch/11/intro.md +++ b/2ch/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Chronicles 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The section on King Rehoboam continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Strengthening their defenses Rehoboam strengthened the defenses of Judah. Without the help of the northern tribes, the kingdom of Judah did not really have much power to defend itself from outside attacks. Therefore, Rehoboam felt it necessary to strengthen Judah's military defenses. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel When the author speaks about Israel, he is now referring almost exclusively to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the united nation of Israel. diff --git a/2ch/12/intro.md b/2ch/12/intro.md index 2477c03640..b50245a191 100644 --- a/2ch/12/intro.md +++ b/2ch/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the section on King Rehoboam. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Worshiping Yahweh diff --git a/2ch/13/intro.md b/2ch/13/intro.md index 8e7901ba3a..6103cfd451 100644 --- a/2ch/13/intro.md +++ b/2ch/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Chronicles 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust Trusting in God, King Abijah of Judah was able to overcome the army of Israel even though it was twice as big as his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2ch/14/intro.md b/2ch/14/intro.md index 56f502f0b3..1806798c9a 100644 --- a/2ch/14/intro.md +++ b/2ch/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the section about King Asa. (2 Chronicles 14-16) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust Trusting in Yahweh, Asa was able to defeat million men of the army of Nubia. Trust in Yahweh is more important than military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2ch/15/intro.md b/2ch/15/intro.md index 22127a82ba..9046b6068f 100644 --- a/2ch/15/intro.md +++ b/2ch/15/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Chronicles 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The section about King Asa continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Promise The people promise to serve the Lord. This is something they will ultimately fail to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom diff --git a/2ch/16/intro.md b/2ch/16/intro.md index 97f8980e22..1dbde82cc6 100644 --- a/2ch/16/intro.md +++ b/2ch/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The section about King Asa is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Asa did not trust Yahweh When Baasha was building Ramah to blockade him, Asa asked the king of Aram to help him instead of trusting God to help him. This was sinful because he disobeyed Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/2ch/17/intro.md b/2ch/17/intro.md index f81aefde7f..c006ba9251 100644 --- a/2ch/17/intro.md +++ b/2ch/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of King Jehoshaphat. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust in Yahweh Jehoshaphat trusted and obeyed God. Because of this, God made him strong. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2ch/18/intro.md b/2ch/18/intro.md index 6ccbafa2d6..006c2dc773 100644 --- a/2ch/18/intro.md +++ b/2ch/18/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Jehoshaphat as king continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter The will of God is accomplished, even when people try to avoid it. Ahab tried to disguise himself to hide from the soldiers of Aram but an arrow still hit and killed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) diff --git a/2ch/19/intro.md b/2ch/19/intro.md index 78dff72557..bfc54f9c9b 100644 --- a/2ch/19/intro.md +++ b/2ch/19/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Jehoshaphat as king continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Levite judges Jehoshaphat appointed many Levites to be judges and told them to be very fair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) diff --git a/2ch/20/intro.md b/2ch/20/intro.md index 11f4d98323..dfab58cdc1 100644 --- a/2ch/20/intro.md +++ b/2ch/20/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Jehoshaphat is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Deliverance and trust God rescues those who trust him. An enormous army came against Jehoshaphat but God promised that he would defeat them without Judah having to fight. Then the enemy fought among themselves and when the army of Judah arrived there were dead bodies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/2ch/21/intro.md b/2ch/21/intro.md index 4c7c8f7e4a..2d49ec757a 100644 --- a/2ch/21/intro.md +++ b/2ch/21/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 2 Chronicles 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Evil Doing evil causes the country to decline. Jehoshaphat's son was evil. Edom and Libna successfully revolted against him, the Arabs plundered him and he died of an intestinal disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile diff --git a/2ch/22/intro.md b/2ch/22/intro.md index c7dd830dde..bf1f9d607b 100644 --- a/2ch/22/intro.md +++ b/2ch/22/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of the story of Queen Athaliah. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/2ch/23/intro.md b/2ch/23/intro.md index 97329d1837..cb1a4b7320 100644 --- a/2ch/23/intro.md +++ b/2ch/23/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The chapter ends the story of Queen Athaliah and begins the story of King Joash. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Having a king The high priest organized a coup and made seven-year-old Joash king. Athaliah objected, so the chief priest had her killed. This was an attempt by the priests to fulfill the covenant God made with David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/2ch/24/intro.md b/2ch/24/intro.md index 9ffa549a04..8a29817119 100644 --- a/2ch/24/intro.md +++ b/2ch/24/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Joash is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Joash repairs the temple diff --git a/2ch/25/intro.md b/2ch/25/intro.md index b141a3610b..92b40b1ec5 100644 --- a/2ch/25/intro.md +++ b/2ch/25/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Chronicles 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Worshiping other gods diff --git a/2ch/26/intro.md b/2ch/26/intro.md index 178b9a4b94..9bc44fd08c 100644 --- a/2ch/26/intro.md +++ b/2ch/26/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Chronicles 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Uzzah the leper Uzzah was powerful when he followed Yahweh. When he entered the temple to burn incense like a priest, God made him a leper. Lepers could not properly worship Yahweh because they were always unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/2ch/27/intro.md b/2ch/27/intro.md index 92cc3c82dd..0603aee5fa 100644 --- a/2ch/27/intro.md +++ b/2ch/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Chronicles 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust in Yahweh Jotham was able to conquer the people of Ammon because he obeyed the Lord. For Yahweh, trust in Yahweh is the key to victory in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2ch/28/intro.md b/2ch/28/intro.md index cd593e30cc..8383df035e 100644 --- a/2ch/28/intro.md +++ b/2ch/28/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Chronicles 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King Ahaz's idolatry diff --git a/2ch/29/intro.md b/2ch/29/intro.md index 6cb6d91838..9af14741fb 100644 --- a/2ch/29/intro.md +++ b/2ch/29/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of King Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29-32) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Cleansing the temple diff --git a/2ch/30/intro.md b/2ch/30/intro.md index 189c2265c7..493467e2fc 100644 --- a/2ch/30/intro.md +++ b/2ch/30/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Hezekiah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Passover Hezekiah invited everyone in Judah and in Israel to come to Jerusalem and celebrate the Passover. It had not been celebrated since King Solomon's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) diff --git a/2ch/31/intro.md b/2ch/31/intro.md index 7f3115d5ce..82ce0c5cf3 100644 --- a/2ch/31/intro.md +++ b/2ch/31/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Hezekiah continues in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom diff --git a/2ch/32/intro.md b/2ch/32/intro.md index 7b3f5c317b..4d268e5166 100644 --- a/2ch/32/intro.md +++ b/2ch/32/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of King Hezekiah is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust in Yahweh Because Hezekiah trusted God, God rescued Jerusalem from the attacked of the Assyrian army and healed Hezekiah when he was very sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2ch/33/intro.md b/2ch/33/intro.md index a65fa2d674..0e8ff9e2b3 100644 --- a/2ch/33/intro.md +++ b/2ch/33/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Chronicles 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King Manasseh diff --git a/2ch/34/intro.md b/2ch/34/intro.md index dd8ad2b55e..eb89b2c72b 100644 --- a/2ch/34/intro.md +++ b/2ch/34/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of the story of King Josiah. (2 Chronicles 34-35) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Returning the people to Yahweh diff --git a/2ch/35/intro.md b/2ch/35/intro.md index b29a88dc67..8d9f35846e 100644 --- a/2ch/35/intro.md +++ b/2ch/35/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of King Josiah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Passover Josiah organized a large Passover celebration and people shared their animals with those without animals to sacrifice. The celebration of Passover was a sign of proper worship by the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) diff --git a/2ch/36/intro.md b/2ch/36/intro.md index c938846486..9180ce042f 100644 --- a/2ch/36/intro.md +++ b/2ch/36/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Chronicles 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of Judah as an independent country. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Punishment God warned the people through the prophets, that he would punish them if they did not worship Yahweh. The people refused to listen to the prophets or to stop their evil deeds. God finally punished them by letting the Babylonians conquer them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) diff --git a/2ch/front/intro.md b/2ch/front/intro.md index 6bb15b1414..9edf3fc914 100644 --- a/2ch/front/intro.md +++ b/2ch/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 2 Chronicles +### Outline of 2 Chronicles 1. Solomon rules the kingdom (1:1–9:28) - Solomon put on the throne of David, his father (1:1-17) @@ -13,43 +13,43 @@ - From Rehoboam to Zedekiah (10:1–36:21) - The edict of Cyrus, permitting Israel to return to Canaan (36:22–23) -#### What are 1 and 2 Chronicles about? +### What are 1 and 2 Chronicles about? The Book of 1 Chronicles retells the line of descendants from Adam to Saul. It then gives the history of Israel during the time of David. The Book of 2 Chronicles gives the history of Israel beginning with Solomon. It ends when the Babylonian army attacks Judah and takes some of the people to Babylon. The writers of Chronicles probably wrote these books for the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon. The purpose was to teach the people to avoid disobeying God as their ancestors did. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "2 Chronicles" or "Second Chronicles." You may also call this book "The Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel, Book 2" or "The Second Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? +### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles are unknown. They mention that they used other books when writing Chronicles. The names of these other books are "The Chronicles of Samuel the Seer," "The Chronicles of Nathan the Seer," "The Chronicles of Gad the Seer," "The History of Nathan the Prophet," "The Chronicles of Shemaiah the Prophet and Iddo," "The Story of the Prophet Iddo" and "The books of the kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? +### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? The books of Chronicles and the books of Kings tell much of the same history, but they are not exactly the same. The writers of Chronicles wrote mostly about the kings of Judah who were faithful to Yahweh and his covenant. The writers wanted the Jews to think carefully about David and Solomon. They also wanted the Jews to think about how Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah caused their ancestors to repent and to worship Yahweh. The writers wanted to encourage the Jews and their leaders to obey the law and to honor God's covenant with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did God punish the people of Israel? +### Why did God punish the people of Israel? God punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped false gods. God punished them with disease, disasters, and defeat in battle. However, God forgave them and caused them to prosper again if they repented and obeyed him. The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles continually reminded the readers that God punished his people because they disobeyed. They wanted the readers to understand that they must obey God. -#### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? +### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? Yahweh led and protected the nation of Israel. The people of Israel should have trusted him instead of relying on other nations to protect them. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? +### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. -#### What does it mean to "seek God?" +### What does it mean to "seek God?" The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles often wrote about "seeking God." To "seek God" means to make an effort to please and honor God. It can also mean to ask God for help. It does not imply that God is hidden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? +### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? The writers used the phrase "to this day" to refer to the time when they were writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in 1 Chronicles 4:41, 43; 5:26; 13:11; 20:26; 21:10; 35:25. diff --git a/2co/01/intro.md b/2co/01/intro.md index d265ced992..990e693e8f 100644 --- a/2co/01/intro.md +++ b/2co/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Corinthians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The first paragraph reflects a common way to begin a letter in the ancient Near East. -#### Special Concepts +### Special Concepts ##### Paul's integrity People were criticizing Paul and saying he was not sincere. He refutes them by explaining his motives for what he was doing. @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ People were criticizing Paul and saying he was not sincere. He refutes them by e ##### Comfort Comfort is a major theme of this chapter. The Holy Spirit comforts Christians. The Corinthians probably were afflicted and needed to be comforted. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question Paul uses two rhetorical questions to defend himself against a charge of not being sincere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### We Paul uses the pronoun "we". This likely represents at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. diff --git a/2co/02/intro.md b/2co/02/intro.md index d061489bf5..51a2381d34 100644 --- a/2co/02/intro.md +++ b/2co/02/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 2 Corinthians 02 General Notes -#### Special Concepts +### Special Concepts ##### Harsh writing In this chapter, Paul refers to a letter he previously wrote to the Corinthians. Some scholars believe this refers to the letter known as First Corinthians. Other scholars believe this refers to a letter Paul wrote after the letter known as First Corinthians and before this letter. In either case, Paul had told the church to rebuke an erring member. Paul is now encouraging them to be gracious to that person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Aroma A sweet aroma is a pleasing smell. Scripture often describes things that are pleasing to God as having a pleasing aroma. diff --git a/2co/03/intro.md b/2co/03/intro.md index 625dbaaa4d..611ba2a4ce 100644 --- a/2co/03/intro.md +++ b/2co/03/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ # 2 Corinthians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul continues his defense. Paul views the Corinthian Christians as the proof of his work. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Law of Moses Paul alludes to God giving the Ten Commandments on stone tablets. This represents the law of Moses. The law was good because it came from God. But God punished the Israelites because they disobeyed it. This chapter may be difficult for translators to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter to explain complex spiritual truths. It is unclear whether this makes Paul's teachings easier or more difficult to understand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit." Paul contrasts the old and new covenants. The new covenant is not a system of rules and regulations. Here "Spirit" probably refers to the Holy Spirit. It may also refer to the new covenant being "spiritual" in nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) diff --git a/2co/04/intro.md b/2co/04/intro.md index 6a2b7d8284..bda112f0d9 100644 --- a/2co/04/intro.md +++ b/2co/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Corinthians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with the word "therefore." This connects it to what the previous chapter teaches. How these chapters are divided may be confusing to the reader. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ministry Paul ministers to people by telling them about Christ. He does not try to trick people into believing. If they do not understand the gospel, it is because the problem is ultimately spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Light and darkness @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases ##### Life and death Paul does not refer here to physical life and death. Life represents the new life a Christian has in Jesus. Death represents the old way of living before believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Hope Paul uses a repeated pattern in a purposeful way. He makes a statement. Then he denies a seemingly opposite or contradictory statement or gives an exception. Together these give the reader hope in difficult circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]]) diff --git a/2co/05/intro.md b/2co/05/intro.md index 4df05b73b5..c9c205d259 100644 --- a/2co/05/intro.md +++ b/2co/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Corinthians 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### New bodies in heaven Paul knows that when he dies he will receive a much better body. Because of this, he is not afraid of being killed for preaching the gospel. So he tells others that they too can be reconciled to God. Christ will take away their sin and give them his righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) @@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ Paul knows that when he dies he will receive a much better body. Because of this The old and new creation probably refer to how Paul illustrates the old and new self. These concepts are also the same as the old and new man. The term "old" probably does not refer to the sinful nature with which a person is born. It refers to the old way of living or the Christian formerly being bound to sin. The "new creation" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Home The Christian's home is no longer in the world. A Christian's real home is in heaven. By using this metaphor, Paul emphasizes that the Christian's circumstances in this world are temporary. It gives hope to those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The message of reconciliation" This refers to the gospel. Paul calls for people who are hostile to God to repent and be reconciled to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) diff --git a/2co/06/intro.md b/2co/06/intro.md index df20b9579b..19468bacd6 100644 --- a/2co/06/intro.md +++ b/2co/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Corinthians 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 2 and 16-18, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Servants Paul refers to Christians as servants of God. God calls Christians to serve him in all circumstances. Paul describes some of the difficult circumstances in which he and his companions served God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Contrasts @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases ##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions to teach his readers. All of these questions make essentially the same point: Christians should not intimately fellowship with those who live in sin. Paul repeats these questions for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### We diff --git a/2co/07/intro.md b/2co/07/intro.md index 29400c7b2f..9e0a750e9d 100644 --- a/2co/07/intro.md +++ b/2co/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Corinthians 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In verses 2-4, Paul finishes his defense. He then writes about Titus's return and the comfort it brought. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Clean and unclean @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Christians are "clean" in the sense that God has cleansed them from sin. They do ##### Sadness and sorrow The words "sad" and "sorrow" in this chapter indicate that the Corinthians were upset to the point of repenting. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### We diff --git a/2co/08/intro.md b/2co/08/intro.md index 888ec7c5e2..0c114853d1 100644 --- a/2co/08/intro.md +++ b/2co/08/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # 2 Corinthians 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapters 8 and 9 begin a new section. Paul writes about how churches in Greece helped needy believers in Jerusalem. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 15. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Gift to the church in Jerusalem The church in Corinth started preparing to give money to the poor believers in Jerusalem. The churches in Macedonia also had given generously. Paul sends Titus and two other believers to Corinth to encourage the Corinthians to give generously. Paul and the others will carry the money to Jerusalem. They want people to know it is being done honestly. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### We diff --git a/2co/09/intro.md b/2co/09/intro.md index 87b16b425e..d98baa7b47 100644 --- a/2co/09/intro.md +++ b/2co/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Corinthians 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 9, which is quoted from the Old Testament. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors diff --git a/2co/10/intro.md b/2co/10/intro.md index 749978c16c..1e19cb5199 100644 --- a/2co/10/intro.md +++ b/2co/10/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ # 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 17. In this chapter, Paul returns to defending his authority. He also compares the way he speaks and the way he writes. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Boasting "Boasting" is often thought of as bragging, which is not good. But in this letter "boasting" means confidently exulting or rejoicing. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor In verses 3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. He probably uses them as part of a larger metaphor about Christians being spiritually at war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Flesh diff --git a/2co/11/intro.md b/2co/11/intro.md index b6dbcb9085..af4ce4100a 100644 --- a/2co/11/intro.md +++ b/2co/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul continues defending his authority. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### False teaching The Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers who taught things about Jesus and the gospel that were different from what Paul taught and that were not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul sacrificially served the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers who taught things about Jesu ##### Light Light is commonly used in the New Testament as a metaphor. Paul here uses light to indicate the revealing of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin. Sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ He also uses a series of rhetorical questions to empathize with his converts: "W ##### "Are they servants of Christ?" This is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to do so. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/2co/12/intro.md b/2co/12/intro.md index c7314a2e28..0ad60e5aa4 100644 --- a/2co/12/intro.md +++ b/2co/12/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul continues defending his authority in this chapter. When Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his powerful deeds. He had not ever taken anything from them. Now that he is coming for the third time, he will still not take anything. He hopes that when he visits, he will not need to be harsh with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Paul's vision @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Paul now defends his authority by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven. Al ##### Third heaven Many scholars believe the "third" heaven is the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture also uses "heaven" to refer to the sky (the "first" heaven) and the universe (the "second" heaven). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Paul uses many rhetorical questions as he defends himself against his enemies wh Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit." He uses it to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/2co/13/intro.md b/2co/13/intro.md index d34ad144ac..755182d1c9 100644 --- a/2co/13/intro.md +++ b/2co/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Preparation Paul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Power and weakness Paul repeatedly uses the contrasting words "power" and "weakness" in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other. diff --git a/2co/front/intro.md b/2co/front/intro.md index 4716f5d01f..9fd5f30bba 100644 --- a/2co/front/intro.md +++ b/2co/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians +### Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians 1. Paul thanks God for the Corinthian Christians (1:1-11) 1. Paul explains his conduct and his ministry (1:12-7:16) @@ -10,39 +10,39 @@ 1. Paul defends his authority as an apostle (10:1-13:10) 1. Paul gives final greetings and encouragement (13:11-14) -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians? +### Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians? Paul was the author. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul started the church in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter. -#### What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about? +### What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about? In 2 Corinthians, Paul continued to write about the conflicts among the Christians in the city of Corinth. It is clear in this letter that the Corinthians had obeyed his previous instructions to them. In 2 Corinthians, Paul encouraged them to live in a way that would please God. Paul also wrote to assure them that Jesus Christ sent him as an apostle to preach the Gospel. Paul wanted them to understand this because a group of Jewish Christians opposed what he was doing. They claimed Paul was not sent by God and that he was teaching a false message. This group of Jewish Christians wanted Gentile Christians to obey the law of Moses. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Second Corinthians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to the Church in Corinth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the city of Corinth like? +### What was the city of Corinth like? Corinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes. -#### What did Paul mean by "false apostles" (11:13)? +### What did Paul mean by "false apostles" (11:13)? These were Jewish Christians. They taught that Gentile Christians had to obey the law of Moses in order to follow Christ. Christian leaders had met in Jerusalem and decided on the matter (See: Acts 15). However, it is clear that there were still some groups that disagreed with what the leaders in Jerusalem decided. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" +### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Corinth. There are two exceptions to this: 6:2 and 12:9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULB? +### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles: @@ -54,17 +54,17 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord"? +### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord"? This kind of expression occurs in 1:19, 20; 2:12, 17; 3:14; 5:17, 19, 21; 10:17; 12:2, 19; and 13:4. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "A door was opened for me in the Lord," (2:12) where Paul specifically meant that a door was opened for Paul by the Lord. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What does it mean to be a "new creation" in Christ (5:17)? +### What does it mean to be a "new creation" in Christ (5:17)? Paul's message was that God makes Christians part of a "new world" when a person believes in Christ. God gives a new world of holiness, peace, and joy. In this new world, believers have a new nature that has been given them by the Holy Spirit. Translators should try to express this idea. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians? * "and in your love for us" (8:7). Many versions, including the ULB and UDB, read this way. However, many other translations read, "and in our love for you." There is strong evidence that each reading is original. Translators should probably follow the reading preferred by other versions in their region. diff --git a/2jn/front/intro.md b/2jn/front/intro.md index b3db45aece..38d640ede3 100644 --- a/2jn/front/intro.md +++ b/2jn/front/intro.md @@ -2,32 +2,32 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 John +### Outline of the Book of 2 John 1. Greeting (1:1-3) 1. Encouragement and the greatest commandment (1:4-6) 1. Warning about false teachers (1:7–11) 1. Greetings from fellow believers (1:12-13) -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 John? +### Who wrote the Book of 2 John? The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as "the elder." The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life. The content of 2 John is similar to the content in John's Gospel. -#### What is the Book of 2 John about? +### What is the Book of 2 John about? John addressed this letter to someone he called "the chosen lady" and to "her children" (1:1). This could refer to a specific friend and her children. Or it could refer to a specific group of believers or to believers in general. John's purpose in writing this letter was to warn his audience about false teachers. John did not want believers helping or giving money to false teachers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 John" or "Second John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Second Letter from John" or "The Second Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is hospitality? +### What is hospitality? Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. John wanted believers to offer hospitality to guests. However, he did not want believers to offer hospitality to false teachers. -#### Who were the people John spoke against? +### Who were the people John spoke against? The people John spoke against were possibly those who would become known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since they believed Jesus was divine, they denied that he was truly human. This is because they thought God would not become human since the physical body is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/2ki/01/intro.md b/2ki/01/intro.md index 55c8b9d6da..dbb0a391c3 100644 --- a/2ki/01/intro.md +++ b/2ki/01/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # 2 Kings 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting 2 Kings is a continuation of 1 Kings. The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's sovereignty God is in control of the future. King Ahaziah sent messengers to ask the Philistine god if he would recover from his fall, but this god does not know the future. Because he asked another god instead of Yahweh, Elijah sent the messengers to tell Ahaziah that he would not recover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question Elijah rebuked the king with a rhetorical question: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you are going to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/2ki/02/intro.md b/2ki/02/intro.md index 58904faf7b..dfb17aa223 100644 --- a/2ki/02/intro.md +++ b/2ki/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story of Elijah and begins the story of Elisha. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter Elisha replaces Elijah as the chief prophet of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/2ki/03/intro.md b/2ki/03/intro.md index 3a005abb19..9f8c5664bb 100644 --- a/2ki/03/intro.md +++ b/2ki/03/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ # 2 Kings 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Elisha continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Victory and defeat God is in control of victory and defeat. The armies of Israel, Judah and Edom united to attack Moab from the desert for failure to pay tribute. When they ran out of water, they were in desperate condition. Therefore, they asked Elisha (the prophet of God) what to do and he said God would give them water and victory over Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom They described Elisha with the idiom, "who poured water on the hands of Elijah," meaning "who served Elijah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Anger It is said that, "Anger came on Israel." It is not clear who was angry or why they were angry. diff --git a/2ki/04/intro.md b/2ki/04/intro.md index 6c88ed9e0e..ea03eb20b2 100644 --- a/2ki/04/intro.md +++ b/2ki/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Elisha continues with a group of stories about the miracles Elisha did. (See: [2 Kings 4-6](./01.md) and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Widow Elisha helps a widow financially, and he correctly prophesies that a barren woman would conceive and have a baby by the next year. Later, when that child dies, Elisha miraculously causes him to come back to life. Also, Elisha causes a poisonous food to no longer be harmful, and he miraculously feeds 100 people with only 20 loaves of bread. diff --git a/2ki/05/intro.md b/2ki/05/intro.md index 8f8b40cd36..48718c71af 100644 --- a/2ki/05/intro.md +++ b/2ki/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Kings 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) diff --git a/2ki/06/intro.md b/2ki/06/intro.md index f9183c9a7a..d92a77c6cb 100644 --- a/2ki/06/intro.md +++ b/2ki/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Impossible actions Elisha caused an iron ax head to float. He fooled the whole army of Aram that was sent to arrest him. When the king of Aram besieged the capital of Israel, the people became so hungry they started eating their children. Elisha told the king of Israel that there would be plenty of food the next day, but the king's counselor said it was impossible. diff --git a/2ki/07/intro.md b/2ki/07/intro.md index 1f76c85a40..d424fcf30f 100644 --- a/2ki/07/intro.md +++ b/2ki/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Kings 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fear God caused the army of Aram to hear the sound of an enormous army approaching so they all ran away leaving all their food behind. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question The king's counselor expressed his unbelief in Elisha's prophecy of plenty of food: "See, even if Yahweh should make windows in heaven, can this thing happen?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) diff --git a/2ki/08/intro.md b/2ki/08/intro.md index b994dd50cf..c2ef764d4b 100644 --- a/2ki/08/intro.md +++ b/2ki/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The stories of of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Kings Elisha told Hazael that he would be king of Aram. Jehoram became king of Judah. He was evil so Edom and Libna revolted and chose their own kings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/2ki/09/intro.md b/2ki/09/intro.md index 65fbc76b58..38ff5e3bfd 100644 --- a/2ki/09/intro.md +++ b/2ki/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The life of Elisha continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King Jehu Elisha told a young prophet to go and tell Jehu that God had made him the new king. Jehu killed the kings of both Israel and Judah and Jezebel, the mother of the king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/2ki/10/intro.md b/2ki/10/intro.md index 9a906ec35d..d6331d0332 100644 --- a/2ki/10/intro.md +++ b/2ki/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Kings 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter God's prophecy against the family of Ahab was fulfilled. Jehu killed all of Ahab's descendants and all the worshipers of Baal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/2ki/11/intro.md b/2ki/11/intro.md index 1736839539..b09f6a7f5a 100644 --- a/2ki/11/intro.md +++ b/2ki/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of the story of the spiritual revival in Judah under Joash. The people returned to properly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Athaliah's evil actions The mother of the king of Judah, Athaliah, killed all the royal children so that she could rule. She was not able to kill the baby Joash because his aunt hid him in the temple. When Joash was seven years old, the chief priest conspired with the army and made Joash king. They killed Athaliah and destroyed the temple of Baal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/2ki/12/intro.md b/2ki/12/intro.md index bcdb8954de..dfd0d41426 100644 --- a/2ki/12/intro.md +++ b/2ki/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is the end of the story of the revival in Judah under Joash. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Temple Joash repaired the temple. In many ways, the temple represents the relationship between the people and Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/2ki/13/intro.md b/2ki/13/intro.md index 6552d5d0b7..4ebf1f3200 100644 --- a/2ki/13/intro.md +++ b/2ki/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Kings 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the last chapter about Elisha. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Elisha's death The king of Israel is upset when Elisha is dying. Elisha assures him that he will have three victories over Aram. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/2ki/14/intro.md b/2ki/14/intro.md index 4c2aefbcc4..1b446a7ed1 100644 --- a/2ki/14/intro.md +++ b/2ki/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The text begins to alternate between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah again. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pride Pride in one's success can make a person attempt and fail at something else. Amaziah defeated Edom so he wanted to fight Israel. But Israel defeated him and thoroughly humiliated him. diff --git a/2ki/15/intro.md b/2ki/15/intro.md index e7c1b4f113..64cd7b0745 100644 --- a/2ki/15/intro.md +++ b/2ki/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Kings 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's evil Israel assassinated one king after another. The Assyrians began attacking Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/2ki/16/intro.md b/2ki/16/intro.md index 8958e21c21..3710df90a8 100644 --- a/2ki/16/intro.md +++ b/2ki/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Kings 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ahaz Ahaz was a wicked king. Israel and Aram united to fight against him, so he paid the Assyrian king to attack Aram. Assyria defeated the people of Aram and took them into captivity. The people were to trust in Yahweh and not rely on military alliances with other Gentile nations. This showed a lack of trust in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2ki/17/intro.md b/2ki/17/intro.md index a18249cc2d..349b184984 100644 --- a/2ki/17/intro.md +++ b/2ki/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story about the kingdom of Israel and continues with Judah alone. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Idol worship diff --git a/2ki/18/intro.md b/2ki/18/intro.md index 0eb972e64b..0341876bd7 100644 --- a/2ki/18/intro.md +++ b/2ki/18/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of Hezekiah, one of the great kings of Judah (2 Kings 18–20). Because he was so important, there is more space dedicated to the history of his reign. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust in Yahweh Hezekiah trusted and obeyed God. He stopped paying tribute to Assyria so the Assyrians invaded Judah. The Assyrian king told the people of Judah that resistance was useless. Despite this, Hezekiah trusted in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2ki/19/intro.md b/2ki/19/intro.md index ffbee70528..4b2d29b376 100644 --- a/2ki/19/intro.md +++ b/2ki/19/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Kings 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Hezekiah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power God is in control of everything. God caused the Assyrian king to fail in conquering Jerusalem because he mocked God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom diff --git a/2ki/20/intro.md b/2ki/20/intro.md index 636dc1af9a..60271d8728 100644 --- a/2ki/20/intro.md +++ b/2ki/20/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter finishes the story of Hezekiah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hezekiah's additional time God hears the distressed call of his faithful believers. Hezekiah was dying but when he prayed, God gave him 15 more years of life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) diff --git a/2ki/21/intro.md b/2ki/21/intro.md index b1e6e393ec..9596860835 100644 --- a/2ki/21/intro.md +++ b/2ki/21/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 2 Kings 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's judgment God judges sin. When Manasseh worshiped idols and did many evil things, God said he would cause Judah to be destroyed by its enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile diff --git a/2ki/22/intro.md b/2ki/22/intro.md index a1a06715a2..15f0d9933e 100644 --- a/2ki/22/intro.md +++ b/2ki/22/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The next two chapters (2 Kings 22-23) tell about the spiritual revival under King Josiah. A revival occurs when the people begin to worship Yahweh properly again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The law The priests found a copy of the law in the temple and took it to the king. He was upset because the people had disobeyed the law so badly. Josiah asked God about it. God said that he would destroy Judah for these sins but not in Josiah's lifetime, since he humbled himself and wanted to do better. Many scholars believe this was a copy of the book of Deuteronomy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/2ki/23/intro.md b/2ki/23/intro.md index e48a55bcd1..58ef6aceb4 100644 --- a/2ki/23/intro.md +++ b/2ki/23/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Josiah ends in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ending idolatry Josiah destroyed idolatry in Judah and in the deserted areas of Israel. But he fought against Egypt and was killed in battle. After his death, Egypt set up a government of Judah that it controlled. diff --git a/2ki/24/intro.md b/2ki/24/intro.md index 186b86a336..fa8bbe2ba8 100644 --- a/2ki/24/intro.md +++ b/2ki/24/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting These last two chapters are the final defeat of Judah and the beginning of their exile to Babylon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's punishment God punished Judah because of their sin. The Babylonians conquer Jerusalem and carry away all the craftsmen, soldiers and wealthy. They make Zedekiah the king. He was not truly a king because he lacked absolute authority. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/2ki/25/intro.md b/2ki/25/intro.md index 87a2aac0c5..252f76d683 100644 --- a/2ki/25/intro.md +++ b/2ki/25/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Kings 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is the final defeat of Judah and the beginning of their exile to Babylon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Zedekiah's revolt Zedekiah revolted against the Babylonians, so they came and completely destroyed Jerusalem. They tore down the city walls and took the rest of the people to Babylon as slaves, except the very poorest people remained. diff --git a/2ki/front/intro.md b/2ki/front/intro.md index 003415996c..6d6a348dc7 100644 --- a/2ki/front/intro.md +++ b/2ki/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 2 Kings +### Outline of 2 Kings 1. The prophets Elijah and Elisha (1:1-8:15) - Elijah brings Yahweh's judgment onto King Ahaziah (1:1–18) @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ 1. The history of Judah and Israel from Kings Jehoram and Joram to the fall of Israel (8:16–17:41) 1. The history of Judah from King Hezekiah to the fall of Judah (18:1–25:30) -#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? +### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? These books are about what happened to the people of Israel, from the time of King Solomon to the time both the northern and southern kingdoms were destroyed. These books describe how Israel split into two kingdoms after Solomon died. It also tells about all the kings that ruled over each kingdom after Solomon died. @@ -23,35 +23,35 @@ In the southern kingdom, some kings did what Yahweh judged to be right. For exam The Assyrians destroyed the northern kingdom in 722 B.C. The Babylonians destroyed the southern kingdom in 586 B.C. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The Books of 1 and 2 Kings were originally one book in Hebrew. They were separated into two books when translated into Greek. Translators might choose more meaningful titles such as "The First Book about the Kings" and "The Second Book about the Kings." ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? +### What is the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? These books were probably finished during the exile, after the Babylonians had destroyed the temple. They show how being faithful to Yahweh results in his blessing and prospering his people. Worshipping idols and not being faithful result in their being punished and destroyed. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? +### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? In the Bible, people often referred to themselves as "your servant" when speaking to anyone in a superior position to themselves. Indirectly addressing people in this way was intended to honor the one addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" in this way. But a translator should use whatever expressions that are natural in the project language in order to honor someone in a superior position. -#### What does the king "did what was right (or) evil in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? +### What does the king "did what was right (or) evil in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? The writer repeats this kind of expression throughout the Books of 1 and 2 Kings. Here "in the eyes of Yahweh" represents what Yahweh thinks about someone. If a king was faithful and obeyed the covenant, he did what was right according to Yahweh. If he was not faithful and disobeyed the covenant, he did what was evil according to Yahweh. -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? +### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? +### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? This phrase was used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in 2 Kings 2:22; 8:22; 10:27; 14:7; 16:6; 17:23, 34, 41. -#### Can I translate 2 Kings before 1 Kings? +### Can I translate 2 Kings before 1 Kings? The Book of 1 Kings should be translated before 2 Kings, since 2 Kings continues from where 1 Kings ends. diff --git a/2pe/01/intro.md b/2pe/01/intro.md index d5a9924e6e..06964eccc0 100644 --- a/2pe/01/intro.md +++ b/2pe/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Peter 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Knowledge of God To have knowledge of God means to belong to him or to have a relationship with him. Here, "knowledge" is more than just mentally knowing about God. It is a knowledge that causes God to save a person and to give him grace and peace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/know]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ To have knowledge of God means to belong to him or to have a relationship with h ##### Living godly lives Peter teaches that God has given believers all that they need for living godly lives. Therefore, believers should do everything they can to obey God more and more. If believers continue to do this, then they will be effective and productive through their relationship with Jesus. However, if believers do not continue living godly lives, then it is like they have forgotten what God did through Christ to save them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The truth of Scripture Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed God's message to the men who spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they told people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God call Jesus his son. diff --git a/2pe/02/intro.md b/2pe/02/intro.md index 5f918bdcf5..fc13152254 100644 --- a/2pe/02/intro.md +++ b/2pe/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Peter 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Flesh diff --git a/2pe/03/intro.md b/2pe/03/intro.md index 7e0e9d64a4..15ba977bdb 100644 --- a/2pe/03/intro.md +++ b/2pe/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Peter 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fire People often use fire to destroy things or to make something pure by burning off the dirt and worthless parts. Therefore when God punishes the wicked or purifies his people, it is often associated with fire. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fire]]) diff --git a/2pe/front/intro.md b/2pe/front/intro.md index 08de8602f3..057b60fa43 100644 --- a/2pe/front/intro.md +++ b/2pe/front/intro.md @@ -2,32 +2,32 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Peter +### Outline of the Book of 2 Peter 1. Introduction (1:1-2) 1. Reminder to live good lives because God has enabled us to (1:3-21) 1. Warning against false teachers (2:1-22) 1. Encouragement to prepare for the second coming of Jesus (3:1-17) -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Peter? +### Who wrote the Book of 2 Peter? The author identified himself as Simon Peter. Simon Peter was an apostle. He also wrote 1 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter while in a prison in Rome just before he died. Peter called this letter his second letter, so we can date it after 1 Peter. He addressed the letter to the same audience as his first letter. The audience probably was Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. -#### What is the Book of 2 Peter about? +### What is the Book of 2 Peter about? Peter wrote this letter to encourage believers to live good lives. He warned them about false teachers who were saying Jesus was taking too long to return. He told them that Jesus was not slow in returning. Instead, God was giving people time to repent so that they would be saved. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Peter" or "Second Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Second Letter from Peter" or "The Second Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who were the people Peter spoke against? +### Who were the people Peter spoke against? It is possible that the people Peter spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same. -#### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? +### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? The doctrine of scripture is a very important one. 2 Peter helps readers to understand that while each writer of scripture had his own distinct way of writing, God is the true author of scripture (1:20-21). @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The doctrine of scripture is a very important one. 2 Peter helps readers to unde In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter. Also, the word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Peter? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Peter? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/2sa/01/intro.md b/2sa/01/intro.md index 7e0694465e..48bea37d94 100644 --- a/2sa/01/intro.md +++ b/2sa/01/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # 2 Samuel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 1:19-27. This chapter continues the material from 1 Samuel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's funeral song David praised Saul and Jonathan as great warriors and Jonathan as his dearest friend. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Synecdoche David used two figures of speech to express that Jonathan and Saul were great warriors: "the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, and the sword of Saul did not return empty." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) diff --git a/2sa/02/intro.md b/2sa/02/intro.md index ddbea0ca36..6cd7f13d36 100644 --- a/2sa/02/intro.md +++ b/2sa/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Samuel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of the civil war between Saul's son and David. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Civil war There was a civil war in Israel. David was made king of Judah and Saul's uncle (Abner) made Saul's son (Ishbosheth) king of the rest of Israel. When they fought each other, Abner killed Joab's brother, but David's army was victorious. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question Abner finally stopped the battle with a rhetorical question to David's army. "Must the sword devour forever?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/2sa/03/intro.md b/2sa/03/intro.md index 3d3ff878a7..acbaef65da 100644 --- a/2sa/03/intro.md +++ b/2sa/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 2 Samuel 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the first attempt to end the civil war. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 3:33-34. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter David never wanted to hurt Saul's family. Isbosheth criticized Abner and Abner became angry. He decided to help David become king of all of Israel. Abner came and made a treaty with David. As he left, Joab arrived and told him he wanted to talk to him and he murdered Abner. David was very unhappy that Abner had been killed. diff --git a/2sa/04/intro.md b/2sa/04/intro.md index 15f3e42628..327b9258b5 100644 --- a/2sa/04/intro.md +++ b/2sa/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Samuel 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting While the end of the civil war occurs in this chapter, David still only reigned over Judah (1-4). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David and Ishbosheth David never sought revenge against Saul's family. When two men snuck into Ishbosheth's room, cut off his head and brought it to David, David had them killed for killing an innocent man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions When two men brought Ishbosheth's head to David and expected to get a reward for it, David condemned them with the rhetorical question: "should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) diff --git a/2sa/05/intro.md b/2sa/05/intro.md index bc8574e0fe..5d58000474 100644 --- a/2sa/05/intro.md +++ b/2sa/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Samuel 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This records the beginning of the kingdom's expansion. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David conquers Jerusalem David brought the combined army to Jerusalem and conquered it by going in through the water shaft. He enlarged the city and strengthened the defenses, and made it his capital. Jerusalem is an important place in the plans of God. diff --git a/2sa/06/intro.md b/2sa/06/intro.md index 721ca038dc..0bf4a84d5f 100644 --- a/2sa/06/intro.md +++ b/2sa/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Samuel 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem David organized a procession with many musical instruments to bring the ark to Jerusalem. They put it on a cart; but when the oxen stumbled, Uzzah reached out to steady it so it would not fall. God killed him for touching the ark. David was angry at God for killing Uzzah and was afraid to bring the ark any further. Uzzah died because the ark was perfectly holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ David organized a procession with many musical instruments to bring the ark to J ##### Dancing David danced for joy in front of the ark. His wife, Michal, criticized David for uncovering himself as he danced, but David did not care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Irony Michal criticized David by using irony: "How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) diff --git a/2sa/07/intro.md b/2sa/07/intro.md index 81ea4eaebb..2329d1a765 100644 --- a/2sa/07/intro.md +++ b/2sa/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Samuel 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the finishing of a small interruption about the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter David wanted to honor God by building him a temple. God told David that he would not build it, but his son would build it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/2sa/08/intro.md b/2sa/08/intro.md index 37788fc26a..3b7f788dd2 100644 --- a/2sa/08/intro.md +++ b/2sa/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Samuel 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter returns to the theme of the expansion of David's kingdom. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God enabled victory God enabled David to conquer all the surrounding nations. Much of the loot and tribute David received, he saved for the temple that his son would build. diff --git a/2sa/09/intro.md b/2sa/09/intro.md index 709b3dd3ad..1ac98d03a9 100644 --- a/2sa/09/intro.md +++ b/2sa/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Samuel 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is another interruption to the story of David expanding his kingdom. David is concerned with fulfilling his oath to Jonathan's descendants. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's vow David determined to fulfill his vow to Jonathan to care for Jonathan's descendants. He found Jonathan's son and told him he would treat him as if he was one of his sons. He restored all of Saul's property to him and had him eat every day at the king's table. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question and metaphor Jonathan's son expressed his surprise and feeling of unworthiness with a rhetorical question: "What is your servant, that you should look with favor on such a dead dog as I am?" and by a metaphor comparing himself to "a dead dog." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/2sa/10/intro.md b/2sa/10/intro.md index 381470ad9d..9175cd4366 100644 --- a/2sa/10/intro.md +++ b/2sa/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Samuel 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The chapter records the last expansion of David's kingdom. This chapter is also the beginning of a section dealing with the war between Israel and Ammon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Shame It was apparently the cause of shame or embarrassment in ancient Ammon to have their beards shaved off or to have their garments cut off. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor The Ammon people used a metaphor comparing themselves to a bad smell: "they had become a stench to David" when they realized they had made David very angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/2sa/11/intro.md b/2sa/11/intro.md index 680ea42f13..d5bacc6e3b 100644 --- a/2sa/11/intro.md +++ b/2sa/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Samuel 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a new section of David's life. God punished David by allowing his family to have many problems. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's adultery and the murder of Uriah The army of Israel defeated the army of Ammon and then they besieged Ammon's capital while David stayed in Jerusalem. One day, David saw a beautiful woman, named Bathsheba, bathing. He committed adultery with her. When she became pregnant, David tried to cover up his sin. When this did not work, he had her husband killed in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/2sa/12/intro.md b/2sa/12/intro.md index 9c4a8dcbd2..a80956e7ca 100644 --- a/2sa/12/intro.md +++ b/2sa/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Samuel 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the final expansion of David's kingdom and records the end of the war with Ammon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's punishment God sent a prophet to confront David. He said that because David had Uriah killed, there would always be killing in his family and that the baby conceived with Bathsheba would die. David prayed that the baby be allowed to live, but the infant died. Bathsheba then had another son, who was named Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/2sa/13/intro.md b/2sa/13/intro.md index aece3176d1..1f3fa822dd 100644 --- a/2sa/13/intro.md +++ b/2sa/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Samuel 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story about the difficulties and killings in David's family. David's sin caused these problems in his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Amnon raped Absalom's sister Amnon raped Absalom's sister, who was his own half-sister. David did nothing to punish him and David's lack of action caused significant problems in his family and in Israel. This eventually caused Solomon to become king, even though he was not the oldest son. diff --git a/2sa/14/intro.md b/2sa/14/intro.md index 08a40882b8..1ba3fe827b 100644 --- a/2sa/14/intro.md +++ b/2sa/14/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 2 Samuel 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Reconciliation David missed his son, Absalom, who was in exile. Joab summons a wise woman to reconcile David and Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) -#### Important figures of speech used in this chapter +### Important figures of speech used in this chapter ##### Parable diff --git a/2sa/15/intro.md b/2sa/15/intro.md index c52eab5cf9..da812891cb 100644 --- a/2sa/15/intro.md +++ b/2sa/15/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Samuel 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of Absalom's attempted revolt. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Absalom's conspiracy For four years, Absalom made many allies in an attempt to make himself king. This is why he acted as a judge for the people. Since this was all done in secret, it is called a "conspiracy." David found out and fled with those in the army who were loyal to him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor The author used the metaphor of a thief to describe how Absalom was able to win people's loyalty: "So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/2sa/16/intro.md b/2sa/16/intro.md index a4a9eb8047..c88fdfc1b7 100644 --- a/2sa/16/intro.md +++ b/2sa/16/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 2 Samuel 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Absalom seeks advice from David's advisers David's best adviser, Ahithophel, told Absalom to publicly seduce the concubines that David had left to take care of the palace. Because the concubines were the king's property, having sexual relations with a king's concubines implied that Absalom was now the king. This would show the people that the break with David was complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile To show how seriously people took Ahithophel's advice, the author used a simile comparing his advice to God's advice. "Now the advice of Ahithophel that he gave in those days was as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) ## Links: diff --git a/2sa/17/intro.md b/2sa/17/intro.md index 61d91c91d4..a617bac39a 100644 --- a/2sa/17/intro.md +++ b/2sa/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Samuel 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Confusion Ahithophel gives good advise to Absalom, but Hushai confuses Absalom. God is using the misleading advice to protect David, his king. diff --git a/2sa/18/intro.md b/2sa/18/intro.md index 1321dc0dea..b255de5dc0 100644 --- a/2sa/18/intro.md +++ b/2sa/18/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Samuel 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter tells of the defeat and death of Absalom, ending this section on Absalom's rebellion. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David's mercy David reorganized his army and sent them out to battle, but told them to be merciful to Absalom. When David's army defeated Absalom's army, Absalom fled on a mule, but his hair caught in a tree limb and the mule ran on, leaving him hanging. One of David's soldiers saw him and told Joab. Joab went and killed him. When David heard about this he mourned for his son, Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) diff --git a/2sa/19/intro.md b/2sa/19/intro.md index 1c3308adb1..f54b65e56f 100644 --- a/2sa/19/intro.md +++ b/2sa/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Samuel 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### David told to stop mourning Absalom Joab warned David that if he continued to mourn Absalom and not thank his army, they would all desert him. So David went out to encourage the soldiers. David was both a good father and a good leader. @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ This chapter record the recognition that David was the true king of Israel. It i ##### The ten tribes and Judah argue over David The ten tribes of Israel argued with the tribe of Judah about who would bring David across the river. The men of Judah answered the ten tribes very harshly. This may foreshadow, or give a glimpse of, the future civil war that would come to divide these two groups. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions The people wanted David back as their king and expressed it in a rhetorical question: "So why are we not talking about bringing the king back?" David also used a question to persuade the people of Judah to bring him back: "You are my brothers, my flesh and bone. Why then are you the last to bring back the king?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/2sa/20/intro.md b/2sa/20/intro.md index 9c1cd68947..18cb91b100 100644 --- a/2sa/20/intro.md +++ b/2sa/20/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 2 Samuel 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sheba's revolt A man named Sheba told the people of the ten tribes that David was Judah's king, but not their king. David worked hard to preserve unity in Israel after this time of division. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom Joab used an idiom "has lifted up his hand against the king, against David" meaning "revolted against David," to explain why his army was attacking the city of Able. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/2sa/21/intro.md b/2sa/21/intro.md index a4038abc4f..f62e24d03e 100644 --- a/2sa/21/intro.md +++ b/2sa/21/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # 2 Samuel 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Famine caused by a broken oath When Israel first conquered the land, they promised not to kill the people of Gibeon. When Saul tried to kill them all, God caused a famine in Israel. David made amends with the people of Gibeon and the famine ended. David also kept his vow to Jonathan's sons. This helps to show the wisdom of king David. Although these people were not Israelites, they believed in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) diff --git a/2sa/22/intro.md b/2sa/22/intro.md index 5b09f2cd21..ea56c05981 100644 --- a/2sa/22/intro.md +++ b/2sa/22/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Samuel 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 22:2-51. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God rescued David God rescued David when he thought he would die. He protected David, fought against his enemies, and enabled him to defeat his enemies. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor David uses many metaphors to express his trust in God's protection: "my rock, my fortress, my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge." He used other metaphors to express his hopelessness: "the waves of death surrounded me," "the rushing waters of worthlessness overwhelmed me," "the cords of sheol surrounded me;" "the snares of death trapped me," and "the surging water." He also used metaphors for the victory God gave him: "I can run over a barricade" and "by my God I can leap over a wall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2sa/23/intro.md b/2sa/23/intro.md index dfcefd9a53..a5ed5990c1 100644 --- a/2sa/23/intro.md +++ b/2sa/23/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # 2 Samuel 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 23:2-7. 2 Samuel 23:8-39 is a list of the famous people in David's army along with some of the special deeds some of them did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Everlasting covenant This is a reference to the covenant God previously made with David. (See: [2 Samuel 7](../07/01.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]). diff --git a/2sa/24/intro.md b/2sa/24/intro.md index 530d22be02..1262352f7c 100644 --- a/2sa/24/intro.md +++ b/2sa/24/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Samuel 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Counting soldiers David ordered the leaders of his army to count how many men of fighting age there were. He was not supposed to do this because it showed he did not trust God. God was displeased and offered David three punishments. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/2sa/front/intro.md b/2sa/front/intro.md index f255604ad3..cd02863a51 100644 --- a/2sa/front/intro.md +++ b/2sa/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 2 Samuel +### Outline of 2 Samuel 1. The first years of David's reign (1:1–7:29) - Saul is killed; David is kind to Ishbosheth (1:1–4:12) @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - David's mighty men (23:8–39) - Yahweh judges David's sin of numbering the people; the plague stopped (24:1–25) -#### What is the Book of 2 Samuel about? +### What is the Book of 2 Samuel about? This book is about David ruling as king over Israel. He first ruled over the tribe of Judah for seven years. Then the other eleven tribes agreed to have him become their king. He ruled over all Israel for thirty-three years. @@ -27,35 +27,35 @@ Throughout this time, David led his army to fight foreign enemies who attacked I The Book of 2 Samuel also tells about when David sinned greatly. He slept with Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah the Hittite. When she became pregnant, David arranged for Uriah to be killed in battle. David and all Israel suffered much because of David's sin. However, the writer also tells of Yahweh repeatedly showing David grace and love after David repented of his sin. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "2 Samuel," or "Second Samuel." Or translators may consider a clearer title such as "The Second Book about Samuel, Saul, and David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### What was the purpose of the Book of 2 Samuel? +### What was the purpose of the Book of 2 Samuel? The Book of 2 Samuel begins where 1 Samuel ended. The writer continues to show how the tribes of Israel unite under the first kings of Israel. The Book of 2 Samuel centers around David as the king Yahweh chose to lead Israel. -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Samuel? +### Who wrote the Book of 2 Samuel? It is uncertain who wrote 2 Samuel. It may have been someone alive soon after King Solomon died. When Solomon died, the kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms. The author probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. A descendant of David continued to rule over the southern kingdom. The author may have written 2 Samuel to defend David's right to be king. This would prove that David's descendant was the rightful king of God's people. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What covenant had its beginning in the Book of 2 Samuel? +### What covenant had its beginning in the Book of 2 Samuel? In 2 Samuel 7, Yahweh made a covenant with David. God promised to make a descendant of David rule forever over Israel. Christians believe that Jesus Christ fulfills this covenant. Jesus was a descendant of David. Jesus is the true "anointed one," the person God chose to be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why does the book refer to someone being addressed indirectly? +### Why does the book refer to someone being addressed indirectly? David frequently refers to himself as "your servant" when he speaks to King Saul. He also calls Saul "my master." Indirectly addressing a person in this way can be difficult to translate. It is intended to show that the speaker submits to the one being addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" or "ma'am" in this way. -#### Can I translate this book before 1 Samuel? +### Can I translate this book before 1 Samuel? The Book of 1 Samuel should be translated before 2 Samuel, since 2 Samuel continues from where 1 Samuel ends. -#### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? +### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) diff --git a/2th/01/intro.md b/2th/01/intro.md index 63f47574d6..16d1a22b8b 100644 --- a/2th/01/intro.md +++ b/2th/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # 2 Thessalonians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Verses 1-2 formally introduce this letter. Letters in the ancient Near East commonly had introductions of this type. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/2th/02/intro.md b/2th/02/intro.md index a2c86ba4a6..ab66591500 100644 --- a/2th/02/intro.md +++ b/2th/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Thessalonians 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Being gathered together to be with him" diff --git a/2th/03/intro.md b/2th/03/intro.md index 4578d1d56c..22daae8ca7 100644 --- a/2th/03/intro.md +++ b/2th/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Thessalonians 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Idle and lazy persons In Thessalonica, there apparently was a problem with people in the church who were able to work but refused to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/2th/front/intro.md b/2th/front/intro.md index 737e2101b8..9f7a75cc77 100644 --- a/2th/front/intro.md +++ b/2th/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Thessalonians +### Outline of the Book of 2 Thessalonians 1. Greetings and thanksgiving (1:1-3) 1. Christians suffering from persecution @@ -18,33 +18,33 @@ 1. Paul give commands about idle believers (3:6-15) 1. Closing (3:16-17) -#### Who wrote 2 Thessalonians? +### Who wrote 2 Thessalonians? Paul wrote 2 Thessalonians. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while staying in the city of Corinth. -#### What is the Book of 2 Thessalonians about? +### What is the Book of 2 Thessalonians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the city of Thessalonica. He encouraged the believers because they were being persecuted. He told them to continue living in a way that pleased God. And he wanted to teach them again about Christ's return. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Thessalonians" or "Second Thessalonians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to the Church in Thessalonica," or "The Second Letter to the Christians in Thessalonica." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? +### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? Paul wrote much in this letter about Jesus's eventual return to Earth. When Jesus returns, he will judge all mankind. He will also rule over creation. And he will cause there to be peace everywhere. Paul also explained that a "man of lawlessness" will come before Christ's return. This person will obey Satan and cause many people to oppose God. But Jesus will destroy this person when he returns. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Thessalonians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Thessalonians? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/2ti/01/intro.md b/2ti/01/intro.md index 7989fe925e..47cc533ddf 100644 --- a/2ti/01/intro.md +++ b/2ti/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # 2 Timothy 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Spiritual children Paul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul calls Timothy "beloved child." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Persecution Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter. Paul encourages Timothy to be willing to suffer for the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/2ti/02/intro.md b/2ti/02/intro.md index f7fff4ba68..339eb11982 100644 --- a/2ti/02/intro.md +++ b/2ti/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # 2 Timothy 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set words farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with verses 11-13. Paul may be quoting a poem or hymn in these verses. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### We will reign with him Faithful Christians will reign with Christ in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Analogies In this chapter, Paul makes several analogies to teach about living as a Christian. He uses analogies of soldiers, athletes, and farmers. Later in the chapter, he uses the analogy of different kinds of containers in a house. diff --git a/2ti/03/intro.md b/2ti/03/intro.md index c9d9b69fae..b95212c3b9 100644 --- a/2ti/03/intro.md +++ b/2ti/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # 2 Timothy 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The "last days" could mean in the future just before Jesus returns. If so, Paul is prophesying in verses 1-9 and 13 about those days. The "last days" could also mean the Christian age, including Paul's time. If so, what Paul teaches about being persecuted applies to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/2ti/04/intro.md b/2ti/04/intro.md index 814c1d5afe..f706796441 100644 --- a/2ti/04/intro.md +++ b/2ti/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # 2 Timothy 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### "I give this solemn command" Paul begins to give personal instructions to Timothy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Crown Scripture uses different kinds of crowns as images for different things. It appears Christ will award the crown in this chapter to believers as a reward for living rightly. diff --git a/2ti/front/intro.md b/2ti/front/intro.md index 5abb4755de..228029207c 100644 --- a/2ti/front/intro.md +++ b/2ti/front/intro.md @@ -2,48 +2,48 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Timothy +### Outline of the Book of 2 Timothy 1. Paul greets Timothy and encourages him to endure hardship as he serves God (1:1-2:13). 1. Paul gives general instructions to Timothy (2:14–26). 1. Paul warns Timothy about future events and instructs him about how to carry out his service to God (3:1-4:8). 1. Paul makes personal remarks (4:9-24). -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Timothy? +### Who wrote the Book of 2 Timothy? Paul wrote 2 Timothy. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. This book is the second letter Paul wrote Timothy. Timothy was his disciple and close friend. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. Paul would die soon after writing this letter. -#### What is the Book of 2 Timothy about? +### What is the Book of 2 Timothy about? Paul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matter. The topics he addressed include warnings about false teachers and enduring difficult situations. This letter also shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Timothy" or "Second Timothy." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to Timothy" or "The Second Letter to Timothy." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the soldier imagery in 2 Timothy? +### What is the soldier imagery in 2 Timothy? As Paul waited in prison, knowing he would die soon, he often spoke of himself as a soldier of Jesus Christ. Soldiers answer to their leaders. In the same way, Christians answer to Jesus. As "soldiers" of Christ, believers are to obey his commands, even if they die as a result. -#### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? +### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? God is the true author of Scripture. He inspired the human authors who wrote the books. That means God in some way caused the people to write what they wrote. This is why it is also referred to as God's word. This implies several things about the Bible. First, the Bible is free from error and can be trusted. Second, we can rely on God to protect the scripture from those who want to distort it or destroy it. Third, God's word should be translated into all the world's languages. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" +### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Here the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Timothy. The exception to this is 4:22. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 2 Timothy? +### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 2 Timothy? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/3jn/front/intro.md b/3jn/front/intro.md index d6080a2f42..b48786aa37 100644 --- a/3jn/front/intro.md +++ b/3jn/front/intro.md @@ -2,34 +2,34 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 3 John +### Outline of the Book of 3 John 1. Introduction (1:1) 1. Encouragement and instructions to show hospitality (1:2-8) 1. Diotrephes and Demetrius (1:9-12) 1. Conclusion (1:13-14) -#### Who wrote the Book of 3 John? +### Who wrote the Book of 3 John? The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as "the elder" (1:1). The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life. -#### What is the Book of 3 John about? +### What is the Book of 3 John about? John wrote this letter to a believer named Gaius. He instructed Gaius to be hospitable to fellow believers who were traveling through his area. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "3 John" or "Third John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Third Letter from John" or "The Third Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is hospitality? +### What is hospitality? Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. In 2 John, John discouraged Christians from showing hospitality to false teachers. In 3 John, John encouraged Christians to show hospitality to faithful teachers. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the author use family relationships in his letter? +### How does the author use family relationships in his letter? The author used the terms "brother" and "children" in a way that can be confusing. The scriptures often used the term "brothers" to refer to Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to Christians. Also, John called some believers his "children." These are believers he taught to obey Christ. diff --git a/act/01/intro.md b/act/01/intro.md index 8818f424d4..d03585318f 100644 --- a/act/01/intro.md +++ b/act/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records an event, commonly known as the "Ascension," when Jesus returned to heaven after he became alive again. He will not come back until he returns at his "second coming." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The UDB has set the words "Dear Theophilus" apart from the other words. This is Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the two quotes from Psalms in 1:20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Baptize @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The word "baptize" has two meanings in this chapter. It refers to the water bapt Some scholars believe that when Jesus "spoke about the kingdom of God," he explained to the disciples why the kingdom of God did not come before he died. Others believe that the kingdom of God did begin while Jesus was alive and that here Jesus was explaining that it was beginning in a new form. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The twelve disciples diff --git a/act/02/intro.md b/act/02/intro.md index 5741615eb2..b84be14a52 100644 --- a/act/02/intro.md +++ b/act/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:17-21, 25-28, and 34-35. @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on The events described in this chapter are commonly called "Pentecost." Many people believe that the church began to exist when the Holy Spirit came to live inside believers at Pentecost. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Tongues diff --git a/act/03/intro.md b/act/03/intro.md index d68c356cae..7be1bf4572 100644 --- a/act/03/intro.md +++ b/act/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The covenant God made with Abraham This chapter explains that Jesus came to the Jews because God was fulfilling part of the covenant he had made with Abraham. Peter thought that the Jews were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus, but he wanted them to understand that Jesus, by living and dying, had fulfilled God's promise to Abraham and that if they repented, God would forgive them. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "You delivered up" diff --git a/act/04/intro.md b/act/04/intro.md index 2b201dfe0f..1d793b509d 100644 --- a/act/04/intro.md +++ b/act/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Acts 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:25-26. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Unity @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ The first Christians wanted very much to be united. They wanted to believe the s This phrase refers to things that only God can do. The Christians wanted God to do what only he can do so that people would believe that what they said about Jesus was true. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Cornerstone The cornerstone was the first piece of stone that people put down when they were building a building. This is a metaphor for the most important part of something, the part on which everything depends. To say that Jesus is the cornerstone of the church is to say that nothing in the church is more important than Jesus and that everything about the church depends on Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Name diff --git a/act/05/intro.md b/act/05/intro.md index fa99173073..155eac5add 100644 --- a/act/05/intro.md +++ b/act/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit" diff --git a/act/06/intro.md b/act/06/intro.md index 602503d31c..628e832eca 100644 --- a/act/06/intro.md +++ b/act/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The distribution to the widows The believers in Jerusalem gave help—probably money but possibly food—every day to women whose husbands had died. All of these widows had been raised as Jews, but some of them had lived in Judea and spoke Hebrew. Others had lived in Gentile areas and spoke Greek. Those who gave out the money or food gave it to the Hebrew-speaking widows but not to the Greek-speaking widows. To please God, the church leaders appointed Greek-speaking men to make sure the Greek-speaking widows received their share of help. One of these Greek-speaking men was Stephen. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "His face was like the face of an angel" diff --git a/act/07/intro.md b/act/07/intro.md index 0ed7bb9327..3d7d9c0e5b 100644 --- a/act/07/intro.md +++ b/act/07/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 7:42-43 and 49-50. It appears that 8:1 is part of the narrative of this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Stephen said" @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The Holy Spirit completely controlled Stephen so that he said only and all of wh When an author speaks of something that is not important at that time but will be important later in the story, this is called foreshadowing. Luke mentions Saul, also known as Paul, here, even though he is not an important person in this part of the story. This is because Paul is an important person in the rest of the Book of Acts. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Implied information @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Stephen was talking to Jews who knew the law of Moses well, so he did not explai Stephen spoke of Joseph ruling "over Egypt" and over all of Pharaoh's household. By this he meant that Joseph ruled over the people of Egypt and of the people and possessions in Pharaoh's household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Background knowledge diff --git a/act/08/intro.md b/act/08/intro.md index f4f79f4e57..c406f976a6 100644 --- a/act/08/intro.md +++ b/act/08/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 8:32-33. The first sentence of verse 1 ends the description of the events in chapter 7. Luke begins a new part of his history with the words "So there began." -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Receiving the Holy Spirit diff --git a/act/09/intro.md b/act/09/intro.md index e5b00e1ed7..207bf90e45 100644 --- a/act/09/intro.md +++ b/act/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The Way" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way. The "letters" Paul asked for were probably legal papers that permitted him to put Christians in prison. The synagogue leaders in Damascus would have obeyed the letter because it was written by the high priest. If the Romans had seen the letter, they also would have allowed Saul to persecute the Christians, because they permitted the Jews to do as they desired to people who broke their religious laws. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### What Saul saw when he met Jesus diff --git a/act/10/intro.md b/act/10/intro.md index 68b89ec056..fc471ebdb7 100644 --- a/act/10/intro.md +++ b/act/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Unclean diff --git a/act/11/intro.md b/act/11/intro.md index 8fbb18776e..1cf5abc2b5 100644 --- a/act/11/intro.md +++ b/act/11/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The Gentiles also had received the word of God" diff --git a/act/12/intro.md b/act/12/intro.md index a1d4fe822e..8bc0ce9118 100644 --- a/act/12/intro.md +++ b/act/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Acts 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 12 tells what happened to King Herod while Barnabas was bringing Saul back from Tarsus and they were delivering money from Antioch Jerusalem (11:25-30). He killed many of the leaders of the church, and he put Peter in prison. After God helped Peter escape the prison, Herod killed the prison guards, and then God killed Herod. In the last verse of the chapter, Luke tells how Barnabas and Saul return to Antioch. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Personification diff --git a/act/13/intro.md b/act/13/intro.md index 8e4db851f9..0e1d320210 100644 --- a/act/13/intro.md +++ b/act/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 13:33-35 and 13:41. This chapter is where the second half of the Book of Acts begins. Luke writes more about Paul than about Peter. Luke also writes about the believers preaching to the Gentiles rather than to the Jews. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### A light for the Gentiles diff --git a/act/14/intro.md b/act/14/intro.md index fb965177c0..74d7e792c1 100644 --- a/act/14/intro.md +++ b/act/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The message of his grace" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The message of Jesus is the message that God will show grace to those who believ The Gentiles in the Roman Empire worshiped many different false gods who do not really exist. Paul and Barnabas told them to believe in the "living God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." diff --git a/act/15/intro.md b/act/15/intro.md index 7cbdac6d37..8458f5b499 100644 --- a/act/15/intro.md +++ b/act/15/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 15:16-17. The meeting that Luke describes in this chapter is commonly called the "Jerusalem Council." This was a time when many church leaders got together to decide if believers needed to obey the whole law of Moses. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Brothers diff --git a/act/16/intro.md b/act/16/intro.md index 356e1bc47c..9a54d8a623 100644 --- a/act/16/intro.md +++ b/act/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Timothy's circumcision diff --git a/act/17/intro.md b/act/17/intro.md index b45d2a55de..6207ed85e8 100644 --- a/act/17/intro.md +++ b/act/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Misunderstandings about the Messiah diff --git a/act/18/intro.md b/act/18/intro.md index 01a17cdaca..aed9b3ab2f 100644 --- a/act/18/intro.md +++ b/act/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The baptism of John diff --git a/act/19/intro.md b/act/19/intro.md index e0f7ec05d5..44faf53e76 100644 --- a/act/19/intro.md +++ b/act/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Baptism diff --git a/act/20/intro.md b/act/20/intro.md index 64bfd118ae..9bd7025deb 100644 --- a/act/20/intro.md +++ b/act/20/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Acts 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter Luke describes Paul's last visits to believers in the provinces of Macedonia and Asia before he went to Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Race diff --git a/act/21/intro.md b/act/21/intro.md index 91766bdbfa..ed1aa0428c 100644 --- a/act/21/intro.md +++ b/act/21/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Acts 21:1-19 describes Paul's journey to Jerusalem. After he arrived in Jerusalem, the believers there told him that the Jews wanted to harm him and what he should do so they would not harm him (verses 20-26). Even though Paul did what the believers told him to do, the Jews tried to kill him. The Romans rescued him and gave him a chance to speak to the Jews. The last verse of the chapter ends with an incomplete sentence. Most translations leave the sentence incomplete, as the ULB does. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "They are all determined to keep the law" diff --git a/act/22/intro.md b/act/22/intro.md index 22e83d8e72..b5c5ee159c 100644 --- a/act/22/intro.md +++ b/act/22/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Acts 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the second account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 26](../26/01.md)) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "In the Hebrew language" diff --git a/act/23/intro.md b/act/23/intro.md index 1096c3e499..28dd594950 100644 --- a/act/23/intro.md +++ b/act/23/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Acts 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 23:5. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Resurrection of the dead @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Some Jews promised God that they would not eat or drink until they killed Paul, The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The "chief captain" could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Whitewashed diff --git a/act/24/intro.md b/act/24/intro.md index 582eaffa04..07a58427d5 100644 --- a/act/24/intro.md +++ b/act/24/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Acts 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul told the governor that he had not done what the Jews were accusing him of doing and that the governor should not punish him for what he did do. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Respect Both the Jewish leaders ([Acts 24:2-4](./02.md)) and Paul ([Acts 24:10](../../act/24/10.md)) began their speeches with words that show respect to the governor. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Governmental leaders diff --git a/act/25/intro.md b/act/25/intro.md index 376704a315..824df9e39b 100644 --- a/act/25/intro.md +++ b/act/25/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Favor diff --git a/act/26/intro.md b/act/26/intro.md index 2a862ed65e..c92bbc10ea 100644 --- a/act/26/intro.md +++ b/act/26/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Acts 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is the third account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 22](../22/01.md)) Paul told the King Agrippa why he had done what he had done and that the governor should not punish him for that. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Light and darkness diff --git a/act/27/intro.md b/act/27/intro.md index ba75565a96..278ac73c23 100644 --- a/act/27/intro.md +++ b/act/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Acts 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sailing diff --git a/act/28/intro.md b/act/28/intro.md index 5ab9466574..53ae93a2e9 100644 --- a/act/28/intro.md +++ b/act/28/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Acts 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting No one knows for sure why Luke ends his history without telling what happened to Paul after he had been in Rome for two years. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Letters" and "brothers" @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The Jewish leaders were surprised that Paul wanted to speak with them, because t When the Jewish leaders spoke of "brothers," they were referring to fellow Jews, not to Christians. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "He was a god" diff --git a/act/front/intro.md b/act/front/intro.md index 9c5e190bb1..1db2593a2f 100644 --- a/act/front/intro.md +++ b/act/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Acts +### Outline of the Book of Acts 1. The beginning of the church and its mission (1:1–2:41) 1. The early church in Jerusalem (2:42–6:7) @@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ 1. The expansion of the church into the middle Mediterranean area and Asia Minor (16:6–19:20) 1. Paul travels to Jerusalem and becomes a prisoner in Rome (19:21–28:31) -#### What is the Book of Acts about? +### What is the Book of Acts about? The Book of Acts tells the story of the early church as more and more people became believers. It shows the power of the the Holy Spirit helping the early Christians. The events in this book began when Jesus went back to heaven and ended about thirty years later. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Acts of the Apostles." Or translators may choose a title that may be clearer, for example, "The Acts of the Holy Spirit through the Apostles." -#### Who wrote the Book of Acts? +### Who wrote the Book of Acts? This book does not give the name of the author. However, it is addressed to Theophilus, the same person to whom the Gospel of Luke is addressed. Also, in parts of the book, the author uses the word "we." This indicates that the author traveled with Paul. Most scholars think that Luke was this person traveling with Paul. Therefore, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought Luke is the author of the Book of Acts as well as the Gospel of Luke. @@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ Luke was a medical doctor. His way of writing shows that he was an educated man. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the Church? +### What is the Church? The Church is the group of people who believe in Christ. The Church includes both Jewish and Gentile believers. The events in this book show God helping the Church. He empowered believers to live righteous lives through his Holy Spirit. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Acts? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Acts? These are the most significant textual issues in Acts: diff --git a/amo/01/intro.md b/amo/01/intro.md index 52ce004fbf..aef6ea9b0f 100644 --- a/amo/01/intro.md +++ b/amo/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Amos 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This book is written in a poetic form. Because it was written by a farmer, it includes many references to agricultural concepts. diff --git a/amo/02/intro.md b/amo/02/intro.md index f561d57473..8bb306e517 100644 --- a/amo/02/intro.md +++ b/amo/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Amos 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language and imagery. But the UDB translates it using prose. If possible, translate this chapter as poetry, but you may translate as narrative. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom You will notice that the phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/amo/03/intro.md b/amo/03/intro.md index 604a193990..820d3bf6c3 100644 --- a/amo/03/intro.md +++ b/amo/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Amos 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Amos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster coming to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions This chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: "Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them." The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of "no" because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message. diff --git a/amo/04/intro.md b/amo/04/intro.md index 3e8bf74ab0..996d77df70 100644 --- a/amo/04/intro.md +++ b/amo/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Amos 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and is about the people's refusal to listen to Yahweh even as he tries to point them back to himself. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Repetition This chapter contains a repeated sentence: "Yet you have not returned to me—this is Yahweh's declaration." Please make sure this sentence is translated the same way each time to show the repetition. This repetition produces a list of sins Yahweh is mounting against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/amo/05/intro.md b/amo/05/intro.md index 7feef3286e..162791376b 100644 --- a/amo/05/intro.md +++ b/amo/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Amos 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destruction of the kingdom of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Place Names This chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) diff --git a/amo/06/intro.md b/amo/06/intro.md index dc34b51062..8e723ba48e 100644 --- a/amo/06/intro.md +++ b/amo/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Amos 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to be written in poetic style except for verses 9-10, which are in prose. These two verses contain many interested features. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Verses 9-10 will probably be difficult to translate because the situation is vague and details don't appear to align easily. It is appropriate to translate these verses with some ambiguity remaining. It may be helpful to read many different versions prior to translating these verses. diff --git a/amo/07/intro.md b/amo/07/intro.md index 7d1b116430..36434f9a17 100644 --- a/amo/07/intro.md +++ b/amo/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Amos 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is mainly written as a narrative about the prophet Amos interacting with Yahweh. Yahweh presents three different scenarios of judgment before Amos who pleads with God and he does not carry out his judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Reported speech In the latter part of the chapter, it is important to follow the conversation carefully to understand who is speaking. There are some instances of "reported speech." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]]) diff --git a/amo/08/intro.md b/amo/08/intro.md index c22e6fe9ed..5d2af408f1 100644 --- a/amo/08/intro.md +++ b/amo/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Amos 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and it shows the way Yahweh's people are sinning and how he is going to respond. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "This is the declaration of Yahweh" diff --git a/amo/09/intro.md b/amo/09/intro.md index e9849da3ac..69dd5cc411 100644 --- a/amo/09/intro.md +++ b/amo/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Amos 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and continues to show the awesome and terrible judgment of Yahweh on his people. In verse 11, the writer writes about the forgiveness and mercy of God on the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The declaration of Yahweh" This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. Try to remain consistent in translating this phrase throughout the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/amo/front/intro.md b/amo/front/intro.md index 90da7d60f6..e1dd4f6469 100644 --- a/amo/front/intro.md +++ b/amo/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Amos +### Outline of the Book of Amos 1. Amos introduced (1:1) 1. Yahweh judges the nations (1:2-2:16) @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ 1. Yahweh shows Amos several visions (7:1-9:10) 1. Israel is to be restored (9:11–15) -#### What is the Book of Amos about? +### What is the Book of Amos about? The Book of Amos contains the words of Amos, a shepherd of Tekoa. Amos began to prophesy about 760 BC. He spoke Yahweh's messages against God's people behaving wickedly. He spoke messages to both the southern kingdom of Judah and the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) @@ -21,31 +21,31 @@ Yahweh gave Amos prophecies of judgment (Chapters 1-6) to proclaim to the people Three visions of Yahweh coming to judge the people are in the last part of the book (7:1-9:10). A final vision promises that Yahweh will restore Israel (9:11-15). He will restore the "tent of David." This means a descendant of David would once again be king over Israel. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Amos" or just "Amos." Translators may also call it the "The Book of the Sayings of Amos." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Amos? +### Who wrote the Book of Amos? The prophet Amos probably wrote this book. He lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. Amos came from a poor family. They grew sycamore trees (7:14, 15) and were shepherds ([Amos 1:1](../../amo/01/01.md)). Though Amos was not trained as a prophet, he knew and understood the law of Moses. Also, Amos skillfully used expressive and meaningful words. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How is justice described in Amos? +### How is justice described in Amos? Justice is an important theme in the Book of Amos. Justice means people treating others fairly according to the law of Yahweh. People in Israel were oppressing and taking advantage of poor people, orphans, and widows. Amos explained that Yahweh would prefer that the people act justly rather than sacrifice to him. Truly obeying the law of Moses meant being just to other people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### What is a lawsuit? +### What is a lawsuit? Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through the use of courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. Amos uses various legal terms. Part of the book presents events in a courtroom. The people are introduced, the problem is explained, the people are examined, witnesses speak, and a verdict is given. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? +### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. In Amos, "Israel" almost always refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### Where do the various narratives begin and end? +### Where do the various narratives begin and end? The structure of the Book of Amos may make it difficult to understand where Amos ends one thought and begins another. It may be helpful to solve these issues with carefully divided lines or paragraphs. diff --git a/col/01/intro.md b/col/01/intro.md index a58ee2332d..596a002ddc 100644 --- a/col/01/intro.md +++ b/col/01/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ # Colossians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting As in a typical letter, Paul begins his letter in verses 1-2 by introducing Timothy and himself to the Christians in Colossae. Paul writes much of this chapter around two subjects: who Christ is, and what Christ has done for the Christian. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Secret truth Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Images for Christian living Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of "walking" and "bearing fruit." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/col/02/intro.md b/col/02/intro.md index 5ba67a5be2..e071ba6246 100644 --- a/col/02/intro.md +++ b/col/02/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Colossians 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Circumcision and baptism In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to show how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Flesh diff --git a/col/03/intro.md b/col/03/intro.md index 6d4bc7ecb0..09844850c8 100644 --- a/col/03/intro.md +++ b/col/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Colossians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The second part of this chapter parallels Ephesians 5 and 6. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Old and new self The old and new self mean the same as the old and new man. The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Character Many of the things Paul encourages his readers to pursue or avoid are not actions but character qualities. Because of this, they may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) diff --git a/col/04/intro.md b/col/04/intro.md index d144a002f2..fd887e36ef 100644 --- a/col/04/intro.md +++ b/col/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Colossians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting [Colossians 4:1](../../col/04/01.md) appears to belong with the topics of Chapter 3 instead of Chapter 4. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "In my own hand" It was common in the ancient Near East for the author to speak and someone else to write down the words. Many of the New Testament letters were written this way. Paul wrote the final greeting himself. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Secret truth diff --git a/col/front/intro.md b/col/front/intro.md index 8289b5606d..c0564dc713 100644 --- a/col/front/intro.md +++ b/col/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Colossians +### Outline of the Book of Colossians 1. Greeting, thanksgiving, and prayer (1:1-12) 1. The person and work of Christ @@ -23,45 +23,45 @@ - Paul gives directions to Archippus and the Christians in Laodicea (4:15-17) - Paul's personal greeting (4:18) -#### Who wrote the Book of Colossians? +### Who wrote the Book of Colossians? Paul wrote the Book of Colossians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. -#### What is the Book of Colossians about? +### What is the Book of Colossians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the Asia Minor city of Colossae. The main purpose of this letter was to defend the gospel against false teachers. He did this by praising Jesus as the image of God, sustainer of all things, and head of the church. Paul wanted them to understand that only Christ is needed for God to accept them. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Colossians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Colossae," or "A Letter to the Christians in Colossae." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What were the religious issues that the church in Colossae struggled with? +### What were the religious issues that the church in Colossae struggled with? In the church in Colossae, there were false teachers. Their exact teaching is unknown. But they probably taught their followers to worship angels and to obey strict rules about religious ceremonies. They probably also taught that a male must be circumcised and that believers should eat only certain types of food. Paul said these false teachings came from the minds of men and not from God. -#### How did Paul use the imagery of heaven and earth? +### How did Paul use the imagery of heaven and earth? In this letter, Paul twice speaks of things in heaven as "things above." He distinguishes it from the earth, which other parts of Scripture speak of as being "below." The purpose of this imagery was to teach Christians to live in a way that honors God, who lives in heaven above. Paul is not teaching that the earth or the physical world is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Colossians in the ULB? +### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Colossians in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In Colossians, these words usually indicate a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. So Colossians in the ULB uses "believers" or "those who believe in him." (See: 1:2, 12, 26) -#### Was Jesus created or is he eternal? +### Was Jesus created or is he eternal? Jesus was not a created being but has always existed as God. Jesus also became a human being. There is potential for confusion in Colossians 1:15 where it says Jesus "is the firstborn of all creation." This statement means that Jesus is dominant over all of creation. It does not mean that he was the first thing God created. Translators should be careful not to imply that Jesus is a created being. -#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/dan/01/intro.md b/dan/01/intro.md index 4d76ed0ac0..7cd25552bc 100644 --- a/dan/01/intro.md +++ b/dan/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Daniel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Training for government jobs Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were chosen to be trained for service in the Babylonian kingdom. It was not unusual for foreigners to be given positions in the Babylonian government as advisors or cultural ambassadors. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Food laws diff --git a/dan/02/intro.md b/dan/02/intro.md index ea59610909..71dfcb3ae7 100644 --- a/dan/02/intro.md +++ b/dan/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Daniel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in Daniel's prayer in 2:20-23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The king's dream diff --git a/dan/03/intro.md b/dan/03/intro.md index 0ff326cd8d..3b585b3ed0 100644 --- a/dan/03/intro.md +++ b/dan/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Daniel 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The king's new idol diff --git a/dan/04/intro.md b/dan/04/intro.md index 94d595ee97..1ac5e07e89 100644 --- a/dan/04/intro.md +++ b/dan/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Daniel 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:3 and 4:34-35. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The king becomes insane diff --git a/dan/05/intro.md b/dan/05/intro.md index 21c5196931..c63b305a40 100644 --- a/dan/05/intro.md +++ b/dan/05/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Daniel 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The writing on the wall God told the new king that he had failed and God was replacing him, showing that God is the real ruler over everything, even kingdoms that do not worship him. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin These are words in Aramaic. Daniel "transliterates" these words by writing them with Hebrew letters, and then he explains their meanings. In the ULB and UDB they are written with English letters. Translators are encouraged to write them using the letters of the target language alphabet. diff --git a/dan/06/intro.md b/dan/06/intro.md index e9301e436e..7094eaf503 100644 --- a/dan/06/intro.md +++ b/dan/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Daniel 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set the content of letters farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the letter in 6:25-27. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in the letter in 6:26-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Daniel and the lions Daniel was thrown into the lions' den for praying to Yahweh, but Yahweh protected him and the lions did not hurt him at all. diff --git a/dan/07/intro.md b/dan/07/intro.md index 35b22bf5c8..f7d5373bc9 100644 --- a/dan/07/intro.md +++ b/dan/07/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Daniel 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:9-10, 13-14, and 23-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The four beasts There will be four successive kingdoms before Yahweh sets up his eternal kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) diff --git a/dan/08/intro.md b/dan/08/intro.md index 2492cb308b..63dc054e47 100644 --- a/dan/08/intro.md +++ b/dan/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Daniel 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The vision of the ram and the male goat diff --git a/dan/09/intro.md b/dan/09/intro.md index 2640398f26..bc2533620f 100644 --- a/dan/09/intro.md +++ b/dan/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Daniel 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Daniel told the future Gabriel told Daniel a prophecy that Jerusalem would be rebuilt. Then later an anointed person would be killed and the worship at the temple stopped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/dan/10/intro.md b/dan/10/intro.md index 3a096f8930..f3e8735ef9 100644 --- a/dan/10/intro.md +++ b/dan/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Daniel 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section where Daniel is given a prophecy about the future from an angel. This section continues for the remainder of the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/dan/11/intro.md b/dan/11/intro.md index c19ac9d3de..3d72795923 100644 --- a/dan/11/intro.md +++ b/dan/11/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Daniel 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The final prophecy continues in this chapter. The kings of the North and of the South will fight many wars against each other. The king of the South is probably a reference to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/dan/12/intro.md b/dan/12/intro.md index 0acc405fbd..c8c1be6e80 100644 --- a/dan/12/intro.md +++ b/dan/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Daniel 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The final prophecy concludes in this chapter. It tells about the future resurrection of the dead and the final judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judgmentday]]) diff --git a/dan/front/intro.md b/dan/front/intro.md index 600cc92a5a..f0646c0a2e 100644 --- a/dan/front/intro.md +++ b/dan/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Daniel +### Outline of Daniel 1. Daniel and his friends in the court of Nebuchadnezzar (1:1–21) 1. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's first dream (2:1–49) @@ -19,45 +19,45 @@ 1. An evil king exalts himself (11:21-39) 1. The time of the end (11:40–12:13) -#### What is the Book of Daniel about? +### What is the Book of Daniel about? The first part of the Book of Daniel (chapters 1–6) is a narrative about Daniel and his friends. They were young men from Jerusalem who were taken to Babylon as prisoners. These chapters tell how they were faithful to Yahweh while living in a pagan land serving a pagan king. And it tells how God rewarded them because they were faithful. The rest of the Book of Daniel is a series of prophetic visions. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with images representing the kingdoms and kings of the major nations. Chapters 9–11 are prophecies and visions about wars and a type of the great enemy of God appearing. Chapter 12 is a vision that describes end times. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Daniel" or just "Daniel." Translators may call it "The Book About Daniel" or "The Book About the Deeds and Visions of Daniel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Daniel? +### Who wrote the Book of Daniel? Daniel was a Jew who became a Babylonian government official during the exile. He may have written the book himself. Or he may have written the parts of the book and someone else put the parts together at a later time. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why do Daniel and his friends each have two names? +### Why do Daniel and his friends each have two names? Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah were four men from Judah. Their names were Hebrew names. When the king of Babylon forced them to go to Babylon, his chief official gave them Babylonian names: Belteshazzar, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. In chapters 1 and 2, Daniel’s friends are primarily called by their Hebrew names. Chapters 3 and 4 tell about their interactions with the Babylonian king, and in those chapters their Babylonian names are used. Throughout the book Daniel refers to himself with his Hebrew name, but in chapters 4, 5, and 10, he also mentions his Babylonian name several times. -#### Is there a missing week in Daniel's prophecy? +### Is there a missing week in Daniel's prophecy? Scholars disagree about what may appear to be a missing week in 9:24-27. It is best for translators to allow apparent mysteries such as this to remain in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### When did the seventy weeks begin? +### When did the seventy weeks begin? The seventy weeks in 9:24-27 began when a decree was issued to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. But there were several decrees that allowed this to happen. Translators do not need to understand how prophecies were or will be fulfilled to translate the text. -#### Who was Darius the Mede? +### Who was Darius the Mede? Darius the Mede was a Babylonian king who sent Daniel into a den of lions. People have not found his name in history outside of the Book of Daniel. Scholars have tried to explain who Darius was, but they are not certain. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does Daniel use the word "king"? +### How does Daniel use the word "king"? Many kings are in the Book of Daniel, but not all of the kings ruled over all of Babylon or Persia. Some of the kings may have ruled over regions or cities. -#### Why is the book of Daniel longer in some Bibles than in others? +### Why is the book of Daniel longer in some Bibles than in others? The book of Daniel was first written in Hebrew and Aramaic. Later it was translated into Greek. The oldest Greek translation includes the following stories that the Hebrew and Aramaic version does not have: "The Prayer of Azariah," "The Song of the Three Holy Children," "Susanna and the Elders," and "Bel and the Dragon." These are not included in the Unlocked Literal Bible. However, if your church teaches that these stories should be included in the Bible, then you may translate them from versions of the Bible that include them. diff --git a/deu/01/intro.md b/deu/01/intro.md index 69d001aebc..be820a4335 100644 --- a/deu/01/intro.md +++ b/deu/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Deuteronomy 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's victory The chapter explains that Israel's conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgement upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) diff --git a/deu/02/intro.md b/deu/02/intro.md index 8f4a690d5f..4cebad034d 100644 --- a/deu/02/intro.md +++ b/deu/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Covenant faithfulness Yahweh is faithful to the covenant he made with Abraham. He is also faithful to the promises he made with Esau and Lot. Because of this, Israel was given specific land it was able to conquer in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/deu/03/intro.md b/deu/03/intro.md index b48ee95b4c..d168e0e548 100644 --- a/deu/03/intro.md +++ b/deu/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Victories The victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/deu/04/intro.md b/deu/04/intro.md index fce9d7394a..4c9f9e4a70 100644 --- a/deu/04/intro.md +++ b/deu/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Law of Moses In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This w ##### Moses's instructions Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/deu/05/intro.md b/deu/05/intro.md index 18a35ad66c..840c1ccea0 100644 --- a/deu/05/intro.md +++ b/deu/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Deuteronomy 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set each of the commandments in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7-21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB uses a separate paragraph for each commandment. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ten commandments This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors and idioms Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/deu/06/intro.md b/deu/06/intro.md index f5ffad1033..38e06b118c 100644 --- a/deu/06/intro.md +++ b/deu/06/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Deuteronomy 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's blessings Yahweh's continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors There are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land and the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/deu/07/intro.md b/deu/07/intro.md index 76ed3261af..8546e5adc8 100644 --- a/deu/07/intro.md +++ b/deu/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "You must completely destroy them" The people of Canaan were to be punished by Yahweh. Yahweh used Israel to punish these nations. If they were not completely destroyed, they would lead Israel into sin. Therefore, they were to be completely destroyed and be shown no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) diff --git a/deu/08/intro.md b/deu/08/intro.md index f516c28264..b79d8ced07 100644 --- a/deu/08/intro.md +++ b/deu/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Forgetting This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/deu/09/intro.md b/deu/09/intro.md index c8785fd001..80e99ea395 100644 --- a/deu/09/intro.md +++ b/deu/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's victory This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh's. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh's punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/deu/10/intro.md b/deu/10/intro.md index 5f9bb570ea..fe879a77ff 100644 --- a/deu/10/intro.md +++ b/deu/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter. diff --git a/deu/11/intro.md b/deu/11/intro.md index 548d88ff6f..054cd4c78f 100644 --- a/deu/11/intro.md +++ b/deu/11/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Deuteronomy 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Therefore This chapter begins with the word "therefore," which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Eyewitnesses The instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) diff --git a/deu/12/intro.md b/deu/12/intro.md index d57dd11d5b..d645c65775 100644 --- a/deu/12/intro.md +++ b/deu/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Covenant with Moses diff --git a/deu/13/intro.md b/deu/13/intro.md index 8e274c5542..36bfdf9a8b 100644 --- a/deu/13/intro.md +++ b/deu/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Worshiping other gods diff --git a/deu/14/intro.md b/deu/14/intro.md index c7437c9856..32a9bf71fd 100644 --- a/deu/14/intro.md +++ b/deu/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Law of Moses This chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/deu/15/intro.md b/deu/15/intro.md index f85de632b3..1582e1b059 100644 --- a/deu/15/intro.md +++ b/deu/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Forgiveness of Debt This chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty. diff --git a/deu/16/intro.md b/deu/16/intro.md index 58dd4cf001..bc2dfe8c35 100644 --- a/deu/16/intro.md +++ b/deu/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Festivals diff --git a/deu/17/intro.md b/deu/17/intro.md index 7d795bc8d3..a576c81028 100644 --- a/deu/17/intro.md +++ b/deu/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Witnesses In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/deu/18/intro.md b/deu/18/intro.md index dc1be5e018..28bd5b60e8 100644 --- a/deu/18/intro.md +++ b/deu/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Levites As Yahweh's chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) diff --git a/deu/19/intro.md b/deu/19/intro.md index ef22cb5cfd..6f43794129 100644 --- a/deu/19/intro.md +++ b/deu/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killin ##### Witnesses In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Law of retaliation The chapter describes a famous law, often called the "law of retaliation." It is said, an "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/deu/20/intro.md b/deu/20/intro.md index b2fd6ecae8..53c46dce2e 100644 --- a/deu/20/intro.md +++ b/deu/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, ##### Holy war Israel's conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh's punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "What man is there" This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Excused from fighting In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/deu/21/intro.md b/deu/21/intro.md index cbfb91d01d..86f7c7e64d 100644 --- a/deu/21/intro.md +++ b/deu/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Elders Older men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/deu/22/intro.md b/deu/22/intro.md index 5472717e77..d482f9c5db 100644 --- a/deu/22/intro.md +++ b/deu/22/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Order in Israel The instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people's sin will result in serious punishment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/deu/23/intro.md b/deu/23/intro.md index 4ecb9c9bcb..3dd8cf1aa1 100644 --- a/deu/23/intro.md +++ b/deu/23/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The assembly of Yahweh This was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him. diff --git a/deu/24/intro.md b/deu/24/intro.md index 6afd16dcf2..4ffb1b3dfa 100644 --- a/deu/24/intro.md +++ b/deu/24/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Deuteronomy 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge" A millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person's millstone was to take take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/deu/25/intro.md b/deu/25/intro.md index a3a3b62292..e555cc00b7 100644 --- a/deu/25/intro.md +++ b/deu/25/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Deuteronomy 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "A perfect and just weight you must have" In the ancient Near East, people weighed gold and silver on a scale and used it as money. God was commanding people to use accurate weights for weighing the gold and silver. He did not want them to rob people by using inaccurate weights. diff --git a/deu/26/intro.md b/deu/26/intro.md index a1b6513e4c..aea9148806 100644 --- a/deu/26/intro.md +++ b/deu/26/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter recalls the great events of Israel's history when Yahweh brought them out of Egypt. diff --git a/deu/27/intro.md b/deu/27/intro.md index 4e7e3a56db..6c8b3b419e 100644 --- a/deu/27/intro.md +++ b/deu/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 27 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "May the man be cursed" This phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/deu/28/intro.md b/deu/28/intro.md index 104f23ecfb..0751c76a18 100644 --- a/deu/28/intro.md +++ b/deu/28/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blessings and warnings This chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/deu/29/intro.md b/deu/29/intro.md index 79bbe21910..99e519c974 100644 --- a/deu/29/intro.md +++ b/deu/29/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) diff --git a/deu/30/intro.md b/deu/30/intro.md index 2aacf39480..1e6add2e93 100644 --- a/deu/30/intro.md +++ b/deu/30/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Moses begins to give final instructions to Israel before his death in anticipation of their entrance into the Promised Land. There were warnings and blessings associated with the people's obedience to the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/deu/31/intro.md b/deu/31/intro.md index 4d6ea63ccc..bcea869721 100644 --- a/deu/31/intro.md +++ b/deu/31/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 31 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Final instructions In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua's leadership. diff --git a/deu/32/intro.md b/deu/32/intro.md index 7061f3c604..56d373c6fa 100644 --- a/deu/32/intro.md +++ b/deu/32/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Deuteronomy 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 32:1-43. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Punishment This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/deu/33/intro.md b/deu/33/intro.md index 57d7b2d8a2..f367a3bbd0 100644 --- a/deu/33/intro.md +++ b/deu/33/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Deuteronomy 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic lines of Moses's blessings in 33:1-29. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Families Moses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/deu/34/intro.md b/deu/34/intro.md index ae27b3a570..0cf8690ab0 100644 --- a/deu/34/intro.md +++ b/deu/34/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Deuteronomy 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses's death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/deu/front/intro.md b/deu/front/intro.md index fd3e820b18..1b804d734c 100644 --- a/deu/front/intro.md +++ b/deu/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Deuteronomy +### Outline of Deuteronomy 1. Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29) 1. Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–43) @@ -14,35 +14,35 @@ 1. Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12) -#### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about? +### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about? In the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshipping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The name "Deuteronomy" means "Second Law" or "the retelling of the Law." Translators may decide on a title such as, "A Repeat of the Law" or "Moses Explains the Law Again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy? +### Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy? The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died. -#### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy? +### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy? The book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land? +### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land? As God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the role of God's name in Deuteronomy? +### What is the role of God's name in Deuteronomy? God's name is mentioned over thirty times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God's name in this book usually represents God's honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God's name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God's presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him. -#### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch? +### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch? The Books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the Book of Deuteronomy. diff --git a/ecc/01/intro.md b/ecc/01/intro.md index ad475b2cb3..d3b9423758 100644 --- a/ecc/01/intro.md +++ b/ecc/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-11 and 15. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Tone The tone of this chapter is sad, or depressing. The author believes that everything in life is pointless. The metaphors in this chapter all describe the idea that nothing ever changes. This is also known as "fatalism." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ecc/02/intro.md b/ecc/02/intro.md index 58bb71bde1..497d92f77f 100644 --- a/ecc/02/intro.md +++ b/ecc/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Ecclesiastes 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:10-16. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pleasures When the author thought about the pointlessness of life, he decided to fill it with pointless pleasures. He believed that this type of living would have no effect on the world. Therefore, he indulged in every type of pleasure. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Assumed knowledge It is assumed that the author is going to reject the way of living in this chapter. He is certainly not encouraging this way of living even though he does not say this explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/ecc/03/intro.md b/ecc/03/intro.md index 22e2b6d4df..5cc5b30ca2 100644 --- a/ecc/03/intro.md +++ b/ecc/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-8 and 3:15. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Parallelism The chapter uses parallelism with the phrase, "a time to." This gives the quotation a poetic style. Their overall purpose is to show that Yahweh directs the events of the world and therefore, they have purpose. diff --git a/ecc/04/intro.md b/ecc/04/intro.md index e175c3cdee..791e0d0d4c 100644 --- a/ecc/04/intro.md +++ b/ecc/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:1-3, 4:5-6, and 4:8-12. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Irony The teacher looks at the oppression in the world and is saddened by it, but he is the king and has the power to change things. He also laments being alone even though he has many wives, children, and concubines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) diff --git a/ecc/05/intro.md b/ecc/05/intro.md index 6c6ee442ca..6325f4af6d 100644 --- a/ecc/05/intro.md +++ b/ecc/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:2-3, and 5:10-17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Materialism The author describes the pointlessness of pursuing material things. This is known as "materialism." Those who pursue after things will always want more. At the end of their life, they will not be able to use these things. diff --git a/ecc/06/intro.md b/ecc/06/intro.md index 1cd9e1c578..4d368aff1c 100644 --- a/ecc/06/intro.md +++ b/ecc/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:7-11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Satisfaction While a person may be given a great many things, they are worthless and provide no sense of satisfaction or peace. It is assumed that only Yahweh can provide these things to man. Solomon is depressed that he had everything he could have ever wanted in life, but they were not enough to give him satisfaction or peace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/ecc/07/intro.md b/ecc/07/intro.md index 886237b8e7..bd6c208857 100644 --- a/ecc/07/intro.md +++ b/ecc/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:1-26. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." diff --git a/ecc/08/intro.md b/ecc/08/intro.md index b1bdb6a105..b70996ca43 100644 --- a/ecc/08/intro.md +++ b/ecc/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:1 and 8:5-8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wisdom Solomon, known for his wisdom, gives a detailed description of wisdom. True wisdom is seeking to honor God. This is the only thing that lasts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) diff --git a/ecc/09/intro.md b/ecc/09/intro.md index ee4f95e4ab..033df27e39 100644 --- a/ecc/09/intro.md +++ b/ecc/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:2, 5-6, and 11-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Judgment This chapter explains that there is one thing that awaits all people: judgment. When people die, they will all face Yahweh's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) diff --git a/ecc/10/intro.md b/ecc/10/intro.md index bc1e278b38..6bf0c34803 100644 --- a/ecc/10/intro.md +++ b/ecc/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in all of chapter 10. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." diff --git a/ecc/11/intro.md b/ecc/11/intro.md index 49dcac15f0..b8ff4bb4e0 100644 --- a/ecc/11/intro.md +++ b/ecc/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in all of chapter 11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." diff --git a/ecc/12/intro.md b/ecc/12/intro.md index 60ba4c223f..6ec51a736b 100644 --- a/ecc/12/intro.md +++ b/ecc/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ecclesiastes 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:1-7 and 12:13-14. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." diff --git a/ecc/front/intro.md b/ecc/front/intro.md index 59b1f19aa5..95f7b5cd97 100644 --- a/ecc/front/intro.md +++ b/ecc/front/intro.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Ecclesiastes +### Outline of the Book of Ecclesiastes 1. The author questions the nature of life and the limits of human wisdom (1:1–6:12) 1. The author teaches about making wise choices in how one lives (7:1–12:7) 1. The conclusion and ending (12:8–14) -#### What is the Book of Ecclesiastes about? +### What is the Book of Ecclesiastes about? Ecclesiastes is a group of short teachings that try to answer questions such as "What do people gain from all their labor?" Ecclesiastes is a series of thoughts about a variety of subjects, all of them about the purpose and worth of various actions and events. The author concludes that all the work we perform and all the knowledge and skill we gain is like a vapor that disappears, and that we must fear Yahweh and keep his commandments. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title for this book is "Ecclesiastes." Its meaning is similar to "religious assembly." Translators might decide on a title that better describes the content of the book, such as "Words of a Teacher" or "Teachings of a Wise Man." -#### Who wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes? +### Who wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes? The author appears to be Solomon, "the Teacher, the descendant of David and king in Jerusalem." This is consistent with what Solomon was known for: * his wisdom ([Ecclesiastes 1:16](../../ecc/01/16.md) and twenty-six other references to wisdom); @@ -27,31 +27,31 @@ The author appears to be Solomon, "the Teacher, the descendant of David and king Solomon appears to have written the Book of Ecclesiastes near the end of his life, as he reflected on what he gained from all that he did. -#### Why are there so many apparent contradictions in the Book of Ecclesiastes? +### Why are there so many apparent contradictions in the Book of Ecclesiastes? Some scholars think the author was a faithful man. Other scholars think that the author made bad decisions and was sorrowful when he wrote this book. Apparent contradictions in the book may indicate that Solomon's faith was sometimes weak. Or, it is also possible that the teachings in the book differ from each other in order to relate to different things happening in the lives of readers. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What does this book teach about how God repays people? +### What does this book teach about how God repays people? In the ancient Near East, people were concerned with why they were being punished or blessed. They often connected these things to their gods. The writer of Ecclesiastes explains that Yahweh will bless and reward people for the right things they do and punish people for the evil things they do. But this might not happen in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### What value did the Israelites place on the Book of Ecclesiastes? +### What value did the Israelites place on the Book of Ecclesiastes? The Israelites have often questioned the value of this book. This is due in large part to its unusual wording and teachings. At times, it appears to disagree with the rest of Scripture. While many have questioned its authority, it has been affirmed to be Scripture. It gives valuable lessons concerning the uselessness of pursuing any goal other than to give Yahweh glory. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of "under the sun?" +### What is the meaning of "under the sun?" "Under the sun" here is another way of saying "on the earth." When the author says that there is "nothing new under the sun," this means that every kind of thing has already happened before on the earth. While a particular event may not have specifically occurred before, something similar has already occurred. -#### How do I translate harsh or shocking passages? +### How do I translate harsh or shocking passages? Parts of the Book of Ecclesiastes can be shocking or surprising to read in Scripture. For example, "If a man fathers a hundred children and lives many years, so that the days of his years are many, but if his heart is not satisfied with good and he is not buried with honor, then I say that a baby that is born dead is better off than he is" (6:3). The translator should allow these difficulties to remain and not try to make them less surprising. -#### How is life described in the Book of Ecclesiastes? +### How is life described in the Book of Ecclesiastes? The author of Ecclesiastes concludes that everything in this life quickly passes away, like a vapor that disappears. A person's circumstances or character and even all of the things of this world have little or no significance apart from God. That is because God gives meaning to everything. diff --git a/eph/01/intro.md b/eph/01/intro.md index 00bbc8d15f..eee30d6ad4 100644 --- a/eph/01/intro.md +++ b/eph/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ephesians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### "I pray" Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Predestination Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]]) diff --git a/eph/02/intro.md b/eph/02/intro.md index 0668c7e7e6..58d1664467 100644 --- a/eph/02/intro.md +++ b/eph/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Ephesians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter focuses on a Christian's life before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a person's former way of living is distinct from a Christian's new identity "in Christ." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### One body Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or "body." The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "Dead in trespasses and sins" Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually "dead." Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin bind ##### Descriptions of worldly living Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They "lived according to the ways of this world" and are "living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air," "fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature," and "carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind." -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "It is the gift of God" Some scholars believe "it" here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, "it" here more likely refers to all of being saved by God's grace through faith. diff --git a/eph/03/intro.md b/eph/03/intro.md index be7492865e..a20c4fc110 100644 --- a/eph/03/intro.md +++ b/eph/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ephesians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### "I pray" Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Mystery Paul refers to the church as a "mystery." The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. diff --git a/eph/04/intro.md b/eph/04/intro.md index f13c12b4f6..ddc35172fd 100644 --- a/eph/04/intro.md +++ b/eph/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ephesians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Spiritual gifts Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives t ##### Unity Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Old man and new man The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. diff --git a/eph/05/intro.md b/eph/05/intro.md index f8e5ead727..4da76fc111 100644 --- a/eph/05/intro.md +++ b/eph/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ephesians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 14. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Darkness and Light @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ In this chapter Paul teaches how God's people should live. He uses the image of Paul teaches husbands and wives to relate to each other as Christ and the church relate to each other. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Wives, submit to your husbands Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. diff --git a/eph/06/intro.md b/eph/06/intro.md index 02db6ea541..d20c248f41 100644 --- a/eph/06/intro.md +++ b/eph/06/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Ephesians 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Slavery Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Armor of God This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/eph/front/intro.md b/eph/front/intro.md index fa91944f26..136de6afc6 100644 --- a/eph/front/intro.md +++ b/eph/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ephesians +### Outline of Ephesians 1. Greeting and prayer for the spiritual blessings in Christ (1:1-23) 1. Sin and salvation (2:1-10) @@ -16,46 +16,46 @@ 1. Armor of God (6:10-20) 1. Final greeting (6:21-24) -#### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians? +### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians? Paul wrote Ephesians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. The Apostle Paul helped start the church in Ephesus on one of his trips. He also lived in Ephesus for a year and a half and helped the believers there. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome. -#### What is the Book of Ephesians about? +### What is the Book of Ephesians about? Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Ephesus to explain God's love for them in Christ Jesus. He described the blessings that God was giving them because they were now united with Christ. He explained that all believers are united together, whether Jew or Gentile. Paul also wanted to encourage them to live in a way that pleases God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Ephesians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Ephesus" or "A Letter to the Christians in Ephesus." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the "hidden truth" in the Book of Ephesians? +### What was the "hidden truth" in the Book of Ephesians? The expression translated in the ULB as "hidden truth" or "hidden" occurs six times. By it Paul always meant something that God had to reveal to human beings because they could not know it on their own. It always referred to something about how God planned to save mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to cause peace between himself and mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to unite Jews and Gentiles through Christ. Gentiles are now able to benefit from the promises of Christ as equals with the Jews. -#### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living? +### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living? Paul said much about salvation and righteous living in this letter and in many of his letters. He said that God has been very kind and saved Christians because they believe in Jesus. Therefore, after they become Christians, they should live in a righteous way to show that they have faith in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" +### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers who may read this letter. The three exceptions to this are: 5:14, 6:2, and 6:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the "new self" or the "new man"? +### What did Paul mean by the "new self" or the "new man"? When Paul spoke of the "new self" or the "new man," he meant the new nature that a believer receives from the Holy Spirit. This new nature was created in God's image (See: 4:24). The phrase "new man" is also used for God causing peace between Jews and Gentiles. God brought them together as one people that belong to him (See: 2:15). -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20; 2:6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; 3:5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 21; 4:1, 17, 21, 32; 5:8, 18, 19; 6:1, 10, 18, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Ephesians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Ephesians? * "in Ephesus" (1:1). Some early manuscripts do not include this expression, but it is probably in the original letter. The ULB, UDB, and many modern versions include it. * "because we are members of his body" (5:30). Most modern versions, including the ULB, read in this way. Some older translations read, "because we are members of his body and of his bones." Translators might decide to choose the second reading if other versions in their area have it that way. If translators choose the second reading, they should put the additional words inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they are probably not original to the Book of Ephesians. diff --git a/est/01/intro.md b/est/01/intro.md index 808fd9be6b..c3cf65ce13 100644 --- a/est/01/intro.md +++ b/est/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Esther 01 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The king's divorce diff --git a/est/02/intro.md b/est/02/intro.md index 10cc40dad6..a6e4d9a400 100644 --- a/est/02/intro.md +++ b/est/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Esther 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Esther becomes queen diff --git a/est/03/intro.md b/est/03/intro.md index 26ac2f814d..0b9b4c5ab5 100644 --- a/est/03/intro.md +++ b/est/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Esther 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Haman plots against the Jews diff --git a/est/04/intro.md b/est/04/intro.md index 190a3fb42a..cfa45ed8ab 100644 --- a/est/04/intro.md +++ b/est/04/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Esther 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Mordecai warns Esther to act Mordecai tells Esther she must beg the king for the Jews' lives, even if she risks her own death. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Implicit information diff --git a/est/05/intro.md b/est/05/intro.md index 4bd3538ff9..37530b75dd 100644 --- a/est/05/intro.md +++ b/est/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Esther 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about Haman's fall (Chapters 5-7). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Esther's respect Esther approached the king with the utmost of respect. By doing this, her character became respected by the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/est/06/intro.md b/est/06/intro.md index 5033ac2880..079e94546b 100644 --- a/est/06/intro.md +++ b/est/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Esther 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the story of Haman's fall. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Approaching the king It was not possible for a person to easily approach the king. Normally, access to him was very limited. There are several events in this chapter which show the layers of protection surrounding the king. diff --git a/est/07/intro.md b/est/07/intro.md index 18cc76b575..4ca4f94c92 100644 --- a/est/07/intro.md +++ b/est/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Esther 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Haman's fall concludes in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Covering Haman's face diff --git a/est/08/intro.md b/est/08/intro.md index 8dcb5ed63c..46f2a82592 100644 --- a/est/08/intro.md +++ b/est/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Esther 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's protection Yahweh is at work in this chapter preventing the Jews from possible destruction. God used Esther and Mordecai to protect their people. diff --git a/est/09/intro.md b/est/09/intro.md index 13991accb7..7c6bdd82ed 100644 --- a/est/09/intro.md +++ b/est/09/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Esther 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Purim The events of this chapter were so significant, the Jews celebrated these events every year after this. It is known as "Purim." -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Ironic Situation The day that was supposed to bring great victory to the enemies of the Jews became a day of great victory for the Jews. This is a type of irony. diff --git a/est/10/intro.md b/est/10/intro.md index ec79f742a2..b64f6acf5b 100644 --- a/est/10/intro.md +++ b/est/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Esther 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Mordecai's new position diff --git a/est/front/intro.md b/est/front/intro.md index 0266dcfc0e..bafd363229 100644 --- a/est/front/intro.md +++ b/est/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Esther +### Outline of Esther 1. King Ahasuerus sends away his wife, the queen (1:1–22) 1. Ahasuerus chooses Esther as the new queen (2:1–23) @@ -13,27 +13,27 @@ 1. The Feast of Purim (9:17–32) 1. Conclusion (10:1–3) -#### What is the Book of Esther about? +### What is the Book of Esther about? The Book of Esther tells how a young Jewish woman named Esther became the queen of Persia. As queen, she worked to save all the Jews in the Persian Empire from being destroyed. This book ends by telling why the Jews celebrate the festival of Purim. The name "Purim" comes from the word "pur." It means "lots" or "dice." Haman, the enemy of Jews, threw dice to choose when to attack and destroy the Jews. The Jews celebrate Purim to remember how Yahweh rescued his people from being destroyed. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title of this book, which is "The Book of Esther" or just "Esther." Or they can choose a clearer title, such as "The Book About Esther." ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the Persian Empire? +### What was the Persian Empire? King Cyrus the Great conquered and ruled over many kingdoms. This was in the part of the world called Persia, which is now Iran. So people named his kingdom the Persian Empire. When Cyrus conquered Babylonia in 539 B.C., he then controlled the Jews whom the Babylonians had exiled. -#### Why were there Jews in Babylonia when the Persians conquered it? +### Why were there Jews in Babylonia when the Persians conquered it? In 586 B.C., the Babylonians conquered and took into exile the people of Judah. These Jews and their descendants were still in Babylon when the Persians conquered it. -#### What was meant by "the laws of the Medes and Persians"? +### What was meant by "the laws of the Medes and Persians"? The phrase "the laws of the Medes and Persians" is found in Esther 1:19 and Daniel 6:12. It referred to laws and decrees that could not be changed or removed once they were issued. In the book of Esther, the king made a decree that the people could attack the Jews. Later he regretted that decision but he was not able to change the decree. @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The term "Medes" refers to a people group that had formed its own nation, but th ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What different levels of language are in the Book of Esther? +### What different levels of language are in the Book of Esther? In the Book of Esther, people talk to each other in many different situations. There is the polite and stately talk in the Persian court and the words of royal decrees. Friends and close relatives also talk to each other. There are even the words that one uses in speaking to oneself. Translators should use all the ways their own language has to express these different situations in a way that their readers will identify and understand. diff --git a/exo/01/intro.md b/exo/01/intro.md index c101e6daf7..71f0fa91c6 100644 --- a/exo/01/intro.md +++ b/exo/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition with the last chapter of the book of Genesis. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's growth Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. It also caused the Egyptians great concern that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians because they would be unable to defend themselves against such a large number of people. Pharaoh also tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abr ##### End of the famine It is obvious that some time has passed since the beginning of the famine which brought the Israelites into Egypt. Yahweh appears to be punishing the Hebrews for not returning back to the Promised Land instead choosing to stay in Egypt. No return attempt is recorded to have been made. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number" This number included both Jacob's children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons. diff --git a/exo/02/intro.md b/exo/02/intro.md index 87481a196a..0dcefb06c5 100644 --- a/exo/02/intro.md +++ b/exo/02/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Exodus 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Moses's heritage In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh's daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Ironic situations While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, Yahweh used Pharaoh's own daughter to save Moses. Moses was the one who would ultimately be used by Yahweh to deliver Israel. diff --git a/exo/03/intro.md b/exo/03/intro.md index f582be0dcf..86260b9f48 100644 --- a/exo/03/intro.md +++ b/exo/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Exodus 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's holiness God is so holy that people could not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Yahweh The name Yahweh is sacred in the Hebrew religion. It is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. It is by this name, he is known. Yahweh means "I am." Some translations use all capitals to set this apart, "I AM." Great care must be taken in translating the phrase "I am that I am." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]) diff --git a/exo/04/intro.md b/exo/04/intro.md index 97330331e6..c375ab398c 100644 --- a/exo/04/intro.md +++ b/exo/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Moses does not understand Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these are Yahweh's doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Mos ##### Children of God This chapter really introduces the concept that the people group Israel is the chosen people of God and God's children, possibly God's firstborn children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/exo/05/intro.md b/exo/05/intro.md index f34a733ee9..c4eb34e053 100644 --- a/exo/05/intro.md +++ b/exo/05/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Exodus 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### A slave's work The Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. They were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, the were required to not only make these bricks, but also to gather the straw in order to make these bricks. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Let my people go" This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. diff --git a/exo/06/intro.md b/exo/06/intro.md index 6607b97ec1..9c8da99cc2 100644 --- a/exo/06/intro.md +++ b/exo/06/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Exodus 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Promised Land According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. It is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Let my people go diff --git a/exo/07/intro.md b/exo/07/intro.md index 6468da3f50..84ac413efc 100644 --- a/exo/07/intro.md +++ b/exo/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Miracles When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh's men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh's men were able to copy these mi ##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Let my people go diff --git a/exo/08/intro.md b/exo/08/intro.md index 95ec385c46..a1a8d0a09b 100644 --- a/exo/08/intro.md +++ b/exo/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Exodus 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Let my people go diff --git a/exo/09/intro.md b/exo/09/intro.md index d6eafd236e..7a65e4bd50 100644 --- a/exo/09/intro.md +++ b/exo/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Exodus 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Let my people go diff --git a/exo/10/intro.md b/exo/10/intro.md index 4ab9bce78f..e2599db4dc 100644 --- a/exo/10/intro.md +++ b/exo/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Exodus 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Let my people go diff --git a/exo/11/intro.md b/exo/11/intro.md index bd4b8d0714..1d92cebff1 100644 --- a/exo/11/intro.md +++ b/exo/11/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Exodus 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Let my people go diff --git a/exo/12/intro.md b/exo/12/intro.md index 8b0546a54e..850f04db8d 100644 --- a/exo/12/intro.md +++ b/exo/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Unleavened bread The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]]) diff --git a/exo/13/intro.md b/exo/13/intro.md index f5084fd39c..9a176ba91c 100644 --- a/exo/13/intro.md +++ b/exo/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Exodus 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the instructions for the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Law The law mentioned here is not the law of Moses because it has not yet been revealed. Instead, it is a more generic "rule." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Let my people go diff --git a/exo/14/intro.md b/exo/14/intro.md index b1a32d6254..2cb520af92 100644 --- a/exo/14/intro.md +++ b/exo/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This is an important event in the history of Israel, known as the "parting of the Sea of Reeds." -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pharaoh's hard heart @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his ##### Pharaoh's chariots These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/exo/15/intro.md b/exo/15/intro.md index b802839f52..2ec1631c09 100644 --- a/exo/15/intro.md +++ b/exo/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic songs in 15:1-18 and 15:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's laws In this chapter, Moses talks about Yahweh's laws. The law of Moses is about to be introduced. Although it has not yet been formally introduced, this is what is being referenced in this chapter in anticipation of the revelation of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) diff --git a/exo/16/intro.md b/exo/16/intro.md index f05e813278..d7490dfc4e 100644 --- a/exo/16/intro.md +++ b/exo/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Complaints The Israelites complained about the amount of food Yahweh gave them, even when he miraculously provided their food for them. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/d ##### Ark of the covenant Although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably done either in anticipation of the building of the ark or as an editorial comment made by Moses after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) diff --git a/exo/17/intro.md b/exo/17/intro.md index caeede05b3..2f7d55fa32 100644 --- a/exo/17/intro.md +++ b/exo/17/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Exodus 17 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people's rhetorical question showed their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) diff --git a/exo/18/intro.md b/exo/18/intro.md index 5586ae338e..aee715e467 100644 --- a/exo/18/intro.md +++ b/exo/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Leadership lessons Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) diff --git a/exo/19/intro.md b/exo/19/intro.md index a5d66eb033..44e2bc2649 100644 --- a/exo/19/intro.md +++ b/exo/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "A kingdom of priests" The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/exo/20/intro.md b/exo/20/intro.md index 1583c77f5e..d6f0051227 100644 --- a/exo/20/intro.md +++ b/exo/20/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The instructions recorded in this chapter are commonly known as the "ten commandments." -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Covenant Yahweh's covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/exo/21/intro.md b/exo/21/intro.md index 16e14908e4..d9f217a040 100644 --- a/exo/21/intro.md +++ b/exo/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Covenant with Moses Although the covenant Yahweh made with Moses began in the previous chapter, it formally begins with the statement, "Now these are the decrees that you must set before them." The law of Moses was a major part of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/exo/22/intro.md b/exo/22/intro.md index 5405514493..98f0b7314d 100644 --- a/exo/22/intro.md +++ b/exo/22/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice in society The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. In this chapter, the purpose of these laws often focuses on minimizing the people's desire for vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) diff --git a/exo/23/intro.md b/exo/23/intro.md index 3124e5964e..01bbfc465c 100644 --- a/exo/23/intro.md +++ b/exo/23/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice in society The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/exo/24/intro.md b/exo/24/intro.md index c0d1475ffb..05af5dde26 100644 --- a/exo/24/intro.md +++ b/exo/24/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Moses's covenant The people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/exo/25/intro.md b/exo/25/intro.md index 96d8432b20..f653b8c144 100644 --- a/exo/25/intro.md +++ b/exo/25/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/exo/26/intro.md b/exo/26/intro.md index 3fe380087b..bc8941a0c8 100644 --- a/exo/26/intro.md +++ b/exo/26/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/exo/27/intro.md b/exo/27/intro.md index 186723bdac..d88f78541f 100644 --- a/exo/27/intro.md +++ b/exo/27/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/exo/28/intro.md b/exo/28/intro.md index 4e58951354..c5742529b6 100644 --- a/exo/28/intro.md +++ b/exo/28/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Holy garments Because Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they must be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/exo/29/intro.md b/exo/29/intro.md index 630bdf9821..713c375d52 100644 --- a/exo/29/intro.md +++ b/exo/29/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Exodus 29 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Consecrating priests This chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "I will live among the Israelites" As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark. diff --git a/exo/30/intro.md b/exo/30/intro.md index 8e3fa28780..f7c5bf83b5 100644 --- a/exo/30/intro.md +++ b/exo/30/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 30 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Atonement The atonement offered by the priests was very important in the religious life of Israel. In order to offer sacrifices, the priests had to maintain ritual cleanliness by washing themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/exo/31/intro.md b/exo/31/intro.md index 23ef23aa2e..305f7472a8 100644 --- a/exo/31/intro.md +++ b/exo/31/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is the end of Exodus' recording of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sabbath As described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) diff --git a/exo/32/intro.md b/exo/32/intro.md index 9b9b15f33d..484135a8d4 100644 --- a/exo/32/intro.md +++ b/exo/32/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Exodus 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The events of this chapter occur while Moses spoke with God and therefore happen at the same time as the events in chapters 20-31. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 32:18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Idolatry The making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/exo/33/intro.md b/exo/33/intro.md index 2c61ec3a83..a4e2ba529a 100644 --- a/exo/33/intro.md +++ b/exo/33/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Covenant While the covenants Yahweh made may not be conditioned upon the obedience of Israel, it is clear that their conquering of the Promised Land was conditioned on their obedience to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/exo/34/intro.md b/exo/34/intro.md index 42cad48633..03e5504afc 100644 --- a/exo/34/intro.md +++ b/exo/34/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 34 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "He will bring the punishment for the fathers' sin on their children" This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent's sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/exo/35/intro.md b/exo/35/intro.md index 10b38cc2e1..22efe97b29 100644 --- a/exo/35/intro.md +++ b/exo/35/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sacrifice All of the people offered sacrifices to Yahweh. This was a form of worship and a sign of repentance from making the golden calf idol. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/exo/36/intro.md b/exo/36/intro.md index e4f905df9a..ea400095e6 100644 --- a/exo/36/intro.md +++ b/exo/36/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Tent of meeting The tent of meeting, or tabernacle, mentioned in previous chapters is constructed in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) diff --git a/exo/37/intro.md b/exo/37/intro.md index 23467f9508..d0bc76903e 100644 --- a/exo/37/intro.md +++ b/exo/37/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 37 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The ark of the covenant The ark, mentioned in previous chapters, is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) diff --git a/exo/38/intro.md b/exo/38/intro.md index e6adbeff42..b4a96dd0ab 100644 --- a/exo/38/intro.md +++ b/exo/38/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 38 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The altar The altar is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) diff --git a/exo/39/intro.md b/exo/39/intro.md index 80552ca473..63b2c694f7 100644 --- a/exo/39/intro.md +++ b/exo/39/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Exodus 39 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The holy clothing The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced in this chapter to the correct specifications. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/exo/40/intro.md b/exo/40/intro.md index 219a882d50..d91f758417 100644 --- a/exo/40/intro.md +++ b/exo/40/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Exodus 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is repetitive and should read as a series of instructions. It is repeated as well to show that Moses was obedient to every detail of Yahweh's command. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Yahweh's glory filled the tabernacle" This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the tabernacle, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) diff --git a/exo/front/intro.md b/exo/front/intro.md index 5116d3b8d0..bbe69373d4 100644 --- a/exo/front/intro.md +++ b/exo/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Exodus +### Outline of Exodus 1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12) - First genealogy (1:1–6) @@ -27,53 +27,53 @@ - Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33) - The cloud (40:34–38) -#### What is the Book of Exodus about? +### What is the Book of Exodus about? Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham's descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called "Israel," was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly. The Book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the tabernacle. The tabernacle was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? "Exodus" means "exit" or "departure." Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, "About the Israelites Leaving Egypt" or "How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Exodus? +### Who wrote the Book of Exodus? The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. -#### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel? +### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel? Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was the most powerful nation at that time. And Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and they should worship him. -#### How does the Book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham? +### How does the Book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham? The Book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the Jewish Passover? +### What was the Jewish Passover? The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued them from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt. -#### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel? +### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel? The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the tabernacle. -#### What did it mean that Israel was to be a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (19:6 ULB)? +### What did it mean that Israel was to be a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (19:6 ULB)? Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different than all the other nations of the world. These other nations worshiped many false gods. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40? +### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40? In Exodus 25-32, God describes exactly how the tabernacle was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35-40. This showed that the people were to be careful to do exactly as God commanded. -#### Are the events in the order that they actually happened? +### Are the events in the order that they actually happened? Most but not all of the events in the Book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order. -#### What does it mean that God "lived" among his people? +### What does it mean that God "lived" among his people? The Book of Exodus presents God as living in the tabernacle among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him. diff --git a/ezk/01/intro.md b/ezk/01/intro.md index c6474dfaa6..bd09413889 100644 --- a/ezk/01/intro.md +++ b/ezk/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Ezekiel's call diff --git a/ezk/02/intro.md b/ezk/02/intro.md index f8513ef1b3..1463494978 100644 --- a/ezk/02/intro.md +++ b/ezk/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Ezekiel's call continues in this chapter. God appointed Ezekiel to be a prophet but warned him that the people were very rebellious and would not listen to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/ezk/03/intro.md b/ezk/03/intro.md index 047c81c025..bc61769c1a 100644 --- a/ezk/03/intro.md +++ b/ezk/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Ezekiel's call concludes in this chapter. God told Ezekiel more about what he should say to the people and how he should say it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]]) diff --git a/ezk/04/intro.md b/ezk/04/intro.md index cb98e2c44f..e12fed3240 100644 --- a/ezk/04/intro.md +++ b/ezk/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Destruction of Jerusalem The destruction of Jerusalem is pictured in this chapter. Ezekiel showed the lack of food and water that would occur during the siege of Jerusalem. diff --git a/ezk/05/intro.md b/ezk/05/intro.md index 878727e617..e97ebccf16 100644 --- a/ezk/05/intro.md +++ b/ezk/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The destruction of Jerusalem The destruction of Jerusalem is continued to be pictured in this chapter. Ezekiel showed the destruction of Jerusalem by fire and war. diff --git a/ezk/06/intro.md b/ezk/06/intro.md index e564896f2f..6fbf850085 100644 --- a/ezk/06/intro.md +++ b/ezk/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Shrines on the hill tops diff --git a/ezk/07/intro.md b/ezk/07/intro.md index 44106577f5..3462714edc 100644 --- a/ezk/07/intro.md +++ b/ezk/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Now is the time for punishment diff --git a/ezk/08/intro.md b/ezk/08/intro.md index 172a1d8fa3..b9da966811 100644 --- a/ezk/08/intro.md +++ b/ezk/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Judah's sin diff --git a/ezk/09/intro.md b/ezk/09/intro.md index 8704b47997..ad34a4d821 100644 --- a/ezk/09/intro.md +++ b/ezk/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sorrow over sin diff --git a/ezk/10/intro.md b/ezk/10/intro.md index dc6c762225..2407c0f103 100644 --- a/ezk/10/intro.md +++ b/ezk/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The throne diff --git a/ezk/11/intro.md b/ezk/11/intro.md index 4377c84881..ed85b3fee2 100644 --- a/ezk/11/intro.md +++ b/ezk/11/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ezekiel 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Safety The people were trusting Jerusalem to keep them safe. But God was going to pull them out of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/12/intro.md b/ezk/12/intro.md index b713d906f6..64f45228ba 100644 --- a/ezk/12/intro.md +++ b/ezk/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Exile diff --git a/ezk/13/intro.md b/ezk/13/intro.md index 5b236b010e..c1d3a34b4a 100644 --- a/ezk/13/intro.md +++ b/ezk/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ezekiel 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### False prophets God spoke against people who said they were prophesying but had not received any message from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/14/intro.md b/ezk/14/intro.md index 9db2c40e88..16f800c096 100644 --- a/ezk/14/intro.md +++ b/ezk/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jerusalem deserves punishment diff --git a/ezk/15/intro.md b/ezk/15/intro.md index 5928a9837a..ebecddc2f8 100644 --- a/ezk/15/intro.md +++ b/ezk/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Useless diff --git a/ezk/16/intro.md b/ezk/16/intro.md index a17ae379fc..15452bccc2 100644 --- a/ezk/16/intro.md +++ b/ezk/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 16 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/17/intro.md b/ezk/17/intro.md index ca944af83d..85d2bd91c1 100644 --- a/ezk/17/intro.md +++ b/ezk/17/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ezekiel 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Breaking allegiance The king of Judah had vowed to obey Babylon but instead he followed Egypt. Therefore, God said he would not prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/18/intro.md b/ezk/18/intro.md index 51c63c877a..77f363a50a 100644 --- a/ezk/18/intro.md +++ b/ezk/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Inherited Guilt diff --git a/ezk/19/intro.md b/ezk/19/intro.md index a55a0f2fe0..af8733b473 100644 --- a/ezk/19/intro.md +++ b/ezk/19/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ezekiel 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Judah destroyed The first king was taken as a captive to Egypt, the next was taken as a captive to Babylon. Now Judah is not prospering. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/20/intro.md b/ezk/20/intro.md index e12766eb56..5e56634972 100644 --- a/ezk/20/intro.md +++ b/ezk/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rebels cannot ask for help diff --git a/ezk/21/intro.md b/ezk/21/intro.md index 8256a4d804..7386f95f29 100644 --- a/ezk/21/intro.md +++ b/ezk/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Refusing to learn diff --git a/ezk/22/intro.md b/ezk/22/intro.md index 5378c3bca7..7853d72080 100644 --- a/ezk/22/intro.md +++ b/ezk/22/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Continuous evil diff --git a/ezk/23/intro.md b/ezk/23/intro.md index d35e7ae89b..d74aaf1c0f 100644 --- a/ezk/23/intro.md +++ b/ezk/23/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 23 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/24/intro.md b/ezk/24/intro.md index 48e27f469d..8d0efbf77d 100644 --- a/ezk/24/intro.md +++ b/ezk/24/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ezekiel 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Too many sins to be forgiven The people of Jerusalem cannot be cleaned from their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/25/intro.md b/ezk/25/intro.md index 29986b241e..0ce2902501 100644 --- a/ezk/25/intro.md +++ b/ezk/25/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Prophecy against other nations This chapter includes prophecies against some Gentile nations. Ammon, Moab, Edom and Philistia will all be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/ezk/26/intro.md b/ezk/26/intro.md index d1be6220c5..9e86f34e3b 100644 --- a/ezk/26/intro.md +++ b/ezk/26/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section of prophecy against Tyre. The Babylonians will destroy Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) ## Links: diff --git a/ezk/27/intro.md b/ezk/27/intro.md index ddccd2fcd3..7a9845e067 100644 --- a/ezk/27/intro.md +++ b/ezk/27/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Ezekiel 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Tyre continues in this chapter. Tyre has become wealthy from trade as far as Spain, but Tyre will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/28/intro.md b/ezk/28/intro.md index abafdb1e06..397c033c3f 100644 --- a/ezk/28/intro.md +++ b/ezk/28/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Tyre concludes in this chapter. Tyre will be destroyed because of its pride and unfair business practices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/ezk/29/intro.md b/ezk/29/intro.md index c59ef40ad3..af846f1a92 100644 --- a/ezk/29/intro.md +++ b/ezk/29/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a prophecy against Egypt and its king, Pharaoh. Because Egypt did not fulfill its promise of protecting Judah, it will be conquered by Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/ezk/30/intro.md b/ezk/30/intro.md index 2f6a05f09d..edbf815590 100644 --- a/ezk/30/intro.md +++ b/ezk/30/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Egypt and its king continues in this chapter. Babylon will destroy all the towns of Egypt and their allies will not be able to help them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/ezk/31/intro.md b/ezk/31/intro.md index 4d3e51c25f..6e780be3c5 100644 --- a/ezk/31/intro.md +++ b/ezk/31/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Egypt and its king continues in this chapter. God told Egypt to remember what happened to Assyria when it became proud. This same things will now happen to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/ezk/32/intro.md b/ezk/32/intro.md index 2e34027e3b..cb68262042 100644 --- a/ezk/32/intro.md +++ b/ezk/32/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Egypt and its king concludes in this chapter. Egypt will have its army destroyed, just as happened to so many other nations. Beginning in verse 1, the land of Egypt is addressed through Pharaoh, its king, so God refers to Egypt as "he" and "him." However, beginning in verse 12, Egypt is referred to as "she" and "her," as if she were a woman. It was common in Hebrew for lands and countries to be referred to as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/ezk/33/intro.md b/ezk/33/intro.md index f30bf9f3dc..b6ca629d49 100644 --- a/ezk/33/intro.md +++ b/ezk/33/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Repentance diff --git a/ezk/34/intro.md b/ezk/34/intro.md index 708fa6cfd4..8acca1e2b2 100644 --- a/ezk/34/intro.md +++ b/ezk/34/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Ezekiel 34 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God protects the people God is against those who exploit others. He will protect and take care of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/35/intro.md b/ezk/35/intro.md index 78ae355749..001ad32deb 100644 --- a/ezk/35/intro.md +++ b/ezk/35/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Edom diff --git a/ezk/36/intro.md b/ezk/36/intro.md index 4dbe691f23..c0e4312f8c 100644 --- a/ezk/36/intro.md +++ b/ezk/36/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel restored diff --git a/ezk/37/intro.md b/ezk/37/intro.md index 9b1f2907bd..d99f512f0f 100644 --- a/ezk/37/intro.md +++ b/ezk/37/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Ezekiel 37 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel restored God will unite the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah and the Messiah will rule over them. This will come in a prophesied day of restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/ezk/38/intro.md b/ezk/38/intro.md index 8ae0668eb8..dba9440e44 100644 --- a/ezk/38/intro.md +++ b/ezk/38/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section prophesying against Gog. Later Gog will try to conquer Israel. diff --git a/ezk/39/intro.md b/ezk/39/intro.md index c1c8190c5c..b0a745e51b 100644 --- a/ezk/39/intro.md +++ b/ezk/39/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 39 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes the prophecy against Gog. God will destroy Gog and his army. diff --git a/ezk/40/intro.md b/ezk/40/intro.md index 5304f9c8d2..4bf227cdb9 100644 --- a/ezk/40/intro.md +++ b/ezk/40/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### The new temple and city diff --git a/ezk/41/intro.md b/ezk/41/intro.md index c373b4b967..511394a713 100644 --- a/ezk/41/intro.md +++ b/ezk/41/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 41 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. This chapter focuses on the measurements for the construction of the temple to be built. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/ezk/42/intro.md b/ezk/42/intro.md index 9d7c88e521..2b687adff6 100644 --- a/ezk/42/intro.md +++ b/ezk/42/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 42 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. This chapter focused on the storerooms for keeping the holy things of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) diff --git a/ezk/43/intro.md b/ezk/43/intro.md index 16b3ab7065..e9496647b4 100644 --- a/ezk/43/intro.md +++ b/ezk/43/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 43 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. God entered the temple. He told the people not to defile the temple by being idol worshipers or by having the funerals of their kings in the temple courtyard. He also told them what offerings to make each day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/ezk/44/intro.md b/ezk/44/intro.md index 63151a7106..ccd03a77c9 100644 --- a/ezk/44/intro.md +++ b/ezk/44/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 44 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. Foreigners and the Levites who have worshiped idols are not allowed in the temple. The priests alone will do the temple work. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/ezk/45/intro.md b/ezk/45/intro.md index 12970cb692..109bf9f349 100644 --- a/ezk/45/intro.md +++ b/ezk/45/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There should be an area around the temple complex for the homes of the priests and Levites who work at the temple. People should celebrate the festivals. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/ezk/46/intro.md b/ezk/46/intro.md index f02e6225a9..e18056f4c8 100644 --- a/ezk/46/intro.md +++ b/ezk/46/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 46 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. This chapter focuses on many of the temple's rules. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/ezk/47/intro.md b/ezk/47/intro.md index e5fa764af6..ab924627a6 100644 --- a/ezk/47/intro.md +++ b/ezk/47/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 47 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There was a river flowing from the temple. The land was to be divided among the tribes. The landscape of Jerusalem will have changed in a significant way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/ezk/48/intro.md b/ezk/48/intro.md index d5d9ac83cf..72c94fe078 100644 --- a/ezk/48/intro.md +++ b/ezk/48/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezekiel 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There is more dividing of the land between the tribes in this chapter as well. ## Links: diff --git a/ezk/front/intro.md b/ezk/front/intro.md index e26a0b9e5e..654ed13ae2 100644 --- a/ezk/front/intro.md +++ b/ezk/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ezekiel +### Outline of Ezekiel 1. Yahweh calls Ezekiel to speak his words (1:1–3:27) 1. Yahweh judges Judah and Jerusalem (4:1-24:27) @@ -16,31 +16,31 @@ - Jerusalem and the temple restored (40:1–48:35) -#### What is Ezekiel about? +### What is Ezekiel about? The Book of Ezekiel contains words that Ezekiel prophesied between 592 B.C. and 573 B.C. The Jewish people were exiled in Babylonia. Ezekiel told them that God had punished them because they sinned against him. However, Ezekiel assured them that God would restore them. God was using Babylon to punish them. But eventually another nation would defeat the Babylonians. Ezekiel also prophesied about how God will restore Jerusalem and the temple so that the people can worship and sacrifice to him again. Ezekiel then described how the land will be divided again among the tribes of Israel. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? "Ezekiel" or "The Book of Ezekiel" is the traditional name for this book. Translators may also call it "The Messages from God Brought by Ezekiel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Ezekiel? +### Who wrote the Book of Ezekiel? Ezekiel wrote the prophecies in the Book of Ezekiel. He was a prophet and priest who lived near Babylon in the time of the exile. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was Ezekiel's temple? +### What was Ezekiel's temple? Several chapters of the Book of Ezekiel give instructions about building a new temple. However, this temple is not the same as the temple the people would build after going back to Jerusalem. Because Ezekiel's temple has never been built, some scholars think that this temple is to be built in the future. Other scholars think that Ezekiel's temple is symbolic of the Church. -#### Do the sacrifices in Ezekiel follow the law of Moses? +### Do the sacrifices in Ezekiel follow the law of Moses? The sacrifices in Ezekiel 46 are somewhat different than the required sacrifices in Numbers 28. This may be because Ezekiel prophesied about a new temple with new sacrifices. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How should one represent Ezekiel's visions in translation? +### How should one represent Ezekiel's visions in translation? The Book of Ezekiel has many complicated visions. Some are similar to passages in other Scripture books that describe future events. Some of these visions are about God rescuing Israel in the distant future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ It is unclear whether Ezekiel actually traveled to the particular places named i Translators should avoid trying to explain these visions in their translations. Instead, they should present the visions just as they are in the source text. -#### What does "and you will know that I am Yahweh" mean? +### What does "and you will know that I am Yahweh" mean? This is a common phrase in the Book of Ezekiel. It is meant to assure the reader that these messages truly came from God, and that he will do what he has promised. The translator may also use the phrase "and you will understand that I am Yahweh and what I say will happen." The UDB translates it as "then you will know that I, Yahweh, have the power to do what I say that I will do." diff --git a/ezr/01/intro.md b/ezr/01/intro.md index 2548e6fa59..dc070ba99f 100644 --- a/ezr/01/intro.md +++ b/ezr/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Ezra 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The chapter records the story of the first Jews as they return from Persia to Judea. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King Cyrus King Cyrus allowed them to return because he wanted them to rebuild the temple. Those who stayed behind gave gifts to those who left to help them on their journey and resettlement. This practice was common under the reign of Cyrus and was used as a way to maintain peace throughout his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Jews Upon return to Judea, the focus of the rest of the Old Testament is on the Jewish people. diff --git a/ezr/02/intro.md b/ezr/02/intro.md index 11fcc50d43..65150bc732 100644 --- a/ezr/02/intro.md +++ b/ezr/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezra 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Genealogy People had to prove they were priests, or that they were Jews, through their genealogies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/ezr/03/intro.md b/ezr/03/intro.md index 30a2c79309..8d5f564ffe 100644 --- a/ezr/03/intro.md +++ b/ezr/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ezra 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of worship in the new temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rebuilding the temple They immediately began the temple worship, even though the temple had not yet been built because they feared the people of the surrounding nations. diff --git a/ezr/04/intro.md b/ezr/04/intro.md index e449a5558e..16caf2e27b 100644 --- a/ezr/04/intro.md +++ b/ezr/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ezra 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Helping to build the temple The people of the surrounding nations offered to help to build the temple. It is unknown why the Jews refused their help. These other people became their enemies and tried to hinder the work. They even persuaded the king of Persia to stop the Jews from building. diff --git a/ezr/05/intro.md b/ezr/05/intro.md index 93bdac6572..e41cbd23e1 100644 --- a/ezr/05/intro.md +++ b/ezr/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ezra 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rebuilding the temple The prophets Haggai and Zechariah encouraged the Jews to begin again building the temple. This was very important to life in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/ezr/06/intro.md b/ezr/06/intro.md index 3a686312b4..8733887d0d 100644 --- a/ezr/06/intro.md +++ b/ezr/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Ezra 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The completion of the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship occurs in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Temple taxes The king said the Jews were right and ordered money from his taxes to be used to help them with their sacrifices. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Darius In this chapter, Darius is called the king of Assyria. In reality, besides ruling over the former Assyrian Empire, Darius was also king of Persia. Persia had conquered Babylon, which had previously conquered Assyria. This made the king of Persia, the king of Assyria as well. It was unusual to refer to Darius as the king or ruler of Assyria. Ezra may have referred to him in this way to contrast Darius' actions with those of the former rulers of Assyria, who had treated the Jews very cruelly. It was those earlier Assyrian rulers who had conquered the northern tribes of Israel and deported them to other lands. It was for this reasons that the northern tribes lost their identity and were no longer a distinct people group. diff --git a/ezr/07/intro.md b/ezr/07/intro.md index bb969d4a64..7d04c07ee8 100644 --- a/ezr/07/intro.md +++ b/ezr/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Ezra 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Ezra begins his religious reforms. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's Law The people no longer know the law of Moses. Therefore, the king allows Ezra to return to Judea to teach the people about God's law. Many people go with him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/ezr/08/intro.md b/ezr/08/intro.md index 62def69a6d..ca103312d7 100644 --- a/ezr/08/intro.md +++ b/ezr/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezra 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The people's return to Judah Many people went back to Judah with Ezra. They trusted God to protect them and the precious items they carried with them, which had been given for the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/ezr/09/intro.md b/ezr/09/intro.md index 4a8f6ba9d3..e0b8e19cc7 100644 --- a/ezr/09/intro.md +++ b/ezr/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezra 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Intermarriage When Ezra found out that many Jews had married Gentile wives, he prayed to God and asked God why he had been so good to them by letting these few people return from captivity even though they sinned by marrying Gentile wives. They did this before and God had punished them for it. God forbid this type of marriage because it caused the people to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/ezr/10/intro.md b/ezr/10/intro.md index 8939d6311a..e334ffc882 100644 --- a/ezr/10/intro.md +++ b/ezr/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ezra 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Intermarriages The people agree to divorce their Gentile wives. Many Jews were involved in these mixed marriages. Divorce should not normally have been common for the Jews to engage in, but marriage with non-Jewish women was not allowed. diff --git a/ezr/front/intro.md b/ezr/front/intro.md index c42dd068f0..fb2c95bd64 100644 --- a/ezr/front/intro.md +++ b/ezr/front/intro.md @@ -2,38 +2,38 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ezra +### Outline of Ezra 1. The first Jewish exiles return to Jerusalem from Persia (1:1–2:70) 1. The people rebuild and dedicate the temple in Jerusalem (3:1–6:22) 1. More exiles return; Ezra teaches the Law of Yahweh (7:1-8:36) 1. The problem of the people marrying foreigners, and how it is solved (9:1–10:44) -#### What is the Book of Ezra about? +### What is the Book of Ezra about? The Book of Ezra is about how the people of Israel returned from Babylon and tried to worship Yahweh again as the law required. To do this they needed to rebuild their temple so they could sacrifice to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The Book of Ezra is named for the priest Ezra who led the first group of Jews out of exile and back to Judah. Translators can use the traditional title "Ezra." Or they might choose a clearer title, such as "The Book about Ezra." ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? +### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? Foreigners worshiped many false gods. Yahweh did not allow his people to marry foreigners. He knew this would cause the people of Israel to worship false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? +### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? Many of the Jews remained in Babylon instead of returning to the Promised Land. Many of them were successful in Babylon and desired to remain there. However, this meant that they were unable to worship Yahweh in Jerusalem as their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the Book of Ezra use the term "Israel"? +### How does the Book of Ezra use the term "Israel"? The Book of Ezra uses the term "Israel" to refer to the kingdom of Judah. It was mostly made up of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The other ten tribes had ended their loyalty to any kings descended from David. God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the other ten tribes and take them into exile. As a result, they mixed with other people groups and did not return to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### Are the events in the Book of Ezra told in the order that they actually happened? +### Are the events in the Book of Ezra told in the order that they actually happened? Some of the events in the Book of Ezra are not told in the order they actually happened. Translators should pay attention to notes that signal when events are probably out of order. diff --git a/gal/01/intro.md b/gal/01/intro.md index 7dc0febe19..81544c6ea3 100644 --- a/gal/01/intro.md +++ b/gal/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Galatians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was "not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones." Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Heresy God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "You are turning so quickly to a different gospel" The Book of Galatians is one of Paul's earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gal/02/intro.md b/gal/02/intro.md index a41f8f4732..803dcd74f1 100644 --- a/gal/02/intro.md +++ b/gal/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Galatians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Circumcised and uncircumcised The law of Moses required Jewish males to be circumcised. The Jews called Gentiles "the uncircumcised." diff --git a/gal/03/intro.md b/gal/03/intro.md index ffbc466efb..272843dec8 100644 --- a/gal/03/intro.md +++ b/gal/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Galatians 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Equality in Christ All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. "Flesh" is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) diff --git a/gal/04/intro.md b/gal/04/intro.md index 20b7ab29b1..e44469f057 100644 --- a/gal/04/intro.md +++ b/gal/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Galatians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sonship Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel's sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham's physical descendants inherited God's promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them "children of promise." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Abba, Father "Abba" is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul "transliterates" its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) diff --git a/gal/05/intro.md b/gal/05/intro.md index e81365a9f7..3cfd3c1c0e 100644 --- a/gal/05/intro.md +++ b/gal/05/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ # Galatians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as if it were something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fruit of the Spirit The phrase "the fruit of the Spirit" is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Illustrations Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace." Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) diff --git a/gal/06/intro.md b/gal/06/intro.md index ad5e4ebf5e..a336cce44d 100644 --- a/gal/06/intro.md +++ b/gal/06/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ # Galatians 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes Paul's letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter. ##### Brothers Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them "brothers." This refers to Paul's Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### New Creation People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person's ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Flesh diff --git a/gal/front/intro.md b/gal/front/intro.md index dc424c58fb..911b9e3afa 100644 --- a/gal/front/intro.md +++ b/gal/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Galatians +### Outline of the Book of Galatians 1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10). 1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21). @@ -10,39 +10,39 @@ 1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other's burdens (5:1-6:10). 1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18). -#### Who wrote the Book of Galatians? +### Who wrote the Book of Galatians? Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled. -#### What is the Book of Galatians about? +### What is the Book of Galatians about? Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Galatians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Galatia." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What does it mean to "live like Jews" (2:14)? +### What does it mean to "live like Jews" (2:14)? To "live like Jews" means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called "Judaizers." ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How did Paul use the terms "law" and "grace" in the Book of Galatians? +### How did Paul use the terms "law" and "grace" in the Book of Galatians? These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called "the law of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "when we seek for God to justify us in Christ" (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians? * "Foolish Galatians! Who has put a spell on you? It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified" (3:1). The ULB and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, "[so] that ye should not obey the truth." Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators' region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]]) diff --git a/gen/01/intro.md b/gen/01/intro.md index a37396426c..92a0b98b6a 100644 --- a/gen/01/intro.md +++ b/gen/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: "God said ... God saw that it was good ... This was evening and morning, the first day." Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The universe @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas ab Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define "day" differently. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "In the beginning" diff --git a/gen/02/intro.md b/gen/02/intro.md index df17576045..a5f5dcd7d9 100644 --- a/gen/02/intro.md +++ b/gen/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Gen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25 diff --git a/gen/03/intro.md b/gen/03/intro.md index 714d580cb3..cdcd0dfa40 100644 --- a/gen/03/intro.md +++ b/gen/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Genesis 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULB reads, "Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made," because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, "One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent" or "This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made." Scholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as "the fall" or "the fall of man" because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Curses diff --git a/gen/04/intro.md b/gen/04/intro.md index a511a92e5e..e2068fa2e5 100644 --- a/gen/04/intro.md +++ b/gen/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Most of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. It would be good if the translator could put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, so that they are different from the rest of the chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Vengeance diff --git a/gen/05/intro.md b/gen/05/intro.md index 35b769e105..f446d40a09 100644 --- a/gen/05/intro.md +++ b/gen/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULB and UDB do. diff --git a/gen/06/intro.md b/gen/06/intro.md index cf43b6e3c0..8bf11b7148 100644 --- a/gen/06/intro.md +++ b/gen/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Beginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression. diff --git a/gen/07/intro.md b/gen/07/intro.md index 324ee7151f..c3047dd735 100644 --- a/gen/07/intro.md +++ b/gen/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Clean animals and birds diff --git a/gen/08/intro.md b/gen/08/intro.md index 7c3a714f3b..2c76334436 100644 --- a/gen/08/intro.md +++ b/gen/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Flood waters The waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way. diff --git a/gen/09/intro.md b/gen/09/intro.md index 48ecf13a18..7b41a19acb 100644 --- a/gen/09/intro.md +++ b/gen/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Genesis 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Man's relationship to animals There is a noticeable shift in man's relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ God made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God ma ##### A father's nakedness In Noah's culture, it was unacceptable to see a father's nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father's nakedness. Ham's actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth" This is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him. diff --git a/gen/10/intro.md b/gen/10/intro.md index 2f955e3cdf..4c4fb3ce72 100644 --- a/gen/10/intro.md +++ b/gen/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Genesis 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancient people groups. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Assyria and Nineveh While these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Sons were born to" This is an unusual phrase meaning "were sons of." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/gen/11/intro.md b/gen/11/intro.md index 5aa42e9782..f2acef7f74 100644 --- a/gen/11/intro.md +++ b/gen/11/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ # Genesis 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a story traditionally referred to as the "Tower of Babel." This chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different languages? how did people become so dispersed across the earth? God's punishment described in this chapter may also explain why the world has racial and ethnic divisions. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Age of people when they die After the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Personification The statement "Yahweh came down to see" is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky" The people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/12/intro.md b/gen/12/intro.md index be187e0f2e..884c607d93 100644 --- a/gen/12/intro.md +++ b/gen/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Abram When God said, "Go from your country, and from your relatives," he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram. @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When God said, "Go from your country, and from your relatives," he established s ##### God's covenant with Abram God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abram needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "They will kill me" Abram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) diff --git a/gen/13/intro.md b/gen/13/intro.md index e765230421..a601b1563f 100644 --- a/gen/13/intro.md +++ b/gen/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Abram's faith Since the land could not support both Lot's and Abram's family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abram allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Since the land could not support both Lot's and Abram's family, they each went t God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abram needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Built an altar Abram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/14/intro.md b/gen/14/intro.md index 02c9b584db..2e7b71fc16 100644 --- a/gen/14/intro.md +++ b/gen/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. ULB does this with the poetry in 14:19-20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Names of places Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan. @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used duri ##### Melchizedek Melchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### God Most High diff --git a/gen/15/intro.md b/gen/15/intro.md index a485aee547..4050d08d63 100644 --- a/gen/15/intro.md +++ b/gen/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Inheritance In the ancient Near East, a person's children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abram doubted the fulfillment of God's covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/gen/16/intro.md b/gen/16/intro.md index 98219f7353..ee9f728292 100644 --- a/gen/16/intro.md +++ b/gen/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:11-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Plural marriage Abram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife's permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/17/intro.md b/gen/17/intro.md index 8da49ce812..f9c772ba92 100644 --- a/gen/17/intro.md +++ b/gen/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The father of a multitude of nations" Abram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations. diff --git a/gen/18/intro.md b/gen/18/intro.md index 141d5e2e37..9612c2aa83 100644 --- a/gen/18/intro.md +++ b/gen/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Three men The three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham's reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ When Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disb In his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God's power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Sarah's age diff --git a/gen/19/intro.md b/gen/19/intro.md index 70fe58b2ba..7810f5665c 100644 --- a/gen/19/intro.md +++ b/gen/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The evil desires of the Sodomites The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as "rape." Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who c ##### Hospitality Hospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Contrasts It is probable that Abraham's faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/gen/20/intro.md b/gen/20/intro.md index 26cc6b6808..ecc7574cc9 100644 --- a/gen/20/intro.md +++ b/gen/20/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Genesis 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "She is my sister" Abraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Irony Abraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/gen/21/intro.md b/gen/21/intro.md index 87e99cc5e9..4c0bd04708 100644 --- a/gen/21/intro.md +++ b/gen/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sarah's anger After Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham's other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/gen/22/intro.md b/gen/22/intro.md index 5f34243147..ae4202f863 100644 --- a/gen/22/intro.md +++ b/gen/22/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sacrificing his son Although Isaac was not Abraham's only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham's promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God's actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Although Isaac was not Abraham's only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abr ##### Covenant affirmation After important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenets of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### God tests Abraham Extra care should be taken when translating "testing." It is best to avoid using the same word used for "tempting" even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md)) diff --git a/gen/23/intro.md b/gen/23/intro.md index 7813c132bd..189071da8a 100644 --- a/gen/23/intro.md +++ b/gen/23/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Abraham's character Abraham's interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/24/intro.md b/gen/24/intro.md index 56225e82bc..2ce3ccd2d3 100644 --- a/gen/24/intro.md +++ b/gen/24/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 24:60. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Intermarriage @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Abraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This There are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham's significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Put your hand under my thigh" diff --git a/gen/25/intro.md b/gen/25/intro.md index a107c6736d..5832026419 100644 --- a/gen/25/intro.md +++ b/gen/25/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 25:23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Polygamy Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as "polygamy." It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders ##### Inheritance In the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### God fulfill's his promise God begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/26/intro.md b/gen/26/intro.md index 01a4435e85..0e38571a7c 100644 --- a/gen/26/intro.md +++ b/gen/26/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham's descendants did not trust in Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran ##### Wells In the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God's blessing being upon Isaac. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "She is my sister" Isaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac's sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) diff --git a/gen/27/intro.md b/gen/27/intro.md index a0ce5038cf..81a3de50a0 100644 --- a/gen/27/intro.md +++ b/gen/27/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blessing In the ancient Near East, a father's blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau's blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) diff --git a/gen/28/intro.md b/gen/28/intro.md index 193c862aa8..132fcfa407 100644 --- a/gen/28/intro.md +++ b/gen/28/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Even though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau's blessing, the chapter repeats the blessing, ensuring he inherits the blessings promised to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jacob's dream Jacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob's sin, God is giving Abraham's covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/gen/29/intro.md b/gen/29/intro.md index 93eadda808..7281b09950 100644 --- a/gen/29/intro.md +++ b/gen/29/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Genesis 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter records the conflict between Jacob's wives, Rachel and Leah. This account continues into the next chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Shepherds Although the exact reasoning for the shepherds' unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob's actions. diff --git a/gen/30/intro.md b/gen/30/intro.md index 44ecabdc0a..ac3afe1d81 100644 --- a/gen/30/intro.md +++ b/gen/30/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Women and their children In the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) diff --git a/gen/31/intro.md b/gen/31/intro.md index fc94041447..c15e9eafbe 100644 --- a/gen/31/intro.md +++ b/gen/31/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 31 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's blessing When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exi ##### Household gods Although a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them "good luck" and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Irony Laban's sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father's possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father's blessing. diff --git a/gen/32/intro.md b/gen/32/intro.md index 0147ec48b2..a062391a62 100644 --- a/gen/32/intro.md +++ b/gen/32/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 32 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jacob does not trust Yahweh Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could ki In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "A man wrestled with him" Scholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word "man" usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/33/intro.md b/gen/33/intro.md index 61a0de88e7..ffd7bdea17 100644 --- a/gen/33/intro.md +++ b/gen/33/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jacob's fear Jacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau's power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/gen/34/intro.md b/gen/34/intro.md index bc953a8bcb..df38a7daa3 100644 --- a/gen/34/intro.md +++ b/gen/34/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Genesis 34 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel Jacob's name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Implicit information Jacob's reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob's sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem. diff --git a/gen/35/intro.md b/gen/35/intro.md index 2731f7c129..e200800626 100644 --- a/gen/35/intro.md +++ b/gen/35/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Name change diff --git a/gen/36/intro.md b/gen/36/intro.md index 602e28b7d0..000f4a0370 100644 --- a/gen/36/intro.md +++ b/gen/36/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Esau's descendants Esau's descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/gen/37/intro.md b/gen/37/intro.md index 894376f1f9..124fda54b1 100644 --- a/gen/37/intro.md +++ b/gen/37/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 37 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins to record the account of Jacob's sons. The rest of the book of Genesis focuses on Jacob's sons, especially Joseph. This chapter also references Jacob as "Israel" beginning in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Favoritism Jacob's favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) diff --git a/gen/38/intro.md b/gen/38/intro.md index 3aef914368..28192c6c56 100644 --- a/gen/38/intro.md +++ b/gen/38/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter focuses on Jacob's son Judah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Spilling his seed" Onan was to provide for his brother's widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/gen/39/intro.md b/gen/39/intro.md index eec982b346..d5fe638ef2 100644 --- a/gen/39/intro.md +++ b/gen/39/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 39 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) diff --git a/gen/40/intro.md b/gen/40/intro.md index f81abc09b6..3d355801e5 100644 --- a/gen/40/intro.md +++ b/gen/40/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 40 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/gen/41/intro.md b/gen/41/intro.md index bacc2b5fff..4e02fcb0ce 100644 --- a/gen/41/intro.md +++ b/gen/41/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 41 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/gen/42/intro.md b/gen/42/intro.md index a026eabeab..bbbd33246c 100644 --- a/gen/42/intro.md +++ b/gen/42/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 42 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Famine Apparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt's size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/43/intro.md b/gen/43/intro.md index 85aa61cb0b..afd2c860d3 100644 --- a/gen/43/intro.md +++ b/gen/43/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 43 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's concern Israel is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) diff --git a/gen/44/intro.md b/gen/44/intro.md index 871dc07bb8..7c25251ddf 100644 --- a/gen/44/intro.md +++ b/gen/44/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Genesis 44 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Judah's sacrifice Judah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah's descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Joseph's test diff --git a/gen/45/intro.md b/gen/45/intro.md index 6509398c6f..8904fffebc 100644 --- a/gen/45/intro.md +++ b/gen/45/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter forms the conclusion of the story which began in chapter 43. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/gen/46/intro.md b/gen/46/intro.md index be2c876ea5..cc9059b2ea 100644 --- a/gen/46/intro.md +++ b/gen/46/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 46 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Going to Egypt Yahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/gen/47/intro.md b/gen/47/intro.md index 1dcbafc917..e39c7cb33c 100644 --- a/gen/47/intro.md +++ b/gen/47/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 47 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Abrahamic covenant Part of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham's descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/gen/48/intro.md b/gen/48/intro.md index cfc75508dc..b1d0f5803c 100644 --- a/gen/48/intro.md +++ b/gen/48/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Genesis 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 48:15-16, and in 48:20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blessing The blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel's descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/gen/49/intro.md b/gen/49/intro.md index 5e33e16647..f0c8de4d0d 100644 --- a/gen/49/intro.md +++ b/gen/49/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Genesis 49 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 49:1-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecies These statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob's sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The scepter will not depart from Judah" This prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/gen/50/intro.md b/gen/50/intro.md index 55ce30c6b2..6530bfd5e6 100644 --- a/gen/50/intro.md +++ b/gen/50/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Genesis 50 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Embalming Embalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay. diff --git a/gen/front/intro.md b/gen/front/intro.md index bd3db1d632..b1500268a0 100644 --- a/gen/front/intro.md +++ b/gen/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Genesis +### Outline of Genesis 1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel - The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26) @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ - The account of Esau (36:1–37:1) - The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26) -#### What is Genesis about? +### What is Genesis about? Genesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) @@ -25,17 +25,17 @@ Genesis is also about the beginning of God's people. Genesis 12-50 tells about h Genesis ends with Abraham's descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? "Genesis" means "beginning," so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as "The Beginning of Things" may be suitable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote Genesis? +### Who wrote Genesis? The writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis? +### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis? A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. @@ -45,19 +45,19 @@ In the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a In the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own. -#### What was God's purpose for the book of Genesis? +### What was God's purpose for the book of Genesis? The book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world. Genesis also describes the start of God's plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham's descendants. -#### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis? +### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis? There are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham's other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac's older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac's younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) Also, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion. -#### How does Genesis present sin and evil? +### How does Genesis present sin and evil? Genesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God's ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good. @@ -65,27 +65,27 @@ Sin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in t ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections? +### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections? Genesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULB translates as "this is the record of," "these were the events concerning," or "these were the descendants of." The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2. If the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, "this is the record about" or "this is information about." Some passages will be better translated, however, as "These were the descendants of." -#### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate? +### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate? Often in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1. However, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 ("In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth"), translators may decide to translate like this: "This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning." -#### What is the difference between "people" and "peoples"? +### What is the difference between "people" and "peoples"? The word "people" refers to the individuals who belong to a group, such as "the people of Israel." The word "peoples" refers to multiple groups of people. Each group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worship their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon. -#### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names? +### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names? Many individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor's name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, "Cush" also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called "Cushites." If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual's name and the nation's name similar. Examples of this are "Cush" and "Cushite" or "Moab" and "Moabite." Otherwise, the translator may say, "the descendants of Cush" or "the descendants of Moab." -#### What do the phrases "to this day" or "of today" mean? +### What do the phrases "to this day" or "of today" mean? These phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" and "of today" refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18. diff --git a/hab/01/intro.md b/hab/01/intro.md index e0fff480b6..c244c40cdb 100644 --- a/hab/01/intro.md +++ b/hab/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Habakkuk 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:1-17. This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Injustice diff --git a/hab/02/intro.md b/hab/02/intro.md index 34dcaed18f..369da9bd18 100644 --- a/hab/02/intro.md +++ b/hab/02/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Habakkuk 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:1-20. This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The righteous will live by his faith" This is an important phrase in Scripture. Paul also uses it to explain that man is justified by his faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/hab/03/intro.md b/hab/03/intro.md index 45e9335b0a..7ec04d5ab5 100644 --- a/hab/03/intro.md +++ b/hab/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Habakkuk 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-19. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Poetry Although this is a prayer, it is in the form of poetry. Habakkuk uses startling imagery to show his fear of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) diff --git a/hab/front/intro.md b/hab/front/intro.md index 9c80ac0337..dd6ce79f76 100644 --- a/hab/front/intro.md +++ b/hab/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Habakkuk +### Outline of Habakkuk 1. Habakkuk asks Yahweh questions (1:1–4) 1. Yahweh responds (1:5–11) @@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ 1. Habakkuk gives five taunts against the wicked (2:6-20) 1. Habakkuk prays (3:1–19) -#### What is the Book of Habakkuk about? +### What is the Book of Habakkuk about? Other prophets spoke against Israel sinning and failing to obey Yahweh. But Habakkuk questioned Yahweh about the things he did. Yahweh said he would punish the people of Judah by sending the Babylonian army. Habakkuk complained because the Babylonians were more wicked than the people of Judah. Yahweh assured Habakkuk that he would also punish the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Habakkuk" or just "Habakkuk." Translators may choose to call it "The Sayings of Habakkuk." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Habakkuk? +### Who wrote the Book of Habakkuk? The prophet Habakkuk wrote this book. Scripture does not mention Habakkuk except in this book. @@ -27,21 +27,21 @@ The Chaldean empire is another name for the Babylonian empire. The Book of Habak ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did Yahweh use an evil nation to punish Judah? +### Why did Yahweh use an evil nation to punish Judah? Habakkuk wanted to know why Yahweh used an evil nation to punish Judah. Yahweh responded that he will judge the evil nations also. But righteous people will live by being faithful to Yahweh. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How do I identify the speaker? +### How do I identify the speaker? Habakkuk spoke to Yahweh and Yahweh answered him. The translator should be careful to identify whether the speaker is Habakkuk or Yahweh in each section. The translator may wish to make the identity of the speaker explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### What style of writing is the Book of Habakkuk? +### What style of writing is the Book of Habakkuk? In the first two chapters, Habakkuk asks Yahweh questions and Yahweh answers him. The third chapter is a psalm. Habakkuk ends by telling the choirmaster to use stringed instruments. -#### Does Habakkuk question or challenge Yahweh? +### Does Habakkuk question or challenge Yahweh? Habakkuk spoke directly to Yahweh and seems to be challenging God. Habakkuk was not questioning the authority of Yahweh. He was telling Yahweh that he does not understand what Yahweh is doing. In some cultures, it may be improper to speak to an authority in this way. It may be necessary to rephrase Habakkuk's questions to emphasize his sincere desire to learn why God is doing what he is doing, without doubting him. diff --git a/hag/01/intro.md b/hag/01/intro.md index b4751d690e..9f002104c9 100644 --- a/hag/01/intro.md +++ b/hag/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Haggai 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Farming imagery Scripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement "You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest" indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]]) diff --git a/hag/02/intro.md b/hag/02/intro.md index ac1facd0f0..945c201c6b 100644 --- a/hag/02/intro.md +++ b/hag/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Haggai 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:3-9, 21-23. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Unclean Haggai uses an extended metaphor in this chapter related to ritual cleanliness. While the Jews were not unclean by nature as the Gentiles were, their actions made them unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/hag/front/intro.md b/hag/front/intro.md index eb7e48eba7..d6f07b3234 100644 --- a/hag/front/intro.md +++ b/hag/front/intro.md @@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Haggai +### Outline of Haggai 1. The people must finish the temple for Yahweh to bless them again (1:1–15) 1. This temple will be more glorious than the first temple (2:1–9) 1. Yahweh will bless a defiled people (2:10–19) 1. Yahweh will defeat the nations and establish his ruler (2:20–23) -#### What is the Book of Haggai about? +### What is the Book of Haggai about? The people of Israel lacked food and warm clothes. The prophet Haggai told them it was because they were not obeying Yahweh. If they would listen to him and start rebuilding the temple, then Yahweh would send rain and bless them again. The people listened and began to work on the temple. Yahweh encouraged the people, the priests, and the leaders. He told them that he was with them and would bless them. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has been titled "Haggai" or "The Book of Haggai." Translators may decide to call it "The Sayings of Haggai." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Haggai? +### Who wrote the Book of Haggai? The prophet Haggai wrote this book. He wrote it after the exiles returned from Babylon. They returned during the reign of the Persian king Darius I. Haggai probably gave all the prophesies in this book during a four-month period of time. @@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ Very little is known about Haggai. He lived at the same time as the prophet Zech ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah? +### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah? It is likely that Haggai prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What does "consider your ways" mean? +### What does "consider your ways" mean? Yahweh told the people to "consider your ways" several times in this book. This means that he wants them to think carefully about how they have lived and behaved. diff --git a/heb/01/intro.md b/heb/01/intro.md index 2061894034..10f5ca0cea 100644 --- a/heb/01/intro.md +++ b/heb/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Hebrews 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter describes how Jesus is more important to us than the angels are. @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s The writer wrote this letter to Christians who had grown up as Jews. This is why the letter is called "Hebrews." -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions diff --git a/heb/02/intro.md b/heb/02/intro.md index 5c9865440f..a0e7533750 100644 --- a/heb/02/intro.md +++ b/heb/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Hebrews 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:6-8, 12-13, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Brothers diff --git a/heb/03/intro.md b/heb/03/intro.md index fba14c797b..76da5d3038 100644 --- a/heb/03/intro.md +++ b/heb/03/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Hebrews 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is about how Jesus is better than Moses, the greatest Israelite in the Old Testament. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:7-11,15, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Brothers The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Harden your hearts diff --git a/heb/04/intro.md b/heb/04/intro.md index 7a080c49fa..eb3718bc71 100644 --- a/heb/04/intro.md +++ b/heb/04/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Hebrews 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter tells why Jesus is the greatest high priest. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:3-4, 7, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's rest diff --git a/heb/05/intro.md b/heb/05/intro.md index bf7e9bce0e..18a1ae475f 100644 --- a/heb/05/intro.md +++ b/heb/05/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Hebrews 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the teaching of the previous chapter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:5-6. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### High priest Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Milk and solid food diff --git a/heb/06/intro.md b/heb/06/intro.md index 0947c3c1ac..5c0cf2dbec 100644 --- a/heb/06/intro.md +++ b/heb/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Hebrews 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Abrahamic Covenant diff --git a/heb/07/intro.md b/heb/07/intro.md index 7eabd8b0c3..e9f3115f9a 100644 --- a/heb/07/intro.md +++ b/heb/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Hebrews 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:17, 21, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### High priest diff --git a/heb/08/intro.md b/heb/08/intro.md index e5f7a42cae..856ef130a2 100644 --- a/heb/08/intro.md +++ b/heb/08/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Hebrews 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The author finishes describing how and why Jesus is the most important high priest. Then he begins to speak about how the new covenant is better to the covenant God made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:8-12, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### New covenant diff --git a/heb/09/intro.md b/heb/09/intro.md index 787def3787..ce16d65beb 100644 --- a/heb/09/intro.md +++ b/heb/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Hebrews 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter describes how Jesus is better than the tabernacle and all its laws and rules. This chapter will be difficult to understand if the first five books of the Old Testament have not yet been translated. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Will @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ In the Old Testament, God had commanded the Israelites to offer sacrifices so th Jesus will return to finish the work that he began when he died so that God would forgive his people's sins. He will finish saving those people who are waiting for him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### First covenant diff --git a/heb/10/intro.md b/heb/10/intro.md index 5692a8b07b..de1b4b31df 100644 --- a/heb/10/intro.md +++ b/heb/10/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Hebrews 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, the writer finishes describing how Jesus's sacrifice was better than the sacrifices offered in the Temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 10:5-7, 15-17, 37-38, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's judgment and reward Holy living is important for Christians. God will hold people accountable for how they lived their Christian lives. Even though there will not be eternal condemnation for Christians, ungodly actions do and will have consequences. In addition, faithful living will be rewarded. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" The sacrifices themselves had no redeeming power. They were effective because they were a display of faith, which was credited to the person offering the sacrifice. It is ultimately the sacrifice of Jesus that "takes away sins." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/heb/11/intro.md b/heb/11/intro.md index 213874f3cf..793fc6b1e2 100644 --- a/heb/11/intro.md +++ b/heb/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Hebrews 11 General Notes -#### Structure +### Structure The writer begins this chapter by telling what faith is. Then he gives many examples of people who had faith and how they lived. -#### Important concepts in this chapter +### Important concepts in this chapter ##### Faith diff --git a/heb/12/intro.md b/heb/12/intro.md index 9ce3ad7aaa..8f98b8b363 100644 --- a/heb/12/intro.md +++ b/heb/12/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Hebrews 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting After telling of the value of discipline, the author begins a series of exhortations. (See; [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exhort]]) Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:5-6, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Discipline diff --git a/heb/13/intro.md b/heb/13/intro.md index 4b54ab689f..fad520aff6 100644 --- a/heb/13/intro.md +++ b/heb/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Hebrews 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The author finishes the list of exhortations he began in chapter 12. Then he asks the readers to pray for him and ends the letter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:6, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hospitality diff --git a/heb/front/intro.md b/heb/front/intro.md index 893f6f9a90..be54972925 100644 --- a/heb/front/intro.md +++ b/heb/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Hebrews +### Outline of the Book of Hebrews 1. Jesus is superior to God's prophets and angels (1:1-4:13) 1. Jesus is superior to the priests who serve in the temple in Jerusalem (4:14-7:28) @@ -11,25 +11,25 @@ 1. Encouragement to be faithful to God (12:1-29) 1. Concluding encouragements and greetings (13:1-25) -#### Who wrote the Book of Hebrews? +### Who wrote the Book of Hebrews? No one knows who wrote Hebrews. Scholars have suggested several different people who could possibly be the author. Possible authors are Paul, Luke, and Barnabas. The date of writing is also not known. Most scholars think it was written before A.D. 70. Jerusalem was destroyed in A.D. 70, but the writer of this letter spoke about Jerusalem as if it had not yet been destroyed. -#### What is the Book of Hebrews about? +### What is the Book of Hebrews about? In the Book of Hebrews, the author shows that Jesus fulfilled Old Testament prophecies. The author did this in order to encourage the Jewish Christians and to explain that Jesus is better than anything that the old covenant had to offer. Jesus is the perfect High Priest. Jesus was also the perfect sacrifice. Animal sacrifices became useless because Jesus's sacrifice was once and for all time. Therefore, Jesus is the one and only way for people to be accepted by God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Hebrews." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Letter to the Hebrews" or "A Letter to the Jewish Christians." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Can readers understand this book without knowing about the sacrifices and the work of the priests required in the Old Testament? +### Can readers understand this book without knowing about the sacrifices and the work of the priests required in the Old Testament? It would be very difficult for readers to understand this book without understanding these matters. Translators might consider explaining some of these Old Testament concepts in notes or in an introduction to this book. -#### How is the idea of blood used in the Book of Hebrews? +### How is the idea of blood used in the Book of Hebrews? Beginning in [Hebrews 9:7](../../heb/09/07.md), the idea of blood is often used as metonymy to represent the death of any animal that was sacrificed according to God's covenant with Israel. The author also used blood to represent the death of Jesus Christ. Jesus became the perfect sacrifice so that God would forgive people for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Beginning in [Hebrews 9:19](../../heb/09/19.md), the author used the idea of spr ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Hebrews in the ULB? +### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Hebrews in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles: @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Hebrews? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Hebrews? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/hos/01/intro.md b/hos/01/intro.md index 62406e3c00..4b67c2d06d 100644 --- a/hos/01/intro.md +++ b/hos/01/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Hosea 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hosea's marriage God does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel's unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) Hosea's marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel's relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/hos/02/intro.md b/hos/02/intro.md index 8f9fcbad1c..b410533d95 100644 --- a/hos/02/intro.md +++ b/hos/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Hosea 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is poetry, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Hosea 1-2 is a single series forming one narrative. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Many relationships are used in this chapter that are metaphors for the relationship between Israel and her God. Brother, sister, husband, wife, mother, and children are examples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter creates an abrupt change of address. The prophet is now addressing the children directly in the first few verses, but the whole chapter is written against Gomer as an illustration of Israel as an adulterous people. God uses Gomer as an illustration to teach the people of Israel how they should be faithful to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) diff --git a/hos/03/intro.md b/hos/03/intro.md index c2eef59132..a1f75091c2 100644 --- a/hos/03/intro.md +++ b/hos/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Hosea 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter focuses on the meaning of the illustration of Hosea's marriage. It is a very short chapter written in prose to show the truth of Israel's relationship with Yahweh. After bearing a number of children for Hosea, Gomer leaves him and prostitutes herself with other men, showing little to no regard for their marriage covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/hos/04/intro.md b/hos/04/intro.md index 7b58aeaae3..bb9f51faca 100644 --- a/hos/04/intro.md +++ b/hos/04/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Hosea 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Lawsuits Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metonymy diff --git a/hos/05/intro.md b/hos/05/intro.md index e2035596a5..1d316375fd 100644 --- a/hos/05/intro.md +++ b/hos/05/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # Hosea 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter The author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter This chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/hos/06/intro.md b/hos/06/intro.md index 5bc4c5a7f0..00da9b2a6e 100644 --- a/hos/06/intro.md +++ b/hos/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Hosea 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show mercy to his wayward people, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Gilead is an area in the northern kingdom of Israel where several of the tribes lived. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Change in speaker There is a change in person from 6:1-3 to 6:4-11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Throughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/hos/07/intro.md b/hos/07/intro.md index 5bc6790d4b..df7ad572aa 100644 --- a/hos/07/intro.md +++ b/hos/07/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Hosea 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh's anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Baking Baking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel and Ephraim This chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel. diff --git a/hos/08/intro.md b/hos/08/intro.md index 78ad83684c..e5a0b3c9f0 100644 --- a/hos/08/intro.md +++ b/hos/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Hosea 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to use the poetic form to communicate several other ways the people of Israel have sinned against God. First, Yahweh notes that they have set up a king without consulting him. Next, they set up or reinstalled the golden calves of Samaria. Last, they were seeking help from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter This chapter contains some references to the "calf of Samaria." This most likely refers to an image that was set up by an earlier king of Israel. He did this in order to discourage his people from going to Jerusalem, which was part of the southern kingdom of Judah. diff --git a/hos/09/intro.md b/hos/09/intro.md index 8ddf1172e0..2abbecf12d 100644 --- a/hos/09/intro.md +++ b/hos/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Hosea 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh's displeasure with Israel's sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Exile Because the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Change in speaker In verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of "my God" must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking. diff --git a/hos/10/intro.md b/hos/10/intro.md index a070524d71..453c0c6489 100644 --- a/hos/10/intro.md +++ b/hos/10/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # Hosea 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and continues the theme of Israel's many sins against Yahweh. Even though Israel prospered for a time as they multiplied their sins, Yahweh was leading them toward destruction. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter Yahweh's relationship to his people was not based on his people's actions. Even though they rebelled, Yahweh still desired to rescue them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Jacob diff --git a/hos/11/intro.md b/hos/11/intro.md index 01e24e9c94..a2330a7858 100644 --- a/hos/11/intro.md +++ b/hos/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Hosea 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh's relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor This chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/hos/12/intro.md b/hos/12/intro.md index c2de26927c..e750b459ff 100644 --- a/hos/12/intro.md +++ b/hos/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Hosea 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jacob diff --git a/hos/13/intro.md b/hos/13/intro.md index e77bda760d..403ab09c90 100644 --- a/hos/13/intro.md +++ b/hos/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Hosea 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter uses poetry to communicate Yahweh's disgust and anger with the northern kingdom of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter "Israel" and "Ephraim" are terms used to speak about the people of the northern kingdom. Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) This chapter makes it clear that the northern kingdom is going to be nearly decimated as a people. They will no longer exist as a nation. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical question diff --git a/hos/14/intro.md b/hos/14/intro.md index 5bc9662784..c68a34ec86 100644 --- a/hos/14/intro.md +++ b/hos/14/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Hosea 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This last chapter of Hosea ends with hope. In this chapter, Hosea calls for Israel to confess to Yahweh and repent. This chapter continues to be written in poetic form, using metaphors and other devices to communicate God's love for his sinful people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) Why are confession and repentance even suggested here for a people that Yahweh has already condemned to be destroyed? It is because this is a teaching that Yahweh is a merciful God who loves his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Speaker The use of first and second person in this chapter often signifies a change in speaker. In this chapter, Hosea is speaking to the northern kingdom to tell them that Yahweh loves them. diff --git a/hos/front/intro.md b/hos/front/intro.md index c4c35fe842..fcfa25c8ef 100644 --- a/hos/front/intro.md +++ b/hos/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Hosea +### Outline of Hosea 1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5) 1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3) @@ -17,45 +17,45 @@ 1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16) 1. Yahweh's last appeals to Israel (14:1–9) -#### What is the Book of Hosea about? +### What is the Book of Hosea about? This book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel. Hosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally named "The Book of Hosea" or just "Hosea." Translators may also call it "The Book About Hosea" or "The Sayings of Hosea." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Hosea? +### Who wrote the Book of Hosea? Although this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute? +### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute? God told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### What is a lawsuit? +### What is a lawsuit? Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1). -#### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship? +### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship? Israel was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What does the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" mean? +### What does the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" mean? The prophet used the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" to mark a message as truly coming from God. -#### Why are English translations of Hosea very different? +### Why are English translations of Hosea very different? Hosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently. -#### What does the term "Israel" mean in Hosea? +### What does the term "Israel" mean in Hosea? In Hosea, "Israel" is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]]) diff --git a/isa/01/intro.md b/isa/01/intro.md index 65f103b22a..495fea6625 100644 --- a/isa/01/intro.md +++ b/isa/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Woe The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah's sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/isa/02/intro.md b/isa/02/intro.md index 325d848b5f..fee146790d 100644 --- a/isa/02/intro.md +++ b/isa/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:2-22. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Latter days This is probably a reference to the "last days." This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/03/intro.md b/isa/03/intro.md index 58332a7a6b..2cd7dc3e62 100644 --- a/isa/03/intro.md +++ b/isa/03/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ # Isaiah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh. ##### Judgment This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Exile While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/isa/04/intro.md b/isa/04/intro.md index 7f90e1eca6..17985aa8cf 100644 --- a/isa/04/intro.md +++ b/isa/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Isaiah 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### More women than men This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah's fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Branch of Yahweh Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) diff --git a/isa/05/intro.md b/isa/05/intro.md index 8ac7386630..20b9d6f838 100644 --- a/isa/05/intro.md +++ b/isa/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Woe This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Allegory This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/isa/06/intro.md b/isa/06/intro.md index 39bb16c66d..526412e74f 100644 --- a/isa/06/intro.md +++ b/isa/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Heaven This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc: ##### Isaiah's call This chapter record Isaiah's call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Inevitability The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/isa/07/intro.md b/isa/07/intro.md index ea6947a556..2107ded92c 100644 --- a/isa/07/intro.md +++ b/isa/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Young woman" Some translations choose to translate this as "virgin" and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe. diff --git a/isa/08/intro.md b/isa/08/intro.md index 4c7a8292d9..24a8cf8c9c 100644 --- a/isa/08/intro.md +++ b/isa/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust in Yahweh Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/isa/09/intro.md b/isa/09/intro.md index 720c410bbe..d52f02ab11 100644 --- a/isa/09/intro.md +++ b/isa/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Messiah The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Fulfillment of prophecies Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah's lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment. diff --git a/isa/10/intro.md b/isa/10/intro.md index 4c193ecbbd..fa452191b2 100644 --- a/isa/10/intro.md +++ b/isa/10/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Isaiah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. ULB does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's sovereignty Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel's sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/isa/11/intro.md b/isa/11/intro.md index 5c1d6754f7..f40d7bdf28 100644 --- a/isa/11/intro.md +++ b/isa/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Messiah The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Ambiguity It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/12/intro.md b/isa/12/intro.md index 3aca87d82d..a971fc53c0 100644 --- a/isa/12/intro.md +++ b/isa/12/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Isaiah 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "That day" The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Tense Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way. diff --git a/isa/13/intro.md b/isa/13/intro.md index 78da689dfd..519428b953 100644 --- a/isa/13/intro.md +++ b/isa/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecies It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/isa/14/intro.md b/isa/14/intro.md index 9e0d406436..621c0c42ad 100644 --- a/isa/14/intro.md +++ b/isa/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Satan It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words "I will" which appear to show the essence of Satan's sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star ##### Babylon This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan's kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as "Babylon," but translators should be aware of its dual meaning. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/isa/15/intro.md b/isa/15/intro.md index d7c2ed0401..49b9f9ed07 100644 --- a/isa/15/intro.md +++ b/isa/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. diff --git a/isa/16/intro.md b/isa/16/intro.md index 3421a6d475..b9e7c0d543 100644 --- a/isa/16/intro.md +++ b/isa/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/isa/17/intro.md b/isa/17/intro.md index 155a05f34b..640bfad270 100644 --- a/isa/17/intro.md +++ b/isa/17/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Isaiah 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. The ULB sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Damascus This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh's people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Ephraim This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history. diff --git a/isa/18/intro.md b/isa/18/intro.md index 39e08848e9..87339bbfe9 100644 --- a/isa/18/intro.md +++ b/isa/18/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Cush This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/isa/19/intro.md b/isa/19/intro.md index 69a4be27d9..83ec55212d 100644 --- a/isa/19/intro.md +++ b/isa/19/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ # Isaiah 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 19:1-18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Egypt This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Imagery Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "In that day" This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day. diff --git a/isa/20/intro.md b/isa/20/intro.md index 98a11f4c11..c9f374ffde 100644 --- a/isa/20/intro.md +++ b/isa/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 20 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Naked and barefoot This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria's victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/isa/21/intro.md b/isa/21/intro.md index cafe2873fe..c2737b84d4 100644 --- a/isa/21/intro.md +++ b/isa/21/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Cush Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The desert by the sea This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/isa/22/intro.md b/isa/22/intro.md index 5a16d93035..89b8c14470 100644 --- a/isa/22/intro.md +++ b/isa/22/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Repentance On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh's punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Valley of Visions" This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/isa/23/intro.md b/isa/23/intro.md index 740c6a0fe8..177824574c 100644 --- a/isa/23/intro.md +++ b/isa/23/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Phoenicia This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/isa/24/intro.md b/isa/24/intro.md index 0b40ffd12c..cac19aa1c3 100644 --- a/isa/24/intro.md +++ b/isa/24/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Isaiah 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh's punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Covenant The mention of an "everlasting covenant" in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Reign of Yahweh This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) diff --git a/isa/25/intro.md b/isa/25/intro.md index 5cb8a219eb..ad6f521dde 100644 --- a/isa/25/intro.md +++ b/isa/25/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) diff --git a/isa/26/intro.md b/isa/26/intro.md index 9d58a3fcfb..e8ae891e61 100644 --- a/isa/26/intro.md +++ b/isa/26/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/27/intro.md b/isa/27/intro.md index cca27e5487..b9ddc0068b 100644 --- a/isa/27/intro.md +++ b/isa/27/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Leviathan This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/28/intro.md b/isa/28/intro.md index 6d43b7e919..863c21a886 100644 --- a/isa/28/intro.md +++ b/isa/28/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh's punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/29/intro.md b/isa/29/intro.md index 61f5fc07a0..69eaaf5320 100644 --- a/isa/29/intro.md +++ b/isa/29/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Isaiah 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter begins a series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ariel This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Prophecies This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/30/intro.md b/isa/30/intro.md index 4e8c34fcb0..08b0cf266b 100644 --- a/isa/30/intro.md +++ b/isa/30/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Negev This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous. @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel tho ##### Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/31/intro.md b/isa/31/intro.md index f647729551..f8c2d49555 100644 --- a/isa/31/intro.md +++ b/isa/31/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Isaiah 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/32/intro.md b/isa/32/intro.md index 77934d7a79..795b8c71d4 100644 --- a/isa/32/intro.md +++ b/isa/32/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/33/intro.md b/isa/33/intro.md index eec5b60a87..933920c166 100644 --- a/isa/33/intro.md +++ b/isa/33/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. diff --git a/isa/34/intro.md b/isa/34/intro.md index 996339c7c8..fd4a48ff59 100644 --- a/isa/34/intro.md +++ b/isa/34/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Destruction There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Prophecy diff --git a/isa/35/intro.md b/isa/35/intro.md index 0d12d9e7b5..79c520e76a 100644 --- a/isa/35/intro.md +++ b/isa/35/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) diff --git a/isa/36/intro.md b/isa/36/intro.md index 12fc4d737a..7faae9245c 100644 --- a/isa/36/intro.md +++ b/isa/36/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Isaiah 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/isa/37/intro.md b/isa/37/intro.md index 37ee1672db..99c2f84ffa 100644 --- a/isa/37/intro.md +++ b/isa/37/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 37 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 37:22-38. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king's anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]]) diff --git a/isa/38/intro.md b/isa/38/intro.md index 86353d8775..14b685d1b9 100644 --- a/isa/38/intro.md +++ b/isa/38/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 38:10-20. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Poetry This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah's prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise. diff --git a/isa/39/intro.md b/isa/39/intro.md index 39a0b7f7c8..eed5528d40 100644 --- a/isa/39/intro.md +++ b/isa/39/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 39 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pride Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/isa/40/intro.md b/isa/40/intro.md index aeded5f872..ac6212eb61 100644 --- a/isa/40/intro.md +++ b/isa/40/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "She has received double from Yahweh's hand for all her sins" It is common in many languages to use the feminine "she" to refer to a nation, rather than the word "it," which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use "he," "she," or "it" in reference to a nation. diff --git a/isa/41/intro.md b/isa/41/intro.md index afdf8a06f2..1a0356f9d7 100644 --- a/isa/41/intro.md +++ b/isa/41/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 41 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Mocking Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/isa/42/intro.md b/isa/42/intro.md index 4bd4b1d9d6..4bb5d5c189 100644 --- a/isa/42/intro.md +++ b/isa/42/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 42 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Servant Israel is called Yahweh's servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word "servant" are intended to contrast with one another. diff --git a/isa/43/intro.md b/isa/43/intro.md index ffe8dd7564..3f8712ed68 100644 --- a/isa/43/intro.md +++ b/isa/43/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 43 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Exodus This chapter pictures Judah's eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Exile This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/isa/44/intro.md b/isa/44/intro.md index bed95b9ed2..519f2a07b3 100644 --- a/isa/44/intro.md +++ b/isa/44/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 44 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh's power as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/isa/45/intro.md b/isa/45/intro.md index a01d41d1b2..4294c7b65a 100644 --- a/isa/45/intro.md +++ b/isa/45/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Potter and clay The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to "anoint" or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) diff --git a/isa/46/intro.md b/isa/46/intro.md index fd910b64ac..9788ced1da 100644 --- a/isa/46/intro.md +++ b/isa/46/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 46 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. diff --git a/isa/47/intro.md b/isa/47/intro.md index df9989b8ca..2882d54853 100644 --- a/isa/47/intro.md +++ b/isa/47/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 47 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Babylon This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/isa/48/intro.md b/isa/48/intro.md index f48ccbdc23..b1a7e1f8b9 100644 --- a/isa/48/intro.md +++ b/isa/48/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Exile Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods. diff --git a/isa/49/intro.md b/isa/49/intro.md index 48c5fb4605..75d04eaa90 100644 --- a/isa/49/intro.md +++ b/isa/49/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 49 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### A day of salvation It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/isa/50/intro.md b/isa/50/intro.md index 31f8af4c92..c3fd5f151c 100644 --- a/isa/50/intro.md +++ b/isa/50/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 50 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 50:4-9 is the third of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/isa/51/intro.md b/isa/51/intro.md index 8fa9f80dc6..09bbca9518 100644 --- a/isa/51/intro.md +++ b/isa/51/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 51 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/isa/52/intro.md b/isa/52/intro.md index d03a2d1182..1546d2ec5b 100644 --- a/isa/52/intro.md +++ b/isa/52/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Isaiah 52 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. diff --git a/isa/53/intro.md b/isa/53/intro.md index 9a762a1258..c5a76cfa72 100644 --- a/isa/53/intro.md +++ b/isa/53/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 53 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and his life and ministry. It begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a "suffering servant." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Atonement This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) diff --git a/isa/54/intro.md b/isa/54/intro.md index 95881fedad..e89639ac62 100644 --- a/isa/54/intro.md +++ b/isa/54/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 54 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's covenant faithfulness This chapter focuses on Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/isa/55/intro.md b/isa/55/intro.md index dc11e0b500..d155db1273 100644 --- a/isa/55/intro.md +++ b/isa/55/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 55 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/isa/56/intro.md b/isa/56/intro.md index b43df6e96e..0cfc1549e3 100644 --- a/isa/56/intro.md +++ b/isa/56/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 56 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Beasts The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/isa/57/intro.md b/isa/57/intro.md index a6f977b009..6bde26c354 100644 --- a/isa/57/intro.md +++ b/isa/57/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 57 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Child sacrifice This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Mocking The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/isa/58/intro.md b/isa/58/intro.md index 8afaaf1982..e7741065e6 100644 --- a/isa/58/intro.md +++ b/isa/58/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Isaiah 58 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fasting The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster's attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Yet they seek me daily" The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/isa/59/intro.md b/isa/59/intro.md index fd82405fa3..bc2d13f05a 100644 --- a/isa/59/intro.md +++ b/isa/59/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 59 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's deliverance When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/isa/60/intro.md b/isa/60/intro.md index ad25f842b6..f8a2349614 100644 --- a/isa/60/intro.md +++ b/isa/60/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 60 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's restoration This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/isa/61/intro.md b/isa/61/intro.md index 4f0d8804a2..9d0245662e 100644 --- a/isa/61/intro.md +++ b/isa/61/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 61 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah and not Isaiah because this was different than the message Isaiah delivered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/62/intro.md b/isa/62/intro.md index b5991cb711..08d6f7c0bf 100644 --- a/isa/62/intro.md +++ b/isa/62/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 62 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/isa/63/intro.md b/isa/63/intro.md index 6923510cc2..23759194ab 100644 --- a/isa/63/intro.md +++ b/isa/63/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 63 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Imagery The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) diff --git a/isa/64/intro.md b/isa/64/intro.md index 5932a1b4c3..20da8d9d4a 100644 --- a/isa/64/intro.md +++ b/isa/64/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 64 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Repentance This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/isa/65/intro.md b/isa/65/intro.md index 36d3b28d23..eb65202b6f 100644 --- a/isa/65/intro.md +++ b/isa/65/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Isaiah 65 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter is Yahweh's response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Judgment and hope This chapter records that Yahweh's judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/isa/66/intro.md b/isa/66/intro.md index 7ccd0f24e0..1d92878e7c 100644 --- a/isa/66/intro.md +++ b/isa/66/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Isaiah 66 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 66:1-17, 21-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### In the end In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) diff --git a/isa/front/intro.md b/isa/front/intro.md index 570b23454e..9ac604cd4c 100644 --- a/isa/front/intro.md +++ b/isa/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Isaiah +### Outline of the Book of Isaiah 1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12) 1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23) @@ -18,37 +18,37 @@ 1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66) -#### What is the Book of Isaiah about? +### What is the Book of Isaiah about? The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah's prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem. The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title, "The Book of Isaiah" or just "Isaiah." Or they may call it "The Book about Isaiah" or "The Sayings of Isaiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### When was the Book of Isaiah written? +### When was the Book of Isaiah written? Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel? +### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel? Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David's kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God's spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about "the servant." This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ. -#### What did Isaiah mean by the "last days"? +### What did Isaiah mean by the "last days"? Isaiah prophesied of the "last days" (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the "last days" to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? +### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah? +### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah? Most of Isaiah's prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered. diff --git a/jas/01/intro.md b/jas/01/intro.md index c1640e5f69..a685e016cb 100644 --- a/jas/01/intro.md +++ b/jas/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # James 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Testing and temptation @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak o The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion" diff --git a/jas/02/intro.md b/jas/02/intro.md index 750f2a1247..591a1cebea 100644 --- a/jas/02/intro.md +++ b/jas/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # James 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Favoritism @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor p Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Quotation marks diff --git a/jas/03/intro.md b/jas/03/intro.md index 987b7d90d9..a4734c19b8 100644 --- a/jas/03/intro.md +++ b/jas/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # James 03 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors diff --git a/jas/04/intro.md b/jas/04/intro.md index 5b70869a11..0a8219ce0d 100644 --- a/jas/04/intro.md +++ b/jas/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # James 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Adultery @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say th James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Humble diff --git a/jas/05/intro.md b/jas/05/intro.md index 16b3378cdd..b697033e2a 100644 --- a/jas/05/intro.md +++ b/jas/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # James 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Eternity This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, wit ##### Oaths Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Elijah This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated. diff --git a/jas/front/intro.md b/jas/front/intro.md index 1ab3bdce62..f0efde2984 100644 --- a/jas/front/intro.md +++ b/jas/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of James +### Outline of the Book of James 1. Greetings (1:1) 1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18) @@ -24,39 +24,39 @@ - Prayer and healing (5:13-18) - Care for one another (5:19-20) -#### Who wrote the Book of James? +### Who wrote the Book of James? The author identified himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a "pillar" of the church. This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written. -#### What is the Book of James about? +### What is the Book of James about? In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely. James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7). -#### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"? +### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"? James said he was writing to the "twelve tribes in the dispersion" (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the "General Epistles" since it was not written to a specific church or individual. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "James." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "A Letter from James" or "The Letter James Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God? +### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God? Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James? +### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James? The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James? * "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?" (2:20). The ULB and modern translations read this way. Some older translations read, "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?" If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/jdg/01/intro.md b/jdg/01/intro.md index ec3960fab3..d98915f4d2 100644 --- a/jdg/01/intro.md +++ b/jdg/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### "After the death of Joshua" This statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land diff --git a/jdg/02/intro.md b/jdg/02/intro.md index 6829274f00..5d07309c1e 100644 --- a/jdg/02/intro.md +++ b/jdg/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh tests Israel diff --git a/jdg/03/intro.md b/jdg/03/intro.md index 1cd745bb3e..a33cdc79a0 100644 --- a/jdg/03/intro.md +++ b/jdg/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Judges 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The people worship false gods Israel worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Blew a trumpet" diff --git a/jdg/04/intro.md b/jdg/04/intro.md index bef58a61fc..fa62dd03ef 100644 --- a/jdg/04/intro.md +++ b/jdg/04/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Judges 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapters 4 and 5 form one section about Barak and Deborah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Barak's leadership diff --git a/jdg/05/intro.md b/jdg/05/intro.md index 149a012e3e..8b82800cad 100644 --- a/jdg/05/intro.md +++ b/jdg/05/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Judges 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Deborah and Barak continues in this chapter. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of Chapter 5, which is a song, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The flood diff --git a/jdg/06/intro.md b/jdg/06/intro.md index f59571d2b5..27f3c3b322 100644 --- a/jdg/06/intro.md +++ b/jdg/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about Gideon. (Chapters 6-8) diff --git a/jdg/07/intro.md b/jdg/07/intro.md index fe225d3f49..d4ac1c5116 100644 --- a/jdg/07/intro.md +++ b/jdg/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Gideon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God gets all of the credit diff --git a/jdg/08/intro.md b/jdg/08/intro.md index 6d59efee6b..c67128d78f 100644 --- a/jdg/08/intro.md +++ b/jdg/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sukkoth's refusal to help Gideon The men of Sukkoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jdg/09/intro.md b/jdg/09/intro.md index 009f796051..43e3ac3915 100644 --- a/jdg/09/intro.md +++ b/jdg/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jotham's curse diff --git a/jdg/10/intro.md b/jdg/10/intro.md index 97712bb66f..66f4cf2e37 100644 --- a/jdg/10/intro.md +++ b/jdg/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10-12](./01.md)). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's punishment In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) diff --git a/jdg/11/intro.md b/jdg/11/intro.md index 1f00abfd59..04a1b58e98 100644 --- a/jdg/11/intro.md +++ b/jdg/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Jephthah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jephthah the leader Jephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them. diff --git a/jdg/12/intro.md b/jdg/12/intro.md index 290e4338c5..396c387d41 100644 --- a/jdg/12/intro.md +++ b/jdg/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter. diff --git a/jdg/13/intro.md b/jdg/13/intro.md index 755f8990d2..95d65b4380 100644 --- a/jdg/13/intro.md +++ b/jdg/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the account of Samson ([Judges 13-16](./01.md)). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Warning not to cut his hair diff --git a/jdg/14/intro.md b/jdg/14/intro.md index 0a630c8ebb..4bab0055fc 100644 --- a/jdg/14/intro.md +++ b/jdg/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Samson continues in this chapter. diff --git a/jdg/15/intro.md b/jdg/15/intro.md index 0797cfefbf..ca3e454041 100644 --- a/jdg/15/intro.md +++ b/jdg/15/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Judges 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Samson continues in this chapter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:16. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Samson's strength diff --git a/jdg/16/intro.md b/jdg/16/intro.md index e2a69960e6..9dce6b9ab8 100644 --- a/jdg/16/intro.md +++ b/jdg/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The account of Samson concludes in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Samson's mistake diff --git a/jdg/17/intro.md b/jdg/17/intro.md index 1b210783c9..d7ca204a82 100644 --- a/jdg/17/intro.md +++ b/jdg/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section explaining how Israel came to have a king. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Idols and figures diff --git a/jdg/18/intro.md b/jdg/18/intro.md index 7f7a83ae18..d12c8b242c 100644 --- a/jdg/18/intro.md +++ b/jdg/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tribe of Dan diff --git a/jdg/19/intro.md b/jdg/19/intro.md index 71af7e157c..689d85ff80 100644 --- a/jdg/19/intro.md +++ b/jdg/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The sin of Benjamin People from a village of the tribe of Benjamin raped a visitor's wife to death. This was very evil, especially in the ancient Near East. The people of Israel considered mistreatment of a guest one of the worst crimes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/jdg/20/intro.md b/jdg/20/intro.md index 640660f171..49deaadd69 100644 --- a/jdg/20/intro.md +++ b/jdg/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Judges 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Benjamin destroyed diff --git a/jdg/21/intro.md b/jdg/21/intro.md index ecae026b4b..ce0511d180 100644 --- a/jdg/21/intro.md +++ b/jdg/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Judges 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sin and immorality diff --git a/jdg/front/intro.md b/jdg/front/intro.md index ca19209c25..8d544d4ef2 100644 --- a/jdg/front/intro.md +++ b/jdg/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Judges +### Outline of Judges 1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31) - Introduction (1:1-3:6) @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ 1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31) 1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25) -#### What is the Book of Judges about? +### What is the Book of Judges about? The Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years. @@ -24,35 +24,35 @@ This book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during t After that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has the title "Judges" because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title "Judges" or a title such as "The Book about the Leaders in Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What kind of leaders were the judges? +### What kind of leaders were the judges? These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes. -#### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges? +### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges? During this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them. These tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh. -#### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges? +### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges? During this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the phrase "in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes"? +### What is the meaning of the phrase "in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes"? This phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king. The translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book's writer is looking back into the past. -#### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? +### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? The narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation's readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12. diff --git a/jer/01/intro.md b/jer/01/intro.md index a030aaccc2..798b79f1ee 100644 --- a/jer/01/intro.md +++ b/jer/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:4-10. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jeremiah appointed as prophet diff --git a/jer/02/intro.md b/jer/02/intro.md index f0b465810b..1e59bb9c5c 100644 --- a/jer/02/intro.md +++ b/jer/02/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Jeremiah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:1-31. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The people refuse to learn The people worshiped other gods, particularly the fertility gods of Baal and Ashtoreth. Even when the nation was punished, the people did not learn. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/jer/03/intro.md b/jer/03/intro.md index a2491834fd..70b35be493 100644 --- a/jer/03/intro.md +++ b/jer/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-5, 12-17, 19-25. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. The same is true for 3:19-4:3. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Judah told to repent diff --git a/jer/04/intro.md b/jer/04/intro.md index 28bcca573b..734d3eab78 100644 --- a/jer/04/intro.md +++ b/jer/04/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:1-9. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 3:19-4:3. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's punishment This chapter prophecies Yahweh's punishment on Judah. This should bring Judah to repentance, but it does not. It is also intended to make the nations fear the power of Yahweh and make them desire to worship him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) diff --git a/jer/05/intro.md b/jer/05/intro.md index f91af773d7..31d128517a 100644 --- a/jer/05/intro.md +++ b/jer/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:1-31. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Hyperbole It is possible that Yahweh is using the word "a" (meaning "even one") as hyperbole when he states, "If you can find a man or anyone who is acting justly and trying to act faithfully, then I will forgive Jerusalem." The purpose of this is to show how evil Jerusalem had become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/jer/06/intro.md b/jer/06/intro.md index b56d993a25..d11bdf51d1 100644 --- a/jer/06/intro.md +++ b/jer/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:1-30. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Gods and battle In the ancient Near East, it was commonly believed that a nation's gods were responsible for military victory. It may have been believed that a god would not defend an evil city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/jer/07/intro.md b/jer/07/intro.md index b97ab0b438..b0f70f36f2 100644 --- a/jer/07/intro.md +++ b/jer/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Jeremiah 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 7:29-34, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice in society Jeremiah commanded the people of Jerusalem to live justly. Without justice, they did not truly have faith in Yahweh. Without this faith in Yahweh, the temple and its rituals were useless. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Do not pray for this people" Yahweh wanted the people to repent. This statement, and the others that follow, may be taken in another way. They are intended to show that it is too late for the people, and their punishment will come regardless of their response. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/jer/08/intro.md b/jer/08/intro.md index 2d1414fdb2..4c182b56bd 100644 --- a/jer/08/intro.md +++ b/jer/08/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:5-22. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Hyperbole The author frequently uses hyperbole in this chapter to describe the complete destruction of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) diff --git a/jer/09/intro.md b/jer/09/intro.md index f0baeaa313..bdc2ea2373 100644 --- a/jer/09/intro.md +++ b/jer/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:1-12, 17-24. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Funeral This chapter pictures Jerusalem as having a funeral with its typical songs. This is an image used to describe their destruction. It is a time of great sadness. diff --git a/jer/10/intro.md b/jer/10/intro.md index b94aba7036..bac41695b9 100644 --- a/jer/10/intro.md +++ b/jer/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 10:1-25 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a long quotation. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power This chapter contrasts the great power of Yahweh with the powerlessness of any other false god. It is intended to question why the Jews would worship any other god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/jer/11/intro.md b/jer/11/intro.md index 827a6e0c33..c29dd93244 100644 --- a/jer/11/intro.md +++ b/jer/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 11:15-17, 20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The covenant diff --git a/jer/12/intro.md b/jer/12/intro.md index 36b4409e74..ca9e5ce907 100644 --- a/jer/12/intro.md +++ b/jer/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:1-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper diff --git a/jer/13/intro.md b/jer/13/intro.md index 209d4faf89..018b2b31e1 100644 --- a/jer/13/intro.md +++ b/jer/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:15-27. diff --git a/jer/14/intro.md b/jer/14/intro.md index c8ae659d09..2aec50f0a9 100644 --- a/jer/14/intro.md +++ b/jer/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:1-10, 17-22. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### False prophets diff --git a/jer/15/intro.md b/jer/15/intro.md index 6518914acb..20cbc61287 100644 --- a/jer/15/intro.md +++ b/jer/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:2, 5-21. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Do not pray for the people diff --git a/jer/16/intro.md b/jer/16/intro.md index 1714d74677..73ea36f8ae 100644 --- a/jer/16/intro.md +++ b/jer/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:19-21. This poem also continues in chapter 17, and these should be seen as one section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Coming punishment diff --git a/jer/17/intro.md b/jer/17/intro.md index 8a650868f3..c7c6880f2a 100644 --- a/jer/17/intro.md +++ b/jer/17/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jeremiah 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 17:1-18. This poem is a continuation of 16:19-21, and these should be seen as one section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trusting God or humans Trust is an important part of this chapter. Those who trust in human wisdom will not prosper. Those who trust in God will have all of their needs met. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile diff --git a/jer/18/intro.md b/jer/18/intro.md index 7e18b8d051..6500528adf 100644 --- a/jer/18/intro.md +++ b/jer/18/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # Jeremiah 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 18:13-17, 19-23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Attacking Jeremiah Things were so bad in Judah, they even attacked Jeremiah. To attack Yahweh's prophet was to attack Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile diff --git a/jer/19/intro.md b/jer/19/intro.md index ceeca8e3b4..51aacccf3a 100644 --- a/jer/19/intro.md +++ b/jer/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### People horrified diff --git a/jer/20/intro.md b/jer/20/intro.md index 2653dc51b2..03fe8d8deb 100644 --- a/jer/20/intro.md +++ b/jer/20/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 20:7-18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pashhur This chapter prophesied punishment against a specific leader named Pashhur. He was in charge of protecting the temple and had Jeremiah beaten and arrested. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/jer/21/intro.md b/jer/21/intro.md index 8b8f7f10fa..6e41ed0025 100644 --- a/jer/21/intro.md +++ b/jer/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:12-14. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jerusalem doomed diff --git a/jer/22/intro.md b/jer/22/intro.md index 185ca8a10b..97b4f3218b 100644 --- a/jer/22/intro.md +++ b/jer/22/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 22:6-10, 13-28, 28-30. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Luxury and oppression diff --git a/jer/23/intro.md b/jer/23/intro.md index 9b26bd9e1f..cb81cfd560 100644 --- a/jer/23/intro.md +++ b/jer/23/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jeremiah 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 23:5-6, 9-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophesying lies The false prophets had encouraged people to continue sinning by saying everything will be alright. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Wordplay diff --git a/jer/24/intro.md b/jer/24/intro.md index 571c344fc5..e22b515747 100644 --- a/jer/24/intro.md +++ b/jer/24/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The exiles are blessed and the others punished diff --git a/jer/25/intro.md b/jer/25/intro.md index 84117381b0..b24c0102d2 100644 --- a/jer/25/intro.md +++ b/jer/25/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jeremiah 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 25:30-38. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Seventy years Babylon will rule over Judah for seventy years. Because Yahweh is just, he will soon punish Babylon for their evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom diff --git a/jer/26/intro.md b/jer/26/intro.md index 9d4001e1b9..551f5dac3c 100644 --- a/jer/26/intro.md +++ b/jer/26/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The people want to kill Jeremiah diff --git a/jer/27/intro.md b/jer/27/intro.md index 0020bf7d11..a96c641f60 100644 --- a/jer/27/intro.md +++ b/jer/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The nations should serve Babylon diff --git a/jer/28/intro.md b/jer/28/intro.md index 1092ce75bc..b2201e596e 100644 --- a/jer/28/intro.md +++ b/jer/28/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### False prophecies continue diff --git a/jer/29/intro.md b/jer/29/intro.md index 208eb8af78..7b2b56d0e1 100644 --- a/jer/29/intro.md +++ b/jer/29/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 29 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Two letters diff --git a/jer/30/intro.md b/jer/30/intro.md index 7b37bd8a65..146e5ae5b4 100644 --- a/jer/30/intro.md +++ b/jer/30/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jeremiah 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:5-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God promises restoration Despite the prophesied punishment in this chapter, Yahweh promises to restore Judah. In addition to this, he also declares that he will ultimately restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter The author uses the term "Israel" in two different ways. He uses it in reference to the nation of Israel. He also uses it in reference to the people who used to inhabit the northern kingdom of Israel, namely the people group of Israel. ## Links: diff --git a/jer/31/intro.md b/jer/31/intro.md index 29178d81cd..cbb40d9daa 100644 --- a/jer/31/intro.md +++ b/jer/31/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ # Jeremiah 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 31:1-6, 8-22, 35-37. The ULB sets 31:29 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is an important quotation. This chapter begins with a transition from the previous chapter. "At that time" is a reference to the day of restoration mentioned in [Jeremiah 30:24](../../jer/30/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The new covenant This chapter is an important teaching regarding the new covenant. God will make a new covenant that will bring forgiveness of sins and a desire to obey God. Scholars disagree about whether this new covenant has begun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel In this chapter, Jeremiah uses the term "Israel" in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole. He also uses it in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and their people group. diff --git a/jer/32/intro.md b/jer/32/intro.md index 9d972673d9..d10659ad4b 100644 --- a/jer/32/intro.md +++ b/jer/32/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Jeremiah 32 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter The king should have listened to the prophet Jeremiah and repented of his sin. Instead, he objected to his message. Yahweh punished him because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel The term "Israel" is used exclusively in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole in this chapter. diff --git a/jer/33/intro.md b/jer/33/intro.md index 91d9823d46..fd0117bfbe 100644 --- a/jer/33/intro.md +++ b/jer/33/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Covenant faithfulness Despite the great punishment Judah is facing and Israel has undergone, there is hope. This hope is based in the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh. Ultimately, he will restore his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/jer/34/intro.md b/jer/34/intro.md index 40c2d57a7d..7c3d4c541a 100644 --- a/jer/34/intro.md +++ b/jer/34/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Jeremiah 34 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Law of Moses According to the law of Moses, the people were required to free their indebted slaves after a period of time. The king led them in freeing their fellow Israelites whom they held as slaves, but later they changed their minds and enslaved them again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Actions with cultural meaning diff --git a/jer/35/intro.md b/jer/35/intro.md index 1249d4fa07..99d3059959 100644 --- a/jer/35/intro.md +++ b/jer/35/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Rechabites diff --git a/jer/36/intro.md b/jer/36/intro.md index a56e0339d5..f84e479531 100644 --- a/jer/36/intro.md +++ b/jer/36/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Opposition to Jeremiah diff --git a/jer/37/intro.md b/jer/37/intro.md index b8895287d6..158661e1b6 100644 --- a/jer/37/intro.md +++ b/jer/37/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 37 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Ironic situation diff --git a/jer/38/intro.md b/jer/38/intro.md index 38540a068e..3462647464 100644 --- a/jer/38/intro.md +++ b/jer/38/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 38 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Surrender and live diff --git a/jer/39/intro.md b/jer/39/intro.md index d48d74d5c7..04894eec1e 100644 --- a/jer/39/intro.md +++ b/jer/39/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 39 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The prophesied destruction of Jerusalem is over and the actual conquering of the Promised Land by Babylon begins in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/jer/40/intro.md b/jer/40/intro.md index a544135b9a..efd1db5dcb 100644 --- a/jer/40/intro.md +++ b/jer/40/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Peace in Judah diff --git a/jer/41/intro.md b/jer/41/intro.md index f6327f8c52..6381840ca2 100644 --- a/jer/41/intro.md +++ b/jer/41/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 41 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Life in Judah This chapter explains what life was like in Judah after the Babylonian conquest. It was a difficult and dangerous time, but some of the faithful remained in the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/jer/42/intro.md b/jer/42/intro.md index 9ae4333d24..c88987b03a 100644 --- a/jer/42/intro.md +++ b/jer/42/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 42 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Life in Babylon The remaining army commanders, who scattered after the Babylonian victory, asked Jeremiah to ask Yahweh about where they should go. Yahweh encouraged them to go to Babylon because they would soon return to the Promised Land. They would be punished if they went to Egypt or anywhere else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/jer/43/intro.md b/jer/43/intro.md index 4492c6287c..7b34167b58 100644 --- a/jer/43/intro.md +++ b/jer/43/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 43 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### They did not believe Jeremiah After Jeremiah prophesied the destruction of Judah, the people did not believe him. Judah was conquered and destroyed. Even after this, the people did not believe they would be safe in Babylon as Jeremiah prophesied. This is shocking. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ After Jeremiah prophesied the destruction of Judah, the people did not believe h ##### Babylon invades Egypt Babylon is described as invading part of Egypt. This would have been unthinkable for the people. It would have gotten their attention. -#### Other possible translation issues in this chapter +### Other possible translation issues in this chapter ##### Symbolic actions Jeremiah's burial of the stones was intended to be a symbolic action for the people. This was supposed to teach the people a lesson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jer/44/intro.md b/jer/44/intro.md index 52d6f6c3ff..4f7e60b8cf 100644 --- a/jer/44/intro.md +++ b/jer/44/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 44 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom diff --git a/jer/45/intro.md b/jer/45/intro.md index c808afd971..f9537251fa 100644 --- a/jer/45/intro.md +++ b/jer/45/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter forms a break in the narrative sequence. It records prophecies that have already occurred. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/jer/46/intro.md b/jer/46/intro.md index 3f17050afc..c7c5be104a 100644 --- a/jer/46/intro.md +++ b/jer/46/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jeremiah 46 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 46:3-12, 14-24. This begins a section where Jeremiah prophesies about other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice Much of Jeremiah is concerned with Yahweh's punishment of Judah. Yahweh used Egypt to punish Judah. Because Yahweh is just, he is going to punish Egypt for their evil deeds as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Battle preparations Jeremiah commands the Egyptian army to prepare for battle, even though they will not be able to defend themselves. Their punishment has already been determined by Yahweh. diff --git a/jer/47/intro.md b/jer/47/intro.md index 75bb7729fe..726dd41966 100644 --- a/jer/47/intro.md +++ b/jer/47/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 47 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 47:2-7. Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Flood waters This chapter uses the imagery of a flood to describe the enemies who conquer the Philistines. Their destruction will be swift and complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/jer/48/intro.md b/jer/48/intro.md index 1397f6dca8..c731fe2dff 100644 --- a/jer/48/intro.md +++ b/jer/48/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 48:1-25, 28-33, 39-47. Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Obeying Yahweh diff --git a/jer/49/intro.md b/jer/49/intro.md index 47e2e0e6d1..e3f5d6bb89 100644 --- a/jer/49/intro.md +++ b/jer/49/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jeremiah 49 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 49:1-11, 14-27, 29-33, 37-39 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation. Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations conclude in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Covenant with Abraham Ammon is destroyed because it drove the people of the tribe of Gad from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham's descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to convict those Yahweh addresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/jer/50/intro.md b/jer/50/intro.md index bd4665a832..36fe0c4b96 100644 --- a/jer/50/intro.md +++ b/jer/50/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jeremiah 50 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 50:1-5, 6-46. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Babylon destroyed Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel The author sometimes uses the term "Israel" to refer to the people of the old northern kingdom of Israel, and at other times to the nation of Israel as a whole. He switches between these uses several times without warning the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jer/51/intro.md b/jer/51/intro.md index 390823a0ef..a4b91edaaf 100644 --- a/jer/51/intro.md +++ b/jer/51/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Jeremiah 51 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 51:1-64. The prophesied destruction of Babylon continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Babylon destroyed Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) diff --git a/jer/52/intro.md b/jer/52/intro.md index ce02736a77..cc63ef3582 100644 --- a/jer/52/intro.md +++ b/jer/52/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Jeremiah 52 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The chapter returns to a previous sequence of events and records Babylon's conquering of Judah. It also records the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/jer/front/intro.md b/jer/front/intro.md index 53eeda5c5a..a22e2f9d7f 100644 --- a/jer/front/intro.md +++ b/jer/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Jeremiah +### Outline of the Book of Jeremiah 1. Yahweh calls Jeremiah to be a prophet (1:1-19) 1. Yahweh will judge and punish Judah (2:1-29:32) @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ - Babylonia (50:1–51:64) 1. Jerusalem captured and destroyed (52:1–34) -#### What is the Book of Jeremiah about? +### What is the Book of Jeremiah about? The Book of Jeremiah gives the prophesies of a priest named Jeremiah. It also tells how Jeremiah suffered in different ways while he prophesied. @@ -43,31 +43,31 @@ King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia invaded Judah in 597 B.C. He conquered Jerusale Shortly after that, Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had chosen to be governor over Judah, was murdered. Some Jewish rebels captured Jeremiah and took him to Egypt. Those rebels went to Egypt to be protected there rather than to live under Nebuchadnezzar's rule. Jeremiah may have died soon after being taken to Egypt. But while in Egypt he prophesied that the Babylonians would invade and conquer Egypt. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Jeremiah" or just "Jeremiah." Translators may also call it the "The Book about Jeremiah" or "What the Prophet Jeremiah Said." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Jeremiah? +### Who wrote the Book of Jeremiah? Jeremiah was a priest and a prophet living in Judah. He spoke the prophesies in the Book of Jeremiah. A friend named Baruch wrote down many of the prophecies as Jeremiah spoke them to him. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the new covenant that is presented in the Book of Jeremiah? +### What is the new covenant that is presented in the Book of Jeremiah? Jeremiah introduced a "new covenant" between Yahweh and Israel (chapter 31). Yahweh would "write this covenant on the hearts" of the people. This means that the covenant would be a part of the people instead of just written on stone or paper. The people would obey the new covenant with all their heart. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### What relationship do Jeremiah's prophecies have to the other nations besides Israel? +### What relationship do Jeremiah's prophecies have to the other nations besides Israel? Much of the Old Testament before this time is only about the nation of Israel. But Jeremiah also spoke of how Yahweh would judge other nations of the world. Yahweh would also punish the other nations for their wicked deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Are the events in the Book of Jeremiah told in the order that they actually happened? +### Are the events in the Book of Jeremiah told in the order that they actually happened? Many of the events in the Book of Jeremiah are not told in the order that they actually happened. Instead, the various prophecies appear to be arranged by topic. -#### Why does the Book of Jeremiah refer to this prophet as "he" or "him"? +### Why does the Book of Jeremiah refer to this prophet as "he" or "him"? Many times in the book, the author refers to Jeremiah as "Jeremiah" or "he." This is unusual if Jeremiah wrote the book. The reason this occurs is perhaps because Baruch, Jeremiah's secretary, wrote down some parts of the book. Translators should keep the words "Jeremiah" and "he." diff --git a/jhn/01/intro.md b/jhn/01/intro.md index 669dc46c43..26b044c58d 100644 --- a/jhn/01/intro.md +++ b/jhn/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # John 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:23, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The Word" @@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases When people believe in Jesus, they go from being "children of wrath" to "children of God." They are adopted into the "family of God." This is an important image that is used many times in the New Testament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors John uses the metaphors of light and darkness and of the Word to tell the reader that he will be writing more about good and evil and about what God wants to tell people through Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "In the beginning" diff --git a/jhn/02/intro.md b/jhn/02/intro.md index ad69ede316..2345033114 100644 --- a/jhn/02/intro.md +++ b/jhn/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wine @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ When Jesus drove the money changers out of the temple, he showed that he had aut Jesus knew what other people were thinking only because he was and is the Son of Man and the Son of God. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "His disciples remembered" diff --git a/jhn/03/intro.md b/jhn/03/intro.md index a973bbe4d2..4d50c472bc 100644 --- a/jhn/03/intro.md +++ b/jhn/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # John 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/jhn/04/intro.md b/jhn/04/intro.md index fa6a6de89b..e40e725c11 100644 --- a/jhn/04/intro.md +++ b/jhn/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # John 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting John 4:4-38 forms one story centered on the teaching of Jesus as the "living water," the one who gives eternal life to all who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "It was necessary for him to pass through Samaria" @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can brin John probably told this story to show the difference between the Samaritan woman, who believed, and the Jews, who did not believe and later killed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "In spirit and truth" diff --git a/jhn/05/intro.md b/jhn/05/intro.md index 61355306a9..aed04c2def 100644 --- a/jhn/05/intro.md +++ b/jhn/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Healing water @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Testimony is what one person says about another person. What a person says about God will make some people alive again and because he gives them his grace, they will live with him forever. But he will make some people alive again and because he will treat them justly, they will live apart from him forever. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The Son, the Son of God, and the Son of Man diff --git a/jhn/06/intro.md b/jhn/06/intro.md index 6f71afc103..b22ad21ac4 100644 --- a/jhn/06/intro.md +++ b/jhn/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # John 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King The king of any nation was the richest and most powerful person in that nation. The people wanted Jesus to be their king because he gave them food and so they thought he would make the Jews into the richest and most powerful nation in the world. They did not understand that Jesus came to die so God could forgive his people's sins and that the world would persecute his people. -#### Important metaphors in this chapter +### Important metaphors in this chapter ##### Bread @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Bread was the most common and important food in Jesus's day, and so the word "br When Jesus said, "Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you will not have life in yourselves," he knew that before he died he would tell his followers to do this by eating bread and drinking wine. In the event this chapter describes, he expected that his hearers would understand that he was using a metaphor but would not understand what the metaphor referred to. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Parenthetical Ideas Several times in this passage, John explains something or gives the reader some context to better understand the story. These explanation are intended to give the reader some additional knowledge without interrupting the flow of the narrative. The information is placed inside parentheses. diff --git a/jhn/07/intro.md b/jhn/07/intro.md index 6932cd50f5..0ec9eba110 100644 --- a/jhn/07/intro.md +++ b/jhn/07/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # John 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This whole chapter concerns the concept of believing Jesus to be the Messiah. Some people believed this to be true while others rejected it. Some were willing to recognize his power and even the possibility that he was a prophet, but most were unwilling to believe that he was the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Translators may wish to include a note at verse 53 to explain to the reader why they have chosen or chosen not to translate verses 7:53-8:11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "My time has not yet come" This phrase and "his hour had not yet come" are used in this chapter to indicate that Jesus is in control of the events unfolding in his life. @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This phrase and "his hour had not yet come" are used in this chapter to indicate ##### "Living water" This is an important image used in the New Testament. It is a metaphor. Because this metaphor is given in a desert environment, it probably emphasizes that Jesus is able to give life sustaining nourishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Prophecy Jesus gives a prophecy about his life without an explicit statement in [John 7:33-34](./33.md). @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Jesus gives a prophecy about his life without an explicit statement in [John 7:3 ##### Irony Nicodemus explains to the other Pharisees that the Law requires him to hear directly from a person before making a judgment about them. The Pharisees in turn made a judgment about Jesus without speaking to Jesus. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Did not believe in him" Jesus's brothers did not believe Jesus was the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) diff --git a/jhn/08/intro.md b/jhn/08/intro.md index 168fa36eea..18e787d0f4 100644 --- a/jhn/08/intro.md +++ b/jhn/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # John 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Translators may wish to include a note at verse 1 to explain to the reader why they have chosen to translate or to not translate verses 8:1-11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### A light and darkness @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, three times in The Scribes and Pharisees wanted to trick Jesus. They wanted him to say either that they should keep the law of Moses by killing a woman whom they had found committing adultery or that they should disobey the law of Moses and forgive her sin. Jesus knew that they were trying to trick him and that they did not really want to keep the law of Moses. He knew this because the law said that both the woman and the man should die, but they did not bring the man to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/jhn/09/intro.md b/jhn/09/intro.md index e990cebf3b..1850e001a1 100644 --- a/jhn/09/intro.md +++ b/jhn/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Who sinned?" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Many of the Jews of Jesus's time believed that if a person was blind or deaf or The Pharisees thought that Jesus was working, and so breaking the Sabbath, by making mud. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -#### Important metaphors in this chapter +### Important metaphors in this chapter ##### Light and darkness @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases Jesus calls the Pharisees blind because they see that Jesus is able to heal blind people but they still do not believe that God sent him ([John 9:39-40](./39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/jhn/10/intro.md b/jhn/10/intro.md index 4256e34cc2..9ae5105354 100644 --- a/jhn/10/intro.md +++ b/jhn/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # John 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blasphemy When a person claims that he is God or that God has told him to speak when God has not told him to speak, this is called blasphemy. The law of Moses commanded the Israelites to kill blasphemers by stoning them to death. When Jesus said, "I and the Father are one," the Jews thought he was blaspheming, so they took up stones to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important metaphors in this chapter +### Important metaphors in this chapter ##### Sheep diff --git a/jhn/11/intro.md b/jhn/11/intro.md index 94bb5cb2cd..30cf53cc7f 100644 --- a/jhn/11/intro.md +++ b/jhn/11/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Light and darkness @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases After Jesus made Lazarus become alive again, the Jewish leaders were trying hard to kill him, so he started traveling from place to place in secret. Now the Pharisees knew that he would probably come to Jerusalem for the Passover because God had commanded all Jewish men to celebrate the Passover in Jerusalem, so they planned to catch him and kill him then. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "One man dies for the people" diff --git a/jhn/12/intro.md b/jhn/12/intro.md index e02d173f0c..15e61c4f3d 100644 --- a/jhn/12/intro.md +++ b/jhn/12/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # John 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:38 and 40, which is from the Old Testament. Verse 16 is a commentary on these events. It is possible to put this entire verse in parentheses in order to set it apart from the narrative of the story. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Mary anointed Jesus's feet @@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. In this chapter John says that the glory of Jesus is his resurrection ([John 12:16](../../jhn/12/16.md)). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### The metaphors of light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/jhn/13/intro.md b/jhn/13/intro.md index b31157b5c3..cb4ccec9da 100644 --- a/jhn/13/intro.md +++ b/jhn/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # John 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The events of this chapter are commonly referred to as the last supper or the Lord's supper. This Passover feast in many ways parallels Jesus's sacrifice as the lamb of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The washing of feet @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ People in the ancient Near East thought that feet were very dirty. Only servants John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, once in this chapter. They stand alone as a complete sentence, and they literally translate the Hebrew word for "I AM," by which Yahweh identified himself to Moses. For these reasons, many people believe that when Jesus said these words he was claiming to be Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/jhn/14/intro.md b/jhn/14/intro.md index 0c8f49c9fd..28c7babf63 100644 --- a/jhn/14/intro.md +++ b/jhn/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "My Father's house" diff --git a/jhn/15/intro.md b/jhn/15/intro.md index f3981cf8a9..332c2462b8 100644 --- a/jhn/15/intro.md +++ b/jhn/15/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # John 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Vine diff --git a/jhn/16/intro.md b/jhn/16/intro.md index f4341e13ed..4b44b24e29 100644 --- a/jhn/16/intro.md +++ b/jhn/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Holy Spirit @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Jesus told his disciples that he would send the Holy Spirit to them. The Holy Sp Jesus used these words to begin prophecies about times that could be shorter or longer than sixty minutes. "The hour" in which people would persecute his followers ([John 16:2](../../jhn/16/02.md)) was days, weeks, and years long, but "the hour" in which his disciples would scatter and leave him alone ([John 16:32](../../jhn/16/32.md)) was less than sixty minutes long. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile diff --git a/jhn/17/intro.md b/jhn/17/intro.md index c35d38f6dd..d14d95cc7b 100644 --- a/jhn/17/intro.md +++ b/jhn/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # John 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter forms one long prayer. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Glory @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people s Jesus existed before God created the world ([John 17:5](../../jhn/17/05.md)). John wrote about this in [John 1:1](../../jhn/01/01.md). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Prayer diff --git a/jhn/18/intro.md b/jhn/18/intro.md index 44e5d3b735..8a9a03354f 100644 --- a/jhn/18/intro.md +++ b/jhn/18/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # John 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Verse 14 says, "Now Caiaphas was the one who had given the advice to the Jews that it would be better that one man die for the people." The author says this to help the reader understand why it was to Caiaphas that they took Jesus. You might want to put these words in parentheses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "It is not lawful for us to put any man to death" diff --git a/jhn/19/intro.md b/jhn/19/intro.md index cc1c038d42..43497e68e0 100644 --- a/jhn/19/intro.md +++ b/jhn/19/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # John 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 19:24, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Purple garment" @@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ Pilate knew that Jesus was not a criminal, so he did not want to have his soldie The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 19:41](../../jhn/19/41.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they placed the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they rolled a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Sarcasm The soldiers were insulting Jesus when they said, "Hail, King of the Jews." Pilate was insulting the Jews when he asked, "Should I crucify your king?" He was probably also insulting both Jesus and the Jews when he wrote, "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Gabbatha, Golgotha diff --git a/jhn/20/intro.md b/jhn/20/intro.md index 17d8bd2e87..8c07b4b276 100644 --- a/jhn/20/intro.md +++ b/jhn/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tomb @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 20:1](../../jhn/20/01.md)) was the kin If your language uses the same word for "breath" and "spirit," be sure that the reader understands that Jesus was performing a symbolic action by breathing, and that what the disciples received was the Holy Spirit, not Jesus's breath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Rabboni diff --git a/jhn/21/intro.md b/jhn/21/intro.md index d2dc9206e5..96198d49c1 100644 --- a/jhn/21/intro.md +++ b/jhn/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John 21 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### The metaphor of sheep diff --git a/jhn/front/intro.md b/jhn/front/intro.md index 9c84a428fe..a825d36257 100644 --- a/jhn/front/intro.md +++ b/jhn/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Gospel of John +### Outline of the Gospel of John 1. Introduction about who Jesus is (1:1-18) 1. Jesus is baptized, and he chooses twelve disciples (1:19-51) @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ 1. John says why he wrote his gospel (20:30-31) 1. Jesus meets with the disciples (21) -#### What is the Gospel of John about? +### What is the Gospel of John about? The Gospel of John is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. John said that he wrote his gospel "so that people might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God" (20:31). @@ -27,22 +27,22 @@ John's Gospel is very different from the other three Gospels. John does not incl John wrote much about the signs Jesus did to prove that what Jesus said about himself was true. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of John" or "The Gospel According to John." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as, "The Good News About Jesus That John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Gospel of John? +### Who wrote the Gospel of John? This book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the Apostle John was the author. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why does John write so much about the final week of Jesus's life? +### Why does John write so much about the final week of Jesus's life? John wrote much about Jesus's final week. He wanted his readers to think deeply about Jesus's final week and his death on the cross. He wanted people to understand that Jesus willingly died on the cross so that God could forgive them for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in the Gospel of John? +### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in the Gospel of John? John often used the words "remain," "reside", and "abide" as metaphors. John spoke of a believer becoming more faithful to Jesus and knowing Jesus better as if Jesus's word "remained" in the believer. Also, John spoke of someone being spiritually joined to someone else as if the person "remained" in the other person. Christians are said to "remain" in Christ and in God. The Father is said to "remain" in the Son, and the Son is said to "remain" in the Father. The Son is said to "remain" in believers. The Holy Spirit is also said to "remain" in the believers. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Many translators will find it impossible to represent these ideas in their langu In the passage, "If my words remain in you" (John 15:7), the UDB expresses this idea as, "If you live by my message." Translators may find it possible to use this translation as a model. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Gospel of John? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Gospel of John? The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to translate these verses. However, if the translators work in regions where there are older versions of the Bible that include these verses, the translators can include them. If they are translated, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to John's Gospel. diff --git a/job/01/intro.md b/job/01/intro.md index bffd43f6dc..0c6f126a1f 100644 --- a/job/01/intro.md +++ b/job/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter introduces a story about a man named Job who lives during a time long before the author. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wealth Job is very rich. During his time, a man's wealth is measured by the number of animals he owns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/job/02/intro.md b/job/02/intro.md index adb5bcebe8..0c46db52e6 100644 --- a/job/02/intro.md +++ b/job/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Job 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter repeats the concepts of the previous chapter, but this time it is more severe. After losing his wealth, Job's health is taken from him. His wife also begins to encourage Job to sin by cursing Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) diff --git a/job/03/intro.md b/job/03/intro.md index a6b0f3e282..a89cd28e27 100644 --- a/job/03/intro.md +++ b/job/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Job uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to show Job's earnest desire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/04/intro.md b/job/04/intro.md index f32e89479f..1b71caba30 100644 --- a/job/04/intro.md +++ b/job/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Job 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. In this chapter, Eliphaz speaks to Job. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to form Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/05/intro.md b/job/05/intro.md index 5b0c9ea816..72f479bba8 100644 --- a/job/05/intro.md +++ b/job/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. In this chapter, Eliphaz continues speaking to Job. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sickness and sin In the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person's illness was caused by sin. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While Yahweh may punish people because of their sin, not all sicknesses are caused by sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/06/intro.md b/job/06/intro.md index 0534d80c5f..a931b49233 100644 --- a/job/06/intro.md +++ b/job/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, and desiring his own death, Job does not curse God. He would rather have God end his life than to curse him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He also is upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/job/07/intro.md b/job/07/intro.md index 32aeab6d61..8445d0d78a 100644 --- a/job/07/intro.md +++ b/job/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, and desiring his own death, Job does not curse God. He would rather have God end his life than to curse him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He also is upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/job/08/intro.md b/job/08/intro.md index d065122bf2..f78773e0fe 100644 --- a/job/08/intro.md +++ b/job/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Job 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. In this chapter, Bildad speaks to Job. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Bildad uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Bildad's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/09/intro.md b/job/09/intro.md index 45bba7d5da..db01a0426a 100644 --- a/job/09/intro.md +++ b/job/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness and Yahweh's power Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Job does not think that he can make a claim against Yahweh because only God is perfectly wise and just. Yahweh is truly powerful and Job understands this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express himself or to describe Yahweh's power. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/job/10/intro.md b/job/10/intro.md index 8c83c28abe..55eb6a8f53 100644 --- a/job/10/intro.md +++ b/job/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse Yahweh. Instead, he defends himself to Yahweh, while trusting in his decision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to defend himself. He does not believe that he committed a sin deserving severe punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/11/intro.md b/job/11/intro.md index 59db01ccf5..6be8db5106 100644 --- a/job/11/intro.md +++ b/job/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. In this chapter, Zophar speaks to Job. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions diff --git a/job/12/intro.md b/job/12/intro.md index 9e7023d287..efbc5ddc0f 100644 --- a/job/12/intro.md +++ b/job/12/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Zophar. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job's case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh's authority. These three friends therefore try to take God's place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/job/13/intro.md b/job/13/intro.md index 1a1e551747..e73b7dda82 100644 --- a/job/13/intro.md +++ b/job/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Zophar. It also contains Job's claim of righteousness to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job's case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh's authority. These three friends therefore try to take God's place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/14/intro.md b/job/14/intro.md index cd421e23ea..48b7941314 100644 --- a/job/14/intro.md +++ b/job/14/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's claim of righteousness being presented to Yahweh. It also has an abrupt shift in tone. Rather than being hopeful, Job laments. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Resurrection The events of Job occurred long before the Old Testament was written. Therefore, he likely had very little direct revelation about Yahweh. The resurrection of the dead was apparently not well-known during Job's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in his appeal to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/15/intro.md b/job/15/intro.md index 144b210a9f..bb550d536f 100644 --- a/job/15/intro.md +++ b/job/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. In this chapter, Eliphaz speaks to Job again. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/16/intro.md b/job/16/intro.md index 542a14d293..136af45ecc 100644 --- a/job/16/intro.md +++ b/job/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's response Job expresses shock and disgust at the advice Eliphaz gives to him. He even mocks Eliphaz. He describes the difficulties of his circumstances but never curses Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) diff --git a/job/17/intro.md b/job/17/intro.md index 72118f691b..ab57aedd43 100644 --- a/job/17/intro.md +++ b/job/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Eliphaz, but it is more directly addressed to Yahweh. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's grief Job expresses grief or great sadness in this chapter. He awaits the justice and intercession of Yahweh as he awaits his own death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]]) diff --git a/job/18/intro.md b/job/18/intro.md index 27ef8ce594..fa8a71dbfd 100644 --- a/job/18/intro.md +++ b/job/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Job 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. In this chapter, Bildad speaks to Job again. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke, and he is even angry at Job. diff --git a/job/19/intro.md b/job/19/intro.md index a849ff8d7c..b2a8c9fe12 100644 --- a/job/19/intro.md +++ b/job/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Job 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Bildad. diff --git a/job/20/intro.md b/job/20/intro.md index c727054635..41152164ca 100644 --- a/job/20/intro.md +++ b/job/20/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. In this chapter, Zophar speaks to Job again. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke, and he is even angry at Job. He claims that Job took advantage of the poor and is being punished for it. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors There are many metaphors used in this chapter. Zophar uses them to explain the temporary nature of life and riches. He also uses them to describe God's punishment of Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/job/21/intro.md b/job/21/intro.md index dc597b3417..3adfd0fd04 100644 --- a/job/21/intro.md +++ b/job/21/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Zophar. It is also a response to all three of his friends in general. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ancestor's sin In the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person could be punished because of the sins of their fathers and ancestors. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While a father's sin may have consequences for their children, Yahweh does not punish people because of their father's sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/22/intro.md b/job/22/intro.md index 603e2d76a2..a0d4d42c41 100644 --- a/job/22/intro.md +++ b/job/22/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job's friend, Eliphaz. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Repentance Eliphaz tries to get Job to repent in this chapter. Eliphaz assumes that he is righteous, while assuming Job is not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/23/intro.md b/job/23/intro.md index b878cdeadb..39972d3dae 100644 --- a/job/23/intro.md +++ b/job/23/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Court This chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job's "case," which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/job/24/intro.md b/job/24/intro.md index 05abfc70cf..3d3aec1a41 100644 --- a/job/24/intro.md +++ b/job/24/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. It is a continuation of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Court This chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job's "case," which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/25/intro.md b/job/25/intro.md index b47cb0edb2..7ba9f0e3f6 100644 --- a/job/25/intro.md +++ b/job/25/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job's friend, Bildad. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's holiness and man's sin Bildad describes the holiness of Yahweh and the universal nature of man's sinfulness. While his points are accurate, they are not convincing for Job because he has been righteous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Bildad uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Bildad's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/26/intro.md b/job/26/intro.md index 9040be5890..cd0c967f3e 100644 --- a/job/26/intro.md +++ b/job/26/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Job 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Bildad. This chapter begins a section continuing through chapter 31. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power While Bildad describes Yahweh's power as being so much greater than Job's, Job understands the true extent of Yahweh's power. It is not just over Job's life, but over all of creation. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Sarcasm Job uses sarcasm in this chapter. This is the use of irony to insult Bildad. (See: [Job 1-4](./01.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) diff --git a/job/27/intro.md b/job/27/intro.md index 0624045f09..8177f03c80 100644 --- a/job/27/intro.md +++ b/job/27/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Instead, he recognizes Yahweh's authority. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) diff --git a/job/28/intro.md b/job/28/intro.md index 9c0c88c231..a573139a5e 100644 --- a/job/28/intro.md +++ b/job/28/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Job 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's wisdom diff --git a/job/29/intro.md b/job/29/intro.md index 18e181c6b3..e3391dc53a 100644 --- a/job/29/intro.md +++ b/job/29/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Job 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh. diff --git a/job/30/intro.md b/job/30/intro.md index e0cdaf9a8d..a4283204bc 100644 --- a/job/30/intro.md +++ b/job/30/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Job 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh. diff --git a/job/31/intro.md b/job/31/intro.md index c44773d024..4b9fde954e 100644 --- a/job/31/intro.md +++ b/job/31/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Job 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's statement and it is directly addressed to Yahweh. diff --git a/job/32/intro.md b/job/32/intro.md index 1f8cf1fa10..f8251c1986 100644 --- a/job/32/intro.md +++ b/job/32/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Job 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Job's friends give up on trying to convince him that he is being punished for sinning. This chapter introduces Elihu who was a witness to these interactions between Job and his friends. According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the first of Elihu's four statements. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) diff --git a/job/33/intro.md b/job/33/intro.md index a6cd590ea1..6d08bee0c6 100644 --- a/job/33/intro.md +++ b/job/33/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Job 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the first of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This quotation is a continuation of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's mercy While Job has been complaining about the lack of justice and response from Yahweh, Elihu shows Job that Yahweh has shown him great mercy along the way. He is still alive because of Yahweh's mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) diff --git a/job/34/intro.md b/job/34/intro.md index f504517c32..156504df97 100644 --- a/job/34/intro.md +++ b/job/34/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Job 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the second of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Elihu uses many of Job's statements against him. His attitude is not too different from Job's friends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's justice Elihu defends the justice of Yahweh after Job claimed that Yahweh was being unjust. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/job/35/intro.md b/job/35/intro.md index 78bcec1684..ffb3b2fdc1 100644 --- a/job/35/intro.md +++ b/job/35/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Job 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the third of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Elihu uses many of Job's statements against him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Elihu uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job. These questions help to build Elihu's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Ironic situation Elihu explains the irony of Job's claim. He claimed to be righteous and desired Yahweh to intervene. In this chapter, Elihu explains to Job that his claims of righteousness are prideful. This makes him unrighteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/job/36/intro.md b/job/36/intro.md index bee2368b27..96824917ad 100644 --- a/job/36/intro.md +++ b/job/36/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Job 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the last of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. His attitude is not too different from Job's friends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's justice This chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won't always come in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/job/37/intro.md b/job/37/intro.md index 3d9d1399db..7a26f87260 100644 --- a/job/37/intro.md +++ b/job/37/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Job 37 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the previous chapter and the last of Elihu's four statements, and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. His attitude is not too different from Job's friends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's justice This chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won't always come in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/job/38/intro.md b/job/38/intro.md index 2605113bf3..e3b796d6fd 100644 --- a/job/38/intro.md +++ b/job/38/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Yahweh finally speaks in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's greatness Yahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/job/39/intro.md b/job/39/intro.md index dc728c2480..78dd7179f7 100644 --- a/job/39/intro.md +++ b/job/39/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 39 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Yahweh continues to speak in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's greatness Yahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. Since Job cannot understand creation, he cannot truly understand Yahweh. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. Many of these questions focus on nature because Yahweh is the creator of the heavens and the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) diff --git a/job/40/intro.md b/job/40/intro.md index 7604a5b965..77d62b5457 100644 --- a/job/40/intro.md +++ b/job/40/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ # Job 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 40:1-2, 4-5, 7-24, which are extended quotations of Job and Yahweh, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Job's righteousness In seeking to defend his own righteousness, Job accuses Yahweh of being unjust. Yahweh asks a very important question: "Will you condemn me so you may claim you are right?" This is the essence of Job's error. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Irony Yahweh states, "He who argues with God, let him answer." Job immediately answers him. This is irony. While Job is forced to acknowledge the power of Yahweh, he does not repent of his former statements. Because of this, Yahweh asks him more questions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Animals There are several animals mentioned in this chapter that do not exist and may never have existed. It may be necessary to leave these names untranslated or to translate their names as adjectives. diff --git a/job/41/intro.md b/job/41/intro.md index 47c8d0fb62..32da3c77aa 100644 --- a/job/41/intro.md +++ b/job/41/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Job 41 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is an extended quotation of Yahweh, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. It is a continuation of the previous chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character and to convince Job to repent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Animals diff --git a/job/42/intro.md b/job/42/intro.md index 547afd38ff..d4f76c924e 100644 --- a/job/42/intro.md +++ b/job/42/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Job 42 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 42:1-6, which is an extended quotation of Job, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. In this chapter Job shows his complete trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice Yahweh enacts justice at the end of this book. He punishes Job's friends and restores Job's blessings. Yahweh's blessing was not dependent upon Job's repentance, but upon Yahweh's grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) diff --git a/job/front/intro.md b/job/front/intro.md index 7f2ab8c21c..20b3f483d1 100644 --- a/job/front/intro.md +++ b/job/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Job +### Outline of Job 1. Job is introduced (1:1–2:13) - Job is blameless and wealthy (1:1–5) @@ -22,39 +22,39 @@ 1. Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9) 1. Yahweh prospers Job again (42:10–17) -#### What is the Book of Job about? +### What is the Book of Job about? The Book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh lets him experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh's ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The Book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word "job." Translators might use the traditional title of "The Book of Job" or just "Job." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Book About Job" or "The Book About a Man Named Job." -#### Who wrote the Book of Job? +### Who wrote the Book of Job? We do not know who wrote the Book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Does sin cause suffering? +### Does sin cause suffering? When a person sins against Yahweh, it can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the Book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job's friends? +### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job's friends? Job 2:11 refers to Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. But they did not comfort Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as "friends." They did care about Job and they wanted to help him. However, what they said did not help Job because they did not understand the truth about God. -#### When did the events in the Book of Job take place? +### When did the events in the Book of Job take place? We do not know when the events in the Book of Job took place. It seems to be set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the Book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to ones in the Books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which are set much later. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What style of writing is in the Book of Job? +### What style of writing is in the Book of Job? The writer starts and ends the Book of Job by telling what happened to Job in narrative form. He wrote the other parts in poetry form. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. -#### Is the Book of Job difficult to translate? +### Is the Book of Job difficult to translate? The Book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases, making parts of it hard to understand translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books. diff --git a/jol/01/intro.md b/jol/01/intro.md index d1ae0bc2bf..8406708370 100644 --- a/jol/01/intro.md +++ b/jol/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Joel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULB is written in poetic form, but the UDB has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Locusts This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel. @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust sw Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/jol/02/intro.md b/jol/02/intro.md index 1cbdcb2382..ffa3e804e8 100644 --- a/jol/02/intro.md +++ b/jol/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Joel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Locusts This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/jol/03/intro.md b/jol/03/intro.md index b2b22bd782..f1457f5c9e 100644 --- a/jol/03/intro.md +++ b/jol/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Joel 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Israel The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole. diff --git a/jol/front/intro.md b/jol/front/intro.md index 59fceaf26c..945a6f8724 100644 --- a/jol/front/intro.md +++ b/jol/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Joel +### Outline of the Book of Joel 1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11) - Locusts and drought (1:1–20) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ - Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16) - Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21) -#### What is the Book of Joel about? +### What is the Book of Joel about? The main idea in the Book of Joel is "the day of Yahweh." This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14). @@ -22,17 +22,17 @@ The people of Israel looked forward to "the day of Yahweh" as a day that Yahweh Joel's message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, "I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh" and "everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved" (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21). -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Joel" or just "Joel." Translators may also call it the "The Book about Joel" or "The Sayings of Joel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Joel? +### Who wrote the Book of Joel? This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2? +### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2? Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people. @@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of ra Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings. -#### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God's people? +### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God's people? Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel's enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel? +### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel? All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULB presents it in this way. The UDB, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) diff --git a/jon/01/intro.md b/jon/01/intro.md index b2e58cfe36..ff1ecc097e 100644 --- a/jon/01/intro.md +++ b/jon/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Jonah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Miracle In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of "a great fish." It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Situational irony @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and shou People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah's people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah's fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Implicit information diff --git a/jon/02/intro.md b/jon/02/intro.md index 90ff91b293..68ef29a304 100644 --- a/jon/02/intro.md +++ b/jon/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ # Jonah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sea This chapter contains many terms from the sea. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Poetry Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about the at the "base of the mountains" and in the "belly of Sheol." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Repentance Scholars are divided over whether Jonah's repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah's repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/jon/03/intro.md b/jon/03/intro.md index 4c28f55e52..6f3926580d 100644 --- a/jon/03/intro.md +++ b/jon/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Jonah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah's life. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Animals According to the king's proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Size of Nineveh When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase "three days' journey" is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah's day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities. diff --git a/jon/04/intro.md b/jon/04/intro.md index 04f5b2b52f..4d0133211b 100644 --- a/jon/04/intro.md +++ b/jon/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Jonah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God's desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jonah's anger It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at ##### Parallel to Mount Sinai In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### God's grace When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) diff --git a/jon/front/intro.md b/jon/front/intro.md index e4a1d50235..00d49e41b1 100644 --- a/jon/front/intro.md +++ b/jon/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Jonah +### Outline of the Book of Jonah 1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10) - Jonah disobeys Yahweh's first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3) @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ - Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3) - Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11) -#### What is the Book of Jonah about? +### What is the Book of Jonah about? Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) @@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally titled "The Book of Jonah" or just "Jonah." Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as "The Book about Jonah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Jonah? +### Who wrote the Book of Jonah? Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it. @@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 80 ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the nation of Assyria? +### What was the nation of Assyria? During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria. Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did. -#### Did Assyria convert to Judaism? +### Did Assyria convert to Judaism? Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/jos/01/intro.md b/jos/01/intro.md index d0df5d8675..eb163bef9d 100644 --- a/jos/01/intro.md +++ b/jos/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Joshua 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Be strong and Courageous diff --git a/jos/02/intro.md b/jos/02/intro.md index 471c687f4a..d9b8906647 100644 --- a/jos/02/intro.md +++ b/jos/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Joshua 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rahab's faith Rahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement "for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below" is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/jos/03/intro.md b/jos/03/intro.md index cb8e77ef2e..9214cf551e 100644 --- a/jos/03/intro.md +++ b/jos/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God dries the Jordan River diff --git a/jos/04/intro.md b/jos/04/intro.md index 05ab913253..5d1261e1f2 100644 --- a/jos/04/intro.md +++ b/jos/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's war The conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God's war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh's power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/jos/05/intro.md b/jos/05/intro.md index 1eec101532..7bd4f4c231 100644 --- a/jos/05/intro.md +++ b/jos/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Circumcision diff --git a/jos/06/intro.md b/jos/06/intro.md index 7b9aa6f48f..2d51e647e0 100644 --- a/jos/06/intro.md +++ b/jos/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh conquers diff --git a/jos/07/intro.md b/jos/07/intro.md index 5920159a9f..dc443fd7b1 100644 --- a/jos/07/intro.md +++ b/jos/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sin brought defeat diff --git a/jos/08/intro.md b/jos/08/intro.md index dd9b4985d6..d489fc67fb 100644 --- a/jos/08/intro.md +++ b/jos/08/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Joshua 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sin brought defeat It was a great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) diff --git a/jos/09/intro.md b/jos/09/intro.md index 4aa44744dd..9b7bf24711 100644 --- a/jos/09/intro.md +++ b/jos/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's mistake diff --git a/jos/10/intro.md b/jos/10/intro.md index 8ab5d7924f..0e4471077b 100644 --- a/jos/10/intro.md +++ b/jos/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Joshua 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel" Israel's conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh's war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel's war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom diff --git a/jos/11/intro.md b/jos/11/intro.md index b20831d592..010f9e9b38 100644 --- a/jos/11/intro.md +++ b/jos/11/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Joshua 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms Yahweh said to Joshua, "Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men." Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel" This phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel's victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/jos/12/intro.md b/jos/12/intro.md index ed2f2fe34f..282e35ae42 100644 --- a/jos/12/intro.md +++ b/jos/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 12:2-5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list. diff --git a/jos/13/intro.md b/jos/13/intro.md index dff618fa98..f303db80e0 100644 --- a/jos/13/intro.md +++ b/jos/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Joshua 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Division of the land diff --git a/jos/14/intro.md b/jos/14/intro.md index 79b93261b7..324c171e78 100644 --- a/jos/14/intro.md +++ b/jos/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/jos/15/intro.md b/jos/15/intro.md index 2c07e2fbf8..cb246c781c 100644 --- a/jos/15/intro.md +++ b/jos/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 15 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Judah. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jos/16/intro.md b/jos/16/intro.md index 14dc0f766a..a672b0ffd4 100644 --- a/jos/16/intro.md +++ b/jos/16/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Joshua 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jos/17/intro.md b/jos/17/intro.md index b5ed2cab01..26198c7dd7 100644 --- a/jos/17/intro.md +++ b/jos/17/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Joshua 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Manasseh's lack of faith Even though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jos/18/intro.md b/jos/18/intro.md index 1b89214860..8b8ce23f7a 100644 --- a/jos/18/intro.md +++ b/jos/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 18 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jos/19/intro.md b/jos/19/intro.md index 52b50459e5..950c55c4a6 100644 --- a/jos/19/intro.md +++ b/jos/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 19 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jos/20/intro.md b/jos/20/intro.md index a278fcf9f2..28ec70130f 100644 --- a/jos/20/intro.md +++ b/jos/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Cities of Refuge diff --git a/jos/21/intro.md b/jos/21/intro.md index 6ccf124ee9..3a17500187 100644 --- a/jos/21/intro.md +++ b/jos/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 21 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/jos/22/intro.md b/jos/22/intro.md index fdc67bfa0b..261578f45f 100644 --- a/jos/22/intro.md +++ b/jos/22/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Joshua 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument diff --git a/jos/23/intro.md b/jos/23/intro.md index 1a4e4a3440..6d06cfad8f 100644 --- a/jos/23/intro.md +++ b/jos/23/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Joshua's final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24) diff --git a/jos/24/intro.md b/jos/24/intro.md index 8834664d3d..ea235f61e3 100644 --- a/jos/24/intro.md +++ b/jos/24/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joshua 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Joshua's instructions In this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua's instructions. diff --git a/jos/front/intro.md b/jos/front/intro.md index 1c59bb62db..d8d1360ff8 100644 --- a/jos/front/intro.md +++ b/jos/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Joshua +### Outline of the Book of Joshua 1. Conquest of the land of Canaan (1:1–12:24) - Preparation for conquest; spies; crossing the Jordan River (1:1–5:1) @@ -12,35 +12,35 @@ 1. Settlement in the Promised Land; division of the land (13:1–22:34) 1. Joshua's final days (23:1–24:33) -#### What is the Book of Joshua about? +### What is the Book of Joshua about? The Book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the Promised Land. Joshua was the leader that replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought the people living in the Promised Land. This book also tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has the title "Joshua" because Joshua leads the people of Israel after Moses dies. Translators may create a title such as "The Book About When Joshua Led Israel." Translators should avoid a title that suggests Joshua as the writer of the book. -#### Who wrote the Book of Joshua? +### Who wrote the Book of Joshua? The book does not tell who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, Jews have thought that Joshua wrote most of the book. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events? +### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events? In the ancient Near East, people assumed that gods caused world events to happen in a certain way. The Book of Joshua has some similarities with this view, but there are important differences. The events in the Book of Joshua occurred because Yahweh promised the Israelites that he would give them the Promised Land. What happened also depended on whether or not the Israelites obeyed Yahweh. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? +### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? This phrase was used by the writer to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression to readers that "to this day" means "to the present day." The translator might decide to say "to this day, at the time when this was being written," or "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9; 6:25; 7:26; 8:28, 29; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10. -#### What does the phrase "all Israel" mean? +### What does the phrase "all Israel" mean? This phrase appears many times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every person in the nation of Israel. At times it means the Israelite army. At other times it means the representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel. -#### When should Joshua be translated? +### When should Joshua be translated? The Book of Joshua should probably not be translated before Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events of Joshua will not be understood without the information in these previous books. diff --git a/jud/front/intro.md b/jud/front/intro.md index 31b0b2ae96..384d80316d 100644 --- a/jud/front/intro.md +++ b/jud/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Jude +### Outline of the Book of Jude 1. Introduction (1:1-2) 1. Warning against false teachers (1:3-4) @@ -10,21 +10,21 @@ 1. Proper response (1:17-23) 1. Praises to God (1:24-25) -#### Who wrote the Book of Jude? +### Who wrote the Book of Jude? The author identified himself as Jude the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church. -#### What is the Book of Jude about? +### What is the Book of Jude about? Jude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Peter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Jude." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Letter from Jude" or "The Letter Jude Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who were the people Jude spoke against? +### Who were the people Jude spoke against? It is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same. diff --git a/lam/01/intro.md b/lam/01/intro.md index 585fd62562..3e9a8e0928 100644 --- a/lam/01/intro.md +++ b/lam/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Lamentations 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Judah destroyed for her sin diff --git a/lam/02/intro.md b/lam/02/intro.md index 63b53deabf..a1d9e1edf3 100644 --- a/lam/02/intro.md +++ b/lam/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Lamentations 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting God has become Judah's enemy. He is determined to destroy them. diff --git a/lam/03/intro.md b/lam/03/intro.md index dcb9d5c398..8cf991c1d0 100644 --- a/lam/03/intro.md +++ b/lam/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Lamentations 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Troubles diff --git a/lam/04/intro.md b/lam/04/intro.md index 21fecc6447..7417812627 100644 --- a/lam/04/intro.md +++ b/lam/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Lamentations 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Judah being destroyed continues in this chapter. Famine destroyed the rulers and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/lam/05/intro.md b/lam/05/intro.md index 50a45e3882..07a182e58f 100644 --- a/lam/05/intro.md +++ b/lam/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Lamentations 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Judah was destroyed for her sin. As slaves, life was very hard. The author wondered if God would be angry forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) diff --git a/lam/front/intro.md b/lam/front/intro.md index a47170ebb2..9eca085fb1 100644 --- a/lam/front/intro.md +++ b/lam/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Lamentations +### Outline of the Book of Lamentations 1. First lament: Yahweh and his people have abandoned Jerusalem (1:1–22) 1. Second lament: Yahweh was angry with Jerusalem and caused it to be destroyed (2:1–22) @@ -17,40 +17,40 @@ - Edom will be punished also (4:22b) 1. Fifth lament: The broken nation cries out to Yahweh (5:1–22) -#### What is the Book of Lamentations about? +### What is the Book of Lamentations about? The Babylonians captured the city of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. In the Book of Lamentations, the writer grieves over Jerusalem being destroyed. The Book of Lamentations is organized into five poems. The writer describes how God allowed Jerusalem to be destroyed because the people sinned against him. However, the writer also states that God is always loving and faithful to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Lamentations? +### Who wrote the Book of Lamentations? The text of Lamentations does not give the name of the author. The traditional view is that Jeremiah wrote it. The writer seems to have personally seen Jerusalem destroyed. The serious and grieving words in the Book of Jeremiah are similar to those in the Book of Lamentations. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may use the traditional title of "Lamentations." Or they may call the book "Poems of Sadness." If translators want to take the view that the prophet Jeremiah wrote this book, they might decide on a title such as "The Sad Sayings of Jeremiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did God abandon Israel? +### Did God abandon Israel? The author of Lamentations often speaks of God abandoning Israel. But this did not mean that God had completely given up on Israel. He rejected Israel for a period of time as the special place where he would be present. However, God remained faithful to what he promised Israel in his covenant. While it was common in the ancient Near East to think that a god might leave its city, it usually did so because it was too weak to defend the city. In Lamentations, Yahweh abandons Jerusalem because the people sinned against him, not because he was too weak to defend the city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### What is a funeral song? +### What is a funeral song? People groups commonly sing songs after someone dies or during a funeral. Depending on the culture, these songs can sound either happy or sad. The Book of Lamentations is like a sad song, called a "lament," sung at a funeral. Some scholars think the rhythm of the laments in Hebrew makes them sound slow like a funeral procession. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What style of writing is Lamentations? +### What style of writing is Lamentations? Lamentations is a collection of five poems. The Jewish exiles living in captivity in Babylon may have sung or chanted these laments. The Jews who remained in Jerusalem after the Babylonians conquered it may also have sung them. In Chapters 1, 2, and 4, each line of the poem begins with a different Hebrew letter, in the order of the Hebrew alphabet. The third chapter repeats three lines starting with the same letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The next three lines begin with next letter in the Hebrew alphabet. -#### Who are the woman and the man in Lamentations? +### Who are the woman and the man in Lamentations? The author uses the image of an abandoned woman and a persecuted man to represent Judah and Jerusalem. He uses this type of personification to help readers understand the pain and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/lev/01/intro.md b/lev/01/intro.md index df1107000c..681b08f7c7 100644 --- a/lev/01/intro.md +++ b/lev/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In Hebrew, this chapter begins with the word "and" indicating a connection with the previous book (Exodus). The first five books of the Bible should be seen as a single unit. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Atonement In order to offer a sacrifice for the people, the priest first had to make an atonement for himself, in order to make himself clean. Only then would he be clean and be allowed to perform a sacrifice. These sacrificed animals had to be perfect, the best of all of the animals. A person was not allowed to bring an inferior animal to be sacrificed to Yahweh. These sacrifices also had to be offered in a very specific way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/lev/02/intro.md b/lev/02/intro.md index e30d72f248..84a8baa8c5 100644 --- a/lev/02/intro.md +++ b/lev/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions about how to make a grain offering. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yeast Yeast is connected to the events of the Passover. Any prohibition of yeast may be connected to the original Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) diff --git a/lev/03/intro.md b/lev/03/intro.md index 90b281ccfa..f97e7b7b48 100644 --- a/lev/03/intro.md +++ b/lev/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a fellowship offering. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fat The fat of the animal was considered the best part of the animal to eat. Therefore, this belonged to Yahweh. This is why the Israelites were not allowed to consume it. diff --git a/lev/04/intro.md b/lev/04/intro.md index e042682f61..41a33ca62e 100644 --- a/lev/04/intro.md +++ b/lev/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions on how to offer a sacrifice for unintentional sins. This is known as a sin offering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Unintentional sins Many scholars have taken special note that all of the sacrifices concern sins that are unintentional and that no provision is offered for sins intentionally committed. Many have suggested that it is only the sacrifice of Jesus's life that can be offered for these sins. Many also believe that this offering parallels the sacrifice of Jesus. diff --git a/lev/05/intro.md b/lev/05/intro.md index f55ebf793a..b62ef03813 100644 --- a/lev/05/intro.md +++ b/lev/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a specific type of sacrifice. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Not testifying If a person saw a crime, or a wrong being done, they were required to be a witness about what they saw or heard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) diff --git a/lev/06/intro.md b/lev/06/intro.md index b7bedc44de..5845a8b67f 100644 --- a/lev/06/intro.md +++ b/lev/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, burnt offerings, and grain offerings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Eating sacrifices The Levites were allowed to eat some of the leftover parts of the sacrifice, while they were not allowed to eat other sacrifices. The reasons for this is unknown. diff --git a/lev/07/intro.md b/lev/07/intro.md index 9e4d956ddf..fbdd4a5e46 100644 --- a/lev/07/intro.md +++ b/lev/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, peace offerings and freewill offerings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blood The people were not allowed to eat or drink the blood of the sacrificed meat because life was considered to be in the blood of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [Leviticus 17:11](../../lev/17/11.md)) diff --git a/lev/08/intro.md b/lev/08/intro.md index 5d80dc80c6..35c845d94e 100644 --- a/lev/08/intro.md +++ b/lev/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Moses set apart, or consecrated, the sons of Aaron to be priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) diff --git a/lev/09/intro.md b/lev/09/intro.md index 16b82a68d7..95a4776eae 100644 --- a/lev/09/intro.md +++ b/lev/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Leviticus 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Aaron begins to function as the high priest in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Following Yahweh's instructions Great care is taken to show that Aaron perfectly followed Yahweh's instructions. Moses records every detail to show how Aaron correctly followed Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Fire came out from Yahweh" Aaron did not create the fire that consumed his sacrifice. Instead, Yahweh miraculously began the fire which consumed the sacrifice. This showed that the sacrifice was acceptable to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) diff --git a/lev/10/intro.md b/lev/10/intro.md index 5871217b25..f319d75971 100644 --- a/lev/10/intro.md +++ b/lev/10/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Leviticus 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 10:3. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Mourning Aaron was told that he and his remaining sons should not mourn Aaron's sons who were killed. As priests, they must put priestly work first, before their mourning and personal problems. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Unapproved fire" The phrase "unapproved fire " indicates that Aaron's son offered an unacceptable sacrifice. Because of Yahweh's holiness, this was a serious sin. They may have offered a sacrifice at the wrong time or in the wrong way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/lev/11/intro.md b/lev/11/intro.md index a427320dee..beb19817dd 100644 --- a/lev/11/intro.md +++ b/lev/11/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Laws about food diff --git a/lev/12/intro.md b/lev/12/intro.md index c5a235b28f..8aed91f6ba 100644 --- a/lev/12/intro.md +++ b/lev/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Menstruation diff --git a/lev/13/intro.md b/lev/13/intro.md index 36b9228cf1..4993a86213 100644 --- a/lev/13/intro.md +++ b/lev/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Skin disease diff --git a/lev/14/intro.md b/lev/14/intro.md index 9c02374eec..3f39615051 100644 --- a/lev/14/intro.md +++ b/lev/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Leviticus 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Skin disease and mildew diff --git a/lev/15/intro.md b/lev/15/intro.md index 02115f5b6f..a976f31549 100644 --- a/lev/15/intro.md +++ b/lev/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Bodily fluid This chapter discusses fluids that come out of the body. These fluids caused a person to be unclean because of their potential to cause diseases. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/lev/16/intro.md b/lev/16/intro.md index 4eaa495386..9753010bf5 100644 --- a/lev/16/intro.md +++ b/lev/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Holiness Because Yahweh is holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. This could only happen on a specific day, by a specific person, and only after they offered the proper sacrifice to make themselves clean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/lev/17/intro.md b/lev/17/intro.md index 24cf4d303a..50dde3df62 100644 --- a/lev/17/intro.md +++ b/lev/17/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Leviticus 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sacrifices Sacrifices could only be offered by the priests at the temple. Any other sacrifice was strictly prohibited. This was probably intended to ensure that the people were only offering sacrifices to Yahweh and not to another god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The life of each creature is its blood" It is unclear why the life is described as being in the blood. It is possible that diseases were more common in the blood and this is why it was prohibited. Blood is also necessary for life to continue in a creature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) diff --git a/lev/18/intro.md b/lev/18/intro.md index b70a55e0ab..a898ce9561 100644 --- a/lev/18/intro.md +++ b/lev/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Uncovering nakedness diff --git a/lev/19/intro.md b/lev/19/intro.md index 591fcf50b8..1146584e86 100644 --- a/lev/19/intro.md +++ b/lev/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Obeying Yahweh diff --git a/lev/20/intro.md b/lev/20/intro.md index d5cb978e65..cb80fae254 100644 --- a/lev/20/intro.md +++ b/lev/20/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Leviticus 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Punishments for serious sins This chapter compiles a list of serious sins. The most serious sins are punished by death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### See each other's nakedness diff --git a/lev/21/intro.md b/lev/21/intro.md index 1d9054e0a7..8222f1a589 100644 --- a/lev/21/intro.md +++ b/lev/21/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Priests must be holy diff --git a/lev/22/intro.md b/lev/22/intro.md index dde01f92e5..c3150ad437 100644 --- a/lev/22/intro.md +++ b/lev/22/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Holy things diff --git a/lev/23/intro.md b/lev/23/intro.md index 35ae1ec0d4..b80658f5f7 100644 --- a/lev/23/intro.md +++ b/lev/23/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### The feasts The people should celebrate the Sabbath, the Passover, the Feast of First Fruits, the Feast of Weeks, the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement and the Feast of Booths. These feasts were important for the religious life of Israel. They were a part of proper worship of Yahweh and the identity of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) diff --git a/lev/24/intro.md b/lev/24/intro.md index a540206a31..9d46a1b391 100644 --- a/lev/24/intro.md +++ b/lev/24/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Cursing God diff --git a/lev/25/intro.md b/lev/25/intro.md index 9a0275957f..537d554576 100644 --- a/lev/25/intro.md +++ b/lev/25/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Over-farming There is a provision made in this chapter to prevent over-farming of the land. If a land is farmed every year with the same crops, it will quickly become unable to grow anything. diff --git a/lev/26/intro.md b/lev/26/intro.md index 9110c966fb..c76d955748 100644 --- a/lev/26/intro.md +++ b/lev/26/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Worship only Yahweh diff --git a/lev/27/intro.md b/lev/27/intro.md index e26cc3d025..90585c5827 100644 --- a/lev/27/intro.md +++ b/lev/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Leviticus 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Dedicated to Yahweh diff --git a/lev/front/intro.md b/lev/front/intro.md index f39dc9ef5a..3d3bc60ec9 100644 --- a/lev/front/intro.md +++ b/lev/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Leviticus +### Outline of Leviticus 1. Instructions to the Israelites about offerings (1:1–6:7) - Burnt offerings (1:1–17) @@ -34,19 +34,19 @@ 1. Blessing for obeying and curses for not obeying (26:1–46) 1. Gifts to God (27:1–34) -#### What is the book of Leviticus about? +### What is the book of Leviticus about? In the Book of Leviticus, God continues to give laws through Moses to the people of Israel. The people were to obey all of these laws to honor their covenant with God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? "Leviticus" means "about the Levites." The Levites were the tribe of Israel that provided priests and other workers in the tabernacle. If the people in the project language do not understand the term "Levites," you can call it "The Book about the Priests" or "The Book about the Tabernacle Workers." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the book of Leviticus? +### Who wrote the book of Leviticus? The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Leviticus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. -#### What is the meaning of "holy" and "holiness" in the book of Leviticus? +### What is the meaning of "holy" and "holiness" in the book of Leviticus? These terms concern separating someone or something from the rest of the people, from the world, or from ordinary use. God separated these people or things so they would belong only to him. The people were to consider the places for worshiping God or for honoring him in any way as separate. The people could not use them for anything else. God required the Israelites to live in a certain way in order to live as a nation belonging to him alone. @@ -60,31 +60,31 @@ It is important to know that not all unclean things or conditions were sinful. F Because God does not sin, the terms "holy" and "holiness" often suggest this same idea. Something belonging to God is holy. Because people must respect God, they must respect the things that belong to him. -#### What are the important narrative features of Leviticus? +### What are the important narrative features of Leviticus? On seventeen occasions, the phrase "The Lord said to Moses" (and sometimes Aaron) is often used to begin paragraphs. God and Moses frequently spoke to others. The verb "speak" is used thirty-eight times. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did the Israelites need so many rules about sacrificing animals? +### Why did the Israelites need so many rules about sacrificing animals? Leviticus shows that God is holy. That means God is very different from humanity and the rest of the created world. God does not sin. Because of this, it is impossible to be acceptable to him without being "cleansed." The many kinds of sacrifices were meant to make people and things acceptable to God. However, the people had to continue making animal sacrifices so that they would continue to be acceptable to God. This was a sign that pointed to a need for a better sacrifice. They needed a sacrifice that would cause them to be acceptable to God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Why was the priesthood important in the book of Leviticus? +### Why was the priesthood important in the book of Leviticus? Priests were individuals who went to God on behalf of the people. God authorized the priests to bring the Israelite's sacrifices to himself. -#### How did the Israelite's rules for worshiping God and sacrificing animals differ from the other nations at that time? +### How did the Israelite's rules for worshiping God and sacrificing animals differ from the other nations at that time? It was common for other nations to sacrifice animals to their idols. But, the other nations did other things to worship their false gods. For instance, people would sleep with prostitutes at the temple of their gods. They did this to try to persuade their gods to bless their land with the ability to grow crops. Also, people of other nations would sometimes offer human sacrifices to their gods. The God of Israel did not allow his people to do these kinds of things. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What important symbols are introduced in Leviticus? +### What important symbols are introduced in Leviticus? Oil was poured on someone or something meant to be set apart for Yahweh. Water was used to symbolize the cleansing of someone or something so God could accept them. Blood was also used to cleanse and purify people and things. This is because blood represented life that needed to be shed in order for God to forgive people for sinning. -#### Why do many sections begin with the phrase "Yahweh said to Moses?" +### Why do many sections begin with the phrase "Yahweh said to Moses?" This phrase shows the reader that these rules come from God and must be obeyed. You could also translate this as "God told Moses." diff --git a/luk/01/intro.md b/luk/01/intro.md index 25d0b094e1..6c49264863 100644 --- a/luk/01/intro.md +++ b/luk/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Luke 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:46-55, 68-79. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "He will be called John" Most people in the ancient Near East would give a child the same name as someone in their family. People were surprised that Elizabeth and Zechariah named their son John, because there was no one else in their family with that name. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter Luke's language is simple and straightforward. He does not use many figures of speech. diff --git a/luk/02/intro.md b/luk/02/intro.md index 15364c0fe4..f41d43f9f1 100644 --- a/luk/02/intro.md +++ b/luk/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:14, 29-32. diff --git a/luk/03/intro.md b/luk/03/intro.md index 9377bafc8b..7a81ab83c7 100644 --- a/luk/03/intro.md +++ b/luk/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:4-6, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice John's instructions to the soldiers and tax collectors in this chapter are not complicated. They are things that should have been obvious to them. He instructed them to live justly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [Luke 3:12-15](./12.md)) @@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ John's instructions to the soldiers and tax collectors in this chapter are not c ##### Genealogy A genealogy is a list which records a person's ancestors or descendants. Such lists were very important in determining who had the right be king, because the king's authority was usually passed down or inherited from his father. It was also common for other important people to have a recorded genealogy. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Prophecy often involves the use of metaphors to express its meaning. Spiritual discernment is needed for proper interpretation of the prophecy. The prophecy of Isaiah is an extended metaphor describing the ministry of John the Baptist ([Luke 3:4-6](./04.md)). Translation is difficult. It is suggested that the translator treat each line of the ULB as a separate metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "(Herod) had John locked up in prison" This event can cause confusion because the author says John was imprisoned and then says he was baptizing Jesus. The author probably uses this phrase in anticipation of Herod's imprisonment of John. This would mean that this statement is still in the future at the time of the narrative. diff --git a/luk/04/intro.md b/luk/04/intro.md index c134cd2160..c0073d698e 100644 --- a/luk/04/intro.md +++ b/luk/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:10-11, 18-19, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Jesus was tempted by the devil While it is true that the devil sincerely believed that he could persuade Jesus to obey him, it is important not to imply that Jesus actually ever really wanted to obey him. diff --git a/luk/05/intro.md b/luk/05/intro.md index bc09b63968..a195c0e89c 100644 --- a/luk/05/intro.md +++ b/luk/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "You will catch men" @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ When the people of Jesus's time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about peop People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Irony Jesus uses irony to condemn the Pharisees. This passage includes "people in good health" and "righteous people." This does not mean that there are people who do not need Jesus. There are no "righteous people." Everybody needs Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [Luke 5:31-32](./31.md)) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Implicit information diff --git a/luk/06/intro.md b/luk/06/intro.md index c4f9dbf7df..cba92f0972 100644 --- a/luk/06/intro.md +++ b/luk/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Luke 6:20-49 contains many blessings and woes that appear to correspond to Matthew 5-7. This part of Matthew has traditionally been called the "Sermon on the Mount." In Luke, they are not as connected to a teaching on the kingdom of God as they are in Matthew's gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Eating the grain" @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ When the disciples plucked and ate the grain in a field they were walking throug The Pharisees did not think the disciples were stealing. That is because the law of Moses required farmers to allow travelers to pluck and eat small amounts of grain from plants in fields they traveled through or near. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible Rhetorical questions are questions to which the speaker already knows the answer. The Pharisees scolded Jesus by asking him a rhetorical question when they thought he was breaking the Sabbath ([Luke 6:2](../../luk/06/02.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Implicit information diff --git a/luk/07/intro.md b/luk/07/intro.md index c48348fe6c..6057c7cc05 100644 --- a/luk/07/intro.md +++ b/luk/07/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Luke 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 7:27. Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. You should not try to make these rough changes smooth. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Centurion @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Luke refers to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders considered the The feet of the people in the ancient Near East were very dirty because they wore sandals and the roads and trails were dusty and muddy. Only slaves washed other people's feet. The woman who washed Jesus's feet was showing him great honor. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/luk/08/intro.md b/luk/08/intro.md index 6971230136..6af6275967 100644 --- a/luk/08/intro.md +++ b/luk/08/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Luke 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. You should not try to make these rough changes smooth. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Miracles Jesus made a storm stop by speaking to it, he made a dead girl alive by speaking to her, and he made evil spirits leave a man by speaking to them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Parables diff --git a/luk/09/intro.md b/luk/09/intro.md index b0a784a97f..af6190c5af 100644 --- a/luk/09/intro.md +++ b/luk/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "To preach the kingdom of God" @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The term "kingdom of God" is used in this chapter to refer to a kingdom that was Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Luke says in this chapter that Jesus's clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/luk/10/intro.md b/luk/10/intro.md index 94f5bcdb8d..f7dc0e2ee6 100644 --- a/luk/10/intro.md +++ b/luk/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Harvest diff --git a/luk/11/intro.md b/luk/11/intro.md index 3a3c3fe719..e4f8b1a8da 100644 --- a/luk/11/intro.md +++ b/luk/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 11:2-4 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a special prayer. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Lord's Prayer diff --git a/luk/12/intro.md b/luk/12/intro.md index e1a24db560..9cf3d23716 100644 --- a/luk/12/intro.md +++ b/luk/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ God expects his people to remember that everything in the world belongs to God. Jesus knew that those who did not choose to follow him would hate those who did choose to follow him. He also knew that most people love their families more than they love anyone else. So he wanted his followers to understand that following and pleasing him had to be more important to them than having their family love them ([Luke 12:51-56](./51.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/luk/13/intro.md b/luk/13/intro.md index 7887f525ef..356d02ec65 100644 --- a/luk/13/intro.md +++ b/luk/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 13 General Notes -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Unknown events diff --git a/luk/14/intro.md b/luk/14/intro.md index 1e19007b2a..a38c1bbcec 100644 --- a/luk/14/intro.md +++ b/luk/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Verse 3 says, "Jesus asked the experts in the Jewish law and the Pharisees, 'Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not?'" Many times, the Pharisees got angry with Jesus for healing on the Sabbath. In this passage, Jesus dumbfounds the Pharisees. It was normally the Pharisees who tried to trap Jesus. @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Verse 3 says, "Jesus asked the experts in the Jewish law and the Pharisees, 'Is Many times in this chapter Luke changes from one subject to another without marking the changes. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Parable Jesus told the parable in [Luke 14:15-24](./15.md) to teach that the kingdom of God will be something that everyone can enjoy. But people will refuse to be part of it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/luk/15/intro.md b/luk/15/intro.md index df6eb0051c..c381ea6a0d 100644 --- a/luk/15/intro.md +++ b/luk/15/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Luke 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### The parable of the prodigal son [Luke 15:11-32](./11.md) is the parable of the prodigal son. Most people think that the father in the story represents God (the Father), the sinful younger son represents those who repent and come to faith in Jesus, and the self-righteous older son represents the Pharisees. In the story the older son becomes angry at the father because the father has forgiven the younger son's sins, and he will not go into the party the father has thrown because the younger son has repented. Jesus includes the part of the story about the older brother because he knows that the Pharisees want God to think only they are good and to not forgive other people's sins. He is teaching them that they will never be part of God's kingdom because they think that way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parables]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sinners diff --git a/luk/17/intro.md b/luk/17/intro.md index 68ecfc5d3d..ff19b693dc 100644 --- a/luk/17/intro.md +++ b/luk/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Old Testament Examples @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Jesus used the lives of Noah and of Lot to teach his followers. Noah was ready f Those who read your translation may need help so they can understand what Jesus was teaching here. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Jesus asked his disciples three questions ([Luke 17:7-9](./07.md)) to teach them that even those who serve him well are righteous only because of his grace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/luk/18/intro.md b/luk/18/intro.md index b157be0cc8..922fb3037c 100644 --- a/luk/18/intro.md +++ b/luk/18/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Jesus told two parables ([Luke 18:1-8](./01.md) and [Luke 18:9-14](./09.md)) and then taught that his followers were to be humble ([Luke 18:15-17](./15.md)), to use everything they owned to help the poor ([Luke 18:18-30](./18.md)), and to expect him to die soon ([Luke 18:31-34](./31.md)). Then they all began to walk to Jerusalem, and Jesus healed a blind man ([Luke 18:35-43](./35.md)). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Judges @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ People expected judges always to do what God said was right and to make sure tha The Pharisees thought that they themselves were the best examples of righteous good people, and they thought that tax collectors were the most unrighteous sinners. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/luk/19/intro.md b/luk/19/intro.md index 96b070aa30..ec057def64 100644 --- a/luk/19/intro.md +++ b/luk/19/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting After Jesus helped a man named Zacchaeus repent of his sins ([Luke 19:1-10](./01.md)), he taught his followers that when he would begin to rule as king they would need to tell them what they had done with the things he had given them to take care of ([Luke 19:11-27](./11.md)). He did this by telling them a parable. After that, he rode into Jerusalem on a colt ([Luke 19:28-48](./28.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parables]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Sinner" The Pharisees referred to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders thought these people were sinful, but in reality the leaders were also sinful. This can be taken as irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) diff --git a/luk/20/intro.md b/luk/20/intro.md index b5e1b05734..9bb6699665 100644 --- a/luk/20/intro.md +++ b/luk/20/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Luke 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 20:17, 42-43, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Using questions to trap people When Jesus asked the Pharisees who gave John the authority to baptize ([Luke 20:4](../../luk/20/04.md)), they could not answer because any answer they gave would give someone a reason to say that they were wrong ([Luke 20:5-6](./05.md)). They thought that they would be able to say that Jesus was wrong when they asked him if people should pay taxes to Caesar ([Luke 20:22](../../luk/20/22.md)), but Jesus gave them an answer that they had not thought of. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/luk/21/intro.md b/luk/21/intro.md index 483e6c4b80..0736cd834e 100644 --- a/luk/21/intro.md +++ b/luk/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Jesus told his disciples much about what would happen before he returned. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "For many will come in my name, saying, 'I am he,'" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Jesus taught that before he returned many people would falsely claim to be him r The Jews spoke of the time between when the Babylonians forced their ancestors to go to Babylon and the time when the Messiah would come as "the times of the Gentiles," the time when the Gentiles would rule over the Jews. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/luk/22/intro.md b/luk/22/intro.md index db3b90fbb9..4a59a599d5 100644 --- a/luk/22/intro.md +++ b/luk/22/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The eating of the body and blood @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Some people think that Jesus established the new covenant during the supper. Others think he established it after he went up to heaven. Others think it will not be established until Jesus comes again. Your translation should say no more about this than the ULB does. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/luk/23/intro.md b/luk/23/intro.md index cbbf3072de..04a9bd8124 100644 --- a/luk/23/intro.md +++ b/luk/23/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Luke 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the last line of this chapter apart because it is more connected with chapter 24 than with chapter 23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Accuse @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Luke 23:53](../../luk/23/53.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "I find no fault in this man" diff --git a/luk/24/intro.md b/luk/24/intro.md index 07edd37604..c57d3d9105 100644 --- a/luk/24/intro.md +++ b/luk/24/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Luke 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tomb @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Most of Luke's original readers would have thought of women as less important th Luke wants his readers to understand that Jesus came alive again in a physical body ([Luke 24:38-43](./38.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Son of Man" diff --git a/luk/front/intro.md b/luk/front/intro.md index 4d1a5db092..2ef1c71d81 100644 --- a/luk/front/intro.md +++ b/luk/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Luke +### Outline of the Book of Luke 1. Introduction and purpose for writing (1:1-4) 1. Birth of Jesus and his preparation for his ministry (1:5-4:13) @@ -17,15 +17,15 @@ 1. Jesus's teaching about his second coming (21:5-36) 1. Jesus's death, burial, and resurrection (22:1-24:53) -#### What is the Gospel of Luke about? +### What is the Gospel of Luke about? The Gospel of Luke is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Luke wrote his gospel for a person named Theophilus. Luke wrote an accurate description of the life of Jesus so that Theophilus would be certain of what is true. However, Luke expected the gospel to encourage all believers, not just Theophilus. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Luke" or "The Gospel according to Luke." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, for example, "The Good News about Jesus that Luke wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Luke? +### Who wrote the Book of Luke? This book does not give the name of the author. The same person who wrote this book also wrote the Book of Acts. In parts of the Book of Acts, the author uses the word "we." This indicates that the author traveled with Paul. Most scholars think that Luke was this person traveling with Paul. Therefore, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought Luke was the author of both the Book of Luke and the Book of Acts. @@ -33,23 +33,23 @@ Luke was a medical doctor. His way of writing shows that he was an educated man. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are the roles of women in the Gospel of Luke? +### What are the roles of women in the Gospel of Luke? Luke described women in a very positive way in his gospel. For example, he often showed women being more faithful to God than most men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Why does Luke write so much about the final week of Jesus's life? +### Why does Luke write so much about the final week of Jesus's life? Luke wrote much about Jesus's final week. He wanted his readers to think deeply about Jesus's final week and his death on the cross. He wanted people to understand that Jesus willingly died on the cross so that God could forgive them for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? +### What are the Synoptic Gospels? The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together." The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible. -#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? +### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? In the gospels, Jesus called himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Jews of Jesus's time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Luke? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Luke? The following verses are not in the earliest manuscripts. The ULB and UDB include these verses, but some other versions do not. diff --git a/mal/01/intro.md b/mal/01/intro.md index 70659b1941..1fa1db71e0 100644 --- a/mal/01/intro.md +++ b/mal/01/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Malachi 01 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh of hosts This is an important title used in this chapter. It reminds the reader of the great power Yahweh has to punish the nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. They all have a rather dramatic effect. They increase the emotional connotations of what is being said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/mal/02/intro.md b/mal/02/intro.md index 841c219c85..bcc9ac5507 100644 --- a/mal/02/intro.md +++ b/mal/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Malachi 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Levites The priests are given a strong warning in this chapter. They have not followed the law of Moses and have led the people in the wrong direction. Yahweh has not accepted their sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) diff --git a/mal/03/intro.md b/mal/03/intro.md index e419216cb9..283575f0ae 100644 --- a/mal/03/intro.md +++ b/mal/03/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Malachi 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Messiah There are several prophecies in this chapter concerning the Messiah and the one who comes before the Messiah. At times, this chapter switches between prophesying about the first coming of the Messiah and the second coming of the Messiah without formal divisions between them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Several rhetorical questions are used in this chapter to convince the reader of the truth of what he is saying and of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/mal/04/intro.md b/mal/04/intro.md index f1c6c57c4f..cab67ddbd5 100644 --- a/mal/04/intro.md +++ b/mal/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Malachi 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Last days Although the Jews may have hoped these prophecies referenced a time in the near future to them, the prophecies of this chapter exclusively relate to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/mal/front/intro.md b/mal/front/intro.md index 4ff263f4b5..399bee467a 100644 --- a/mal/front/intro.md +++ b/mal/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Malachi +### Outline of Malachi 1. The word of Yahweh comes to Israel (1:1) 1. Yahweh loves Israel and rejects Esau (Edom) (1:2–5) @@ -13,21 +13,21 @@ 1. A message about those who others treated shamefully, but who were faithful to Yahweh (3:13–18) 1. Yahweh will punish the wicked and send Elijah before the "great and terrible day of Yahweh" (4:5–6) -#### What is the Book of Malachi about? +### What is the Book of Malachi about? The Book of Malachi is about the prophecies that Malachi spoke to the Jews who had returned from Babylon to Judah. At that time, the Jews were discouraged even though they had finished building a new temple. The wonderful things that previous prophets had promised for Judah had not yet happened. And the Persian Empire still ruled over them. As a result, they no longer were concerned about the law or worshiping Yahweh. Malachi rebuked them for not trusting in Yahweh. But he also promised them that Yahweh would do everything that he promised to do. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has been titled "Malachi" or "The Book of Malachi." Translators may decide to call it "The Book about Malachi" or "The Sayings of Malachi." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Malachi? +### Who wrote the Book of Malachi? The prophet Malachi wrote these messages from Yahweh to the Jews. However, since "Malachi" means "my messenger," it is possible that this was a title for this prophet. If so, we do not know his real name. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was meant by the day of Yahweh? +### What was meant by the day of Yahweh? Malachi spoke about "the day" several times. This is the same as "the day of Yahweh." In the Book of Malachi, this is the time when Yahweh would judge his people. He would remove those who wickedly sin and bless those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/mat/01/intro.md b/mat/01/intro.md index f67e1744b3..ec6e453575 100644 --- a/mat/01/intro.md +++ b/mat/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Matthew 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set a quotation from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this for the quoted material in 1:23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Genealogy A genealogy is a list that records a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could become king. Most important people had records of their genealogies. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Use of the passive voice diff --git a/mat/02/intro.md b/mat/02/intro.md index c0355cbd75..1dc6d3fec6 100644 --- a/mat/02/intro.md +++ b/mat/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Matthew 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 6 and 18, which is from the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "His star" These words probably refer to a star that the learned men believed to be the sign of a new king of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Learned men" diff --git a/mat/03/intro.md b/mat/03/intro.md index 700a93398e..b8598bc8a4 100644 --- a/mat/03/intro.md +++ b/mat/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Matthew 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in verse 3. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Bear fruit worthy of repentance" Fruit is a common picture word in the scriptures. Writers use it to describe the results of either good or bad behavior. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" diff --git a/mat/04/intro.md b/mat/04/intro.md index afe99daef8..45202254a1 100644 --- a/mat/04/intro.md +++ b/mat/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 6, 15 and 16, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "the kingdom of heaven has come near" diff --git a/mat/05/intro.md b/mat/05/intro.md index a24f818693..6c5c9f7e90 100644 --- a/mat/05/intro.md +++ b/mat/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Matthew 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Many people call the words in Matthew 5-7 the Sermon on the Mount. This is one long lesson that Jesus taught. Bibles divide this lesson into three chapters, but this can sometimes confuse the reader. If your translation divides the text into sections, be sure that the reader understands that the whole sermon is one large section. @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Matthew 5:3-10, known as The Beatitudes or as The Blessings, has been set apart Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "His disciples" diff --git a/mat/06/intro.md b/mat/06/intro.md index 01bc30d901..509e277116 100644 --- a/mat/06/intro.md +++ b/mat/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Matthew 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Matthew 6 continues Jesus's extended teaching known as "The Sermon on the Mount." diff --git a/mat/07/intro.md b/mat/07/intro.md index b36d9004c1..ae45c8cbe9 100644 --- a/mat/07/intro.md +++ b/mat/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Matthew 5-7 diff --git a/mat/08/intro.md b/mat/08/intro.md index 0fbb7bcd00..edffc951f9 100644 --- a/mat/08/intro.md +++ b/mat/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a new section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Miracles diff --git a/mat/09/intro.md b/mat/09/intro.md index 2760c11aec..addb2f34d0 100644 --- a/mat/09/intro.md +++ b/mat/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Matthew 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Sinners" When the people of Jesus's time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Passive voice diff --git a/mat/10/intro.md b/mat/10/intro.md index aea9feb1bd..afc5df9f95 100644 --- a/mat/10/intro.md +++ b/mat/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Matthew 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The sending of the twelve disciples Many verses in this chapter describe how Jesus sent the twelve disciples out. He sent them to tell his message about the kingdom of heaven. They were to tell his message only in Israel and not to share it with the Gentiles. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The twelve disciples diff --git a/mat/11/intro.md b/mat/11/intro.md index 4e21ab172f..385d659a17 100644 --- a/mat/11/intro.md +++ b/mat/11/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Matthew 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 11:10. Some scholars believe that [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md) begins a new stage in the ministry of Christ because of Israel's rejection of him. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hidden revelation After [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md) Jesus begins to reveal information about himself and about the plans of God the Father, while hiding this information from those who reject him ([Matthew 11:25](../../mat/11/25.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" diff --git a/mat/12/intro.md b/mat/12/intro.md index 44d240e3e3..cbda66f0da 100644 --- a/mat/12/intro.md +++ b/mat/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:18-21, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Sabbath diff --git a/mat/13/intro.md b/mat/13/intro.md index 44490f8ff9..86f655cef7 100644 --- a/mat/13/intro.md +++ b/mat/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Matthew 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:14-15, which is from the Old Testament. This chapter begins a new section. It contains some of Jesus's parables about the kingdom of heaven. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metonymy @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already underst Speakers often use words for things that can be touched to speak of things that cannot be touched. Jesus spoke of a bird eating a seed to describe how Satan kept people from understanding Jesus's message ([Matthew 13:19](../../mat/13/19.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Passive voice diff --git a/mat/14/intro.md b/mat/14/intro.md index cfa7dbee1c..5c90316dfe 100644 --- a/mat/14/intro.md +++ b/mat/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Verses 1 and 2 continue the account from chapter 13. Verses 3-12 stop the account and speak of things that happened earlier, possibly soon after Satan tempted Jesus (see [Matthew 4:12](../../mat/04/12.md)). Verse 13 continues the account from verse 2. Be sure to have words in verses 3-12 that tell the reader that Matthew has stopped his account to give new information before he continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background]]) -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Passive voice diff --git a/mat/15/intro.md b/mat/15/intro.md index d07e27d77c..869236e1f5 100644 --- a/mat/15/intro.md +++ b/mat/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:8-9, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The "traditions of the elders" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The "traditions of the elders" were oral laws that the Jewish religious leaders The Jews of Jesus's time thought that only Jews could please God by the way they lived. Jesus healed a Canaanite Gentile woman's daughter to show his followers that he would accept both Jews and Gentiles as his people. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Sheep diff --git a/mat/16/intro.md b/mat/16/intro.md index 34f8e2000f..bb9b051fbc 100644 --- a/mat/16/intro.md +++ b/mat/16/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Matthew 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yeast Jesus spoke of the way people thought about God as if it were bread, and he spoke of what people taught about God as if it were the yeast that makes bread dough become larger and the baked bread taste good. He did not want his followers to listen to what the Pharisees and Sadducees taught. This was because if they did listen, they would not understand who God is and how he wants his people to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Jesus told his people to obey his commands. He did this by telling them to "follow" him. It is as if he were walking on a path and they were walking after him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Background information diff --git a/mat/17/intro.md b/mat/17/intro.md index c562adc9e8..42411b80aa 100644 --- a/mat/17/intro.md +++ b/mat/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Matthew 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Elijah diff --git a/mat/18/intro.md b/mat/18/intro.md index fd2cbef5ea..9e0f6cdfee 100644 --- a/mat/18/intro.md +++ b/mat/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Matthew 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### What should Jesus's followers do when other followers sin against them? diff --git a/mat/19/intro.md b/mat/19/intro.md index cfd0453276..50ae199683 100644 --- a/mat/19/intro.md +++ b/mat/19/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Matthew 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Divorce Jesus taught about divorce because the Pharisees wanted people to think Jesus's teachings about divorce were wrong ([Matthew 19:3-12](./03.md)). Jesus talked about what God had first said about marriage when he created it. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metonymy diff --git a/mat/20/intro.md b/mat/20/intro.md index fa62fe0c42..e1d8d93300 100644 --- a/mat/20/intro.md +++ b/mat/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Matthew 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The parable of the landowner and his vineyard diff --git a/mat/21/intro.md b/mat/21/intro.md index 4b79cdc222..60f6761a46 100644 --- a/mat/21/intro.md +++ b/mat/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:5,16 and 42, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The donkey and the colt @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote This is what the people shouted to welcome Jesus into Jerusalem. This word means "save us," but people used it to praise God. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The kingdom of God will be taken away from you" diff --git a/mat/22/intro.md b/mat/22/intro.md index c49967b10b..40cb96a410 100644 --- a/mat/22/intro.md +++ b/mat/22/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Matthew 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 44, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wedding Feast In the parable of the wedding feast ([Matthew 22:1-14](./01.md)), Jesus taught that when God offers to save a person, that person needs to accept the offer. Jesus spoke of life with God as a feast that a king prepares for his son, who has just gotten married. In addition, Jesus emphasized that not everyone whom God invites will properly prepare themselves to come to the feast. God will throw these people out from the feast. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Implicit information diff --git a/mat/23/intro.md b/mat/23/intro.md index e068b0bbc2..1b73847b69 100644 --- a/mat/23/intro.md +++ b/mat/23/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Matthew 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hypocrites Jesus calls the Pharisees hypocrites many times ([Matthew 23:13](../../mat/23/13.md), [15](../../mat/23/15.md), [23](../../mat/23/23.md), [25](../../mat/23/25.md), [27](../../mat/23/27.md), [29](../../mat/23/29.md)) and carefully tells what he means by doing that. The Pharisees made rules that no one could actually obey, and then they persuaded the ordinary people that they were guilty because they could not obey the rules. Also, the Pharisees obeyed their own rules instead of obeying God's original commands in the law of Moses. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Name calling diff --git a/mat/24/intro.md b/mat/24/intro.md index d1261e6b29..3bf89d115c 100644 --- a/mat/24/intro.md +++ b/mat/24/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Jesus begins to prophesy about the future from that time until he returns as king of everything. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The end of the age" @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ In this chapter, Jesus gives an answer to his disciples when they ask how they w In the time of Noah, God sent a great flood to punish people for their sins. He warned them many times about this coming flood, but it actually began suddenly. In this chapter, Jesus draws a comparison between that flood and the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Let" diff --git a/mat/25/intro.md b/mat/25/intro.md index 7471616824..a49a46407b 100644 --- a/mat/25/intro.md +++ b/mat/25/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the teaching of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The parable of the ten virgins diff --git a/mat/26/intro.md b/mat/26/intro.md index ec2edcf88b..4a45b5fbaf 100644 --- a/mat/26/intro.md +++ b/mat/26/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Matthew 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 26:31, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sheep Sheep are a common image used in Scripture to refer to the people of Israel. In [Matthew 26:31](../../mat/26/31.md), however, Jesus used the words "the sheep" to refer to his disciples and to say that they would run away when he was arrested. @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The Passover festival was when the Jews would celebrate the day God killed the f ##### The eating of the body and blood [Matthew 26:26-28](./26.md) describes Jesus's last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist", or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Judas's kiss for Jesus [Matthew 26:49](../../mat/26/49.md) describes how Judas kissed Jesus so the soldiers would know whom to arrest. The Jews would kiss each other when they greeted each other. diff --git a/mat/27/intro.md b/mat/27/intro.md index aceea4411a..97e2820eae 100644 --- a/mat/27/intro.md +++ b/mat/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Matthew 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Delivered him to Pilate the governor" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The Jewish leaders needed to get permission from Pontius Pilate, the Roman gover The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 27:60](../../mat/27/60.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Sarcasm diff --git a/mat/28/intro.md b/mat/28/intro.md index 99d328d932..596a1b113c 100644 --- a/mat/28/intro.md +++ b/mat/28/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Matthew 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tomb @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 28:1](../../mat/28/01.md)) was the The last two verses ([Matthew 28:19-20](./19.md)) are commonly known as "The Great Commission" because they contain a very important command given to all Christians. Christians are to "make disciples" by going to people, sharing the gospel with them and training them to live as Christians. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### An angel of the Lord diff --git a/mat/front/intro.md b/mat/front/intro.md index 63190742e7..895e3b0ad0 100644 --- a/mat/front/intro.md +++ b/mat/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Matthew +### Outline of the Book of Matthew 1. The birth of Jesus Christ and the beginning of his ministry (1:1–4:25) 1. Jesus's Sermon on the Mount (5:1–7:28) @@ -16,37 +16,37 @@ 1. Jesus's teaching about the final judgment and salvation (23:1–25:46) 1. The crucifixion of Jesus, his death and resurrection (26:1–28:19) -#### What is the book of Matthew about? +### What is the book of Matthew about? The Gospel of Matthew is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Matthew showed that Jesus was the Messiah and that God would save Israel through him. Matthew often explained that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. This may indicate that he expected most of his first readers to be Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Matthew" or "The Gospel according to Matthew." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as "The Good News about Jesus that Matthew wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Matthew? +### Who wrote the Book of Matthew? The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times most Christians have thought that the author was the Apostle Matthew. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the "kingdom of heaven?" +### What is the "kingdom of heaven?" Matthew spoke of the kingdom of heaven in the same way that other gospel writers spoke of the kingdom of God. The kingdom of heaven represents God ruling over all people and all creation everywhere. Those whom God accepts into his kingdom will be blessed. They will live with God forever. -#### What were Jesus's teaching methods? +### What were Jesus's teaching methods? The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God's law. Jesus taught in ways similiar to other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? +### What are the Synoptic Gospels? The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together." The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible. -#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? +### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Jews of Jesus's time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Matthew? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Matthew? The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions: diff --git a/mic/01/intro.md b/mic/01/intro.md index 3091b4e4aa..32251a8567 100644 --- a/mic/01/intro.md +++ b/mic/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Micah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Micah is written mainly in a poetic form. Most of the prophets wrote to either the Northern Kingdom or the Southern Kingdom. Micah wrote to both of them at times without clear distinction, as he did in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### City Names diff --git a/mic/02/intro.md b/mic/02/intro.md index e5a1dd9417..5dd3b2b086 100644 --- a/mic/02/intro.md +++ b/mic/02/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Micah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using poetic forms in communicating that people who take advantage of others are guilty of sin and injustice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Context Micah does not frequently explain the historical context of his prophecies. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information. Additional research may be needed regarding the time period of Micah's ministry. Therefore, translators have a good understanding of the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/mic/03/intro.md b/mic/03/intro.md index 4e9fa596bd..a2067f4890 100644 --- a/mic/03/intro.md +++ b/mic/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Micah 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice An unjust society was considered sinful. It was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors There are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/mic/04/intro.md b/mic/04/intro.md index 5018a3e546..51e30e1b1e 100644 --- a/mic/04/intro.md +++ b/mic/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Micah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Remanant Micah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1-8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) diff --git a/mic/05/intro.md b/mic/05/intro.md index d675453489..1315cd5e93 100644 --- a/mic/05/intro.md +++ b/mic/05/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Micah 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Messiah This chapter contains a prophecy explaining that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. This meaning is made clear in the New Testament. (See: [Micah 5:2](../../mic/05/02.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Change in Personal Pronouns Extra care must be taken in translating pronouns in this chapter. Sometimes "I" is a reference to the author and other times it is a reference to Yahweh. There is also a noticable shift where the author stops speaking about the people as "you" and begins speaking about them as "we" or "us." diff --git a/mic/06/intro.md b/mic/06/intro.md index 865f114761..c1d297c8ac 100644 --- a/mic/06/intro.md +++ b/mic/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Micah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written as a court case or lawsuit by Yahweh against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Names in Lawsuit Moses, Aaron and Miriam are mentioned as witnesses for Yahweh and against Israel. diff --git a/mic/07/intro.md b/mic/07/intro.md index 96fbe55199..6324e89f9f 100644 --- a/mic/07/intro.md +++ b/mic/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Micah 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Last days This chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) diff --git a/mic/front/intro.md b/mic/front/intro.md index 3eb934ce7e..2bda4809be 100644 --- a/mic/front/intro.md +++ b/mic/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Micah +### Outline of the Book of Micah 1. God promises to punish the northern and southern kingdoms (1:1–16) 1. Those who take advantage of others are guilty (2:1-3:12) @@ -22,45 +22,45 @@ - Israel will rise again (7:8–13) - Yahweh restores and gives grace (7:14–20) -#### What is the Book of Micah about? +### What is the Book of Micah about? This book contains many of Micah's prophecies. Micah repeated many similar prophecies as found in Isaiah. Micah warned the kingdoms of Israel and Judah that the Assyrians would soon attack them. Micah condemned those who acted unjustly and immorally. He spoke against those who did not work for a living. He also spoke against the false prophets in Israel and Judah. These false prophets were telling the people that Yahweh would never let a foreign kingdom harm or conquer them. Micah called the people to please Yahweh by living righteous and holy lives. However, the sinful way they lived and the unjust way they treated their fellow countrymen proved that they no longer wanted to obey and honor Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may decide to translate the traditional title "The Book of Micah" or just "Micah" in a way that is clearer to the readers. They may decide to call it "The Sayings of Micah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote Micah? +### Who wrote Micah? The prophet Micah probably wrote this book. Micah lived at the same time as Isaiah and Hosea. This was sometime between 750 and 700 B.C., during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. He began prophesying when he lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. Then he moved to the kingdom of Judah. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who is the deliverer Micah mentions? +### Who is the deliverer Micah mentions? Micah frequently mentioned a king who would deliver the people. It is clear that Micah meant the Messiah, the descendant of David who would rule forever, though he never referred to him as the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Were the Israelites required to offer sacrifices or live holy lives to please Yahweh? +### Were the Israelites required to offer sacrifices or live holy lives to please Yahweh? Many of the Old Testament writers were concerned with offering sacrifices according to the law of Moses. However, Micah explained to the people that Yahweh was pleased only when they offered these sacrifices in faith. Without faith, the sacrifices had no meaning. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why does Micah 1:10-16 sound unusual? +### Why does Micah 1:10-16 sound unusual? This passage sounds unusual because of how it is constructed in Hebrew. It includes what is called a play on words. The names of the cities were used to describe how they would be destroyed. For example, in Hebrew "Lachish" sounds like "to the chariots." This is a poetic form that might not be the actual way they would be punished. -#### What does a translator need to know before translating Micah? +### What does a translator need to know before translating Micah? Micah did not often explain how his prophecies were historically situated. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information unless they understand Micah's time. It is therefore suggested that translators understand well the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### How do I translate passages where the speaker or addressee is not mentioned explicitly? +### How do I translate passages where the speaker or addressee is not mentioned explicitly? Micah did not usually say who was speaking or who was being addressed. Reading the verses before and after the quote will often help the reader to understand who is speaking or being addressed. It is acceptable to make this information explicit so the reader can more easily understand it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### How should the text of Micah be formatted? +### How should the text of Micah be formatted? The ULB uses a poetic language style like the Hebrew text. Many languages can do this but some languages will not be able to do this. The ULB also sets apart the poetic portions of the text by setting the poetic lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. With the exception of the first verse, the entire book is indented because the prophecies were written as a series of poems. diff --git a/mrk/01/intro.md b/mrk/01/intro.md index 56d58ff0a0..ebe1d35593 100644 --- a/mrk/01/intro.md +++ b/mrk/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Mark 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-3, which is a quotation from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "You can make me clean" Leprosy was a disease of the skin that made a person unclean and unable to properly worship God. Jesus is capable of making people physically "clean" or healthy as well as spiritually "clean" or right with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) diff --git a/mrk/02/intro.md b/mrk/02/intro.md index 5999cc6b6a..149c1d7129 100644 --- a/mrk/02/intro.md +++ b/mrk/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Sinners" @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ When the people of Jesus's time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about peop People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions diff --git a/mrk/03/intro.md b/mrk/03/intro.md index 49ba6c23c1..e6f45657c8 100644 --- a/mrk/03/intro.md +++ b/mrk/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sabbath It was against the law of Moses to do work on the Sabbath. The Pharisees believed healing a sick person on the Sabbath was "work," so they said that Jesus did wrong when he healed a person on the Sabbath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ It was against the law of Moses to do work on the Sabbath. The Pharisees believe No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The twelve disciples diff --git a/mrk/04/intro.md b/mrk/04/intro.md index ba38ee33c2..72e1c0aa98 100644 --- a/mrk/04/intro.md +++ b/mrk/04/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Mark 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Mark 4:3-10 forms one parable. The parable is explained in 4:14-23. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:12, which is a quotation from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Parables diff --git a/mrk/05/intro.md b/mrk/05/intro.md index af38b96f43..4ca8eb9df7 100644 --- a/mrk/05/intro.md +++ b/mrk/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 05 General Notes -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Talitha, koum" diff --git a/mrk/06/intro.md b/mrk/06/intro.md index 43894f66b3..17cb2d510f 100644 --- a/mrk/06/intro.md +++ b/mrk/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Anointed with oil" diff --git a/mrk/07/intro.md b/mrk/07/intro.md index 2530048e74..53078f2a4d 100644 --- a/mrk/07/intro.md +++ b/mrk/07/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Mark 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:6-7, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Hand washing The Pharisees washed many things that were not dirty because they were trying to make God think that they were good. They washed their hands before they ate, even when their hands were not dirty, though the law of Moses did not say that they had to do it. Jesus told them that they were wrong and that people make God happy by thinking and doing the right things. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Ephphatha" diff --git a/mrk/08/intro.md b/mrk/08/intro.md index a5b391dd4b..a140933a1e 100644 --- a/mrk/08/intro.md +++ b/mrk/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Bread When Jesus worked a miracle and provided bread for a large crowd of people, they probably thought about when God miraculously provided food for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. @@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ Yeast is the ingredient that causes bread to become larger before it is baked. I When Jesus called the people an "adulterous generation," he was telling them that they were not faithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Jesus used many rhetorical questions as a way of both teaching the disciples ([Mark 8:17-21](./17.md)) and scolding the people ([Mark 8:12](../../mrk/08/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/mrk/09/intro.md b/mrk/09/intro.md index ee73c99abf..e8e8bc5112 100644 --- a/mrk/09/intro.md +++ b/mrk/09/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Mark 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "transfigured" Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Mark says in this chapter that Jesus's clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Hyperbole Jesus said things that he did not expect his followers to understand literally. When he said, "If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off" ([Mark 9:43](../../mrk/09/43.md)), he was exaggerating so they would know that they should stay away from anything that caused them to sin, even if it was something they loved or thought they needed. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Elijah and Moses diff --git a/mrk/10/intro.md b/mrk/10/intro.md index f9cb2a8840..c1ad58674e 100644 --- a/mrk/10/intro.md +++ b/mrk/10/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ # Mark 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 10:7-8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jesus's teaching about divorce The Pharisees wanted to find a way to make Jesus say that it is good to break the law of Moses, so they asked him about divorce. Jesus tells how God originally designed marriage to show that the Pharisees taught wrongly about divorce. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible truths. When Jesus spoke of "the cup which I will drink," he was speaking of the pain he would suffer on the cross as if it were a bitter, poisonous liquid in a cup. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/mrk/11/intro.md b/mrk/11/intro.md index d8172b9074..57f1c128b2 100644 --- a/mrk/11/intro.md +++ b/mrk/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Mark 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 11:9-10, 17, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The donkey and the colt diff --git a/mrk/12/intro.md b/mrk/12/intro.md index 6476a6ec5b..6e80821417 100644 --- a/mrk/12/intro.md +++ b/mrk/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:10-11, 36, which is from the Old Testament. diff --git a/mrk/13/intro.md b/mrk/13/intro.md index f07126bfef..e7690a8c17 100644 --- a/mrk/13/intro.md +++ b/mrk/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Mark 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:24-25, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The return of Christ diff --git a/mrk/14/intro.md b/mrk/14/intro.md index ae3f9a1dc8..d3c1fb62a8 100644 --- a/mrk/14/intro.md +++ b/mrk/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Mark 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:27, 62, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The eating of the body and blood [Mark 14:22-25](./22.md) describes Jesus's last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist," or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Abba, Father diff --git a/mrk/15/intro.md b/mrk/15/intro.md index 1f889f5cf4..cf761675ba 100644 --- a/mrk/15/intro.md +++ b/mrk/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two" @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Sarcasm Both by pretending to worship Jesus ([Mark 15:19](../../mrk/15/19.md)) and by pretending to speak to a king ([Mark 15:18](../../mrk/15/18.md)), the soldiers and the Jews showed that they hated Jesus and did not believe that he was the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/mock]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? This is a phrase in Aramaic. Mark transliterates its sounds by writing them using Greek letters. He then explains its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) diff --git a/mrk/16/intro.md b/mrk/16/intro.md index 3c2c8d78fe..3deeda0fac 100644 --- a/mrk/16/intro.md +++ b/mrk/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Mark 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The tomb diff --git a/mrk/front/intro.md b/mrk/front/intro.md index 43ccb300cc..37bf208f18 100644 --- a/mrk/front/intro.md +++ b/mrk/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Mark +### Outline of the Book of Mark 1. Introduction (1:1–13) 1. The ministry of Jesus in Galilee @@ -13,33 +13,33 @@ 1. Last days of ministry and preparation for final conflict in Jerusalem (11:1–13:37) 1. The death of Christ and the empty tomb (14:1–16:8) -#### What is the Book of Mark about? +### What is the Book of Mark about? The Gospel of Mark is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Mark wrote much about how Jesus suffered and died on the cross. He did this to encourage his readers who were being persecuted. Mark also explained Jewish customs and some Aramaic words. This may indicate that Mark expected most of his first readers to be Gentiles. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Mark" or "The Gospel according to Mark." They may also choose a title that may be clearer, such as "The Good News about Jesus that Mark wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Mark? +### Who wrote the Book of Mark? The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the author was Mark. Mark was also known as John Mark. He was a close friend of Peter. Mark may not have witnessed what Jesus said and did. But many scholars think that Mark wrote in his gospel what Peter told him about Jesus. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What were Jesus's teaching methods? +### What were Jesus's teaching methods? The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God's law. Jesus taught in ways similar to those of other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? +### What are the Synoptic Gospels? The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together." The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible. -#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? +### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever. @@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ Jews of Jesus's time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title. -#### Why does Mark frequently use terms indicating short periods of time? +### Why does Mark frequently use terms indicating short periods of time? The Gospel of Mark uses the word "immediately" forty-two times. Mark does this to make the events more exciting and vivid. It moves the reader quickly from one event to the next. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Mark? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Mark? The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to include these verses. However, if in the translators' region there are older versions of the Bible that include one or more of these verses, the translators can include them. If they are included, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to Mark's Gospel. diff --git a/nam/01/intro.md b/nam/01/intro.md index 80d6a8977c..94b6445d2e 100644 --- a/nam/01/intro.md +++ b/nam/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Nahum 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of this chapter) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Despite being divided into three chapters, this book consists of one long prophecy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's anger against Nineveh This prophecy should be read in reference to the book of Jonah. That book described how the people of Niniveh, Assyria's capital city, repented when Jonah warned them that Yahweh was angry at them. The book of Nahum, written a little over one hundred years later than when Jonah was set, indicates that the Ninevites would be punished by God, but only after he had used them for his own purposes. These actions of Yahweh, although described as vengeance or anger, do not have the same sinful quality as they usually do with humans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/nam/02/intro.md b/nam/02/intro.md index 93414dd05f..e3efd29934 100644 --- a/nam/02/intro.md +++ b/nam/02/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Nahum 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Despite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Complete destruction At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true and did so very suddenly. At times, this chapter is very violent in describing the destruction of Assyria, and this violence should not be toned down through the use of euphemism. diff --git a/nam/03/intro.md b/nam/03/intro.md index 065a1b94df..eef1425d45 100644 --- a/nam/03/intro.md +++ b/nam/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Nahum 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Despite being divided into three chapters, the book contains one long prophecy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Euphemism This chapter speaks about the evils of the Assyrians in violent ways. It is important to avoiding toning down this language through the use of euphemism, if at all possible. Although there is some hyperbole, the reader should not assume that the author intends this writing to be taken as completely hyperbolic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/nam/front/intro.md b/nam/front/intro.md index 3306b9c3e6..77faae3bf6 100644 --- a/nam/front/intro.md +++ b/nam/front/intro.md @@ -2,23 +2,23 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Nahum +### Outline of the Book of Nahum 1. Nahum introduces this book (1:1) 1. Yahweh will destroy his enemies (1:2-15) 1. Nahum describes how Nineveh will fall (2:1–3:19) -#### What is the Book of Nahum about? +### What is the Book of Nahum about? The Book of Nahum contains prophecies about how Yahweh would judge and punish Nineveh. Nineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. They were threatening the southern kingdom of Judah. The book gave Judah hope that the Assyrians would be defeated. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? "The Book of Nahum" or just "Nahum" is the traditional title of this book. Translators may choose to call it "The Sayings of Nahum." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Nahum? +### Who wrote the Book of Nahum? The prophet Nahum probably wrote this book. He was a prophet from Elkosh, an unknown city probably in Judah. @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Nahum wrote before Nineveh fell in about 612 B.C. Nahum also mentions the destru ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17? +### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17? Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ The original language of the Old Testament used various names for locusts. It is ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What emotions were present in the various speakers in the Book of Nahum? +### What emotions were present in the various speakers in the Book of Nahum? When Nahum spoke to the Israelites, he wanted to comfort them. diff --git a/neh/01/intro.md b/neh/01/intro.md index f363740a46..c109c71c38 100644 --- a/neh/01/intro.md +++ b/neh/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Nehemiah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### "The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah:" This phrase serves as an introduction to this entire book. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Repentance This chapter is a single long record of Nehemiah's repentance on behalf of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### I While the author of this book is probably Ezra, the word "I" always refers to Nehemiah. diff --git a/neh/02/intro.md b/neh/02/intro.md index a75cef2ca3..4db428da93 100644 --- a/neh/02/intro.md +++ b/neh/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the account of the construction of the wall. Many scholars believe these chapters teach valuable lessons on leadership ([Nehemiah 2-6](./01.md)). diff --git a/neh/03/intro.md b/neh/03/intro.md index 8a780721d2..aab8c012d7 100644 --- a/neh/03/intro.md +++ b/neh/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Priests The priests worked on rebuilding the city. Normally, the priests were exempt from this type of work. Because they helped, it emphasizes that this is a holy work and something done for Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/neh/04/intro.md b/neh/04/intro.md index 9b60953609..a7427f6e53 100644 --- a/neh/04/intro.md +++ b/neh/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Nehemiah 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Dedication The people were so dedicated to rebuilding the walls that they worked with their weapons ready for battle right next to them. Even when they were threatened with an attack, they continued to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions diff --git a/neh/05/intro.md b/neh/05/intro.md index 8e7859a134..320d7d8520 100644 --- a/neh/05/intro.md +++ b/neh/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Equality diff --git a/neh/06/intro.md b/neh/06/intro.md index 572ed2d9e9..f538a3ad63 100644 --- a/neh/06/intro.md +++ b/neh/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Nehemiah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The building of the wall is completed in this chapter. The ULB sets the lines in 6:6-7 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Miracle diff --git a/neh/07/intro.md b/neh/07/intro.md index edb1dd0d1a..876f5e18bb 100644 --- a/neh/07/intro.md +++ b/neh/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Genealogy diff --git a/neh/08/intro.md b/neh/08/intro.md index 5d3c5183ca..bd00c04e5c 100644 --- a/neh/08/intro.md +++ b/neh/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Reading of the law diff --git a/neh/09/intro.md b/neh/09/intro.md index 9a0f22f0ae..516e86320d 100644 --- a/neh/09/intro.md +++ b/neh/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Nehemiah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter and the next one form a single section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prayer to God diff --git a/neh/10/intro.md b/neh/10/intro.md index 22cb870683..9435a34d7b 100644 --- a/neh/10/intro.md +++ b/neh/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Nehemiah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes the passage beginning in chapter 9. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The vow diff --git a/neh/11/intro.md b/neh/11/intro.md index e3d620c583..0fe6dd7c4b 100644 --- a/neh/11/intro.md +++ b/neh/11/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The places where the Jews lived diff --git a/neh/12/intro.md b/neh/12/intro.md index e65564b956..a8cafd687a 100644 --- a/neh/12/intro.md +++ b/neh/12/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Dedication of the wall diff --git a/neh/13/intro.md b/neh/13/intro.md index 73caf4e4f6..3820a60cae 100644 --- a/neh/13/intro.md +++ b/neh/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Nehemiah 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem diff --git a/neh/front/intro.md b/neh/front/intro.md index da5f7ea8f6..5a189002af 100644 --- a/neh/front/intro.md +++ b/neh/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Nehemiah +### Outline of Nehemiah 1. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem and inspects the walls (1:1-2:20) 1. The people rebuild the walls of Jerusalem (3:1-4:23) @@ -15,31 +15,31 @@ 1. The people dedicate the walls of Jerusalem (12:27–47) 1. Nehemiah corrects problems (13:1–31) -#### What is the Book of Nehemiah about? +### What is the Book of Nehemiah about? A Jew named Nehemiah lived in Persia and worked for King Artaxerxes. Nehemiah received a report that the walls around Jerusalem were broken down. Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem to help rebuild the city walls. The walls around the city helped protect the city against armies and invaders. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The Book of Nehemiah is named for a Jewish leader named Nehemiah. Translators can use the traditional title "Nehemiah." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Book about Nehemiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? +### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? Foreigners worshiped many false gods. Yahweh did not allow his people to marry foreigners. He knew this would cause the people of Israel to worship false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? +### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? Many of the Jews remained in Babylon instead of returning to the Promised Land. Many of them were successful in Babylon and desired to remain there. However, this meant that they were unable to worship Yahweh in Jerusalem as their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the Book of Nehemiah use the term "Israel"? +### How does the Book of Nehemiah use the term "Israel"? The Book of Nehemiah uses the term "Israel" to refer to the kingdom of Judah. It was mostly made up of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The other ten tribes had ended their loyalty to any kings descended from David. God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the other ten tribes and take them into exile. As a result, they mixed with other people groups and did not return to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### Are the events in the Book of Nehemiah told in the order that they actually happened? +### Are the events in the Book of Nehemiah told in the order that they actually happened? Some of the events in the Book of Nehemiah are not told in the order they actually happened. Translators should pay attention to notes that signal when events are probably out of order. diff --git a/num/01/intro.md b/num/01/intro.md index 1aa3bab2d9..a0620fc002 100644 --- a/num/01/intro.md +++ b/num/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 1:5-15 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. diff --git a/num/02/intro.md b/num/02/intro.md index a225c96be6..63835d2e89 100644 --- a/num/02/intro.md +++ b/num/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Camping diff --git a/num/03/intro.md b/num/03/intro.md index 543b61e1f2..818c8a5180 100644 --- a/num/03/intro.md +++ b/num/03/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### The tribe of Levi diff --git a/num/04/intro.md b/num/04/intro.md index bf08ab01b0..fcd395c195 100644 --- a/num/04/intro.md +++ b/num/04/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Counting the Levites by clans diff --git a/num/05/intro.md b/num/05/intro.md index 0a547edf82..fe43b70f2c 100644 --- a/num/05/intro.md +++ b/num/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's camp diff --git a/num/06/intro.md b/num/06/intro.md index ad7d300a1b..9273e0d9a9 100644 --- a/num/06/intro.md +++ b/num/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Nazirite vow The Nazirite vow was a special type of vow between a person and Yahweh. This chapter gives the rules for people to be consecrated to God as Nazirites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]]) diff --git a/num/07/intro.md b/num/07/intro.md index 0c17169af3..65e7894def 100644 --- a/num/07/intro.md +++ b/num/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Consecrating the altar diff --git a/num/08/intro.md b/num/08/intro.md index 9b61c26814..19fc5e6b2d 100644 --- a/num/08/intro.md +++ b/num/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The consecration of the tabernacle continues in this chapter. The people obeyed Yahweh's exact instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) diff --git a/num/09/intro.md b/num/09/intro.md index 2f6a962399..fdf41ebd8c 100644 --- a/num/09/intro.md +++ b/num/09/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ==Passover == diff --git a/num/10/intro.md b/num/10/intro.md index f9fb6450ce..b90e337e9c 100644 --- a/num/10/intro.md +++ b/num/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trumpets In the ancient Near East, trumpets were used for many purposes. They were used to call people together. They were also used to lead people into battle. diff --git a/num/11/intro.md b/num/11/intro.md index 2ec5b8f21a..2e24ad38f3 100644 --- a/num/11/intro.md +++ b/num/11/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Complaining Moses complained about having too much responsibility. Therefore, God gave seventy men the spirit of prophecy to help Moses. The people complained about food, even though Yahweh was miraculously providing them with their food. The people complained because they did not have meat or fish to eat. God sent them quail. He punished some of the people, but it does not say why God did this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/num/12/intro.md b/num/12/intro.md index b1040e3e38..d79e6a43a8 100644 --- a/num/12/intro.md +++ b/num/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Numbers 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:6-8. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Idiom diff --git a/num/13/intro.md b/num/13/intro.md index e37efc3c79..8ad09fe623 100644 --- a/num/13/intro.md +++ b/num/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Spies diff --git a/num/14/intro.md b/num/14/intro.md index 3128cb506f..7fea3e47a9 100644 --- a/num/14/intro.md +++ b/num/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 14 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions The author uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions indicate that people did not have faith in Yahweh. Yahweh also uses rhetorical questions to show the people's lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/num/15/intro.md b/num/15/intro.md index 4b7635803c..2e6dda10b1 100644 --- a/num/15/intro.md +++ b/num/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Numbers 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Purifying the people As the people travel through the wilderness, Yahweh is purifying them. He is doing this so that they are able to enter into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Prostitution diff --git a/num/16/intro.md b/num/16/intro.md index 296e32ca68..24f0eb5a65 100644 --- a/num/16/intro.md +++ b/num/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rebellion and punishment diff --git a/num/17/intro.md b/num/17/intro.md index efab28d396..259b92ecc5 100644 --- a/num/17/intro.md +++ b/num/17/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Which tribe should be special workers for God? diff --git a/num/18/intro.md b/num/18/intro.md index be562cdbd0..81daf0df0d 100644 --- a/num/18/intro.md +++ b/num/18/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Tithes and offerings diff --git a/num/19/intro.md b/num/19/intro.md index 78fda33c21..f7dd6648f7 100644 --- a/num/19/intro.md +++ b/num/19/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ritually clean diff --git a/num/20/intro.md b/num/20/intro.md index 75a59b7d84..84edcb40b1 100644 --- a/num/20/intro.md +++ b/num/20/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Numbers 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Moses's sin God told Moses to command water to come out of a rock for the people who were complaining that they had no water. Moses became angry with the people and hit the rock twice. God told him that he and Aaron would not be allowed to go into Canaan because he disobeyed by hitting the rock instead of just speaking to it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "It would have been better if we had died when our fellow Israelites died in front of Yahweh" It is possible that this statement should be taken as hyperbole, but it does not have to be taken this way. The translator should probably avoid treating this as hyperbole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a place in this chapter. It is not a place that is known for its sin. The name is not related to the meaning of the word "sin." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/num/21/intro.md b/num/21/intro.md index eb48cd3e60..e8b18ebf34 100644 --- a/num/21/intro.md +++ b/num/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Numbers 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:14-15, 17-18, 27-30. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ungrateful diff --git a/num/22/intro.md b/num/22/intro.md index ae43e39928..f1919c778b 100644 --- a/num/22/intro.md +++ b/num/22/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The chapter begins a section on Balaam. The king of Moab wanted the prophet Balaam to come and curse Israel. God told him not to go but he wanted to go; so God told him to say only what God wanted him to say. Yahweh was able to use Balaam, even though he was not a prophet of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) ## Links: diff --git a/num/23/intro.md b/num/23/intro.md index 197c94820e..f80d08944e 100644 --- a/num/23/intro.md +++ b/num/23/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Numbers 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Balaam continues in this chapter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 23:7-10, 18-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Cursing God's people diff --git a/num/24/intro.md b/num/24/intro.md index ee87c13742..192de766b0 100644 --- a/num/24/intro.md +++ b/num/24/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Numbers 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Balaam continues in this chapter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 24:3-9, 15-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Cursing God's people diff --git a/num/25/intro.md b/num/25/intro.md index 23eb463c56..7a2e8f9f0c 100644 --- a/num/25/intro.md +++ b/num/25/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Numbers 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The story of Balaam concludes in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Foreign women diff --git a/num/26/intro.md b/num/26/intro.md index 8121ee0028..80e136c6dc 100644 --- a/num/26/intro.md +++ b/num/26/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Numbers 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 26:12-17, 20-26, 29-32, 35, 38-39, 44-45, 48-49, 57-58 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. The people are counted in preparation for entering into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### A new generation diff --git a/num/27/intro.md b/num/27/intro.md index df96a8dff9..17091318f2 100644 --- a/num/27/intro.md +++ b/num/27/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Daughters A man named Zelophehad died without any sons. The five daughters of Zelophehad went to Moses and requested to receive the land that Zelophehad's sons would have received. Yahweh told Moses that it is right to give a man's inheritance to his daughter if he has no son. diff --git a/num/28/intro.md b/num/28/intro.md index 935ec19440..62eecbbc67 100644 --- a/num/28/intro.md +++ b/num/28/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Offerings for special days diff --git a/num/29/intro.md b/num/29/intro.md index 01c8f0bf07..5095c57812 100644 --- a/num/29/intro.md +++ b/num/29/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter about offerings on specific days. ## Links: diff --git a/num/30/intro.md b/num/30/intro.md index 4d84d8d472..4de24b60e8 100644 --- a/num/30/intro.md +++ b/num/30/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 30 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Vows diff --git a/num/31/intro.md b/num/31/intro.md index 8e93c372ee..548c4f6185 100644 --- a/num/31/intro.md +++ b/num/31/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 31 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Midianites diff --git a/num/32/intro.md b/num/32/intro.md index 35fb284fd5..a959d741b2 100644 --- a/num/32/intro.md +++ b/num/32/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Reuben and Gad's inheritance diff --git a/num/33/intro.md b/num/33/intro.md index 97f58c8eb8..c21f8a3a64 100644 --- a/num/33/intro.md +++ b/num/33/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a summary of Israel's exodus from Egypt to the Promised Land, including their wandering through the desert. The phrase "they set out" means "they left." diff --git a/num/34/intro.md b/num/34/intro.md index 306eb0e27d..06b5d741c8 100644 --- a/num/34/intro.md +++ b/num/34/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Numbers 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 34:19-28 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The boundaries Moses told them all of the land they would inherit and live in and said that they should divide it up by casting lots. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) diff --git a/num/35/intro.md b/num/35/intro.md index ccc5568c71..7ca0fe5ac0 100644 --- a/num/35/intro.md +++ b/num/35/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Numbers 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Revenge Yahweh told Moses to establish safe places for people who accidentally killed other people. This prevented revenge killings. Justice is an important concept in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/num/36/intro.md b/num/36/intro.md index c0e14a1521..0a875ab264 100644 --- a/num/36/intro.md +++ b/num/36/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Numbers 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### Female heirs diff --git a/num/front/intro.md b/num/front/intro.md index 6070b6b29a..b47951df0d 100644 --- a/num/front/intro.md +++ b/num/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Numbers +### Outline of Numbers 1. Preparing to leave Sinai (1:1–10:10) - Counting and assembling the tribes (1:1–4:49) @@ -38,27 +38,27 @@ - Land west of the Jordan; cities for Levites and cities of refuge (34:1–35:34) - Female heirs marry (36:1-13) -#### What is the Book of Numbers about? +### What is the Book of Numbers about? The Book of Numbers tells about the people of Israel as they traveled from Mount Sinai in the wilderness on their way to the Promised Land. While traveling, the Israelites became discouraged. So they rebelled against the leaders whom God had given them. The people of Israel refused to enter the Promised Land. Because the Israelites were afraid and did not trust God, he delayed their entry into the Promised Land for forty years (13:1–14:45). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The title of this book, "Numbers," refers to when the number of the Israelites was counted. The people of the project language may already be familiar with the name "Numbers" from other Bible versions. If not, the translator could consider a clearer name for the book, such as "The Counting of the People of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/census]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Numbers? +### Who wrote the Book of Numbers? The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Numbers. However, at a later time, scribes and priests probably put the book into its present form. They may have included text from other sources. One such source was "the scroll of the Wars of Yahweh" (21:14). ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned? +### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned? The people understood and assumed that God would punish the whole community of Israel if some of the people rebelled against him. God did often punish the entire nation when some of them sinned. All of the people in the ancient Near East would have understood and expected this. However, Moses and Aaron prayed for God to punish only those who were guilty. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself? +### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself? When an author wrote about something he was involved in, it was common for him to use the pronoun "he" instead of "I," or "they" instead of "we." The translator may decide to use the project's normal pronouns instead. diff --git a/oba/front/intro.md b/oba/front/intro.md index 67a4bdc104..fa9e50127a 100644 --- a/oba/front/intro.md +++ b/oba/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Obadiah +### Outline of the Book of Obadiah 1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16) - Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9) @@ -10,27 +10,27 @@ 1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16) 1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21) -#### What is the Book of Obadiah about? +### What is the Book of Obadiah about? After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally titled "The Book of Obadiah" or just "Obadiah." Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as "The Sayings of Obadiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah? +### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah? The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means "Servant of Yahweh." ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was Edom's relationship to Israel? +### What was Edom's relationship to Israel? Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel's brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How do I translate the concept of "pride"? +### How do I translate the concept of "pride"? The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]]) diff --git a/phm/front/intro.md b/phm/front/intro.md index d2aa79808c..f02374a807 100644 --- a/phm/front/intro.md +++ b/phm/front/intro.md @@ -2,41 +2,41 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Philemon +### Outline of the Book of Philemon 1. Paul greets Philemon (1:1-3) 1. Paul makes requests of Philemon about Onesimus (1:4-21) 1. Conclusion (1:22-25) -#### Who wrote the Book of Philemon? +### Who wrote the Book of Philemon? Paul wrote Philemon. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul was in a prison when he wrote this letter. -#### What is the Book of Philemon about? +### What is the Book of Philemon about? Paul wrote this letter to a man named Philemon. Philemon was a Christian who lived in the city of Colossae. He owned a slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had run away from Philemon and possibly stole something from him as well. Onesimus went to Rome and visited Paul in prison. Paul told Philemon that he was sending Onesimus back to him. Philemon had the right to execute Onesimus according to Roman law. But Paul said that Philemon should accept Onesimus back as a Christian brother. He even suggested that Philemon should allow Onesimus to come back to Paul and help him in prison. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philemon." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to Philemon" or "The Letter Paul wrote to Philemon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery? +### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery? Paul sent Onesimus back to his former master. But that did not mean Paul thought slavery was an acceptable practice. Instead, Paul was more concerned with people serving God in whatever situation they were in. -#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" +### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Philemon. The two exceptions to this are 1:22 and 1:25. There "you" refers to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) diff --git a/php/01/intro.md b/php/01/intro.md index b872fc7d32..4f8041202d 100644 --- a/php/01/intro.md +++ b/php/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Philippians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The day of Christ This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Paradox diff --git a/php/02/intro.md b/php/02/intro.md index 2924c57399..192c2122c7 100644 --- a/php/02/intro.md +++ b/php/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Philippians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations, like the ULB, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Practical instructions In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "If there is any" This appears to be a type of statement that expresses something that may or may not be true. However, in this chapter it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as "Since there is." diff --git a/php/03/intro.md b/php/03/intro.md index 9a60993ced..9a8747808b 100644 --- a/php/03/intro.md +++ b/php/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Philippians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Dogs The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term "dogs" in this way. @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in ##### Resurrected Bodies We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Prize Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it. diff --git a/php/04/intro.md b/php/04/intro.md index a1a4785051..0f61a31697 100644 --- a/php/04/intro.md +++ b/php/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Philippians 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "My joy and my crown" Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rejoiced and God honored him and his work. He considered discipling other Christians and encouraging them to grow spiritually as important to Christian living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Euodia and Syntyche Apparently these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/php/front/intro.md b/php/front/intro.md index a786e289a7..41aa360227 100644 --- a/php/front/intro.md +++ b/php/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of the Philippians +### Outline of the Book of the Philippians 1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11) 1. Paul's report on his ministry (1:12-26) @@ -21,45 +21,45 @@ - Contentment (4:10-20) - Final Greetings (4:21-23) -#### Who wrote the Book Philippians? +### Who wrote the Book Philippians? Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. -#### What is the Book of Philippians about? +### What is the Book of Philippians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philippians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Philippi," or "A Letter to the Christians in Philippi." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the city of Philippi like? +### What was the city of Philippi like? Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20). ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" +### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Philippi. The exception to this is 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### Who were the "enemies of the cross of Christ" (3:18) in this letter? +### Who were the "enemies of the cross of Christ" (3:18) in this letter? The "enemies of the cross of Christ" were probably people who called themselves believers but did not obey God's commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19). -#### Why were the words "joy" and "rejoice" frequently used in this letter? +### Why were the words "joy" and "rejoice" frequently used in this letter? Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]]) -#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? +### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians? * Some versions have "Amen" at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULB, UDB, and other many modern versions do not. If "Amen" is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians. diff --git a/pro/01/intro.md b/pro/01/intro.md index 8c016921d8..77e84c33fa 100644 --- a/pro/01/intro.md +++ b/pro/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. It mentions Solomon, son of David. Verse 7 contains a foundational verse for the whole book. It defines wisdom. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Parallelism diff --git a/pro/02/intro.md b/pro/02/intro.md index 8f39e58d9f..87f045f368 100644 --- a/pro/02/intro.md +++ b/pro/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. diff --git a/pro/03/intro.md b/pro/03/intro.md index e691ddd734..715a0b020c 100644 --- a/pro/03/intro.md +++ b/pro/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. diff --git a/pro/04/intro.md b/pro/04/intro.md index b198fdffa6..aaf9bb0200 100644 --- a/pro/04/intro.md +++ b/pro/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. diff --git a/pro/05/intro.md b/pro/05/intro.md index 75bb10e70e..2d82b35d39 100644 --- a/pro/05/intro.md +++ b/pro/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. diff --git a/pro/06/intro.md b/pro/06/intro.md index 34746a5241..e9b7ddfc39 100644 --- a/pro/06/intro.md +++ b/pro/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### My Son @@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ The latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and Occasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions The author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader's attention to important points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Animals used as types diff --git a/pro/07/intro.md b/pro/07/intro.md index 75e1c4e549..5cc0f9a07c 100644 --- a/pro/07/intro.md +++ b/pro/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Parallelism diff --git a/pro/08/intro.md b/pro/08/intro.md index f1580b2011..ed6400006a 100644 --- a/pro/08/intro.md +++ b/pro/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wisdom calls out diff --git a/pro/09/intro.md b/pro/09/intro.md index a9f09f843c..0154c2d102 100644 --- a/pro/09/intro.md +++ b/pro/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Wisdom calls out diff --git a/pro/10/intro.md b/pro/10/intro.md index f62783777a..10ce5bf323 100644 --- a/pro/10/intro.md +++ b/pro/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/11/intro.md b/pro/11/intro.md index 677fe8e34d..cd417404ac 100644 --- a/pro/11/intro.md +++ b/pro/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/12/intro.md b/pro/12/intro.md index 72426f7bbb..3fd53defd0 100644 --- a/pro/12/intro.md +++ b/pro/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/13/intro.md b/pro/13/intro.md index 7d1997a322..3f564f4843 100644 --- a/pro/13/intro.md +++ b/pro/13/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/14/intro.md b/pro/14/intro.md index baf590edff..7ecf3d9304 100644 --- a/pro/14/intro.md +++ b/pro/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/15/intro.md b/pro/15/intro.md index f8ff13674f..d136a043e8 100644 --- a/pro/15/intro.md +++ b/pro/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/16/intro.md b/pro/16/intro.md index 991a720fbf..7e89952716 100644 --- a/pro/16/intro.md +++ b/pro/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King and royalty diff --git a/pro/17/intro.md b/pro/17/intro.md index 95afcfa196..0980a6d543 100644 --- a/pro/17/intro.md +++ b/pro/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/pro/18/intro.md b/pro/18/intro.md index 838258152b..e7f7e75405 100644 --- a/pro/18/intro.md +++ b/pro/18/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/19/intro.md b/pro/19/intro.md index 0390837724..87b1eea3b6 100644 --- a/pro/19/intro.md +++ b/pro/19/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/20/intro.md b/pro/20/intro.md index 6d6b817155..121b0d4e66 100644 --- a/pro/20/intro.md +++ b/pro/20/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/21/intro.md b/pro/21/intro.md index 72180e4187..19150629cb 100644 --- a/pro/21/intro.md +++ b/pro/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/22/intro.md b/pro/22/intro.md index d219a246e3..acb0877326 100644 --- a/pro/22/intro.md +++ b/pro/22/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Proverbs 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the "Wise Men." The exact identity of the men is unknown. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions With this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/pro/23/intro.md b/pro/23/intro.md index b0e77bfa55..ffaf753e3e 100644 --- a/pro/23/intro.md +++ b/pro/23/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Proverbs 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/24/intro.md b/pro/24/intro.md index 56f30e1510..56f4e54f21 100644 --- a/pro/24/intro.md +++ b/pro/24/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Proverbs 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs. The second half of this chapter finishes the section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Lazy man story diff --git a/pro/25/intro.md b/pro/25/intro.md index 5ea838da96..a61d050539 100644 --- a/pro/25/intro.md +++ b/pro/25/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/26/intro.md b/pro/26/intro.md index c327e9b9cd..c72cf84e3a 100644 --- a/pro/26/intro.md +++ b/pro/26/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/27/intro.md b/pro/27/intro.md index 2c605c848c..2b71e17bcd 100644 --- a/pro/27/intro.md +++ b/pro/27/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/28/intro.md b/pro/28/intro.md index d9d1eda78f..eee8265467 100644 --- a/pro/28/intro.md +++ b/pro/28/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/29/intro.md b/pro/29/intro.md index d8c46531af..c9bd537cf9 100644 --- a/pro/29/intro.md +++ b/pro/29/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Themes diff --git a/pro/30/intro.md b/pro/30/intro.md index a1ac149801..ea19aa6423 100644 --- a/pro/30/intro.md +++ b/pro/30/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Proverbs 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Agur His full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means "gatherer" and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name. diff --git a/pro/31/intro.md b/pro/31/intro.md index 256f69240c..3d85b62dca 100644 --- a/pro/31/intro.md +++ b/pro/31/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Proverbs 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapt This person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### An acrostic poem diff --git a/pro/front/intro.md b/pro/front/intro.md index 48de1c19f8..8b56d37a23 100644 --- a/pro/front/intro.md +++ b/pro/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Proverbs +### Outline of Proverbs 1. Solomon introduces his proverbs (1:1–7) 1. Collection of teachings (1:8–9:18) @@ -14,33 +14,33 @@ 1. The words of Lemuel (31:1–9) 1. A good wife praised (31:10–31) -#### What is the book of Proverbs about? +### What is the book of Proverbs about? A proverb is a short statement that expresses some wisdom or truth. Most societies have their own proverbs. People that speak a given language can readily understand proverbs in that language. The Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. It also includes teachings about how to live wisely. Scholars refer to Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs as wisdom literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-proverbs]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The title of this book is often translated as "Proverbs." A more general translation would be "Words for Wise People," "Words that Give Wisdom," or something similar. -#### Who wrote the book of Proverbs? +### Who wrote the book of Proverbs? Proverbs begins with the words, "The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel." But Solomon did not write all of the proverbs. Unnamed wise men may have written some of them. Agur the son of Jakeh (30:1) and King Lemuel (31:1) identify themselves as writing some of the proverbs. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is meant by "wisdom" and "foolishness" in the Book of Proverbs? +### What is meant by "wisdom" and "foolishness" in the Book of Proverbs? "Wisdom" means the understanding and doing of what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh would judge to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. The book of Proverbs also acknowledges that it is important to maintain one's honor or reputation in the opinion of other people. Those who fail to live in this way are called "foolish." For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What form do the individual proverbs have? +### What form do the individual proverbs have? Most proverbs have two parts or two lines that are "parallel" to each other. The second part may strengthen the first, may give more details about the first, or may even say what seems the opposite of the first. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) -#### How should personification be represented in translation? +### How should personification be represented in translation? In Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and understanding are often represented as if they were wise women, as in [Proverbs 3:15-18](../03/15.md), [Proverbs 4:6-9](../04/06.md), and elsewhere. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, in many languages this kind of direct translation is not possible. In such a case, the translator may be able to translate these personifications as similes instead. This means they would present wisdom or understanding as being like a wise woman whom people should obey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/psa/001/intro.md b/psa/001/intro.md index 5bf6916f58..a8d1c7787a 100644 --- a/psa/001/intro.md +++ b/psa/001/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 001 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 1 is usually considered to be a "wisdom psalm," which gives advice to those who hear it read or sung. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blessed A main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here "blessed" refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) diff --git a/psa/002/intro.md b/psa/002/intro.md index 22b4a848ab..171824b97c 100644 --- a/psa/002/intro.md +++ b/psa/002/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Psalm 002 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. It is often thought to be about the Messiah because of verse 6 and 7 reference the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection The main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor "Today I have begotten you" here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/psa/003/intro.md b/psa/003/intro.md index c398982c9a..3eb2f7e65f 100644 --- a/psa/003/intro.md +++ b/psa/003/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 003 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during morning worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection Although the psalmist has many enemies and is saying he is without help, God is protecting him and delivering him from danger. diff --git a/psa/004/intro.md b/psa/004/intro.md index 7a5450948e..c08fd31ea0 100644 --- a/psa/004/intro.md +++ b/psa/004/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 004 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during evening worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust God protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/005/intro.md b/psa/005/intro.md index 0b5f4dd58f..acf26fb2e5 100644 --- a/psa/005/intro.md +++ b/psa/005/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 005 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and asks him for help in defeating the wicked. It was intended to be sung accompanied by flutes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help God does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/006/intro.md b/psa/006/intro.md index 72a8ed1dd7..03a9ba61b4 100644 --- a/psa/006/intro.md +++ b/psa/006/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 006 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trouble He is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies. diff --git a/psa/007/intro.md b/psa/007/intro.md index bd95b69820..efcaff4f5f 100644 --- a/psa/007/intro.md +++ b/psa/007/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 007 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection The author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him. diff --git a/psa/008/intro.md b/psa/008/intro.md index 29ebf4a0e1..fa56360d3b 100644 --- a/psa/008/intro.md +++ b/psa/008/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 008 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's creation God has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]]) diff --git a/psa/009/intro.md b/psa/009/intro.md index 0bff8fea2e..99dd4abde4 100644 --- a/psa/009/intro.md +++ b/psa/009/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 009 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 9 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection God is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him. diff --git a/psa/010/intro.md b/psa/010/intro.md index 6038b0e759..489fb917a4 100644 --- a/psa/010/intro.md +++ b/psa/010/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 010 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Evil people The wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) diff --git a/psa/011/intro.md b/psa/011/intro.md index 4b1497fe43..bf32eb5fb0 100644 --- a/psa/011/intro.md +++ b/psa/011/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 011 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice The wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/012/intro.md b/psa/012/intro.md index bf58722d78..3b56112f04 100644 --- a/psa/012/intro.md +++ b/psa/012/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 012 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh saves There are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]]) diff --git a/psa/013/intro.md b/psa/013/intro.md index 5481d64380..12b8190c6d 100644 --- a/psa/013/intro.md +++ b/psa/013/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 013 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to deliver him from death and his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help The author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) diff --git a/psa/014/intro.md b/psa/014/intro.md index d62e9b6f24..3e846568d7 100644 --- a/psa/014/intro.md +++ b/psa/014/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 014 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Evil people Wicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/psa/015/intro.md b/psa/015/intro.md index 7a2b3e1b43..5df7d83595 100644 --- a/psa/015/intro.md +++ b/psa/015/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 015 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Godliness This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/psa/016/intro.md b/psa/016/intro.md index 51506a3c1e..61f2dcc6cd 100644 --- a/psa/016/intro.md +++ b/psa/016/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 016 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testament considers this psalm to be a messianic psalm: a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Messiah God has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ's resurrection when it says that he is God's anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) diff --git a/psa/017/intro.md b/psa/017/intro.md index 09ed975a98..ebed9ceee3 100644 --- a/psa/017/intro.md +++ b/psa/017/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 017 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Innocence The psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]]) diff --git a/psa/018/intro.md b/psa/018/intro.md index 79c2079f61..1e521b28b6 100644 --- a/psa/018/intro.md +++ b/psa/018/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 018 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power God has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. diff --git a/psa/019/intro.md b/psa/019/intro.md index d2527d942a..cb23a9f062 100644 --- a/psa/019/intro.md +++ b/psa/019/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 019 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's law God's law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God's glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) diff --git a/psa/020/intro.md b/psa/020/intro.md index c7eec9a1ab..72eb4b4281 100644 --- a/psa/020/intro.md +++ b/psa/020/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 020 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust Trusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/021/intro.md b/psa/021/intro.md index 4eb8fd1cd0..a3b779d945 100644 --- a/psa/021/intro.md +++ b/psa/021/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 021 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes from the power and help from God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pronouns There is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part. diff --git a/psa/022/intro.md b/psa/022/intro.md index c31c9e4307..00af30dee2 100644 --- a/psa/022/intro.md +++ b/psa/022/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 022 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the crucifixion of Christ. It is also a psalm of individual lament and praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/crucify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Messiah Christ was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him. diff --git a/psa/023/intro.md b/psa/023/intro.md index 0b4ae8a6f4..705a7f2532 100644 --- a/psa/023/intro.md +++ b/psa/023/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 023 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The psalmist praises God for always being with him and for caring for him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/psa/024/intro.md b/psa/024/intro.md index b6212365e4..0d50e76bd1 100644 --- a/psa/024/intro.md +++ b/psa/024/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Psalm 024 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/almighty]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Righteous people Only the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions The psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/psa/025/intro.md b/psa/025/intro.md index 262137625d..c21aea06a3 100644 --- a/psa/025/intro.md +++ b/psa/025/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 025 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 25 is a prayer for God's help. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The humble God is very good to humble people who seek to obey him. diff --git a/psa/026/intro.md b/psa/026/intro.md index bef139394f..52034f1d01 100644 --- a/psa/026/intro.md +++ b/psa/026/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 026 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise The psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) diff --git a/psa/027/intro.md b/psa/027/intro.md index 61f1252b16..bba2c0a421 100644 --- a/psa/027/intro.md +++ b/psa/027/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 027 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from all his enemies. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help Because of God's help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help. diff --git a/psa/028/intro.md b/psa/028/intro.md index a2572ee182..905c9d7475 100644 --- a/psa/028/intro.md +++ b/psa/028/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 028 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust The psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) diff --git a/psa/029/intro.md b/psa/029/intro.md index c39158f9e9..f24e54f054 100644 --- a/psa/029/intro.md +++ b/psa/029/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Psalm 029 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power God is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metonymy diff --git a/psa/030/intro.md b/psa/030/intro.md index 0753cee9f3..c86bd5ac10 100644 --- a/psa/030/intro.md +++ b/psa/030/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 030 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near death but God rescued him. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The psalmist's death If he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God. diff --git a/psa/031/intro.md b/psa/031/intro.md index ae8214fe54..4d9a50a07c 100644 --- a/psa/031/intro.md +++ b/psa/031/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 031 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist's enemies thought they had defeated him, but God protected him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Abandonment Even though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him. diff --git a/psa/032/intro.md b/psa/032/intro.md index c8b572dabb..b68bfa77e4 100644 --- a/psa/032/intro.md +++ b/psa/032/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 032 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Confession of sin This psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God's forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) diff --git a/psa/033/intro.md b/psa/033/intro.md index 69cbbf1069..66831a233b 100644 --- a/psa/033/intro.md +++ b/psa/033/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 033 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power God is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle. diff --git a/psa/034/intro.md b/psa/034/intro.md index 4c64493f12..65481a344a 100644 --- a/psa/034/intro.md +++ b/psa/034/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Psalm 034 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 34 is a teaching psalm and includes thanksgiving. It teaches that living right leads to a good life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) The psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help Good people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) diff --git a/psa/035/intro.md b/psa/035/intro.md index cd61a87a4b..219ce472d6 100644 --- a/psa/035/intro.md +++ b/psa/035/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 035 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Enemies When his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him. diff --git a/psa/036/intro.md b/psa/036/intro.md index 84c509b443..e0a0e28f5c 100644 --- a/psa/036/intro.md +++ b/psa/036/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 036 General Notes -#### Formatting in this chapter +### Formatting in this chapter Psalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God and man Evil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/psa/037/intro.md b/psa/037/intro.md index 45804ce0ef..f512186e26 100644 --- a/psa/037/intro.md +++ b/psa/037/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 037 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Envy Do not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) diff --git a/psa/038/intro.md b/psa/038/intro.md index 98422756ce..ade0667252 100644 --- a/psa/038/intro.md +++ b/psa/038/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 038 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Author's sickness The author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. diff --git a/psa/039/intro.md b/psa/039/intro.md index ef230096b6..a847bf338b 100644 --- a/psa/039/intro.md +++ b/psa/039/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 039 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Life Life on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God's healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) diff --git a/psa/040/intro.md b/psa/040/intro.md index aa3b453e1b..96edb45a98 100644 --- a/psa/040/intro.md +++ b/psa/040/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Psalm 040 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sacrifices God is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them. diff --git a/psa/041/intro.md b/psa/041/intro.md index 0a929b9896..e83f3659c8 100644 --- a/psa/041/intro.md +++ b/psa/041/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 041 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author's friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Enemies The author's best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. diff --git a/psa/042/intro.md b/psa/042/intro.md index 6d0cbc7010..501c6676b8 100644 --- a/psa/042/intro.md +++ b/psa/042/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 042 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist's enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's deliverance The psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem. diff --git a/psa/043/intro.md b/psa/043/intro.md index ccfead724f..50d339d3b6 100644 --- a/psa/043/intro.md +++ b/psa/043/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 043 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist's enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Encouragement The author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/044/intro.md b/psa/044/intro.md index 8336497627..85aa798f1c 100644 --- a/psa/044/intro.md +++ b/psa/044/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 044 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God's help against enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Enemies When Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God's help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/psa/045/intro.md b/psa/045/intro.md index 1a918d8b09..f1d567d119 100644 --- a/psa/045/intro.md +++ b/psa/045/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 045 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king's wedding day. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Beauty The king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful. diff --git a/psa/046/intro.md b/psa/046/intro.md index 082bf2e529..c66b358f30 100644 --- a/psa/046/intro.md +++ b/psa/046/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 046 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 46 is a psalm of praise to God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter God is all-powerful, controls nature, and protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/psa/047/intro.md b/psa/047/intro.md index a66d2f85b0..fc5c625510 100644 --- a/psa/047/intro.md +++ b/psa/047/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 047 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power God is powerful over all the nations in the world. diff --git a/psa/048/intro.md b/psa/048/intro.md index 86319af6ad..3427d14ce4 100644 --- a/psa/048/intro.md +++ b/psa/048/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 048 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jerusalem Jerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) diff --git a/psa/049/intro.md b/psa/049/intro.md index efd50c8c38..f95aff4702 100644 --- a/psa/049/intro.md +++ b/psa/049/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 049 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Riches Riches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/050/intro.md b/psa/050/intro.md index c2829ec246..8cdba717f1 100644 --- a/psa/050/intro.md +++ b/psa/050/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 050 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sacrifices God does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/psa/051/intro.md b/psa/051/intro.md index b1646080ae..c880ffd4a2 100644 --- a/psa/051/intro.md +++ b/psa/051/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 051 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Repentance The psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) diff --git a/psa/052/intro.md b/psa/052/intro.md index 12a641247e..8d17a2b8ca 100644 --- a/psa/052/intro.md +++ b/psa/052/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 052 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Evil people Although the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) diff --git a/psa/053/intro.md b/psa/053/intro.md index 53f6ba8512..475af06878 100644 --- a/psa/053/intro.md +++ b/psa/053/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 053 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's watching mankind God looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) diff --git a/psa/054/intro.md b/psa/054/intro.md index e929b1c443..1a876968a3 100644 --- a/psa/054/intro.md +++ b/psa/054/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 054 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rescue Evil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/055/intro.md b/psa/055/intro.md index bf42adb2c2..7210c49fa9 100644 --- a/psa/055/intro.md +++ b/psa/055/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 055 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver him from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Betrayal The author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/056/intro.md b/psa/056/intro.md index 38ec914624..e0496b3d4f 100644 --- a/psa/056/intro.md +++ b/psa/056/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 056 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fear Although the psalmist's enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him. diff --git a/psa/057/intro.md b/psa/057/intro.md index 076b764a50..4a92cc89ff 100644 --- a/psa/057/intro.md +++ b/psa/057/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 057 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has delivered David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fear Since God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies. diff --git a/psa/058/intro.md b/psa/058/intro.md index 27b108e175..551c57b766 100644 --- a/psa/058/intro.md +++ b/psa/058/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 058 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rulers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Deliverance Although the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) diff --git a/psa/059/intro.md b/psa/059/intro.md index a500d72e82..04152d7ee2 100644 --- a/psa/059/intro.md +++ b/psa/059/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 059 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Protection The author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God. diff --git a/psa/060/intro.md b/psa/060/intro.md index dc617c91a1..6bb41a565f 100644 --- a/psa/060/intro.md +++ b/psa/060/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 060 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 60 is a psalm of war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Protection God has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom. diff --git a/psa/061/intro.md b/psa/061/intro.md index 811fab8f73..7c50c76b9f 100644 --- a/psa/061/intro.md +++ b/psa/061/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 061 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 61 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Vow The author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/psa/062/intro.md b/psa/062/intro.md index 7cc0f39e05..f63ffae110 100644 --- a/psa/062/intro.md +++ b/psa/062/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 062 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the psalmist from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust Although the psalmist's enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind. diff --git a/psa/063/intro.md b/psa/063/intro.md index b875d77e6d..4cc579e2c1 100644 --- a/psa/063/intro.md +++ b/psa/063/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 063 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 63 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise The author praises God for who he is and for having protected him. diff --git a/psa/064/intro.md b/psa/064/intro.md index 79eb716dca..081f3fd7cf 100644 --- a/psa/064/intro.md +++ b/psa/064/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 064 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Plotting of enemies The author's enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/065/intro.md b/psa/065/intro.md index 7b095cc5f6..a3ed345c3a 100644 --- a/psa/065/intro.md +++ b/psa/065/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 065 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power God answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well. diff --git a/psa/066/intro.md b/psa/066/intro.md index 5b536a0eff..529f5804ae 100644 --- a/psa/066/intro.md +++ b/psa/066/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 066 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 66 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh saves Just as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/067/intro.md b/psa/067/intro.md index bcd57e0d63..d0de3eb56f 100644 --- a/psa/067/intro.md +++ b/psa/067/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 067 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 67 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise People all over the world should be praising God. diff --git a/psa/068/intro.md b/psa/068/intro.md index 4d598d380c..8a1a684f20 100644 --- a/psa/068/intro.md +++ b/psa/068/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 068 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 68 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's greatness God is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/psa/069/intro.md b/psa/069/intro.md index 15f0eb16b5..c32cbc0c3c 100644 --- a/psa/069/intro.md +++ b/psa/069/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 069 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemies and for them to be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Deliverance The author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) diff --git a/psa/070/intro.md b/psa/070/intro.md index a6889611fa..827bf102a0 100644 --- a/psa/070/intro.md +++ b/psa/070/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 070 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from his enemies. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Help The author needs help and needs it immediately. diff --git a/psa/071/intro.md b/psa/071/intro.md index 259c89c7d1..7c7bc029ae 100644 --- a/psa/071/intro.md +++ b/psa/071/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 071 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help God has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/072/intro.md b/psa/072/intro.md index f5eecb50bc..e7142cf13e 100644 --- a/psa/072/intro.md +++ b/psa/072/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 072 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it as a blessing on his son, Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blessings for the king May the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king. diff --git a/psa/073/intro.md b/psa/073/intro.md index 5bd280b863..96bf181825 100644 --- a/psa/073/intro.md +++ b/psa/073/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 073 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Evil people Sometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) diff --git a/psa/074/intro.md b/psa/074/intro.md index 7a31ad9810..f711fa9307 100644 --- a/psa/074/intro.md +++ b/psa/074/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 074 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's power The enemies have destroyed God's temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) diff --git a/psa/075/intro.md b/psa/075/intro.md index 23bf68753d..b930c3a71a 100644 --- a/psa/075/intro.md +++ b/psa/075/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 075 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Punishment God has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) diff --git a/psa/076/intro.md b/psa/076/intro.md index 54bbcba9f7..d1634092f7 100644 --- a/psa/076/intro.md +++ b/psa/076/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 076 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 76 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's greatness God is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts. diff --git a/psa/077/intro.md b/psa/077/intro.md index f8d5b8e661..412c9ec2e7 100644 --- a/psa/077/intro.md +++ b/psa/077/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 077 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm The author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Lament God used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea. diff --git a/psa/078/intro.md b/psa/078/intro.md index 4ebc280f4d..0a4bc99650 100644 --- a/psa/078/intro.md +++ b/psa/078/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 078 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel's history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's complaining Although God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) diff --git a/psa/079/intro.md b/psa/079/intro.md index d1502f23fe..8b36337d08 100644 --- a/psa/079/intro.md +++ b/psa/079/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 079 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Destruction Jerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him. diff --git a/psa/080/intro.md b/psa/080/intro.md index 0dd7af88ca..5c568aa5a9 100644 --- a/psa/080/intro.md +++ b/psa/080/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Psalm 080 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help Israel's enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor diff --git a/psa/081/intro.md b/psa/081/intro.md index 5bb59c57ec..63deaa1d49 100644 --- a/psa/081/intro.md +++ b/psa/081/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 081 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at "new moon" and "full moon" ceremonies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Obedience If Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies. diff --git a/psa/082/intro.md b/psa/082/intro.md index 32f1f5616c..647506be18 100644 --- a/psa/082/intro.md +++ b/psa/082/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Psalm 082 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Favoritism The leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metonymy diff --git a/psa/083/intro.md b/psa/083/intro.md index b6a52f9334..77905b174b 100644 --- a/psa/083/intro.md +++ b/psa/083/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 083 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many nations allied against Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Destruction God should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel's enemies during the time of the Judges. diff --git a/psa/084/intro.md b/psa/084/intro.md index ba1db2eb6a..33ece2b29e 100644 --- a/psa/084/intro.md +++ b/psa/084/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 084 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 84 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Obedience God blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) diff --git a/psa/085/intro.md b/psa/085/intro.md index 16d96a979d..7ee3c36351 100644 --- a/psa/085/intro.md +++ b/psa/085/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 085 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 85 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blessings God has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) diff --git a/psa/086/intro.md b/psa/086/intro.md index e5584eff2c..c85845f94e 100644 --- a/psa/086/intro.md +++ b/psa/086/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 086 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help God has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God's servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/087/intro.md b/psa/087/intro.md index aff8ec8f6f..2fe3106de4 100644 --- a/psa/087/intro.md +++ b/psa/087/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 087 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Pride People will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem. diff --git a/psa/088/intro.md b/psa/088/intro.md index 83c8313422..697585b8dc 100644 --- a/psa/088/intro.md +++ b/psa/088/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 088 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Abandon Ever since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God's healing. diff --git a/psa/089/intro.md b/psa/089/intro.md index bd18aa502f..623fdc43e2 100644 --- a/psa/089/intro.md +++ b/psa/089/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 089 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's promises God is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) diff --git a/psa/090/intro.md b/psa/090/intro.md index 29fec195bd..281dcbea96 100644 --- a/psa/090/intro.md +++ b/psa/090/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 090 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human's life is short. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Life's shortness Because life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it. diff --git a/psa/091/intro.md b/psa/091/intro.md index ebac5ce4eb..7b6b06f129 100644 --- a/psa/091/intro.md +++ b/psa/091/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 091 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fear No matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. diff --git a/psa/092/intro.md b/psa/092/intro.md index acd6549ded..8841d73857 100644 --- a/psa/092/intro.md +++ b/psa/092/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 092 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God's kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice God causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/psa/093/intro.md b/psa/093/intro.md index 9442a1b296..58b58f8339 100644 --- a/psa/093/intro.md +++ b/psa/093/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 093 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power Yahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean. diff --git a/psa/094/intro.md b/psa/094/intro.md index a3113f3ec2..0994b34c67 100644 --- a/psa/094/intro.md +++ b/psa/094/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 094 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Justice Evil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) diff --git a/psa/095/intro.md b/psa/095/intro.md index 9ae8c9bc5b..443ac1bcb3 100644 --- a/psa/095/intro.md +++ b/psa/095/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 095 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's care God made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years. diff --git a/psa/096/intro.md b/psa/096/intro.md index 725c3ba273..6e2cf37e9c 100644 --- a/psa/096/intro.md +++ b/psa/096/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 096 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh, the king Yahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise. diff --git a/psa/097/intro.md b/psa/097/intro.md index c10154481c..feb70ec8fd 100644 --- a/psa/097/intro.md +++ b/psa/097/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 097 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's authority All people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world. diff --git a/psa/098/intro.md b/psa/098/intro.md index 2d88018fb2..d6ebc3bc04 100644 --- a/psa/098/intro.md +++ b/psa/098/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 098 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise Everyone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise. diff --git a/psa/099/intro.md b/psa/099/intro.md index 3c13621e25..d234ca94ec 100644 --- a/psa/099/intro.md +++ b/psa/099/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 099 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's justice God is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/psa/100/intro.md b/psa/100/intro.md index 2791b9d009..4d8541d17c 100644 --- a/psa/100/intro.md +++ b/psa/100/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 100 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's care for his creation God made mankind and takes good care of people. diff --git a/psa/101/intro.md b/psa/101/intro.md index c7de03e7a5..caad1e997d 100644 --- a/psa/101/intro.md +++ b/psa/101/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 101 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 101 is a psalm asking God's help in living as a person should. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Encouragement The psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/psa/102/intro.md b/psa/102/intro.md index 35304b4629..ac0099b975 100644 --- a/psa/102/intro.md +++ b/psa/102/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 102 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Salvation The author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/103/intro.md b/psa/103/intro.md index 94da0c6c7a..0b485f3b88 100644 --- a/psa/103/intro.md +++ b/psa/103/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 103 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's grace God is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/psa/104/intro.md b/psa/104/intro.md index cfd9aee439..06047ad799 100644 --- a/psa/104/intro.md +++ b/psa/104/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 104 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's creation God has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea. diff --git a/psa/105/intro.md b/psa/105/intro.md index 28e96b164a..8e5b176299 100644 --- a/psa/105/intro.md +++ b/psa/105/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 105 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection God protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel's history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/psa/106/intro.md b/psa/106/intro.md index 4015b5a20a..8dd8378b9d 100644 --- a/psa/106/intro.md +++ b/psa/106/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 106 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel's sin Although Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/psa/107/intro.md b/psa/107/intro.md index aac5e050ea..736a2ed26b 100644 --- a/psa/107/intro.md +++ b/psa/107/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 107 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise The psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) diff --git a/psa/108/intro.md b/psa/108/intro.md index f4efeb1edd..be6e31f858 100644 --- a/psa/108/intro.md +++ b/psa/108/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 108 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 108 is a psalm of war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Victory God promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom. diff --git a/psa/109/intro.md b/psa/109/intro.md index 77f19bc920..7bff1f68bf 100644 --- a/psa/109/intro.md +++ b/psa/109/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 109 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Enemies destroyed This enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy's family. diff --git a/psa/110/intro.md b/psa/110/intro.md index acccf060f9..ddd99b5579 100644 --- a/psa/110/intro.md +++ b/psa/110/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 110 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King The king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) diff --git a/psa/111/intro.md b/psa/111/intro.md index 393d175a56..c3bf98333a 100644 --- a/psa/111/intro.md +++ b/psa/111/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 111 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's character God is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) diff --git a/psa/112/intro.md b/psa/112/intro.md index 3638e4c31e..f73b3c82d7 100644 --- a/psa/112/intro.md +++ b/psa/112/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 112 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Righteous people The righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them. diff --git a/psa/113/intro.md b/psa/113/intro.md index 640475b952..e5b1206aa2 100644 --- a/psa/113/intro.md +++ b/psa/113/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 113 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help God helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children. diff --git a/psa/114/intro.md b/psa/114/intro.md index ed5fb22ec5..5ff8ee0ab2 100644 --- a/psa/114/intro.md +++ b/psa/114/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 114 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise The psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. diff --git a/psa/115/intro.md b/psa/115/intro.md index c980a28694..19a6d342c4 100644 --- a/psa/115/intro.md +++ b/psa/115/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 115 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 115 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's power God is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/116/intro.md b/psa/116/intro.md index 987f0ff6e1..3c349982b9 100644 --- a/psa/116/intro.md +++ b/psa/116/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 116 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist's life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Healing The author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) diff --git a/psa/117/intro.md b/psa/117/intro.md index 5e0fda3a69..644621a196 100644 --- a/psa/117/intro.md +++ b/psa/117/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 117 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 117 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise Everyone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) diff --git a/psa/118/intro.md b/psa/118/intro.md index 31379a4b89..da8a4af3db 100644 --- a/psa/118/intro.md +++ b/psa/118/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 118 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Rejected stone The author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah's rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) diff --git a/psa/119/intro.md b/psa/119/intro.md index 9b35500928..3c0afb4ea7 100644 --- a/psa/119/intro.md +++ b/psa/119/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Psalm 119 General Notes -#### Formatting in this chapter +### Formatting in this chapter This is a certain kind of psalm called an acrostic. The Hebrew language has twenty-two letters, and this psalm has twenty-two groups of verses, one group for each letter of the alphabet. Each group has eight verses, and each verse in a group begins with the same letter. The verses in the first group begin with the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, the verses in the second group begin with the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and so on through the whole alphabet. In the ULB, the names of the Hebrew letters are written in uppercase letters before each group of verses that begin with that letter. The names of the first four Hebrew letters are ALEPH, BETH, GIMEL, and DALETH. You will be able to recognize the names of the other Hebrew letters as you see them because they, too, are written in uppercase letters. These letter names are not actually part of the psalm, but many translations use them to help the readers see its structure. -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The Law The author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/psa/120/intro.md b/psa/120/intro.md index b32cf1ebdc..f919c55745 100644 --- a/psa/120/intro.md +++ b/psa/120/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 120 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fighting The author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him. diff --git a/psa/121/intro.md b/psa/121/intro.md index b9dedc06a5..13fc9b06e2 100644 --- a/psa/121/intro.md +++ b/psa/121/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 121 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 121 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection God always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) diff --git a/psa/122/intro.md b/psa/122/intro.md index 04e2c3ecc4..347959299a 100644 --- a/psa/122/intro.md +++ b/psa/122/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 122 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jerusalem Jerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city. diff --git a/psa/123/intro.md b/psa/123/intro.md index f73b7bc081..17bd33d57e 100644 --- a/psa/123/intro.md +++ b/psa/123/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 123 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust Just as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/124/intro.md b/psa/124/intro.md index 02f6872dbe..8dbb81f241 100644 --- a/psa/124/intro.md +++ b/psa/124/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 124 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God's delivering the Israelites from their enemy's attack. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh saves God saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/125/intro.md b/psa/125/intro.md index 6e271a9b40..aded97b951 100644 --- a/psa/125/intro.md +++ b/psa/125/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 125 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 125 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection God protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/psa/126/intro.md b/psa/126/intro.md index 68220bfe7d..f62fc21c0b 100644 --- a/psa/126/intro.md +++ b/psa/126/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 126 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sorrow and joy People may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) diff --git a/psa/127/intro.md b/psa/127/intro.md index 45926c3144..30dd999419 100644 --- a/psa/127/intro.md +++ b/psa/127/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 127 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Blessings God wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/psa/128/intro.md b/psa/128/intro.md index 54ead9e034..2e6ef3402a 100644 --- a/psa/128/intro.md +++ b/psa/128/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 128 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Respect Those people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) diff --git a/psa/129/intro.md b/psa/129/intro.md index be5b8ed630..2090c28f4b 100644 --- a/psa/129/intro.md +++ b/psa/129/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 129 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel's many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh saves Israel's enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/130/intro.md b/psa/130/intro.md index 6e67f9e4a5..559213a918 100644 --- a/psa/130/intro.md +++ b/psa/130/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 130 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Forgive God forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/psa/131/intro.md b/psa/131/intro.md index 1903bb191a..392a49f5e5 100644 --- a/psa/131/intro.md +++ b/psa/131/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 131 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust This psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best. diff --git a/psa/132/intro.md b/psa/132/intro.md index bdf57cd8af..1980ce8b2f 100644 --- a/psa/132/intro.md +++ b/psa/132/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 132 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ark The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) diff --git a/psa/133/intro.md b/psa/133/intro.md index 5927f931b3..53ed209832 100644 --- a/psa/133/intro.md +++ b/psa/133/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 133 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Harmony Harmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/psa/134/intro.md b/psa/134/intro.md index 3ddb7c1a44..e7b2809353 100644 --- a/psa/134/intro.md +++ b/psa/134/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 134 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Watchmen The watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/psa/135/intro.md b/psa/135/intro.md index 2a74d0e26c..1580f1395b 100644 --- a/psa/135/intro.md +++ b/psa/135/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 135 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise The people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) diff --git a/psa/136/intro.md b/psa/136/intro.md index 7988e5e544..d8b4581161 100644 --- a/psa/136/intro.md +++ b/psa/136/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 136 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choir. One part would sing the first part of each of the lines and then the other part of the choir would sing the repeated refrain. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Israel blessed God has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/psa/137/intro.md b/psa/137/intro.md index b064d00fa8..2a844a8e7f 100644 --- a/psa/137/intro.md +++ b/psa/137/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 137 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Songs of Zion The captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. diff --git a/psa/138/intro.md b/psa/138/intro.md index 6b329e11fc..65b0fe693f 100644 --- a/psa/138/intro.md +++ b/psa/138/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 138 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Answered prayers God answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies. diff --git a/psa/139/intro.md b/psa/139/intro.md index dba4c48806..dcdbc3055a 100644 --- a/psa/139/intro.md +++ b/psa/139/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 139 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 139 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's care God created the psalmist in his mother's womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him. diff --git a/psa/140/intro.md b/psa/140/intro.md index c7824bbb88..c6ebf1c1bb 100644 --- a/psa/140/intro.md +++ b/psa/140/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 140 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's protection He prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) diff --git a/psa/141/intro.md b/psa/141/intro.md index 8be11ca568..94ff2ff41a 100644 --- a/psa/141/intro.md +++ b/psa/141/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 141 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's correction The author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/psa/142/intro.md b/psa/142/intro.md index ab4f2ceb1b..25ad4475b2 100644 --- a/psa/142/intro.md +++ b/psa/142/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 142 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help The psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) diff --git a/psa/143/intro.md b/psa/143/intro.md index 61d767e75c..48c6bf0952 100644 --- a/psa/143/intro.md +++ b/psa/143/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 143 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's help The author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God's servant. diff --git a/psa/144/intro.md b/psa/144/intro.md index 50b34cadc4..0372baddb5 100644 --- a/psa/144/intro.md +++ b/psa/144/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 144 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Safety Psalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel. diff --git a/psa/145/intro.md b/psa/145/intro.md index cc76fc466a..618d57f818 100644 --- a/psa/145/intro.md +++ b/psa/145/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 145 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150). -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise God is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him. diff --git a/psa/146/intro.md b/psa/146/intro.md index 8e185260a6..314b1baa00 100644 --- a/psa/146/intro.md +++ b/psa/146/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 146 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Trust Trusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) diff --git a/psa/147/intro.md b/psa/147/intro.md index e740648d03..bb81aff319 100644 --- a/psa/147/intro.md +++ b/psa/147/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 147 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Yahweh's control Yahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people. diff --git a/psa/148/intro.md b/psa/148/intro.md index c1e8d3cb56..272ac2e3c1 100644 --- a/psa/148/intro.md +++ b/psa/148/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 148 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise All creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. diff --git a/psa/149/intro.md b/psa/149/intro.md index b3dda0c4f5..6cc9ed31fc 100644 --- a/psa/149/intro.md +++ b/psa/149/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 149 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Praise The people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations. diff --git a/psa/150/intro.md b/psa/150/intro.md index 370ddb59ac..4a4a1a7ec5 100644 --- a/psa/150/intro.md +++ b/psa/150/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Psalm 150 General Notes -#### Type of psalm +### Type of psalm Psalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Instruments People should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument. diff --git a/psa/front/intro.md b/psa/front/intro.md index e4f59b0f5b..ea7f4b6ed8 100644 --- a/psa/front/intro.md +++ b/psa/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Psalms +### Outline of Psalms 1. Book One (Psalms 1-41) 1. Book Two (Psalms 42-72) @@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ 1. Book Four (Psalms 90-106) 1. Book Five (Psalms 107-150) -#### What is the Book of Psalms? +### What is the Book of Psalms? The Book of Psalms is a collection of songs. People called psalmists wrote them for different reasons. In some psalms, the psalmists expressed their praise for God. In other psalms, they asked God for help and expressed confidence in his love and power. In others, they confessed their sins and begged for mercy. The Israelites wrote some psalms to ask Yahweh to defeat their enemies. Other psalms celebrated the event of a new king beginning his reign. Psalmists also wrote to praise the city of Jerusalem. They wrote some psalms to instruct people on how to be wise by honoring Yahweh and obeying his law. Also, pilgrims sang some of the psalms while traveling to Jerusalem to worship there. Some psalms became songs of praise in the temple worship of Yahweh. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title of this book, "The Book of Psalms" or just "Psalms." Another title of this book is "Songs of Praise." Translators may express this meaning in their own languages, or they may choose to use or transliterate the name from another language version if it is well known. For example, the French title "Les Psaumes" might be understood by everyone in a project language, if French is the language of wider communication in the region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]]) -#### When was the Book of Psalms written? +### When was the Book of Psalms written? The Psalms were written over a long period of time. Moses probably wrote the earliest psalm around 1400 B.C. David and Asaph wrote their psalms between 1020 and 975 B.C. The Korahites may have written their psalms before Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylon in 587 B.C. Psalm 126 appears to come from the period after the exile, which ended in 538 B.C. -#### What are the Messianic psalms? +### What are the Messianic psalms? Some psalms are called "Messianic psalms." New Testament writers considered these psalms to prophesy about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. They cited Psalms 2, 8, 16, 22, 34, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 109, 110, and 118 at least one time each in the New Testament. -#### What are superscriptions in the Psalms? +### What are superscriptions in the Psalms? Many psalms give some information called superscriptions before the beginning of the psalm. Some of the expressions in the superscriptions are difficult to understand, so modern versions often have different interpretations of them. @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Traditionally, English versions do not give verse numbers to the superscriptions ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms? +### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms? The psalmists often pictured Yahweh as: @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The psalmists often pictured Yahweh as: * a "rock," that is, a high rocky mountain on which people can be completely safe from their enemies * a strong warrior who always defeats his enemies. -#### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms? +### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms? When people honor someone, they think well of him and may even admire him. On the other hand, if people shame someone, that person loses honor and is disgraced. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Also, psalmists often expressed fear that they would be shamed by their enemies. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why do the ULB and UDB display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not? +### Why do the ULB and UDB display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not? The psalmists wrote the Psalms as Hebrew poetry. The ULB and UDB set each line farther to the right on the page than regular text is placed to show that the writing is poetry rather than prose. @@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ This style typically uses pairs of poetic lines that relate to each other in dif Translators will have to decide whether to present the Psalms as poetry or as prose in their own language. Translators will need to consider whether their language has poetic forms that are suitable for expressing the Psalms. -#### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others? +### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others? From ancient times, people have numbered the Psalms in different ways. The Jews numbered the Psalms in Hebrew in one way. When they translated the Psalms into Greek, they numbered them in a different way. As a result, the Hebrew numbering and the Greek numbering of Psalms were both passed down through the centuries. They are both still in use today. Translators will probably want to number the Psalms in the same way that most versions in their own country do. -#### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms? +### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms? "Selah" and "Higgaion" seem to be musical terms inserted as directions for singers and musicians. Scholars do not agree as to their meaning. For this reason, translators may decide to transliterate them or leave them out but not try to translate them. diff --git a/rev/01/intro.md b/rev/01/intro.md index fb740cc637..171a9676f2 100644 --- a/rev/01/intro.md +++ b/rev/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Revelation 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words in verse 7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Seven churches @@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being "white." T God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Blood Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus "has released us from our sins by his blood." John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "He is coming with the clouds" diff --git a/rev/02/intro.md b/rev/02/intro.md index 58a74771bd..ea1b1ac452 100644 --- a/rev/02/intro.md +++ b/rev/02/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Revelation 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Poverty and wealth @@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ Some authorities were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw t Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The angel of the church" diff --git a/rev/03/intro.md b/rev/03/intro.md index ddd31d955a..919bd0bf56 100644 --- a/rev/03/intro.md +++ b/rev/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Revelation 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with verse 7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Seven spirits of God @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). These stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md). -#### Important metaphors in this chapter +### Important metaphors in this chapter ##### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The angel of the church" diff --git a/rev/04/intro.md b/rev/04/intro.md index 3055504d4a..ab1da8df98 100644 --- a/rev/04/intro.md +++ b/rev/04/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Revelation 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with verses 8 and 11. John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). God's glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. For people "to give glory" to God and for God "to receive glory" means that people are praising and worshiping God because of the glory he already has. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Difficult images diff --git a/rev/05/intro.md b/rev/05/intro.md index adb0f26c98..8b90848360 100644 --- a/rev/05/intro.md +++ b/rev/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Revelation 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Sealed scroll @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a goo These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors diff --git a/rev/06/intro.md b/rev/06/intro.md index 81212317f0..a40a22bcaa 100644 --- a/rev/06/intro.md +++ b/rev/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Revelation 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Seven Seals Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pie ##### The Four Horsemen As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rev/07/intro.md b/rev/07/intro.md index 0c61477fa8..b814326c50 100644 --- a/rev/07/intro.md +++ b/rev/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Revelation 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) @@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not list Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 5-8 and 15-17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Worship God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rev/08/intro.md b/rev/08/intro.md index 227f3300ac..4ce35cd0a6 100644 --- a/rev/08/intro.md +++ b/rev/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Revelation 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Seven seals and seven trumpets This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Similes In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/rev/09/intro.md b/rev/09/intro.md index c1b956a58a..9ca6c1cbd7 100644 --- a/rev/09/intro.md +++ b/rev/09/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ # Revelation 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) ##### Woe John describes several "woes" in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three "woes" announced at the end of Chapter 8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Animal imagery This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. These animals represent different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used. @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of h ##### Repentance Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/rev/10/intro.md b/rev/10/intro.md index 1f648d4f44..c0bea5f4c1 100644 --- a/rev/10/intro.md +++ b/rev/10/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Revelation 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Seven thunders John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for "thunder" when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand ##### "The mystery of God" This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Simile John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/rev/11/intro.md b/rev/11/intro.md index 308c02120a..f0afc0711c 100644 --- a/rev/11/intro.md +++ b/rev/11/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Revelation 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 15 and 17-18. @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to s John describes several "woes" in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third "woe" announced at the end of Chapter 8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Gentiles The word "Gentiles" here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) diff --git a/rev/12/intro.md b/rev/12/intro.md index f0981a2bb9..9fe37a1e23 100644 --- a/rev/12/intro.md +++ b/rev/12/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Revelation 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 10-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Serpent The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "A great sign was seen in heaven" By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say "A great sign appeared in heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) diff --git a/rev/13/intro.md b/rev/13/intro.md index 40ef9a6235..fdb6782be0 100644 --- a/rev/13/intro.md +++ b/rev/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Revelation 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 10, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Similes John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Unknown animals John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]]) diff --git a/rev/14/intro.md b/rev/14/intro.md index 8b4f4ac3ac..004ecff699 100644 --- a/rev/14/intro.md +++ b/rev/14/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Revelation 14 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Harvest diff --git a/rev/15/intro.md b/rev/15/intro.md index 401b9cfc47..44ad2e5f35 100644 --- a/rev/15/intro.md +++ b/rev/15/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Revelation 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 3-4. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Victorious over the beast" diff --git a/rev/16/intro.md b/rev/16/intro.md index 04f8acaa23..ffceea427b 100644 --- a/rev/16/intro.md +++ b/rev/16/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Revelation 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 5-7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple" @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15. This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter. diff --git a/rev/17/intro.md b/rev/17/intro.md index 2124f9bd08..f3d6a627a1 100644 --- a/rev/17/intro.md +++ b/rev/17/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Revelation 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prostitute @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as p This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up " diff --git a/rev/18/intro.md b/rev/18/intro.md index 31c927f419..81c1d93b03 100644 --- a/rev/18/intro.md +++ b/rev/18/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Revelation 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 2-8, 10, 16-17, and 19-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecy The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors diff --git a/rev/19/intro.md b/rev/19/intro.md index 3eb4f33ecd..c67241fcc4 100644 --- a/rev/19/intro.md +++ b/rev/19/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Revelation 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 1-8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Songs diff --git a/rev/20/intro.md b/rev/20/intro.md index 9d23c14b5c..2242c158eb 100644 --- a/rev/20/intro.md +++ b/rev/20/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Revelation 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The thousand-year reign of Christ @@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. Dur This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Hades and the lake of fire These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) diff --git a/rev/21/intro.md b/rev/21/intro.md index ed0af8cb18..102f3fc91c 100644 --- a/rev/21/intro.md +++ b/rev/21/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ # Revelation 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Second death Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### New heaven and new earth diff --git a/rev/22/intro.md b/rev/22/intro.md index 7b7bef15b8..7f8e35ecca 100644 --- a/rev/22/intro.md +++ b/rev/22/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Revelation 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Tree of life There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Alpha and omega diff --git a/rev/front/intro.md b/rev/front/intro.md index a305e7cc50..fe016e3a7e 100644 --- a/rev/front/intro.md +++ b/rev/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Revelation +### Outline of the Book of Revelation 1. Opening (1:1-20) 1. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22) @@ -16,41 +16,41 @@ 1. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5) 1. Jesus's promise to return, the witness from the angels, John's closing words, Christ's message to his church, and the invitation and the warning (22:6-21) -#### Who wrote the Book of Revelation? +### Who wrote the Book of Revelation? The author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus. -#### What is the Book of Revelation about? +### What is the Book of Revelation about? John wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, "Revelation," "The Revelation of Jesus Christ," "The Revelation to Saint John," or "The Apocalypse of John." Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as "The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation? +### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation? John used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Are the events of Revelation past or future? +### Are the events of Revelation past or future? Since early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns. Translators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULB. -#### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation? +### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation? No other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it? +### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it? One does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Revelation in the ULB? +### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Revelation in the ULB? The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULB uses the following principles: * The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULB uses "holy." (See: 14:12; 22:11) @@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this re The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### Periods of time +### Periods of time John referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/rom/01/intro.md b/rom/01/intro.md index 2f9fd64d9b..12215b66d8 100644 --- a/rom/01/intro.md +++ b/rom/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The first verse is a type of introduction. People in the ancient Mediterranean region often started their letters this way. Sometimes this is called a "salutation." -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The gospel When Paul writes of "the gospel" in this chapter (verses 1, 2, 9, 15, 16, 17), he is referring to the message about God's salvation for people through Jesus's sacrifice on the cross. @@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ This chapter uses the image of a harvest ([1:13](./13.md)) to speak of the Roman ##### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God This chapter explains that everyone is without excuse. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the wrath of God. This wrath was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "God gave them over" Many scholars view the phrases "God gave them over" and "God gave them up" as theologically significant. In both cases, it means that God had stopped trying to teach the people the right way and had allowed them to do whatever they want, even though everything they wanted to do was evil. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Difficult phrases and concepts diff --git a/rom/02/intro.md b/rom/02/intro.md index c95bac5ec6..aa25fd46a3 100644 --- a/rom/02/intro.md +++ b/rom/02/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ # Romans 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter shifts its audience from Roman Christians to those who "judge" other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) ##### "Therefore you are without excuse" This phrase looks back at Chapter 1. In some ways, it actually concludes what Chapter 1 teaches. This phrase explains why everyone in the world must worship the true God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "Doers of the Law" Those who try to obey the law will not be justified by trying to obey it. Those who are justified by believing in Jesus show that their faith is real by obeying God's commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "You who judge" At times, this could be translated in a simpler way. But it is translated in this relatively awkward way because when Paul refers to "people who judge" he is also saying that everyone judges. It is possible to translate this as "those who judge (and everyone judges)." diff --git a/rom/03/intro.md b/rom/03/intro.md index 81a7b4cc28..1fb7e00d0d 100644 --- a/rom/03/intro.md +++ b/rom/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 4 and 10-18 of this chapter, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter Chapter 3 answers the question, "What advantage does being a Jew have over being a Gentile?" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Because God is holy, anyone with him in heaven must be perfect. Any sin at all w ##### The purpose of the law of Moses Obeying the law cannot make a person right with God. Obeying God's law is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]]) diff --git a/rom/04/intro.md b/rom/04/intro.md index 5eeb828a2a..3d0c360b60 100644 --- a/rom/04/intro.md +++ b/rom/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 7-8 of this chapter, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### The purpose of the law of Moses Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of Israel, was justified. Even Abraham could not be justified by what he did. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person right with God. Obeying God's commands is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of ##### Circumcision Circumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a male as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, no person was justified only by being circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/rom/05/intro.md b/rom/05/intro.md index f7cd4317ae..28a27abdfa 100644 --- a/rom/05/intro.md +++ b/rom/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Many scholars view verses 12-17 as some of the most important, but difficult, verses in Scripture to understand. Some of their richness and meaning has likely been lost while being translated from how the original Greek was constructed. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Results of justification How Paul explains the results of our being justified is an important part of this chapter. These results include having peace with God, having access to God, being confident about our future, being able to rejoice when suffering, being eternally saved, and being reconciled with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) diff --git a/rom/06/intro.md b/rom/06/intro.md index 7a90b73eed..c9e9843b3b 100644 --- a/rom/06/intro.md +++ b/rom/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul begins this chapter by answering how someone might object to what he taught in Chapter 5. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Against the Law In this chapter, Paul refutes the teaching that Christians can live however they want after they are saved. Scholars call this "antinomianism" or being "against the law." To motivate godly living, Paul recalls the great price Jesus paid for a Christian to be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) @@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ Before they believe in Jesus, people are servants of sin, that is, they are unab ##### Fruit This chapter uses the imagery of fruit. The image of fruit usually refers to a person's faith producing good works in their life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Death Paul uses "death" to refer to many different things in this chapter: physical death, spiritual death, sin reigning in the heart of man, and the end of something. He contrasts sin and death with the new life provided by Christ and the new way Christians are supposed to live after they are saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) diff --git a/rom/07/intro.md b/rom/07/intro.md index 0fe3c2e52b..556f9539ca 100644 --- a/rom/07/intro.md +++ b/rom/07/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ # Romans 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### "Or do you not know" Paul uses this phrase to discuss a new topic and connects what follows with the previous teaching. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### "We have been released from the law" Paul explains that the law of Moses is no longer in effect. While this is true, the timeless principles behind the law reflect the character of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Marriage Scripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/rom/08/intro.md b/rom/08/intro.md index 71638cbb8e..075380594c 100644 --- a/rom/08/intro.md +++ b/rom/08/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Romans 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting The first verse of this chapter is a transitional sentence. Paul concludes his teaching of Chapter 7 and leads into the words of Chapter 8. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with verse 36. Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Indwelling of the Spirit The Holy Spirit is said to live inside a person or inside their heart. If the Spirit is present, this signifies that a person is saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) @@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ Jesus is the Son of God in a unique way. God also adopts Christians to be his ch ##### Predestination Twice in verses 29-30 Paul uses the word "predestined." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen his own people to be eternally saved. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter, especially with regards to elements of causation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Paul poetically presents his teaching in verses 38 and 39 in the form of an extended metaphor. He explains that nothing can separate a person from the love of God in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### No condemnation This phrase must be translated carefully to avoid doctrinal confusion. People are still guilty of their sin. God disapproves of sinful acts, even those that believers in Jesus commit. God still punishes the sins of believers, but Jesus has paid the punishment for their sin. This is what Paul expresses here. The word "condemn" has several possible meanings. Here Paul emphasizes that people who believe in Jesus are no longer punished eternally for their sin by being "condemned to hell." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]]) diff --git a/rom/09/intro.md b/rom/09/intro.md index 0e65fddd8a..642f5b68ee 100644 --- a/rom/09/intro.md +++ b/rom/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Romans 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul changes what he is teaching about. In Chapters 9-11, he focuses on the nation of Israel. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 25-29 and 33 of this chapter. Paul quotes all of these words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Flesh Paul uses the word "flesh" in this chapter only to refer to Israelites, people physically descending from Abraham through Jacob, whom God named Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as "children of God" and "children of ##### Stone of stumbling Paul explains that while some Gentiles accepted Jesus as their savior by believing in him, most Jews were trying to earn their salvation and so rejected Jesus. Paul, quoting the Old Testament, describes Jesus as a stone that the Jews stumble over when walking. This "stone of stumbling" causes them to "fall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel" Paul uses the word "Israel" in this verse with two different meanings. The first "Israel" means the physical descendants of Abraham through Jacob. The second "Israel" means those who are God's people through faith. The UDB reflects this. diff --git a/rom/10/intro.md b/rom/10/intro.md index 2dfed37df7..100126962a 100644 --- a/rom/10/intro.md +++ b/rom/10/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ # Romans 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 18-20 of this chapter. These lines of poetry are from the Old Testament. Some translations also set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words in verse 8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### God's righteousness Paul teaches here that while many Jews earnestly tried to be righteous, they did not succeed. We cannot earn God's righteousness. God gives us Jesus's righteousness when we believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Hebrew people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation" diff --git a/rom/11/intro.md b/rom/11/intro.md index 79291cc854..9f2b4d4198 100644 --- a/rom/11/intro.md +++ b/rom/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetery in verses 9-10, 26-27, and 34-35, which is from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Grafting Paul uses the image of "grafting" to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called "grafting." Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles as a wild branch into his saving plans. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as the natural plant. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus. diff --git a/rom/12/intro.md b/rom/12/intro.md index 84b684e502..c1d2451934 100644 --- a/rom/12/intro.md +++ b/rom/12/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Romans 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 20, which is from the Old Testament. Many scholars believe Paul uses the word "therefore" in [Romans 12:1](../../rom/12/01.md) to refer back to all of Chapters 1-11. Having carefully explained the Christian gospel, Paul now explains how Christians should live in light of these great truths. Chapters 12-16 focus on living out one's Christian faith. Paul uses many different commands in these chapters to give these practical instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Christian living Under the law of Moses, people were required to offer temple sacrifices of animals or grain. Now Christians are required to live their lives as a type of sacrifice to God. Physical sacrifices are no longer required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Body of Christ The body of Christ is an important metaphor or image used in Scripture to refer to the church. Each church member has a unique and important function. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/rom/13/intro.md b/rom/13/intro.md index 9a2663e351..35acaf86ad 100644 --- a/rom/13/intro.md +++ b/rom/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ # Romans 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In the first part of this chapter, Paul teaches Christians to obey rulers who govern them. At that time, ungodly Roman rulers governed the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Ungodly rulers Some readers will find it difficult to understand what Paul teaches about obeying rulers, especially if they are in places where rulers persecute the church. Christians must obey their rulers as well as obey God, unless the rulers do not allow Christians to do something God explicitly commands them to do. There are times when a believer must submit to these rulers and suffer at their hands. Christians understand that this world is temporary and they will ultimately be with God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Flesh diff --git a/rom/14/intro.md b/rom/14/intro.md index dec751d40a..a6beb6e33b 100644 --- a/rom/14/intro.md +++ b/rom/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 11 of this chapter, which Paul quotes from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Weak in faith diff --git a/rom/15/intro.md b/rom/15/intro.md index bb128c322c..0506e4bfb5 100644 --- a/rom/15/intro.md +++ b/rom/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Romans 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9-11 and 21 of this chapter. These lines of poetry are from the Old Testament. @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some translations also set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to th In [Romans 15:14](../../rom/15/14.md), Paul begins to speak more personally. He shifts from teaching to telling of his personal plans. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Strong/Weak These terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) diff --git a/rom/16/intro.md b/rom/16/intro.md index 39dce178ec..057a5fa26f 100644 --- a/rom/16/intro.md +++ b/rom/16/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Romans 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul gives personal greetings to some of the Christians in Rome. It was common to end a letter in the ancient Near East with this type of personal greeting. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Because of the personal nature of this chapter, much of the context is unknown. This will make translation more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rom/front/intro.md b/rom/front/intro.md index d78e589f44..648b685a74 100644 --- a/rom/front/intro.md +++ b/rom/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Romans +### Outline of the Book of Romans 1. Introduction (1:1-15) 1. Righteousness by faith in Jesus Christ (1:16-17) @@ -15,29 +15,29 @@ 1. Practical advice for living as Christians (12:1-15:13) 1. Conclusion and greetings (15:14-16:27) -#### Who wrote the Book of Romans? +### Who wrote the Book of Romans? The Apostle Paul wrote the Book of Romans. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire. -#### What is the Book of Romans about? +### What is the Book of Romans about? Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to "bring about the obedience of faith" (16:26). In this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1-11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12-16), -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Romans." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Rome," or "A Letter to the Christians in Rome." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus? +### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus? In Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12). -#### How should theological terms in Romans be translated? +### How should theological terms in Romans be translated? Paul used many theological terms that are not used in the four gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are "justification" (5:1), "works of the law" (3:20), "reconcile" (5:10), "propitiation" (3:25), "sanctification" (6:19), and "the old man" (6:6). @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Terms such as those given above are difficult to explain. It is often hard or im Translators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, "righteousness" sometimes means that a person obeys God's law. At other times, "righteousness" means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God's law for us. -#### What did Paul mean by "a remnant" of Israel (11:5)? +### What did Paul mean by "a remnant" of Israel (11:5)? The idea of a "remnant" is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as "the remnant." @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ In 11:1-9, Paul spoke of another remnant, the Jews whom God saved because they b ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What did Paul mean by being "in Christ"? +### What did Paul mean by being "in Christ"? The phrase "in Christ" and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a Nevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use "in." He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of "in," such as, "by means of," "in the manner of," or "in regard to." But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that reprents the immediate sense and the sense of "in union with." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]]) -#### How are the ideas of "holy," "saints" or "holy ones," and "sanctify" represented in Romans in the ULB? +### How are the ideas of "holy," "saints" or "holy ones," and "sanctify" represented in Romans in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles: * Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULB uses "holy," "holy God," "holy ones" or "holy people." (See: 1:7) @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Romans? +### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Romans? For the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. diff --git a/rut/01/intro.md b/rut/01/intro.md index 05cbee22c4..9310393890 100644 --- a/rut/01/intro.md +++ b/rut/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ # Ruth 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting ##### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled" The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Women without a husband or children In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Contrast The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) diff --git a/rut/02/intro.md b/rut/02/intro.md index fc61532f3f..70ae69ccf3 100644 --- a/rut/02/intro.md +++ b/rut/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Ruth 02 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "Do not go and glean in another field" Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rut/03/intro.md b/rut/03/intro.md index d904a80d46..c79e44b2fd 100644 --- a/rut/03/intro.md +++ b/rut/03/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Ruth 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Boaz's integrity Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "So that things may go well for you" Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rut/04/intro.md b/rut/04/intro.md index 5489fba66a..de7735220d 100644 --- a/rut/04/intro.md +++ b/rut/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Ruth 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### King David Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess" Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her. diff --git a/rut/front/intro.md b/rut/front/intro.md index 1b9920ebba..91977d5e4e 100644 --- a/rut/front/intro.md +++ b/rut/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ruth +### Outline of Ruth 1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22) 1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23) @@ -10,43 +10,43 @@ 1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16) 1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22) -#### What is the Book of Ruth about? +### What is the Book of Ruth about? This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has the title "Ruth" because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as "The Book about Ruth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur? +### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur? The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were "judges" in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab? +### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab? In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites' frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth? +### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth? Israelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could. -#### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"? +### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"? A person's close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULB) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice "levirate marriage." In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer. -#### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth? +### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth? Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These "gleaners" picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz. -#### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty? +### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty? A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other. The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel's duties in God's covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -#### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East? +### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East? City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting "at" the city gate. It may be ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic? +### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic? The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULB uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes. diff --git a/sng/01/intro.md b/sng/01/intro.md index 4e22b3983a..d21afaf98d 100644 --- a/sng/01/intro.md +++ b/sng/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Song of Songs 01 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Kisses The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husba ##### Love and affection This chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "I am dark" In the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger. diff --git a/sng/02/intro.md b/sng/02/intro.md index 7cbce9f9b4..8b18a5505e 100644 --- a/sng/02/intro.md +++ b/sng/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Song of Songs 02 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor Women are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman's beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/sng/03/intro.md b/sng/03/intro.md index 21b276bc4d..4c5a71c22c 100644 --- a/sng/03/intro.md +++ b/sng/03/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Song of Songs 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Longing This chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/sng/04/intro.md b/sng/04/intro.md index eb5fe36164..1f013dc71e 100644 --- a/sng/04/intro.md +++ b/sng/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Song of Songs 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/sng/05/intro.md b/sng/05/intro.md index 4dbbf41266..d208d9a466 100644 --- a/sng/05/intro.md +++ b/sng/05/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ # Song of Songs 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Verses 2-7 describe a dream the woman had. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### "My sister, my bride" The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. diff --git a/sng/06/intro.md b/sng/06/intro.md index 9bdde38142..5a6350c804 100644 --- a/sng/06/intro.md +++ b/sng/06/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Song of Songs 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/sng/07/intro.md b/sng/07/intro.md index 5476b5686b..02a4665e39 100644 --- a/sng/07/intro.md +++ b/sng/07/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ # Song of Songs 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Similes There are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) diff --git a/sng/08/intro.md b/sng/08/intro.md index 6c94c8cc3c..02f61dfe06 100644 --- a/sng/08/intro.md +++ b/sng/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Song of Songs 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Kisses The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/sng/front/intro.md b/sng/front/intro.md index 760ebedb61..d5e819d236 100644 --- a/sng/front/intro.md +++ b/sng/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Song of Songs +### Outline of the Song of Songs 1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7) 1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5) @@ -11,37 +11,37 @@ 1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4) 1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14) -#### What is the Song of Songs about? +### What is the Song of Songs about? The Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God's love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers. -#### Who wrote the Song of Songs? +### Who wrote the Song of Songs? The first verse of the book ("The Song of Songs, which is Solomon's") gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally titled "Song of Songs," which means the very best song, or "Song of Solomon." It may also be called "Songs of Love," "Great Poems of Love," or "The Love Songs of Solomon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs? +### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs? The Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How many characters are in the Song of Songs? +### How many characters are in the Song of Songs? The two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the "daughters of Jerusalem," and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them. Some interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The poem shows the thoughts and words of all these people. However, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience, so it is not always clear who the speaker and audience are. The Translation Notes give information about who they might be throughout the book. -#### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper? +### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper? Readers might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) -#### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book? +### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book? There are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/tit/01/intro.md b/tit/01/intro.md index d9c242362c..28fed71456 100644 --- a/tit/01/intro.md +++ b/tit/01/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Titus 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. In verses 6-9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Elders The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Should, may, must The ULB uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UDB translates these verbs in a more general way. diff --git a/tit/02/intro.md b/tit/02/intro.md index bdd5540a2e..61fc5816bc 100644 --- a/tit/02/intro.md +++ b/tit/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Titus 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Gender roles diff --git a/tit/03/intro.md b/tit/03/intro.md index 63552d7bea..ae5f650b44 100644 --- a/tit/03/intro.md +++ b/tit/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Titus 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter. Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Genealogies diff --git a/tit/front/intro.md b/tit/front/intro.md index ea41315236..f2ba74fb59 100644 --- a/tit/front/intro.md +++ b/tit/front/intro.md @@ -2,27 +2,27 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Titus +### Outline of the Book of Titus 1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders (1:1-16) 1. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives (2:1-3:11) 1. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers (3:12-15) -#### Who wrote the Book of Titus? +### Who wrote the Book of Titus? Paul wrote the Book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. -#### What is the Book of Titus about? +### What is the Book of Titus about? Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. And he encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Titus." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to Titus" or "A Letter to Titus." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### In what roles can people serve within the church? +### In what roles can people serve within the church? There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book. @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced ##### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) -#### What is the meaning of "God our Savior?" +### What is the meaning of "God our Savior?" This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him. And by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is "our great God and Savior Jesus Christ." diff --git a/zec/01/intro.md b/zec/01/intro.md index bb7e4dea4f..d773ae4b5c 100644 --- a/zec/01/intro.md +++ b/zec/01/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Zechariah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in prose mainly with imagery used throughout to portray Zechariah's vision given by the Lord. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set lines 1:3-6, 14-17, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Visions This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah, so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Date Zechariah uses two separate dates in this first chapter. When compared to the book of Haggai, Zechariah's prophecy was proclaimed just a few weeks after Haggai. However, they prophesied in two different places: Haggai was in Jerusalem and Zechariah was somewhere outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/zec/02/intro.md b/zec/02/intro.md index 9c99d11ebf..7e7091a513 100644 --- a/zec/02/intro.md +++ b/zec/02/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ # Zechariah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is introduced in prose with imagery used in the rest of the chapter to portray Zechariah's third vision about measuring lines given by the Lord. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 2:4-13, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Visions This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. Please be careful to translate each of the terms in your language. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### "This is Yahweh's declaration" This phrase is used several times in this chapter. The UDB often translates this as "Yahweh says." diff --git a/zec/03/intro.md b/zec/03/intro.md index a05af7dbea..f985a1b544 100644 --- a/zec/03/intro.md +++ b/zec/03/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Zechariah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is introduced in prose and shares the fourth vision, which is the priest in dirty clothes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 3:7-9, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Difficult concepts in this chapter +### Difficult concepts in this chapter ##### Visions It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### The high priest diff --git a/zec/04/intro.md b/zec/04/intro.md index 319f2da065..ebf16ff62a 100644 --- a/zec/04/intro.md +++ b/zec/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Zechariah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose about the fifth vision, which is about the golden lampstand olive trees. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Visions This chapter shows a conversation between Zechariah and the angel of Yahweh. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. diff --git a/zec/05/intro.md b/zec/05/intro.md index 9af9d15360..662adade56 100644 --- a/zec/05/intro.md +++ b/zec/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Zechariah 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter contains the next two visions. One is about a flying scroll and one is about the basket filled with iniquity. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/iniquity]]) diff --git a/zec/06/intro.md b/zec/06/intro.md index cc0b06d509..b916e8f8fe 100644 --- a/zec/06/intro.md +++ b/zec/06/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ # Zechariah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose and tells the last vision of the four chariots in the first part of the chapter. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 6:12-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Crown The second part of the chapter is about a crown made for the high priest. This is an actual person, but the meaning of the word "branch" should be translated as his name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### Meaning of the visions The visions are stated and even when the prophet asked for an explanation, their true meaning is often obscure. This uncertainty should remain in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/zec/07/intro.md b/zec/07/intro.md index 6601da59a1..18a9a95216 100644 --- a/zec/07/intro.md +++ b/zec/07/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Zechariah 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter starts about two years after the previous chapter and is written in prose. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 7:4-14, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Fasting This chapter discusses fasting. People were asking the same questions as those from previous generations. The Israelites were asking these same questions before they were exiled from their land. diff --git a/zec/08/intro.md b/zec/08/intro.md index bb3ebce0ee..5468936f0a 100644 --- a/zec/08/intro.md +++ b/zec/08/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Zechariah 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is a series of sayings from Yahweh of hosts. Each saying is an encouraging note for those returning from the exile to the land of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]]) diff --git a/zec/09/intro.md b/zec/09/intro.md index 698b162ac8..143145cde7 100644 --- a/zec/09/intro.md +++ b/zec/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Zechariah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose about the cities and peoples around where Israel stood as a country until the exile. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 9:9-10. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecies against other nations The first two verses show that the prophecy concerns neighboring countries. Hamath, Damscus, Tyre and Sidon are cities in areas that were near Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) diff --git a/zec/10/intro.md b/zec/10/intro.md index 32b74e6dcb..0880be39ae 100644 --- a/zec/10/intro.md +++ b/zec/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Zechariah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose but still uses figurative language as the writer shares a message of redemption and hope for the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]]) Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 10:1-2. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Redemption This book, and especially this chapter, uses the concepts of redemption and remnant to share the relationship that the people of Judah have with their God. So many of the people of Israel perished as their kingdom went into exile. Now they are returning to the land, but the land is no longer theirs. They are living under foreign rule. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) diff --git a/zec/11/intro.md b/zec/11/intro.md index 388548689d..bf94958de9 100644 --- a/zec/11/intro.md +++ b/zec/11/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Zechariah 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter unlike the previous one is a warning against the leaders amongst the exiles. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 11:1-3, 17. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### Metaphor This chapter uses an extended metaphor of sheep and shepherds to represent Yahweh's dismay at the leaders during the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/zec/12/intro.md b/zec/12/intro.md index 1db4629465..74d0eb4ee5 100644 --- a/zec/12/intro.md +++ b/zec/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Zechariah 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Similar to chapter 11, this chapter is written mainly in prose and is talking about Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecy Verses 10-11 are quoted in the New Testament and apply to Jesus's death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) diff --git a/zec/13/intro.md b/zec/13/intro.md index 14038adda3..717fdbe6a0 100644 --- a/zec/13/intro.md +++ b/zec/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Zechariah 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written partly in prose and partly in poetry. Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 13:7-9. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/zec/14/intro.md b/zec/14/intro.md index a75b30e5ae..93cbf0b185 100644 --- a/zec/14/intro.md +++ b/zec/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Zechariah 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in prose about Jerusalem during the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Last days diff --git a/zec/front/intro.md b/zec/front/intro.md index da2e30f1da..aa1e206d5d 100644 --- a/zec/front/intro.md +++ b/zec/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Zechariah +### Outline of the Book of Zechariah 1. Zechariah calls the returning nation of Israel to repent and return to Yahweh (1:1–6) 1. The eight night visions (1:7-6:8) @@ -23,35 +23,35 @@ - Yahweh purifies Israel and removes false prophets (13:1-6) - Yahweh comes as king (14:1–21) -#### What is the Book of Zechariah about? +### What is the Book of Zechariah about? Zechariah wrote to the people of Judah who returned from being exiled in Babylon. The people of Judah continued to sin, as their ancestors did before they went into exile. Zechariah called the people to repent and to obey Yahweh. And he called them to renew the covenant with Yahweh. Zechariah also prophesied about the Messiah and about Israel finally being victorious over her enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has been titled "Zechariah" or "The Book of Zechariah." Translators may decide to call it the "The Book About Zechariah" or "The Sayings of Zechariah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Zechariah? +### Who wrote the Book of Zechariah? The prophet Zechariah wrote this book between 520 and 518 B.C. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did Zechariah prophesy before Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai? +### Did Zechariah prophesy before Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai? Zechariah prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. He prophesied at the same time as Haggai and continued after Haggai. ## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? +### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. Zechariah uses the term "Israel" to refer to both the nation of Israel and the northern kingdom of Israel. -#### What imagery does Zechariah use in reference to the Messiah? +### What imagery does Zechariah use in reference to the Messiah? Zechariah presented the Messiah as both a king and a shepherd. Zechariah said that the Messiah would come and deliver his people. However, the Messiah would also be pierced (12:10) and struck with the sword (13:7). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### What does the phrase "that day" mean? +### What does the phrase "that day" mean? Zechariah often spoke of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referring to a future "day," the translator should be aware that the author may be speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/zep/01/intro.md b/zep/01/intro.md index 6eeef71d49..127128dabc 100644 --- a/zep/01/intro.md +++ b/zep/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Zephaniah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 1:2-18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecy In this chapter, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the fall of Jerusalem, the coming of the Messiah or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) diff --git a/zep/02/intro.md b/zep/02/intro.md index d3c85ce59e..9b7d5fb9d9 100644 --- a/zep/02/intro.md +++ b/zep/02/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Zephaniah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 2:1-9, 12-15. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecy In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) diff --git a/zep/03/intro.md b/zep/03/intro.md index 91ef39660e..4add4f0d99 100644 --- a/zep/03/intro.md +++ b/zep/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Zephaniah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting +### Structure and formatting Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 3:1-20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter +### Special concepts in this chapter ##### Prophecy In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) diff --git a/zep/front/intro.md b/zep/front/intro.md index 18c3c1f45c..9dc4ab614d 100644 --- a/zep/front/intro.md +++ b/zep/front/intro.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Zephaniah +### Outline of the Book of Zephaniah 1. Zephaniah introduces this book (1:1) 1. Yahweh will punish Judah and the nations (1:2–18) @@ -15,25 +15,25 @@ 1. Yahweh will judge Jerusalem (3:1–8) 1. Yahweh will purify, restore, gather, and bless his people (3:9–20) -#### What is the Book of Zephaniah about? +### What is the Book of Zephaniah about? Zechariah warned Judah and other nations that Yahweh was about to punish them. He also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? +### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional name of this book is "The Book of Zephaniah" or just "Zephaniah." Translators may decide to call it "The Sayings of Zephaniah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Zephaniah? +### Who wrote the Book of Zephaniah? Zephaniah wrote this book. But four different Old Testament people have the name Zephaniah. This Zephaniah was probably the great-grandson of King Hezekiah and a cousin to King Josiah. Zephaniah lived in the city of Jerusalem. He began to prophesy about seventy years after the prophets Isaiah and Micah. Zephaniah spoke Yahweh's messages during the reign of King Josiah (about 640–621 B.C.), and just before Jeremiah began to prophesy. ## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Were the people of Judah faithful to Yahweh at the time Zephaniah started to prophesy? +### Were the people of Judah faithful to Yahweh at the time Zephaniah started to prophesy? Manasseh, the grandfather of Josiah, had been one of the worst kings of Judah. He led the people to worship other gods. After his death, his son Amon ruled for only two years before he was killed. Amon's son Josiah became king when he was eight years old. Josiah learned to worship and honor Yahweh. Zephaniah likely began his work after Josiah had destroyed most of the idols and shrines of false gods in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### What country is coming to invade Judah? +### What country is coming to invade Judah? Zephaniah often said a foreign nation would invade the kingdom of Judah. Zephaniah probably meant Babylonia. However, the Book of Zephaniah never names this nation.