From 1e9ae37e64b8874b5a11baffb536a78f9ccd39e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hmw3 Date: Thu, 31 Jan 2019 17:33:39 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] Delete duplicate MD hash marks --- 1ch/01/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/02/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/03/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/04/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/06/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/07/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/08/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/09/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/10/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1ch/11/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/12/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/13/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1ch/14/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/15/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/16/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/17/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1ch/18/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1ch/19/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/20/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- 1ch/21/intro.md | 8 ++++---- 1ch/22/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/23/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/24/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/25/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/26/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 1ch/27/intro.md | 6 +++--- 1ch/28/intro.md | 10 +++++----- 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psa/143/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/144/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/145/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/146/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/147/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/148/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/149/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/150/intro.md | 10 +++++----- psa/front/intro.md | 30 +++++++++++++++--------------- rev/01/intro.md | 26 +++++++++++++------------- rev/02/intro.md | 24 ++++++++++++------------ rev/03/intro.md | 24 ++++++++++++------------ rev/04/intro.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- rev/05/intro.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- rev/06/intro.md | 18 +++++++++--------- rev/07/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/08/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/09/intro.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- rev/10/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/11/intro.md | 16 ++++++++-------- rev/12/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/13/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/14/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rev/15/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/16/intro.md | 16 ++++++++-------- rev/17/intro.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- rev/18/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/19/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ rev/20/intro.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- rev/21/intro.md | 18 +++++++++--------- rev/22/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rev/front/intro.md | 30 +++++++++++++++--------------- rom/01/intro.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- rom/02/intro.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- rom/03/intro.md | 16 ++++++++-------- rom/04/intro.md | 16 ++++++++-------- rom/05/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rom/06/intro.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- rom/07/intro.md | 20 ++++++++++---------- rom/08/intro.md | 24 ++++++++++++------------ rom/09/intro.md | 18 +++++++++--------- rom/10/intro.md | 18 +++++++++--------- rom/11/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rom/12/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rom/13/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rom/14/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rom/15/intro.md | 10 +++++----- rom/16/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rom/front/intro.md | 28 ++++++++++++++-------------- rut/01/intro.md | 16 ++++++++-------- rut/02/intro.md | 8 ++++---- rut/03/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ rut/04/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- rut/front/intro.md | 30 +++++++++++++++--------------- sng/01/intro.md | 18 +++++++++--------- sng/02/intro.md | 10 +++++----- sng/03/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ sng/04/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- sng/05/intro.md | 18 +++++++++--------- sng/06/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ sng/07/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ sng/08/intro.md | 10 +++++----- sng/front/intro.md | 26 +++++++++++++------------- tit/01/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- tit/02/intro.md | 10 +++++----- tit/03/intro.md | 10 +++++----- tit/front/intro.md | 22 +++++++++++----------- zec/01/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- zec/02/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- zec/03/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- zec/04/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zec/05/intro.md | 6 +++--- zec/06/intro.md | 14 +++++++------- zec/07/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zec/08/intro.md | 6 +++--- zec/09/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zec/10/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zec/11/intro.md | 12 ++++++------ zec/12/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zec/13/intro.md | 8 ++++---- zec/14/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zec/front/intro.md | 24 ++++++++++++------------ zep/01/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zep/02/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zep/03/intro.md | 10 +++++----- zep/front/intro.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1250 files changed, 7579 insertions(+), 7579 deletions(-) diff --git a/1ch/01/intro.md b/1ch/01/intro.md index 8f81579353..707d5dcb72 100644 --- a/1ch/01/intro.md +++ b/1ch/01/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 01 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives the genealogies of Abraham, Esau and the early kings of Edom. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[1 Chronicles intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/02/intro.md b/1ch/02/intro.md index 2e26304146..46a674b8c6 100644 --- a/1ch/02/intro.md +++ b/1ch/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 02 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Judah, son of Jacob. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/03/intro.md b/1ch/03/intro.md index 6bb32777b4..b2323312f9 100644 --- a/1ch/03/intro.md +++ b/1ch/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 03 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of King David. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/04/intro.md b/1ch/04/intro.md index f484523ed3..aeed364595 100644 --- a/1ch/04/intro.md +++ b/1ch/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 04 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the other descendants of Judah. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/05/intro.md b/1ch/05/intro.md index 9bbc19a981..f3dd9c4de2 100644 --- a/1ch/05/intro.md +++ b/1ch/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 05 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Jacob's sons who lived east of the Jordan River: Reuben, Gad and Manasseh. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/06/intro.md b/1ch/06/intro.md index bc6b3ba991..402d9e9fe6 100644 --- a/1ch/06/intro.md +++ b/1ch/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 06 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Levi. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/07/intro.md b/1ch/07/intro.md index 80c1103991..2dfadf45b6 100644 --- a/1ch/07/intro.md +++ b/1ch/07/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 07 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the descendants of Issachar, Benjamin, Ephraim, Asher, and Manasseh living west of the Jordan River. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/08/intro.md b/1ch/08/intro.md index 24f5717968..26b6f49b36 100644 --- a/1ch/08/intro.md +++ b/1ch/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 08 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the genealogy of Saul's family. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/09/intro.md b/1ch/09/intro.md index 184c9b0e46..b3916cd9c4 100644 --- a/1ch/09/intro.md +++ b/1ch/09/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 09 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the genealogy of the people who returned to Jerusalem after the exile and the family of Saul. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/10/intro.md b/1ch/10/intro.md index 774339294a..6076ffe045 100644 --- a/1ch/10/intro.md +++ b/1ch/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 10 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The death of Saul ##### +##### The death of Saul Saul died because he disobeyed God. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/11/intro.md b/1ch/11/intro.md index a1852f7ca2..a7ed98253f 100644 --- a/1ch/11/intro.md +++ b/1ch/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 11 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of David begins here and continues throughout the remainder of this book. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King David the military leader ##### +##### King David the military leader David was made the king of all Israel and was the leader of their army. He conquered Jerusalem and strengthened its defenses. He had many brave men in his army that did great deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/12/intro.md b/1ch/12/intro.md index c93d5c7c26..cdbd1695ce 100644 --- a/1ch/12/intro.md +++ b/1ch/12/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 12 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "[They] could use both the right hand and the left" ##### +##### "[They] could use both the right hand and the left" These soldiers were very skilled. They were able to fight with either hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### King David ##### +##### King David This chapter records all those who supported David as king over Saul. The extent of this record shows that there was nearly universal support for David. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/13/intro.md b/1ch/13/intro.md index a2487057a8..b869eac2ed 100644 --- a/1ch/13/intro.md +++ b/1ch/13/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 13 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ark of the covenant ##### +##### Ark of the covenant David tried to bring the ark to Jerusalem on an ox cart instead of being carried by priests as the law said to do. The ox stumbled and Uzzah touched the ark to keep it from falling and he immediately died because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/14/intro.md b/1ch/14/intro.md index 810e768303..2999a2688f 100644 --- a/1ch/14/intro.md +++ b/1ch/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 14 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter David asked for help from God and because of this, God enabled him to defeat the Philistines when they tried to capture him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/15/intro.md b/1ch/15/intro.md index 8dfbc7364d..0f7f52f66d 100644 --- a/1ch/15/intro.md +++ b/1ch/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 15 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapters 15 and 16 explain how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/16/intro.md b/1ch/16/intro.md index c568b2b903..18d23c28a9 100644 --- a/1ch/16/intro.md +++ b/1ch/16/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 16 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapters 15 and 16 tell how David organized the priests and Levites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 16:8-36. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's psalm ##### +##### David's psalm As David organized the priests in their work in the tent, he wrote a psalm of praise to Yahweh. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/17/intro.md b/1ch/17/intro.md index d04a5dd610..25c14c87e1 100644 --- a/1ch/17/intro.md +++ b/1ch/17/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 17 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Building the temple ##### +##### Building the temple David wanted to build a temple for God but God would not allow him to. Instead he promised that his son, Solomon, would build the temple and he promised David would have a descendant who would be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/18/intro.md b/1ch/18/intro.md index 2ebdf4f086..32eecb305e 100644 --- a/1ch/18/intro.md +++ b/1ch/18/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 18 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's victories ##### +##### David's victories David conquered all kingdoms neighboring Israel. The gold, silver and bronze he received from these victories, he saved for building the temple. This may indicate that he believed that the victories were because of Yahweh and therefore the goods received in victory belonged to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/19/intro.md b/1ch/19/intro.md index 8ad83c8a5d..af9a3215c0 100644 --- a/1ch/19/intro.md +++ b/1ch/19/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 19 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of the story about the war against the Ammonites. This story continues in the first part of the next chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Insults ##### +##### Insults The young king of Ammon insulted David when he had David's servants shaved and cut off their garments. Knowing David was going to attack him for this, he hired mercenaries from Aram to help him. Israel was able to defeat the Aramean mercenaries. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/20/intro.md b/1ch/20/intro.md index 89cf5d7daf..9664708db5 100644 --- a/1ch/20/intro.md +++ b/1ch/20/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 20 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story of the war with Ammon and tells of giants being killed by David's soldiers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "When kings normally go to war" ##### +##### "When kings normally go to war" It was advantageous for kings to go to war in the springtime. This was possibly due to the weather being neither too hot nor too cold. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "It came about" ##### +##### "It came about" This is a phrase used to indicate the next event in a series. It can often be translated as "after," "then" or "next." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/21/intro.md b/1ch/21/intro.md index 83c61c8202..049927a724 100644 --- a/1ch/21/intro.md +++ b/1ch/21/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 21 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust To trust in one's own power instead of God's protection is a sin. David had been trusting God to protect him, but now he counted the men of military age so he could know the strength of his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/22/intro.md b/1ch/22/intro.md index cc4c539977..e1fa840e2b 100644 --- a/1ch/22/intro.md +++ b/1ch/22/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 22 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a new section lasting for the remainder of the book. David begins preparing the things needed for building the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon ##### +##### Solomon In addition to preparing for the construction of the temple by gathering supplies, David also prepares his son, Solomon, to build the temple. David instructs Solomon to obey God. This is what is most necessary. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/23/intro.md b/1ch/23/intro.md index 895b6b4544..0316b152f5 100644 --- a/1ch/23/intro.md +++ b/1ch/23/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 23 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The preparation for the construction of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Organizing the Levites ##### +##### Organizing the Levites As priests, the Levites had a significant role in the construction of the temple. David organized the Levites according to their families and explained what each group was to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/24/intro.md b/1ch/24/intro.md index 7ee5d95185..b678cd9d2a 100644 --- a/1ch/24/intro.md +++ b/1ch/24/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 24 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Arranging the priests ##### +##### Arranging the priests David arranged for the order in which priests would be on duty. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/25/intro.md b/1ch/25/intro.md index 68718f33f5..7fb364d9c1 100644 --- a/1ch/25/intro.md +++ b/1ch/25/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 25 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Music ##### +##### Music The 24 groups who were chosen to play music in the temple cast lots to see in what order they would serve. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/26/intro.md b/1ch/26/intro.md index e011517d8c..19fa85d6f4 100644 --- a/1ch/26/intro.md +++ b/1ch/26/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 26 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Casting lots ##### +##### Casting lots The gatekeepers cast lots to see which gate they would guard. Those who took care of the storage also cast lots. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/27/intro.md b/1ch/27/intro.md index 245f338d8c..1519933852 100644 --- a/1ch/27/intro.md +++ b/1ch/27/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 27 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/28/intro.md b/1ch/28/intro.md index ad90507a9d..01fe9476f2 100644 --- a/1ch/28/intro.md +++ b/1ch/28/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 28 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple continues in this chapter. David lectured the people and Solomon on what they should do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's instructions ##### +##### David's instructions David gives instructions to the people because he knows that he will not be there when the temple is built. It was common in the ancient Near East for leaders to give instructions to people before they die in preparation or anticipation of their death. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/29/intro.md b/1ch/29/intro.md index 3b849f3abd..02106b625d 100644 --- a/1ch/29/intro.md +++ b/1ch/29/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Chronicles 29 General Notes # +# 1 Chronicles 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The preparation for the temple is finished in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Offering ##### +##### Offering David and the people made a free will offering and dedicated it all to God. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Chronicles 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ch/front/intro.md b/1ch/front/intro.md index 9fd751c0a6..bbef8d8d89 100644 --- a/1ch/front/intro.md +++ b/1ch/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 1 Chronicles # +# Introduction to 1 Chronicles -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Chronicles #### +#### Outline of 1 Chronicles 1. Lists of descendants (1:1-9:44) - From Adam to Jacob (1:1–2:2) @@ -14,42 +14,42 @@ - David prospers (13:1–22:1) - David prepares for Solomon to build the temple (22:2–29:30) -#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles about? #### +#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Chronicles about? The Book of 1 Chronicles retells the line of descendants from Adam to Saul. It then gives the history of Israel during the time of David. The Book of 2 Chronicles gives the history of Israel beginning with Solomon. It ends when the Babylonian army attacks Judah and takes some of the people to Babylon. The writers of Chronicles probably wrote these books for the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon. The purpose was to teach the people to avoid disobeying God as their ancestors did. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "1 Chronicles" or "First Chronicles." You may also call this book "The Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel, Book 1" or "The First Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? #### +#### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles are unknown. They mention that they used other books when writing Chronicles. The names of these other books are "The Chronicles of Samuel the Seer," "The Chronicles of Nathan the Seer," "The Chronicles of Gad the Seer," "The History of Nathan the Prophet," "The Chronicles of Shemaiah the Prophet and Iddo," "The Story of the Prophet Iddo" and "The books of the kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? #### +#### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? The books of Chronicles and the books of Kings tell much of the same history, but they are not exactly the same. The writers of Chronicles wrote mostly about the kings of Judah who were faithful to Yahweh and his covenant. The writers wanted the Jews to think carefully about David and Solomon. They also wanted the Jews to think about how Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah caused their ancestors to repent and to worship Yahweh. The writers wanted to encourage the Jews and their leaders to obey the law and to honor God's covenant with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did God punish the people of Israel? #### +#### Why did God punish the people of Israel? God punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped false gods. God punished them with disease, disasters, and defeat in battle. However, God forgave them and caused them to prosper again if they repented and obeyed him. The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles continually reminded the readers that God punished his people because they disobeyed. They wanted the readers to understand that they must obey God. -#### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? #### +#### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? Yahweh led and protected the nation of Israel. The people of Israel should have trusted him instead of relying on other nations to protect them. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. -#### What does it mean to "seek God"? #### +#### What does it mean to "seek God"? The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles often wrote about "seeking God." To "seek God" means to make an effort to please and honor God. It can also mean to ask God for help. It does not imply that God is hidden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? #### +#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? The writers used the phrase "to this day" to refer to the time when they were writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in 1 Chronicles 4:41, 43; 5:26; 13:11; 20:26; 21:10; 35:25. diff --git a/1co/01/intro.md b/1co/01/intro.md index f5587e21b9..f722d00dd5 100644 --- a/1co/01/intro.md +++ b/1co/01/intro.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 01 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The first three verses are a greeting. In the ancient Near East, this was a common way of starting a letter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the words of verse 19, which are from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Disunity ##### +##### Disunity In this chapter, Paul scolds the church for being divided and for following different apostles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) -##### Spiritual gifts ##### +##### Spiritual gifts Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities to help the church. The Holy Spirit gives these gifts to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. Paul lists spiritual gifts in Chapter 12. Some scholars believe the Holy Spirit gave some of these gifts only in the early church to help establish the developing church. Other scholars believe all the gifts of the Spirit are still available to help all Christians throughout the church history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms ##### +##### Idioms In this chapter, Paul refers to the return of Christ using two different phrases: "the revelation of our Lord Jesus Christ" and "the day of our Lord Jesus Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the Corinthians for dividing into factions and for relying on human wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Stumbling block ##### +##### Stumbling block A stumbling block is a rock people stumble over. Here it represents the difficulty Jews have in believing that God allowed his Messiah to be crucified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[1 Corinthians intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1co/02/intro.md b/1co/02/intro.md index 4c62afef45..7a25dd7ad9 100644 --- a/1co/02/intro.md +++ b/1co/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 02 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the words of verses 9 and 16, which are from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom ##### +##### Wisdom Paul continues the discussion from the first chapter that contrasts human wisdom and God's wisdom. For Paul, human wisdom can be foolish. He says the wisdom from the Holy Spirit is the only true wisdom. Paul uses the phrase "hidden wisdom" when he refers to previously unknown truths. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/03/intro.md b/1co/03/intro.md index 398f329126..e3a7e58f45 100644 --- a/1co/03/intro.md +++ b/1co/03/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 03 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verses 19 and 20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fleshly people ##### +##### Fleshly people The Corinthian believers were immature because of their unrighteous actions. He calls them "fleshly," meaning acting as nonbelievers. This term is used in opposition to those who are "spiritual." Christians following their "flesh" are acting foolishly. They are following the wisdom of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor There are many metaphors in this chapter. Paul uses "little children" and "milk" to illustrate spiritual immaturity. He uses the metaphors of planting and watering to describe the roles he and Apollos played in growing the church in Corinth. Paul uses other metaphors to help teach spiritual truths to the Corinthians and to help them to understand his teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/04/intro.md b/1co/04/intro.md index 8472179123..9d12027be8 100644 --- a/1co/04/intro.md +++ b/1co/04/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 04 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride ##### +##### Pride Paul contrasts the Corinthians' pride with the apostles' humility. The Corinthian believers had no reason to be proud. All that they had, and all they were, was a gift from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. He describes the apostles as servants. Paul speaks of a victory parade where the apostles are the prisoners who will be killed. He uses a rod to stand for punishment. He calls himself their father because he is their "spiritual father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony Paul uses irony to shame the Corinthians for being proud. The Corinthian believers are reigning but the apostles are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/05/intro.md b/1co/05/intro.md index bd9a1a6370..a03b960457 100644 --- a/1co/05/intro.md +++ b/1co/05/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 05 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 13. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Euphemisms ##### +##### Euphemisms Paul uses euphemisms to describe sensitive topics. This chapter deals with sexual immorality of one church member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fornication]]) -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Paul uses an extended comparison that contains many metaphors. Yeast represents evil. The loaf probably represents the whole congregation. The unleavened bread represents living purely. So the whole passage means: Don't you know that a little evil will affect the whole congregation? So get rid of the evil so you can live purely. Christ has been sacrificed for us. So let us be sincere and truthful and not wicked and behaving badly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]], and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/06/intro.md b/1co/06/intro.md index 38f8316375..1f92bce385 100644 --- a/1co/06/intro.md +++ b/1co/06/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 06 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lawsuits ##### +##### Lawsuits Paul teaches that a Christian should not take another Christian to court before a non-Christian judge. It is better to be cheated. Christians will judge the angels. So they should be able to solve problems among themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The temple of the Holy Spirit is an important metaphor. It refers to the place where the Holy Spirit stays and is worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/07/intro.md b/1co/07/intro.md index 46a2108c3e..fed7f27a07 100644 --- a/1co/07/intro.md +++ b/1co/07/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 07 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul begins to answer a series of questions that the Corinthians may have asked him. The first question is about marriage. The second question is about a slave trying to become free, a Gentile becoming a Jew, or a Jew becoming a Gentile. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Divorce ##### +##### Divorce Paul says married Christians should not divorce. A Christian married to an unbeliever should not leave their husband or wife. If the unbelieving husband or wife leaves, this is not a sin. Paul advises that, because of the difficult times and because it is near to the time that Jesus will return, it is good to remain unmarried. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Euphemisms ##### +##### Euphemisms Paul uses many euphemisms to discreetly refer to sexual relations. This is often a sensitive topic. Many cultures do not wish to speak openly about these matters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/08/intro.md b/1co/08/intro.md index ac78adc00e..b8f7351863 100644 --- a/1co/08/intro.md +++ b/1co/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 08 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In Chapters 8-10, Paul answers the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?" -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Meat sacrificed to idols ##### +##### Meat sacrificed to idols Paul answers the question about eating meat sacrificed to idols by saying that idols are supposed to be gods but that those gods do not really exist. Therefore nothing is wrong with the meat. Christians are free to eat it. However, someone who does not understand this may see a Christian eating it. They may then be encouraged to eat the meat as an act of worship to the idol. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/09/intro.md b/1co/09/intro.md index 96677f6207..df65769521 100644 --- a/1co/09/intro.md +++ b/1co/09/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 09 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul defends himself in this chapter. Some people claimed that he was trying to gain financially from the church. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Earning money from the church ##### +##### Earning money from the church People accused Paul of just wanting money from the church. Paul answered that he rightfully could get money from the church. The Old Testament taught that those who worked should get their living from their work. He and Barnabas purposefully never used this right and earned their own living. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors teach complex truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Contextualization ##### +##### Contextualization This passage is important because Paul "contextualizes" ministering the gospel to different audiences. This means that Paul makes himself and the gospel understandable without his actions hindering the gospel being received. The translator should take extra care to preserve aspects of this "contextualization" if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize various points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/10/intro.md b/1co/10/intro.md index c6d111e110..79c560210d 100644 --- a/1co/10/intro.md +++ b/1co/10/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 10 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapters 8-10 together answer the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?" In this chapter, Paul uses the exodus to warn people not to sin. Then he returns to discussing meat offered to idols. He uses the Lord's Supper as an example. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exodus ##### +##### Exodus Paul uses the experiences of Israel leaving Egypt and roaming the desert as a warning to the believers. Although the Israelites all followed Moses, God did not allow most of them to enter the Promised Land. Some worshiped an idol, some tested God, and some grumbled. Paul warns Christians not to sin. We can resist temptation because God provides a way of escape. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -##### Eating meat sacrificed to idol ##### +##### Eating meat sacrificed to idol Paul discusses meat offered to idols. Christians are allowed to eat, but doing so may hurt others. So when buying meat or eating meat with a friend, do not ask if it has been offered to idols. But if someone tells you it has been offered to idols, don't eat it for the sake of that person. Do not offend anyone. Seek to save them instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/11/intro.md b/1co/11/intro.md index bcfe881f2b..e59ae4c891 100644 --- a/1co/11/intro.md +++ b/1co/11/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 11 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of a new section of the letter (Chapters 11-14). Paul now talks about proper church services. In this chapter, he deals with two different problems: women in the church services (verses 1-16) and the Lord's Supper (verses 17-34). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Proper conduct in a church service ##### +##### Proper conduct in a church service -##### Disorderly women ##### +##### Disorderly women Paul's instructions here are debated among scholars. There may have been women who were abusing their Christian freedom and causing disorder in the church by going against established cultural customs. The disorder that their actions created would have caused him to be concerned. -##### The Lord's Supper ##### +##### The Lord's Supper There were problems in how the Corinthians were handling the Lord's Supper. They did not act in a unified manner. During the feast celebrated along with the Lord's Supper, some of them ate their own food without sharing. Some of them got drunk while the poor people remained hungry. Paul taught that the believers dishonored Christ's death if they participated in the Lord's Supper while they were sinning or while they were in broken relationships with each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the people for their unwillingness to follow the rules for worship he has suggested. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -##### The head ##### +##### The head Paul uses "head" as a metonym for authority in verse 3 and also to refer to a person's actual head in verse 4 and following. Since the verses are so close together, it is likely that Paul intentionally used "head" in this way. This would show that the ideas in these verses are connected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/12/intro.md b/1co/12/intro.md index b10ab668aa..05039a5cd7 100644 --- a/1co/12/intro.md +++ b/1co/12/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 12 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Gifts of the Holy Spirit ##### +##### Gifts of the Holy Spirit This chapter begins a new section. Chapters 12-14 discuss spiritual gifts within the church. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The church, the body of Christ ##### +##### The church, the body of Christ This is an important metaphor in Scripture. The church has many different parts. Each part has different functions. They combine to make one church. All of the different parts are necessary. Each part is to be concerned for all the other parts, even those that seem less important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit." ##### +##### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit." In reading the Old Testament, the Jews would have substituted the word "Lord" for the word "Yahweh." This sentence probably means that no one can say that Jesus is Yahweh, God in the flesh, without the Holy Spirit's influence drawing them to accept this truth. If this statement is translated poorly, it can have unintended theological consequences. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/13/intro.md b/1co/13/intro.md index d53589d16c..ae6e359e95 100644 --- a/1co/13/intro.md +++ b/1co/13/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 13 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul seems to interrupt his teaching about spiritual gifts to speak about love. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Love ##### +##### Love Love is the most important characteristic of the believer. This chapter fully describes love. Paul tells why love is more important than the gifts of the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Paul uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He uses these metaphors to instruct the Corinthians, especially on difficult topics. Readers often need spiritual discernment to understand these teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/14/intro.md b/1co/14/intro.md index 97ca724b23..6562a6a3c3 100644 --- a/1co/14/intro.md +++ b/1co/14/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 14 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul returns to discussing spiritual gifts. Some translations set what is quoted from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the words of verse 21. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tongues ##### +##### Tongues Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of the gift of tongues. Paul describes the gift of tongues as a sign for unbelievers. It does not serve the whole church, unless someone interprets what is spoken. It is very important that the church uses this gift properly. -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of prophecy as a spiritual gift. Paul says prophets can build up the entire church. He describes prophecy as a gift for believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/15/intro.md b/1co/15/intro.md index f9b29b7596..91eb3df630 100644 --- a/1co/15/intro.md +++ b/1co/15/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 15 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Resurrection ##### +##### Resurrection This chapter includes a very important teaching about the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek people did not believe that people could live after they died. Paul defends the resurrection of Jesus. He teaches why it is important to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Resurrection ##### +##### Resurrection Paul presents the resurrection as the ultimate proof that Jesus is God. Christ is the first of many whom God will raise to life. The resurrection is central to the gospel. Few doctrines are as important as this one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter Paul uses many different figures of speech in this chapter. He uses them to express difficult theological teachings in a way that people can understand. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/16/intro.md b/1co/16/intro.md index fbc5b7dd69..50fc3a44fd 100644 --- a/1co/16/intro.md +++ b/1co/16/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 1 Corinthians 16 General Notes # +# 1 Corinthians 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul briefly covers many topics in this chapter. It was common in the ancient Near East for the last part of letters to have personal greetings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Preparation for his coming ##### +##### Preparation for his coming Paul gives practical instructions to help prepare the Corinthian church for his visit. He tells them to start collecting money every Sunday for the believers in Jerusalem. He hopes to come and spend the winter with them. He tells them to help Timothy when he comes. He had hopes Apollos would go to them, but Apollos did not think it was the right time. Paul also tells them to obey Stephanus. Finally, he sends his greetings to everyone. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Corinthians 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1co/front/intro.md b/1co/front/intro.md index cf64b87c2c..16c18999eb 100644 --- a/1co/front/intro.md +++ b/1co/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 1 Corinthians # +# Introduction to 1 Corinthians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 Corinthians #### +#### Outline of the Book of 1 Corinthians 1. Divisions in the church (1:10-4:21) 1. Moral sins and irregularities (5:1-13) @@ -17,33 +17,33 @@ 1. The resurrection of believers and the resurrection of Christ (15:1-58) 1. Closing: the contribution for Christians in Jerusalem, requests, and personal greetings (16:1-24) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Corinthians? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Corinthians? Paul wrote 1 Corinthians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul started the church that met in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter. -#### What is the Book of 1 Corinthians about? #### +#### What is the Book of 1 Corinthians about? 1 Corinthians is a letter that Paul wrote to the believers who were in the city of Corinth. Paul had heard that there were problems among the believers there. They were arguing with each other. Some of them did not understand some of the Christian teachings. And some of them were behaving badly. In this letter, Paul responded to them and encouraged them to live in a way that pleased God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "First Corinthians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to the Church in Corinth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the city of Corinth like? #### +#### What was the city of Corinth like? Corinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes. -#### What was the problem with meat sacrificed to idols? #### +#### What was the problem with meat sacrificed to idols? Many animals were slaughtered and sacrificed to the false gods in Corinth. Priests and worshipers kept some of the meat. Much of the meat was sold in markets. Many Christians disagreed with each other over whether it was right for them to eat this meat, because it had been dedicated to a false god. Paul writes about this problem in 1 Corinthians. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 1 Corinthians in the ULB? #### +#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 1 Corinthians in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, 1 Corinthians ULB uses the following principles: @@ -53,17 +53,17 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What is the meaning of "flesh?" #### +#### What is the meaning of "flesh?" Paul frequently used the terms "flesh" or "fleshly" to refer to Christians who did sinful things. However, it is not the physical world that is evil. Paul also described Christians who lived in a righteous way as "spiritual." This is because they did what the Holy Spirit taught them to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:2, 30, 31; 3:1; 4:10, 15, 17; 6:11, 19; 7:22; 9:1, 2; 11:11, 25; 12:3, 9, 13, 18, 25; 14:16; 15:18, 19, 22, 31, 58; 16:19, 24. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "those who have been dedicated in Christ Jesus" (1:2), where Paul specifically meant that Christian believers have been dedicated to Christ. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Corinthians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Corinthians? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. Translators are advised to follow the modern versions of the Bible. However, if in the translators' region there are Bibles that read according to older versions of the Bible, the translators can follow those. If so, these verses should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to 1 Corinthians. diff --git a/1jn/01/intro.md b/1jn/01/intro.md index 9e8ae58538..2ea0170fd9 100644 --- a/1jn/01/intro.md +++ b/1jn/01/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# 1 John 01 General Notes # +# 1 John 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is a letter that John wrote to Christians. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Christians and sin ##### +##### Christians and sin In this chapter John teaches that all Christians are still sinners. But God continues to forgive a Christian's sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors In this chapter John writes that God is light. Light is a metaphor for understanding and righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) John also writes about people walking in the light or in the darkness. Walking is a metaphor for behaving or living. People who walk in the light understand what is righteous and do it. People who walk in the darkness may not understand what is righteous, and they do what is sinful. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 John 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[1 John intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1jn/02/intro.md b/1jn/02/intro.md index e3f617a3ab..3d3d14acd5 100644 --- a/1jn/02/intro.md +++ b/1jn/02/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 John 02 General Notes # +# 1 John 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Antichrist ##### +##### Antichrist In this chapter John writes about both a specific antichrist and many antichrists. The word "antichrist" means "opposed to Christ." The antichrist is a person who will come in the last days and imitate Jesus' work, but he will do it for evil. Before this person comes, there will be many people who work against Christ; they too are called "antichrists." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor There are several groups of similar metaphors that are used throughout this chapter. @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The light is a metaphor for knowing and doing what is right, and darkness and bl Leading people astray is a metaphor for teaching people things that are not true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 John 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1jn/03/intro.md b/1jn/03/intro.md index 6828a18274..6336e2ef90 100644 --- a/1jn/03/intro.md +++ b/1jn/03/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# 1 John 03 General Notes # +# 1 John 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Children of God ##### +##### Children of God God created all people, but people can only become children of God by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Cain ##### +##### Cain Cain was a son of the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. He was jealous of his brother and murdered him. Readers may not know who Cain was if they have not read Genesis. It may help them if you explain this to them. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "To know" ##### +##### "To know" The verb "to know" is used in two different ways in this chapter. Sometimes it is used about knowing a fact, as in 3:2, 3:5, and 3:19. Sometimes it means to experience and understand someone or something, as in 3:1, 3:6, 3:16, and 3:20. Some languages have different words for these different meanings. -##### "He who keeps God's commandments remains in him, and God remains in him" ##### +##### "He who keeps God's commandments remains in him, and God remains in him" Many scholars believe this is about remaining in God's will and is not about being saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 John 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1jn/04/intro.md b/1jn/04/intro.md index 67df891ab5..b555e2819c 100644 --- a/1jn/04/intro.md +++ b/1jn/04/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 1 John 04 General Notes # +# 1 John 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spirit ##### +##### Spirit This word "spirit" is used in different ways in this chapter. Sometimes the word "spirit" refers to spiritual beings. Sometimes it refers to the character of something. For example "the spirit of the antichrist," "the spirit of truth," and "the spirit of error" refer to what is typical of the antichrist, truth, and error. "The Spirit" (written with a capital "S") and "the Spirit of God" refer to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Loving God ##### +##### Loving God If people love God, they should show it in the way they live and the way they treat other people. Doing this may assure us that God has saved us and that we belong to him, but loving others does not save us. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 John 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1jn/05/intro.md b/1jn/05/intro.md index adbeab69b5..c124bbce6c 100644 --- a/1jn/05/intro.md +++ b/1jn/05/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 John 05 General Notes # +# 1 John 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Children born from God ##### +##### Children born from God When people believe in Jesus, God makes them his children and gives them eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Christian living ##### +##### Christian living People who believe in Jesus should obey God's commands and love his children. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### A sin that results in death ##### +##### A sin that results in death This seems to refer to behaviors that will result in a person experiencing spiritual death, that is, to be separated from God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) -##### "the whole world lies in the power of the evil one" ##### +##### "the whole world lies in the power of the evil one" The phrase "the evil one" refers to Satan. God has allowed him to rule the world, but ultimately God is in control over everything. God keeps his children safe from the evil one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 John 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1jn/front/intro.md b/1jn/front/intro.md index 5e12c8f7fb..fde4db2419 100644 --- a/1jn/front/intro.md +++ b/1jn/front/intro.md @@ -1,35 +1,35 @@ -# Introduction to 1 John # +# Introduction to 1 John -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 John #### +#### Outline of the Book of 1 John 1. Introduction (1:1-4) 1. Christian living (1:5-3:10) 1. The command to love one another (3:11-5:12) 1. Conclusion (5:13-21) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 John? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 1 John? This book does not name the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the Apostle John was the author. He also wrote of the Gospel of John. -#### What is the Book of 1 John about? #### +#### What is the Book of 1 John about? John wrote this letter to Christians at a time when false teachers were troubling them. John wrote this letter because he wanted to prevent believers from sinning. He wanted to protect believers from false teachings. And he wanted to assure believers that they were saved. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 John" or "First John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter From John" or "The First Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who were the people that John spoke against? #### +#### Who were the people that John spoke against? The people John spoke against were possibly those who would become known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since they believed Jesus was divine, they denied that he was truly human. This is because they thought God would not become human since the physical body is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in 1 John? #### +#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in 1 John? John often used the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" as metaphors. John spoke of a believer becoming more faithful to Jesus and knowing Jesus better as if Jesus' word "remained" in the believer. Also, John spoke of someone being spiritually joined to someone else as if the person "remained" in the other person. Christians are said to "remain" in Christ and in God. The Father is said to "remain" in the Son, and the Son is said to "remain" in the Father. The Son is said to "remain" in believers. The Holy Spirit is also said to "remain" in the believers. @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Many translators will find it impossible to represent these ideas in their langu In the passage "the word of God remains in you" (1 John 2:14), the UDB expresses this idea as "you are living by the commands of the word of God." Many translators will find it possible to use this translation as a model. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 John? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 John? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/1ki/01/intro.md b/1ki/01/intro.md index 3381435a92..7205a05fa4 100644 --- a/1ki/01/intro.md +++ b/1ki/01/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Kings 01 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting 1 Kings is a continuation of 2 Samuel. This chapter records the beginning of the reign of Solomon (chapters 1-11) after the death of David. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter == The next king == David did not announce who was to succeed him. Because of this, there was fighting between David's sons over who should be king. Adonijah invited guests to a banquet and declared himself king. Then those favoring Solomon told David and he declared Solomon the new king. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom Several times in this chapter, the people use the idiom "sit on the throne" to mean "be king." Solomon assures Adonijah that if he behaves himself "not a hair of his will fall to the earth," meaning "he will not be harmed." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[1 Kings intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/02/intro.md b/1ki/02/intro.md index e4a0dff31f..b8303baa6c 100644 --- a/1ki/02/intro.md +++ b/1ki/02/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# 1 Kings 02 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter has two stories: David's last advice to Solomon and Solomon's punishment of those who supported Adonijah and also Shimei, who had cursed David when David was fleeing from Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exalting oneself ##### +##### Exalting oneself Exalting oneself can lead to disaster as when Adonijah made himself king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Euphemism ##### +##### Euphemism David spoke of his impending death using a euphemism: "I am going the way of all the earth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Parallelism ##### +##### Parallelism David wanted to emphasize the importance of obeying God to his son Solomon. He used parallelism, saying the same thing seven times using different words: "Keep the commands of Yahweh your God to walk in his ways, to obey his statutes, his commandments, his decisions, and his covenant decrees, being careful to do what is written in the law of Moses." Some languages have other ways of emphasizing an idea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/03/intro.md b/1ki/03/intro.md index d5f861610e..fead78675c 100644 --- a/1ki/03/intro.md +++ b/1ki/03/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# 1 Kings 03 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter has two stories. Verses 1-15 is the story of Solomon's dream when God asked him what he wanted and he said he needed wisdom to be a good and fair ruler. Verses 16-28 is the story of a court case showing Solomon's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom ##### +##### Wisdom God was very pleased with Solomon's request for wisdom. This is because wisdom was something that he could use to serve other people instead of himself. Because this was a noble request, God promised Solomon wisdom, wealth, and fame. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Putting the needs of others first ##### +##### Putting the needs of others first There are two additional examples of people putting the needs of others in front of their own needs. God is pleased with people wanting to do their job well more than wanting to be blessed. A mother will put the life of her child above every other concern. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/04/intro.md b/1ki/04/intro.md index 51c47c8682..1a4e0859bc 100644 --- a/1ki/04/intro.md +++ b/1ki/04/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# 1 Kings 04 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter names the important people in Solomon's government and shows the extent of his kingdom. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/05/intro.md b/1ki/05/intro.md index 23c2f27e8f..51b47bae6f 100644 --- a/1ki/05/intro.md +++ b/1ki/05/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Kings 05 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of the description of the building of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Building the temple ##### +##### Building the temple Building the temple took a lot of work and cooperation. King Hiram of Tyre provided lumber for building the temple in exchange for wheat and olive oil. Solomon also had many people cutting rocks for the walls of the temple. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/06/intro.md b/1ki/06/intro.md index 3ac04b328a..9f4483c5f4 100644 --- a/1ki/06/intro.md +++ b/1ki/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Kings 06 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Building the temple ##### +##### Building the temple Solomon built the temple in seven years. The outside walls were made of rock. Solomon shaped the rocks for the wall in the quarry and then assembled them at the temple site. The inside was covered with wood. Inside the temple was a room covered by gold, which was the Most Holy Place where the ark was housed under statues of angels. It represented the presence of God. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/07/intro.md b/1ki/07/intro.md index 95df34bf9a..b4e7a6c25e 100644 --- a/1ki/07/intro.md +++ b/1ki/07/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# 1 Kings 07 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter has a description of the palace Solomon built and the materials used in the temple courtyard. It is the last chapter about the building of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bronze ##### +##### Bronze Solomon hired a man from Tyre who was good at casting things out of bronze. The bronze objects were made by hollowing out the shape of the object in clay and then pouring in the hot melted liquid bronze and letting it cool. He made two large pillars and a large water reservoir set on the backs of 12 bronze cows. He made all the instruments for use in the sacrifices outside the temple. He made the furnishing inside the temple out of gold. -##### The temple and the palace ##### +##### The temple and the palace Solomon spent 13 years building a palace for himself that was much bigger than the temple. It is significant that the house of Solomon was much larger than the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/08/intro.md b/1ki/08/intro.md index 297985b631..4796774d94 100644 --- a/1ki/08/intro.md +++ b/1ki/08/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Kings 08 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ark is placed in the new temple. This is a very significant event in the history of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Celebration of the temple's completion ##### +##### Celebration of the temple's completion When the temple was finished, Solomon told all of the people to come to Jerusalem. They took the ark out of the tent and brought it to the temple. Then Solomon prayed that God would hear and answer prayers made to him when they faced towards the temple. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom Solomon prayed that God would respond to people's prayers using an idiom: "that your eyes may be open to the request of your servant." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/09/intro.md b/1ki/09/intro.md index f00d1ae8fa..4f0046c9f0 100644 --- a/1ki/09/intro.md +++ b/1ki/09/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Kings 09 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting There are two parts to this chapter. Verses 1–9 is a dream in which God warned Solomon that he and his descendants were not to worship idols. If they did this, the temple would be destroyed. Verses 10–28 is about Solomon's extensive building and his partnership with Hiram, king of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worship only Yahweh ##### +##### Worship only Yahweh Yahweh alone must be worshiped. It is necessary for people to stay faithful to God and not worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor 'Walk" is a common image in Scripture. It is said, "if you walk before me as David your father walked." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/walk]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/10/intro.md b/1ki/10/intro.md index 58923f7a84..7da94a2ce1 100644 --- a/1ki/10/intro.md +++ b/1ki/10/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Kings 10 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting There are two parts to this chapter: The fame of Solomon's wisdom and the wealth of his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter ==Queen of Sheba == King Solomon became so famous for his wisdom that the queen of Sheba (modern day Yemen) came all the way to see him and was deeply impressed. God promised him great wealth and he became famously rich. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/11/intro.md b/1ki/11/intro.md index 346e2eccef..46b682a6aa 100644 --- a/1ki/11/intro.md +++ b/1ki/11/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Kings 11 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of Solomon. (Chapters 1-11) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage with Gentiles ##### +##### Intermarriage with Gentiles God had told the people of Israel in Moses's law never to marry women from the Gentile nations. But Solomon married many women from Gentile countries. This was because their religious beliefs would negatively affect Israel. Solomon, the wisest man, became a fool and his wives persuaded him to worship foolish idols. God became angry and warned he would take away 10 tribes from the kingdom of his son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/12/intro.md b/1ki/12/intro.md index ee36033a93..5748549eb4 100644 --- a/1ki/12/intro.md +++ b/1ki/12/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# 1 Kings 12 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Civil war ##### +##### Civil war This chapter explains how the united kingdom of Israel was split into the two kingdoms: Israel and Judah. This is sometimes called a "civil war." -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel splits ##### +##### Israel splits God's warning to Solomon came true. In spite of his famous wealth, Solomon had over-taxed his own people and forced them to work for free. When the people requested that King Rehoboam reduce taxes and forced labor, he said that he would be harsher than his father. This caused the 10 northern tribes to revolt and appoint Jeroboam as their king. These northern tribes are now called the kingdom of Israel. Only Judah and Benjamin stayed with Rehoboam. They are called Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]]) -##### Jeroboam introduces calf worship ##### +##### Jeroboam introduces calf worship Jeroboam made a terrible mistake. He was afraid that if the people continued to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple, they would want to return to Rehoboam as their king. So he made two shrines with calves made of gold for the people to worship. This eventually caused the destruction of his whole family. The kingdom of Israel continued worshiping the idols until they were taken slaves by the Assyrians. The northern tribes were unable to truly worship Yahweh without going to Jerusalem in the kingdom of Judah. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The people used the metaphor of "yoke" for oppressive government: "Your father made our yoke difficult. Now then, make your father's hard work easier, and lighten the heavy yoke that he put on us." But Rehoboam promised to increase their oppression with three metaphors: "My little finger is thicker than my father's waist. So now, although my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, I will add to your yoke. My father punished you with whips, but I will punish you with scorpions." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/13/intro.md b/1ki/13/intro.md index 23c33e674d..4a1167baa9 100644 --- a/1ki/13/intro.md +++ b/1ki/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Kings 13 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter has two parts: The young prophet's warning to Jeroboam (1-10) and the old prophet's deception (11-34). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obeying God ##### +##### Obeying God People should do what God tells them to do and not what other people tell them is God's will for them. The story of the young prophet and the old prophet is an example of this. (See:[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/14/intro.md b/1ki/14/intro.md index 4204aca884..57a0986fd1 100644 --- a/1ki/14/intro.md +++ b/1ki/14/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# 1 Kings 14 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter has two stories. One is the death of Jeroboam's son (1-18). The other is the reign of Rehoboam (20-31) . -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The death of Jeroboam's son ##### +##### The death of Jeroboam's son God knows the truth; it is useless to try to fool God's prophet. Jeroboam's son became sick; so the king sent his wife, disguised as a common woman, to the prophet. The prophet was blind, but when Jeroboam's wife arrived he told her, "Come in, wife of Jeroboam." He also told her that her son would die and that all of Jeroboam's family would be killed, because he had caused Israel to worship the golden calves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Rehoboam's reign ##### +##### Rehoboam's reign When Solomon obeyed God, God made him very rich. When the people of Judah began to worship the fertility goddess, Ashtoreth, and to do many evil things, they had to give all of their wealth to the king of Egypt to persuade him not to attack Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/15/intro.md b/1ki/15/intro.md index 5b94b2f6b6..f9ff0f6180 100644 --- a/1ki/15/intro.md +++ b/1ki/15/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Kings 15 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter Judah had some bad kings and some good kings. All of the kings in Israel continued to worship the golden calves, so they were all considered to be bad. Judah and Israel continually fought each other. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "But the shrines were not taken away." ##### +##### "But the shrines were not taken away." At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign, it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/16/intro.md b/1ki/16/intro.md index 6274d25d67..b780fa4f58 100644 --- a/1ki/16/intro.md +++ b/1ki/16/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 1 Kings 16 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Incorrect worship ##### +##### Incorrect worship The prophet Jehu warned Baasha, king of Israel, that God would destroy his family for worshiping the idols. But Baasha did not change his ways; so Zimri murdered Baasha's son and all his relatives. Then Omri killed Zimri. Omri's son Ahab brought in the rain god Baal and his wife, the fertility goddess Ashtoreth, as the official religion of Israel. This was very evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/17/intro.md b/1ki/17/intro.md index 2df618f963..89594d81a6 100644 --- a/1ki/17/intro.md +++ b/1ki/17/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Kings 17 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the beginning of the story of Elijah. (1 Kings 17 – 2 Kings 2) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baal worship ##### +##### Baal worship Ahab had introduced the worship of Baal, the god people thought brought rain, to Israel. Because of this, God caused a drought. Elijah told Ahab that it would not rain or dew until he, Elijah, said so. Elijah had to hide so Ahab would not kill him for bringing the drought. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/18/intro.md b/1ki/18/intro.md index 5c92d3f2a9..1a06b3e2f6 100644 --- a/1ki/18/intro.md +++ b/1ki/18/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Kings 18 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baal ##### +##### Baal God proved himself to all the people of Israel. Elijah went to meet Ahab. He told Ahab to bring the 450 prophets of Baal and all the people to Mount Carmel. Then he proposed an experiment, which was carried out. The prophets of Baal took one bull, killed them, cut them up, and placed them on wood on an altar without lighting the fire. The prophets of Baal danced and prayed to Baal all morning and half the afternoon. After they were exhausted, Elijah built his altar and drenched it with water. Then he prayed. God answered his prayer with fire that burned up the sacrifice, the altar and the water. Then Elijah told the people to seize the prophets of Baal and kill them. After that, Elijah prayed for rain, and it rained very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Humor ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Humor Elijah insults the false god Baal. He states, "Perhaps he is thinking, or is relieving himself, or he is traveling on a journey, or perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened." Baal was too busy in the bathroom to answer the prophets. "Relieving himself" is a euphemism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/19/intro.md b/1ki/19/intro.md index 9bfe4eae41..5009ff8df8 100644 --- a/1ki/19/intro.md +++ b/1ki/19/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Kings 19 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter The queen was angry that Elijah had killed her prophets of Baal. She promised to kill Elijah. Elijah fled south into the desert south of Judah. He traveled on to Mount Horeb also known as Mount Sinai, the mountain of God. God asked him why he was there. He said he had come to Mount Horeb because Israel had deserted God, killed his prophets, and wanted to kill him. God sent him home to make Hazael the king of Aram, Jehu the king of Israel, and Elisha as the prophet in his place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/20/intro.md b/1ki/20/intro.md index 0ddb543872..a964f7ca9a 100644 --- a/1ki/20/intro.md +++ b/1ki/20/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Kings 20 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is a story of two battles between Aram and Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Battle ##### +##### Battle God had chosen to defeat Ben Hadad, king of Aram. So when he attacked Samaria with a huge army, the tiny army of Israel defeated him. The people of Aram said that Yahweh was the god of the hills, but they could defeat Israel on the plains. So they came again but Israel defeated them again. Then Ben Hadad offered a peace plan and Ahab accepted. But God had wanted him to kill Ben Hadad and was angry at Ahab for making peace with him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile There were so few Israel soldiers that they were "like two little flocks of goats." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/21/intro.md b/1ki/21/intro.md index 49efccefc9..c56e87ad84 100644 --- a/1ki/21/intro.md +++ b/1ki/21/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Kings 21 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter God hates oppression but is forgiving to people who are sorry for their sins. Ahab wanted Naboth's vineyard to make into a garden for his palace, but Naboth refused to sell it. So the queen, Ahab's wife, told the civic leaders of Naboth's town to falsely accuse him and execute him. Elijah told Ahab that he would be killed in Naboth's vineyard and all his family destroyed. Ahab repented and showed he was very sorry for what he did, so God said it would not happen to Ahab himself but to his son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/22/intro.md b/1ki/22/intro.md index 7b9c4ae868..edb011c028 100644 --- a/1ki/22/intro.md +++ b/1ki/22/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# 1 Kings 22 General Notes # +# 1 Kings 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of Ahab and a continuation of the story of Elijah as he had predicted Ahab's death and the dogs licking his blood. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter When God has decided a person will die, then they cannot avoid death. Ahab persuaded Jehoshaphat, king of Judah to help him in a battle against the army of Aram. Ahab's false prophets all told him to go because he would be successful. But a randomly shot arrow hit him and he bled to death. They washed his chariot at the pool and the dogs licked up his blood, just as Elijah had said they would. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "However, the shrines were still not taken away. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense at the shrines." ##### +##### "However, the shrines were still not taken away. The people were still sacrificing and burning incense at the shrines." At the shrines, the people worshiped Yahweh. But later, during Hezekiah's reign it was decided that all sacrifices must be made only at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Kings 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ki/front/intro.md b/1ki/front/intro.md index 82d859b703..30468032e9 100644 --- a/1ki/front/intro.md +++ b/1ki/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 1 Kings # +# Introduction to 1 Kings -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Kings #### +#### Outline of 1 Kings 1. David dies and Solomon begins to reign (1:1-2:46) 1. Solomon reigns (3:1–11:43) @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ - Jehoshaphat in Judah (22:41–50) - Ahaziah in Israel (22:51–53) -#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? #### +#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? These books are about what happened to the people of Israel, from the time of King Solomon to the time both the northern and southern kingdoms were destroyed. These books describe how Israel split into two kingdoms after Solomon died. It also tells about all the kings that ruled over each kingdom after Solomon died. @@ -33,27 +33,27 @@ In the southern kingdom, some kings did what Yahweh judged to be right. For exam The Assyrians destroyed the northern kingdom in 722 B.C. The Babylonians destroyed the southern kingdom in 586 B.C. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The Books of 1 and 2 Kings were originally one book in Hebrew. They were separated into two books when translated into Greek. Translators might choose more meaningful titles such as "The First Book about the Kings" and "The Second Book about the Kings." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? #### +#### What was the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? These books were probably finished during the exile, after the Babylonians had destroyed the temple. They show how being faithful to Yahweh results in his blessing and prospering his people. Worshipping idols and not being faithful result in their being punished and destroyed. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? #### +#### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? In the Bible, people often referred to themselves as "your servant" when speaking to anyone in a superior position to themselves. Indirectly addressing people in this way was intended to honor the one addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" in this way. But a translator should use whatever expressions that are natural in the project language in order to honor someone in a superior position. -#### What does the king "did what was right (or evil) in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? #### +#### What does the king "did what was right (or evil) in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? The writer repeats this kind of expression throughout the Books of 1 and 2 Kings. Here "in the eyes of Yahweh" represents what Yahweh thinks about someone. If a king was faithful and obeyed the covenant, he did what was right according to Yahweh. If he was not faithful and disobeyed the covenant, he did what was evil according to Yahweh. -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) diff --git a/1pe/01/intro.md b/1pe/01/intro.md index e7c50e8bdc..d33bf916d8 100644 --- a/1pe/01/intro.md +++ b/1pe/01/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# 1 Peter 01 General Notes # +# 1 Peter 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### What God reveals ##### +##### What God reveals When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God's people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God's people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people. -##### Holiness ##### +##### Holiness God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Eternity ##### +##### Eternity Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](./06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them "in the last time" ([1 Peter 1:5](./05.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Peter 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[1 Peter intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1pe/02/intro.md b/1pe/02/intro.md index 4d9f19a799..449c202146 100644 --- a/1pe/02/intro.md +++ b/1pe/02/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Peter 02 General Notes # +# 1 Peter 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22. The ULB also does this with the poetry in 2:10. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Stones ##### +##### Stones Peter uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Milk and babies ##### +##### Milk and babies When Peter tells his readers to "long for pure spiritual milk," he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother's milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God's word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Peter 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1pe/03/intro.md b/1pe/03/intro.md index 765af8c223..d23a557ebf 100644 --- a/1pe/03/intro.md +++ b/1pe/03/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# 1 Peter 03 General Notes # +# 1 Peter 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Outward ornaments" ##### +##### "Outward ornaments" Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks. -##### Unity ##### +##### Unity Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Peter 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1pe/04/intro.md b/1pe/04/intro.md index 9f02f804f4..d3e6118642 100644 --- a/1pe/04/intro.md +++ b/1pe/04/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# 1 Peter 04 General Notes # +# 1 Peter 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ungodly Gentiles ##### +##### Ungodly Gentiles This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. "Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, drunken celebrations, having wild parties, and committing disgusting acts of idolatry" were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Martyrdom ##### +##### Martyrdom It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those" ##### +##### "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those" Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Peter 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1pe/05/intro.md b/1pe/05/intro.md index 933bee5aea..eaf3081e7c 100644 --- a/1pe/05/intro.md +++ b/1pe/05/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# 1 Peter 05 General Notes # +# 1 Peter 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Crowns ##### +##### Crowns The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Lion ##### +##### Lion All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God's people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God's people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -##### Babylon ##### +##### Babylon Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. Many scholars think that Peter was referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Peter 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1pe/front/intro.md b/1pe/front/intro.md index 139fd46843..3e16dac1b5 100644 --- a/1pe/front/intro.md +++ b/1pe/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 1 Peter # +# Introduction to 1 Peter -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Peter #### +#### Outline of 1 Peter 1. Introduction (1:1-2) 1. Praise for God's salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10) @@ -11,31 +11,31 @@ 1. Closing (5:12-14) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter? The Book of 1 Peter was written by the apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. -#### What is the Book of 1 Peter about? #### +#### What is the Book of 1 Peter about? Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of "encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God" (5:12). He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they were suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus would return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title "1 Peter" or "First Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter from Peter" or "The First Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How were Christians treated in Rome? #### +#### How were Christians treated in Rome? Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of "Babylon" (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" #### +#### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter, except in two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter? * "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart" (1:22). The ULB and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart." diff --git a/1sa/01/intro.md b/1sa/01/intro.md index e624a778dc..4e9246afa9 100644 --- a/1sa/01/intro.md +++ b/1sa/01/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# 1 Samuel 01 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter introduces Samuel. It is the beginning of the section 1 Samuel 1-7 which tells about Samuel, the religious leader of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Two wives ##### +##### Two wives This was a common practice in the ancient Near East. It was against the law of Moses. The men of Israel would have sinned if they married more than one woman. This type of marriage always creates problems because of jealousy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) -##### "Pay his vow" ##### +##### "Pay his vow" It was customary for Israelites to promise God to make a sacrifice to him if God answered special prayers. Making such a sacrifice was called paying one's vow. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms ##### +##### Idioms When Hannah wanted to assure Eli she was telling the truth, she used the idiom "as you live." This is a type of oath formula meaning "I promise you I am telling the truth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) The author also uses the phrase "call to mind." This is a common idiom meaning "remember." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 1:1](./01.md)__ * __[1 Samuel intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/02/intro.md b/1sa/02/intro.md index 0e21bc085b..e3da71a66e 100644 --- a/1sa/02/intro.md +++ b/1sa/02/intro.md @@ -1,40 +1,40 @@ -# 1 Samuel 02 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with Hannah's poetic prayer in 2:1-10 . -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hannah's song of praise to God ##### +##### Hannah's song of praise to God This song is about how God protects the weak and strengthens them. He humbles the rich, provides for the poor, and defeats his enemies. -##### Eli's Sons ##### +##### Eli's Sons Eli, the chief priest, had two sons. They were ungodly priests who continually sinned and did not honor God. Eli corrected them but they did not listen. A prophet warned Eli that God would stop his family from being priests and his sons would both die on the same day. At the same time, Samuel was growing up and serving God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter This chapter has many figures of speech because the first part of the chapter is a song and the last part of the chapter is a prophecy. Songs and prophecy tend to have many figures of speech. -##### Synecdoches ##### +##### Synecdoches "My heart" and "my mouth" are synecdoches referencing the speaker. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -##### Metonymies ##### +##### Metonymies Body parts are often used to stand for activities involving that part of the body. "The feet of his faithful people" is a metonym meaning what they are doing or where they are going. Place names are often used for people in that place such as "the ends of the earth" meaning the people living in the ends of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Hannah used many military metaphors: "rock," representing protection; "the bows of the mighty men are broken," representing military defeat; "the horn of his anointed," representing the power of the one that God has chosen to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions God used three rhetorical questions to correct and condemn Eli. "Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, when they were in Egypt in bondage to Pharaoh's house?" "Why then do you scorn my offerings that I required in the place where I live?" "Why do you honor your sons above me by making yourselves fat with the best of every offering of my people Israel?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/03/intro.md b/1sa/03/intro.md index cb8302adc9..846465ff6b 100644 --- a/1sa/03/intro.md +++ b/1sa/03/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# 1 Samuel 03 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God speaks to Samuel ##### +##### God speaks to Samuel God spoke at night to Samuel when he was a small boy, telling him that he would punish Eli's family. As Samuel grew up, God gave him many messages. People came from all over Israel to find out what God had to say. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy ##### +##### Metonymy In order to show respect when talking to God, Samuel calls himself "your servant" when referring to himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -##### Idioms ##### +##### Idioms One characteristic of prophecy is the use of figures of speech. In this passage there are two idioms: "ears will shake," meaning "will shock everyone who hears" and "carry out," meaning "do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) In order to be sure Samuel would tell him the whole truth, Eli used the standard formula for a curse: "may God do to you, and even more, if," meaning "God will punish severely if the person does what the curse says he will do." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/04/intro.md b/1sa/04/intro.md index 0830c294e0..9ba017424a 100644 --- a/1sa/04/intro.md +++ b/1sa/04/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# 1 Samuel 04 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country ##### +##### The Ark of the Covenant in Philistine country This chapter begins a new section on the Ark and the Philistines. It recounts two battles between Israel and the Philistines. In both battles, Israel was badly defeated and, in the second, the Ark was captured. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Ark is captured ##### +##### The Ark is captured The Philistine army invaded Israel, and Israel's army went to fight them but was defeated. Israel decided that if they took the Ark into the next battle, God would cause them to win. When Eli's sons took the Ark into the next battle and the Philistines won the battle, they killed Eli's two sons and captured the Ark. When Eli heard the Ark was captured, he fell over, broke his neck, and died. Hearing this news, his daughter-in-law named her baby "the glory has departed." -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Question ##### +##### Rhetorical Question The Philistines expressed their fear using a rhetorical question: "Who will protect us from the strength of this mighty God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/05/intro.md b/1sa/05/intro.md index 3344700da5..b9aed70c12 100644 --- a/1sa/05/intro.md +++ b/1sa/05/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Samuel 05 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of the Ark of the Covenant in Philistia continues. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Ark in the Philistine Cities ##### +##### The Ark in the Philistine Cities The Philistines took the Ark of God to Ashdod and put it in their idol temple, but their idol fell down in front of the Ark and the people got sick with bubonic plague. They took it to Gath next, and the people of Gath began dying of the plague. When they took the Ark to Ekron, the people of Ekron were afraid of it too and did not want it there. Finally they decided to send it back to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms ##### +##### Idioms There are two slightly different idioms used in the same way: the "hand was heavy" and the "hand was hard." Both idioms mean "was severely punished." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/06/intro.md b/1sa/06/intro.md index cf90785932..ffd6281f4e 100644 --- a/1sa/06/intro.md +++ b/1sa/06/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 1 Samuel 06 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story of the Ark of the Covenant among the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel ##### +##### The Philistines send the Ark back to Israel The Philistine leaders asked their priests what they should do with the Ark. The priests said to send it off with an offering. The Philistines put the Ark on a cart drawn by cows and let them go wherever they wanted to go. The cows went straight toward Israel. When some people peeked into the Ark, God killed them. Because of this, the people sent the Ark to Kiriath Jearim. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/07/intro.md b/1sa/07/intro.md index c53f2dbb26..b59b5fdd95 100644 --- a/1sa/07/intro.md +++ b/1sa/07/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Samuel 07 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter completes the section on Samuel leading Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again ##### +##### Israel begins to worship Yahweh again Samuel told the people to get rid of all their idols and worship Yahweh alone. The people were obedient. When the Philistines heard the Israelites were all gathered together, the Philistines attacked, but God defeated them. There was a time of peace during which Samuel settled disputes between the people as the judges had done before. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms ##### +##### Idioms Whenever Samuel spoke to a group of people, he used many idioms: "to turn to" means "to worship"; "with your whole heart" means "completely"; and "rescue from the hand" means "rescued from the power." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/08/intro.md b/1sa/08/intro.md index 3ebae257ee..a25abba3f4 100644 --- a/1sa/08/intro.md +++ b/1sa/08/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 1 Samuel 08 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### -##### Saul and Samuel ##### +#### Structure and formatting +##### Saul and Samuel The section including chapters 8-16 begins a new part of the story. The people wanted a king, and God chose Saul, the man the people wanted, to be their king. He was not the king Yahweh wanted. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people want a king ##### +##### The people want a king When Samuel was old, he appointed his sons to be judges. They were corrupt and took bribes, so the people came and asked Samuel to appoint a king for them. Samuel asked God, who gave them a king but warned them what a king would be like. Despite Samuel's warning that a king would oppress them, the people still wanted a king. This was sinful because they were rejecting God as their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/09/intro.md b/1sa/09/intro.md index 5f59402aad..3c9f6f3a40 100644 --- a/1sa/09/intro.md +++ b/1sa/09/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 1 Samuel 09 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Samuel chooses Saul to be their king When the donkeys of Saul's father strayed away, Saul went looking for them. When he could not find them, he asked Samuel to ask God where they were. Samuel said the donkeys had been found. He invited Saul as the guest of honor to a feast and gave him a place to sleep for the night. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Saul uses two rhetorical questions to convince Samuel he is not important: "Am not I a Benjamite, from the smallest of the tribes of Israel? Is not my clan the least of all the clans of the tribe of Benjamin?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/10/intro.md b/1sa/10/intro.md index e9875894c6..77f8062b09 100644 --- a/1sa/10/intro.md +++ b/1sa/10/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# 1 Samuel 10 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the first chapter about King Saul. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Saul as the New King ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Saul as the New King Samuel told Saul that God had chosen him to be king, and on the way home he would meet some prophets. Saul would then begin prophesying and God would give him the Holy Spirit to help him to know what to do. Samuel told everyone to come to Mizpah where he announced that God had chosen Saul to be their king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions This chapter uses rhetorical questions to express different ideas: to state a fact ("Has not Yahweh anointed you to be a ruler over his inheritance?"), to express surprise ("And who is their father?"), to say he is someone very special ("Do you see the man that Yahweh has chosen?"), and to express contempt ("How can this man save us?"). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Idioms ##### +##### Idioms Samuel frequently uses idioms when prophesying: "going to God" means "going to worship God"; "take it from their hands" means "accept their gift"; "rush upon you" means "control you"; "hand finds to do" means "what you think you should do"; "God is with you" means "God is directing you"; "another heart" means "a different way of thinking"; "came to pass" means "happened"; "before Yahweh" means "to do work for Yahweh"; and "hearts God had touched" means "God had made them want to help Saul." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/11/intro.md b/1sa/11/intro.md index 6383eb249f..febc7464ca 100644 --- a/1sa/11/intro.md +++ b/1sa/11/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# 1 Samuel 11 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the story of King Saul by telling of his first victory in war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Saul rescues the people of Jabesh Gilead Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his army surrounded the Israeli town of Jabesh Gilead. When the city's leaders asked for peace terms, Nahash demanded the right to poke out one eye of every man in order to show Israel their weakness. When Saul heard this, he called for all of Israel to help save this city. Many people came to help Saul's army. Israel was victorious and everyone wanted Saul as their king. At this time, Israel was not a truly unified country, even though it is often spoken of as one country. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idioms ##### +##### Idioms The idioms in this chapter explain the effect God has on his people: "rushed upon him" means "empowered him"; "terror ... fell" means "they became afraid"; "as one man" means "they all agreed"; and "put to death" means "kill." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/12/intro.md b/1sa/12/intro.md index acea09348d..ea569034ed 100644 --- a/1sa/12/intro.md +++ b/1sa/12/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Samuel 12 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Samuel's farewell address ##### +##### Samuel's farewell address This chapter serves as a type of farewell address. This is a way for leaders to give instructions to their followers before they leave or die. Samuel first established his holiness before calling on the people to repent of their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter It is common in Scripture to use Israel's history to show how faithful God has been. This gives the readers evidence to trust in Yahweh in their current situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/13/intro.md b/1sa/13/intro.md index 86848fe465..b0cf44bebf 100644 --- a/1sa/13/intro.md +++ b/1sa/13/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Samuel 13 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of a story about Jonathan's victory over the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Preparation for the battle ##### +##### Preparation for the battle Saul sent most of his army home before Jonathan attacked and defeated a Philistine garrison. This attack made the Philistines very angry, and they brought a huge army into Israel and camped at the top of a hill. Most of Saul's army ran away in fear and hid from the Philistines. There are many aspects of this story that give the reader the impression that Israel was unprepared for battle. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Hyperbole ##### +##### Hyperbole Wanting to express the vast number of enemy soldiers, the author uses a hyperbole: "as numerous as the sand on the seashore," meaning "too many to count." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/14/intro.md b/1sa/14/intro.md index 75ee084ba0..df89e09aa5 100644 --- a/1sa/14/intro.md +++ b/1sa/14/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 1 Samuel 14 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter completes the story of Jonathan's victory over the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The battle against the Philistines ##### +##### The battle against the Philistines Jonathan took his armor bearer to where the Philistines were on the top of the hill. He said God could use a few people just as easily as he could use many people to win his battles. He and his armor bearer started killing the Philistines, and suddenly the Philistines began fighting each other or running away. The rest of Israel, who had hidden, came and chased the Philistines. Even though Israel had a king, God was still in control of the nation of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Special reference ##### +##### Special reference The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to mean the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/15/intro.md b/1sa/15/intro.md index 1746f095df..f9cb238a6e 100644 --- a/1sa/15/intro.md +++ b/1sa/15/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# 1 Samuel 15 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the end of the section on Saul and Samuel (8-15). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God wants total obedience ##### +##### God wants total obedience Samuel told Saul that God wanted him to completely destroy the Amalekite people and animals. Saul fought the Amalekites and killed all the people except the king. He destroyed the animals that were not very good but saved the best animals. Saul told Samuel he had obeyed God's command. Samuel asked him about the animals Saul had. Saul said he had saved them for a sacrifice to God. God said that obedience was better than sacrifice. Because Saul had disobeyed him, God had chosen someone else to become king. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom "He has turned back from following me" is an idiom meaning "he has stopped obeying me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions When Saul insisted that he had obeyed God, Samuel rebuked him with these rhetorical questions: "What then is this bleating of sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the oxen that I hear?"; "Though you are little in your own sight, were you not made the head of the tribes of Israel?"; "Why then did you not obey the voice of Yahweh, but instead you seized the booty and did what was evil in the sight of Yahweh?"; and "Has Yahweh as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in obeying the voice of Yahweh?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/16/intro.md b/1sa/16/intro.md index 6d41a8a584..46a9faf1e5 100644 --- a/1sa/16/intro.md +++ b/1sa/16/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# 1 Samuel 16 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David ##### +##### 1 Samuel 16-31 Saul and David Chapter 16 establishes God's choice of David to be the next king. David receives the Holy Spirit to empower and guide him as the king. This chapter also records the Holy Spirit leaving Saul because of his disobedience. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David chosen to be the next king ##### +##### David chosen to be the next king Humans judge others by what they look like, but God judges people by their true inner character. God rejected David's older brothers in favor of David, who truly loved and obeyed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ==Rhetorical Question == God scolds Samuel with this rhetorical question for his unwillingness to accept God's decision: "How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel?" It was wrong to mourn because it was God's punishment of Saul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/17/intro.md b/1sa/17/intro.md index d1d5e65c76..4b351eedf1 100644 --- a/1sa/17/intro.md +++ b/1sa/17/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# 1 Samuel 17 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter introduced David as a soldier, a skill that will be important for the rest of his life. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David kills Goliath ##### +##### David kills Goliath Trust in God is more powerful than physical might or military training and equipment. David, trusting in the Lord and armed only with a sling, defeats Goliath who is well-armed and physically strong but who did not believe in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Uncircumcised ##### +##### Uncircumcised The people of Israel often used the term "uncircumcised" to refer to Gentiles. Here it is used to describe the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions David uses rhetorical questions to state his desire to fight the giant: "What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and takes away the disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) His brother uses rhetorical questions to show his disdain for his younger brother, whom he thinks is pretending to be bigger than he really is: "Why did you come down here? With whom have you left those few sheep in the wilderness?" David defends himself with some questions: "What have I done now? Was it not just a question?" Goliath also uses a rhetorical question to show his contempt for young David: "Am I a dog, that you come to me with sticks?" -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/18/intro.md b/1sa/18/intro.md index fd0491ca2d..0f27e56453 100644 --- a/1sa/18/intro.md +++ b/1sa/18/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Samuel 18 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the first chapter of a section explaining why Saul wants to kill David. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 18:7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul is jealous of David's popularity ##### +##### Saul is jealous of David's popularity Saul's son, Jonathan, loves David. David is successful in battling the Philistines, and Saul is happy until the women give David more attention than they give him. He fears that David will replace him as king. This is potentially confusing because the author has already established that David will be the next king. It is probably that Saul feared David would kill him in order to be the next king sooner, or that he did not really believe David would be the next king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -##### Jonathan's love of David ##### +##### Jonathan's love of David Some scholars believe Jonathan loved David as a man loves his wife. There is no reason to translate this as if Jonathan were a homosexual. Instead, treat this as a brotherly type of love. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/19/intro.md b/1sa/19/intro.md index 5a902d580f..34118e2bcc 100644 --- a/1sa/19/intro.md +++ b/1sa/19/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 1 Samuel 19 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God protects David ##### +##### God protects David Jonathan persuades Saul not to kill David, but Saul again becomes jealous and orders his servants to bring David to him to be killed. God uses Michal to save David. David flees to Samuel and they begin prophesying. When Saul sends servants to capture David, they begin prophesying. This causes Saul to go himself and he begins to prophesy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/20/intro.md b/1sa/20/intro.md index cd24b9c0a4..6debe71a22 100644 --- a/1sa/20/intro.md +++ b/1sa/20/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 1 Samuel 20 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jonathan warns David ##### +##### Jonathan warns David David tells Jonathan that Saul is still trying to kill him. Jonathan promises to find out if this is true. When David misses dinner two consecutive days, Saul asks about him. Jonathan says that David went home for an annual sacrifice. Saul gets angry at Jonathan, telling him he will never be king unless they kill David. Saul throws his spear at Jonathan. Jonathan warns David to run away, but first they both promise to always be friends. It was usually a king's son who became king after his death in the ancient Near East. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor David uses a powerful metaphor and an oath to impress Jonathan with the danger he is in: "But as truly as Yahweh lives, and as you live, there is but a step between me and death." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/21/intro.md b/1sa/21/intro.md index 546e4de88c..bdc26808b4 100644 --- a/1sa/21/intro.md +++ b/1sa/21/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# 1 Samuel 21 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 21:11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David and the chief priest ##### +##### David and the chief priest David visits the chief priest and lies to him about being on a special mission for the king. He asks for food, weapons, and prayer. The chief priest gives him some sacred bread and Goliath's sword and prays for him. -##### David and the king of Gath ##### +##### David and the king of Gath David flees to Gath. The advisers to the king tell him that David is almost the king of Israel. David becomes afraid of the king and pretends to be insane. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions The king of Gath's advisers use two rhetorical questions to warn him about how dangerous David could be: "Is not this David the king of the land? Did they not sing to one another about him in dances, 'Saul has killed his thousands, and David his ten thousands?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/22/intro.md b/1sa/22/intro.md index 5ac1fb28cc..143b1ebd31 100644 --- a/1sa/22/intro.md +++ b/1sa/22/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# 1 Samuel 22 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting There are two stories in this chapter: David gathering a group of followers and Saul having all the priests and their families killed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David assembles a force of unhappy people ##### +##### David assembles a force of unhappy people David hides in the wilderness, and people in trouble come to him. Soon he has a force of 500 men. The prophet then tells him to leave the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Saul and the chief priest's family ##### +##### Saul and the chief priest's family Doeg tells Saul that Ahimelech the priest gave David food and a sword and prayed for him. Saul accuses the priests of encouraging David to rebel. This is a serious accusation because the priests are God's representatives and are rebelling against God's king if the accusation is true. Saul has the priests and all their families killed except those who escape to David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/23/intro.md b/1sa/23/intro.md index 146c1eaaa1..dba583f1a8 100644 --- a/1sa/23/intro.md +++ b/1sa/23/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 1 Samuel 23 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul chases David ##### +##### Saul chases David Saul wants to kill David, but David trusts in God who keeps rescuing him. David rescues the town of Keilah from the Philistines who are stealing their harvest. Saul goes to Keilah to capture David, but David flees to the wilderness near Ziph. When David goes deeper into the wilderness, Saul follows but he has to leave to fight the Philistines who have invaded the land. Saul's pursuit of David shows that Saul cares more about killing his enemies than pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Synecdoche ##### +##### Synecdoche Jonathan strengthens David with a synecdoche: "For the hand of Saul my father will not find you." This helps to strengthen David's faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/24/intro.md b/1sa/24/intro.md index cd5ed45345..a0ef3a2c5d 100644 --- a/1sa/24/intro.md +++ b/1sa/24/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 1 Samuel 24 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter Even though Saul tries again and again to kill David, David does not avenge himself on Saul because God had chosen Saul as king. This is meant to contrast with Saul's treatment of David, the future king. Saul represents the king the people wanted, a selfish man. David is the king God wanted, a godly man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/25/intro.md b/1sa/25/intro.md index 5a88c699a6..8206d22342 100644 --- a/1sa/25/intro.md +++ b/1sa/25/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -# 1 Samuel 25 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Revenge ##### +##### Revenge When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabal's household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/26/intro.md b/1sa/26/intro.md index 2c837ca6c0..a2c357df29 100644 --- a/1sa/26/intro.md +++ b/1sa/26/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 1 Samuel 26 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vengeance ##### +##### Vengeance David has another opportunity to kill Saul but he refuses to kill the one God had chosen as king. This contrasts with Saul, who tried to find David and kill him. Saul came to admit that David was more righteous than he was because he did not kill his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question David put his reason for not killing Saul in a rhetorical question: "Do not destroy him; for who can extend his hand against Yahweh's anointed one and be guiltless?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/27/intro.md b/1sa/27/intro.md index ce70ebf5a1..7c69efc86c 100644 --- a/1sa/27/intro.md +++ b/1sa/27/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# 1 Samuel 27 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This begins a section about David living with the Philistines. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's move ##### +##### David's move David is afraid Saul will someday catch him and kill him, so he moves to the Philistine city of Gath. This is a type of exile David creates for himself out of fear. It is caused by his lack of trust in God. This is the same reason his descendants would come to be exiled. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) ### Links: ###= diff --git a/1sa/28/intro.md b/1sa/28/intro.md index 6c373fbe5c..8a64403e34 100644 --- a/1sa/28/intro.md +++ b/1sa/28/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 1 Samuel 28 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Talking to the dead ##### +##### Talking to the dead Talking to the dead was against the law of Moses. God or the Holy Spirit left Saul because of his sin and would not help him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question Samuel uses a rhetorical question to say it was useless to ask his advice since there was no way Saul could be successful with God against him: "What then do you ask me, since Yahweh has left you, and he has become your enemy?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/29/intro.md b/1sa/29/intro.md index d86c1e40e1..9a2ca6760a 100644 --- a/1sa/29/intro.md +++ b/1sa/29/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Samuel 29 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 29:5. -#### Other possible translation difficulties #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties It is unclear whether David wanted to go into battle with the Philistines. He would have been fighting against Saul, but he also would have been fighting against Israel's soldiers. It is probably best to see that David is conflicted over this issue, but some scholars believe that David planned on turning against the Philistines in the battle. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/30/intro.md b/1sa/30/intro.md index c4470f1335..04cd7bbb52 100644 --- a/1sa/30/intro.md +++ b/1sa/30/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# 1 Samuel 30 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 30 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David fights the Amalekites ##### +##### David fights the Amalekites When David and his men arrive home, they find the Amalekites have raided Ziklag and taken everything. They catch and destroy them and bring back all of their goods and families. Then David sends gifts to all the cities in Judah through which they had traveled. ### Links: ###= diff --git a/1sa/31/intro.md b/1sa/31/intro.md index f417665e52..6ed5bf3d70 100644 --- a/1sa/31/intro.md +++ b/1sa/31/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Samuel 31 General Notes # +# 1 Samuel 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the end of the section on Saul, but the book continues in 2 Samuel 1. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Saul's punishment ##### +##### Saul's punishment Saul receives his punishment from God: death for his disobedience and resisting the will of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Samuel 31:1](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1sa/front/intro.md b/1sa/front/intro.md index 80e971d84c..ec319642d6 100644 --- a/1sa/front/intro.md +++ b/1sa/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 1 Samuel # +# Introduction to 1 Samuel -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 1 Samuel #### +#### Outline of 1 Samuel 1. Samuel as judge over Israel (1:1–7:17) - Samuel as a child (1:1–3:21) @@ -22,40 +22,40 @@ - David in the wilderness; David in Philistia (21:1–30:31) - Death of Saul (31:1–13) -#### What is the Book of 1 Samuel about? #### +#### What is the Book of 1 Samuel about? The Book of 1 Samuel is about Samuel, Saul, and David. Samuel was the last of the judges over Israel. Saul was the first king of Israel. Much of the book is about how Saul became king, then how he later sinned against God and died. God chose David to be king after Saul. This book shows how God protected David when Saul tried to kill him. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "1 Samuel" or "First Samuel." Or, translators may consider a clearer title such as "The First Book About Samuel, Saul, and David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### What is the purpose of the Book of 1 Samuel? #### +#### What is the purpose of the Book of 1 Samuel? The purpose of 1 Samuel is to give an account of the events leading up to David becoming king of Israel. In 1 Samuel, the twelve tribes of Israel unite under the first king of Israel, Saul. But Saul does not obey Yahweh's commands. So God uses Samuel to choose David as a king who will trust and obey Yahweh. -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Samuel? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Samuel? It is uncertain who wrote 1 Samuel. It may have been someone alive soon after King Solomon died. When Solomon died, the kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms. The author probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. A descendant of David continued to rule over the southern kingdom. The author may have written 1 Samuel to defend David's right to be king. This would prove that David's descendant was the rightful king of God's people. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who is "Yahweh's anointed"? #### +#### Who is "Yahweh's anointed"? The writer of 1 Samuel often speaks of "Yahweh's anointed." This refers to the one whom Yahweh chose to be the king of his people. Also, the phrase "Yahweh's anointed" would make later readers think about the future descendant of David who would become king of God's people. This person who Yahweh chose would be known as the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are curses, as found in 1 Samuel and elsewhere? #### +#### What are curses, as found in 1 Samuel and elsewhere? A curse is a strong statement a person makes to cause bad things to happen to the person or thing being cursed. A curse usually has this pattern: "May God do so to you, and even more, if you hide anything from me of all the words that he spoke to you" (1 Sam. 3:17). Other instances of curses in 1 and 2 Samuel are found in 1 Sam 14:44; 20:13; 25:22; 2 Sam 3:9, 35; and 19:13. The translator should represent a curse in the project language in as strong a way as possible. -#### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? #### +#### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) The Book of 1 Samuel has two references to Israel and Judah ([1 Samuel 17:52](../17/52.md), [1 Samuel 18:16](../18/16.md)). However, these references appear in the text long before the two kingdoms split apart. It seems clear that the references to Israel and Judah are in the text because the author wrote at a time after the kingdoms split. He wanted the readers to understand that all the twelve tribes had supported David. -#### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? This phrase was used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation's readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written" or "to this day, at the time of writing." This phrase occurs in 1 Samuel 5:5; 6:18: 27:6; 30:25. diff --git a/1th/01/intro.md b/1th/01/intro.md index 88bb36f164..45c34ab004 100644 --- a/1th/01/intro.md +++ b/1th/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Thessalonians 01 General Notes # +# 1 Thessalonians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Verse 1 formally introduces this letter. Letters in the ancient Near East commonly had introductions of this type. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hardship ##### +##### Hardship Other people persecuted the Christians in Thessalonica. But the Christians there handled it well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Thessalonians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[1 Thessalonians intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1th/02/intro.md b/1th/02/intro.md index 4bfc758481..cf2e8404a2 100644 --- a/1th/02/intro.md +++ b/1th/02/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 1 Thessalonians 02 General Notes # +# 1 Thessalonians 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Christian witness ##### +##### Christian witness Paul values his "Christian witness" as evidence that the gospel is true. Paul says that being godly or holy bears witness to the non-Christian. Paul defends his character so that his witness is not affected. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Thessalonians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1th/03/intro.md b/1th/03/intro.md index f2df045514..b4fa189c13 100644 --- a/1th/03/intro.md +++ b/1th/03/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# 1 Thessalonians 03 General Notes # +# 1 Thessalonians 03 General Notes [This page has intentionally been left blank.] -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Thessalonians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1th/04/intro.md b/1th/04/intro.md index 15d8bbfc84..fe51662c7f 100644 --- a/1th/04/intro.md +++ b/1th/04/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 1 Thessalonians 04 General Notes # +# 1 Thessalonians 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sexual immorality ##### +##### Sexual immorality Different cultures have different standards of sexual morality. These different cultural standards may make translating this passage difficult. Translators must also be aware of cultural taboos. These are topics considered improper to discuss. -##### Dying before the return of Christ ##### +##### Dying before the return of Christ In the early church, people apparently wondered what would happen if a believer died before Christ returned. They may have worried whether those dying before Christ returned would be part of the kingdom of God. Paul answers that concern. -##### "Caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air" ##### +##### "Caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air" This passage refers to a time when Jesus calls to himself those who have believed in him. Scholars differ on whether or not this refers to Christ's final glorious return. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Thessalonians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1th/05/intro.md b/1th/05/intro.md index 37c7c5d7b0..75083b97e5 100644 --- a/1th/05/intro.md +++ b/1th/05/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# 1 Thessalonians 05 General Notes # +# 1 Thessalonians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul concludes his letter in a way that was typical of letters in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Day of the Lord ##### +##### Day of the Lord The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will be a surprise to the world. This is what the simile "like a thief in the night" means. Because of this, Christians are to live prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -##### Quench the Spirit ##### +##### Quench the Spirit To quench the Spirit is to ignore or work against the Holy Spirit's guidance and work. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Thessalonians 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1th/front/intro.md b/1th/front/intro.md index 9174a082db..1b35974aa1 100644 --- a/1th/front/intro.md +++ b/1th/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 1 Thessalonians # +# Introduction to 1 Thessalonians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 Thessalonians #### +#### Outline of the Book of 1 Thessalonians 1. Greeting (1:1) 1. Prayer of thanksgiving for the Thessalonian Christians (1:2-10) @@ -17,39 +17,39 @@ - Christ's return is a motive for godly living (5:1-11) 1. Closing blessings, thanks, and prayers (5:12-28) -#### Who wrote 1 Thessalonians? #### +#### Who wrote 1 Thessalonians? Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while staying in the city of Corinth. Of all Paul's letters that are in the Bible, many scholars think 1 Thessalonians was the first letter Paul wrote. -#### What is the Book of 1 Thessalonians about? #### +#### What is the Book of 1 Thessalonians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the city of Thessalonica. He wrote it after the Jews in the city forced him to leave. In this letter he said he considered his visit to them a success, even though he was forced to leave. Paul responded to the news from Timothy about the Thessalonian believers. The believers there were being persecuted. He encouraged them to continue living in a way that pleased God. He also comforted them by explaining what happens to those who die before Christ returns. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 Thessalonians" or "First Thessalonians." They may instead prefer to choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to the Church in Thessalonica," or "The First Letter to the Christians in Thessalonica." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? #### +#### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? Paul wrote much in this letter about Jesus' eventual return to Earth. When Jesus returns, he will judge all mankind. He will also rule over creation, and there will be peace everywhere. -#### What happens to those who die before the return of Christ? #### +#### What happens to those who die before the return of Christ? Paul made clear that those who die before Christ's return will come back to life and be with Jesus. They will not remain dead forever. Paul wrote this to encourage the Thessalonians. For some of them worried that those who died would miss the great day when Jesus returns. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord."? #### +#### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord."? Paul meant to express the idea of a very a close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Thessalonians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Thessalonians? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/1ti/01/intro.md b/1ti/01/intro.md index d5ce689a97..47b633dfc1 100644 --- a/1ti/01/intro.md +++ b/1ti/01/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# 1 Timothy 01 General Notes # +# 1 Timothy 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spiritual children ##### +##### Spiritual children In this chapter, Paul calls Timothy a "son" and his "child." Paul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul called Timothy his "son in the faith." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Genealogies ##### +##### Genealogies Genealogies are lists that record a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Most important people had records of their genealogies. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Play on words ##### +##### Play on words The phrase "the law is good if one uses it lawfully" ([1 Timothy 1:8](./08.md)) is a play on words. The English words "law" and "lawfully" come from the same root, and they translate words that come from the same root in the original language, so it would be well to translate the clause so as to preserve this word play. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Timothy 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[1 Timothy intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/1ti/02/intro.md b/1ti/02/intro.md index 6909704f99..c61bcc7abb 100644 --- a/1ti/02/intro.md +++ b/1ti/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Timothy 02 General Notes # +# 1 Timothy 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Peace ##### +##### Peace Paul encourages Christians to pray for everyone. They should pray for rulers so that Christians can live peacefully, in a godly and dignified way. -##### Women in the church ##### +##### Women in the church Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings" ##### +##### "Prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings" These terms overlap each other in what they mean. It is not necessary to view them as distinct categories. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Timothy 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ti/03/intro.md b/1ti/03/intro.md index aad864c89b..4ca1c94732 100644 --- a/1ti/03/intro.md +++ b/1ti/03/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 1 Timothy 03 General Notes # +# 1 Timothy 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting [1 Timothy 3:16](./16.md) was probably a song, poem, or creed the early church used to list important doctrines that believers all shared. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Overseers and deacons ##### +##### Overseers and deacons The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include elder, pastor, and bishop. The word "overseer" reflects the meaning of the original language in verses 1-2. Paul writes about "deacons" in verses 8 and 12 as another kind of church leader. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Character qualities ##### +##### Character qualities This chapter lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an overseer or deacon in the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Timothy 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ti/04/intro.md b/1ti/04/intro.md index 954a130b74..42d24b9b46 100644 --- a/1ti/04/intro.md +++ b/1ti/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 1 Timothy 04 General Notes # +# 1 Timothy 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting [1 Timothy 4:1](../04/01.md) is a prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Later times ##### +##### Later times This is another way of referring to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Timothy 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ti/05/intro.md b/1ti/05/intro.md index 7c155bfeab..1d64ead3af 100644 --- a/1ti/05/intro.md +++ b/1ti/05/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 1 Timothy 05 General Notes # +# 1 Timothy 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Honor and respect ##### +##### Honor and respect Paul encourages younger Christians to honor and respect older Christians. Cultures honor and respect older people in different ways. -##### Widows ##### +##### Widows In the ancient Near East, it was important to care for widows, because they could not provide for themselves. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Timothy 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ti/06/intro.md b/1ti/06/intro.md index 1c2b670b0f..d49036e840 100644 --- a/1ti/06/intro.md +++ b/1ti/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# 1 Timothy 06 General Notes # +# 1 Timothy 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Slavery ##### +##### Slavery Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about honoring, respecting, and diligently serving masters. Paul teaches all believers to be godly and content in every situation. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[1 Timothy 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/1ti/front/intro.md b/1ti/front/intro.md index b3f47c8035..ad2f796497 100644 --- a/1ti/front/intro.md +++ b/1ti/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 1 Timothy # +# Introduction to 1 Timothy -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 1 Timothy #### +#### Outline of the Book of 1 Timothy 1. Greetings (1:1,2) 1. Paul and Timothy @@ -18,36 +18,36 @@ 1. Note to the wealthy people (6:17-19) 1. Closing words to Timothy (6:20,21) -#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Timothy? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 1 Timothy? Paul wrote 1 Timothy. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. This book is the first letter Paul wrote to Timothy. Timothy was his disciple and close friend. Paul probably wrote it near the end of his life. -#### What is the Book of 1 Timothy about? #### +#### What is the Book of 1 Timothy about? Paul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matters. The topics he addressed included church worship, qualifications for church leaders, and warnings against false teachers. This letter shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "1 Timothy" or "First Timothy." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to Timothy." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is discipleship? #### +#### What is discipleship? Discipleship is the process of encouraging people to live the way Jesus wants them to live, to be more like Christ. This letter gives many instructions about how a leader should train a less mature Christian. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -##### Singular and plural "you" ##### +##### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Timothy. The exception to this is 6:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 1 Timothy? #### +#### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 1 Timothy? For the following verse, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/2ch/01/intro.md b/2ch/01/intro.md index e973aec96a..968c3cac6d 100644 --- a/2ch/01/intro.md +++ b/2ch/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 01 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about King Solomon's reign (2 Chronicles 1-9). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom ##### +##### Wisdom Solomon asks God for wisdom to rule God's people. God is pleased with this request because it is used to serve others. Therefore, God also gives Solomon tremendous wealth and a long life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[2 Chronicles intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/02/intro.md b/2ch/02/intro.md index 7474f947b3..8f9a8906b5 100644 --- a/2ch/02/intro.md +++ b/2ch/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 02 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Solomon's reign continues in this chapter. This chapter also begins a section on building the temple. (2 Chronicles 2-4 and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### House of God ##### +##### House of God The temple is repeatedly referred to as the "house of God" because Yahweh will dwell in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/03/intro.md b/2ch/03/intro.md index 58f8c20e2f..9a622fa1c3 100644 --- a/2ch/03/intro.md +++ b/2ch/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 03 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Location of the temple ##### +##### Location of the temple The location of the temple was very significant. Many important events in history occurred at this location. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/04/intro.md b/2ch/04/intro.md index 225ee8fc21..a4af65dc4e 100644 --- a/2ch/04/intro.md +++ b/2ch/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 04 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon and the building of the temple continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Special construction ##### +##### Special construction Not only is the temple constructed in a special way, the things that are used in the temple's sacrificial system and its decorations are constructed in a special way. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/05/intro.md b/2ch/05/intro.md index 69ae310871..8a25bbbe32 100644 --- a/2ch/05/intro.md +++ b/2ch/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 05 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moving the contents of the tent ##### +##### Moving the contents of the tent Everything from the tent was moved into the new temple. This too was done in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/06/intro.md b/2ch/06/intro.md index cbf42cb24b..4cd0c07277 100644 --- a/2ch/06/intro.md +++ b/2ch/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 06 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Temple dedication ##### +##### Temple dedication Solomon dedicated the temple with a prayer asking God to honor the temple. It was common to dedicate something important to God when it was completed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/07/intro.md b/2ch/07/intro.md index a3c2ef8e8c..d9d2fbb7be 100644 --- a/2ch/07/intro.md +++ b/2ch/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 07 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon's dream ##### +##### Solomon's dream God appeared again to Solomon in a dream and said the temple was acceptable and he honored it with his presence. He would remain as long as Israel obeyed him. If they worshiped other gods and idols he would let their enemies destroy the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/08/intro.md b/2ch/08/intro.md index 588ba01936..e8fe239097 100644 --- a/2ch/08/intro.md +++ b/2ch/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 08 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon's victories ##### +##### Solomon's victories Solomon achieved many victory when he was king. This chapter records many of these victories. Israel is at its height of power when Solomon was king. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/09/intro.md b/2ch/09/intro.md index e61d2d8ef5..26c0370743 100644 --- a/2ch/09/intro.md +++ b/2ch/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 09 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Solomon ends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Solomon's fame ##### +##### Solomon's fame Solomon was famous outside of Israel because of his wisdom and tremendous wealth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/10/intro.md b/2ch/10/intro.md index 4695af4969..38ac1c6bab 100644 --- a/2ch/10/intro.md +++ b/2ch/10/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 10 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This begins a section on King Rehoboam. (2 Chronicles 10-12) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rehoboam's taxes ##### +##### Rehoboam's taxes The people asked Solomon's son, Rehoboam, to reduce the heavy taxes and the forced labor Solomon had demanded but Rehoboam refused. He lacked the wisdom to follow the advice of the men who had been councilors of his father Solomon. So the ten northern tribes broke off and made Jeroboam their king. They were called "Israel" and Rehoboam's kingdom was called Judah. This will cause confusion between the northern kingdom of Israel and the whole nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The people use the metaphor of a yoke to complain about the high taxes and forced labor Solomon demanded from the people. They said, "Your father made our yoke difficult." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/11/intro.md b/2ch/11/intro.md index 9d9fa093a4..da1f4c66e0 100644 --- a/2ch/11/intro.md +++ b/2ch/11/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 11 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The section on King Rehoboam continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Strengthening their defenses ##### +##### Strengthening their defenses Rehoboam strengthened the defenses of Judah. Without the help of the northern tribes, the kingdom of Judah did not really have much power to defend itself from outside attacks. Therefore, Rehoboam felt it necessary to strengthen Judah's military defenses. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel When the author speaks about Israel, he is now referring almost exclusively to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the united nation of Israel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/12/intro.md b/2ch/12/intro.md index 15e2fbe9ca..5f1c35cddd 100644 --- a/2ch/12/intro.md +++ b/2ch/12/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 12 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the section on King Rehoboam. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worshiping Yahweh ##### +##### Worshiping Yahweh The safety of Israel and Judah was dependent upon the people worshiping Yahweh and not upon their military power. Because Rehoboam deserted the worship of God, God allowed the king of Egypt to take all of the wealth Solomon stored up. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/13/intro.md b/2ch/13/intro.md index e912202d9a..3d946986f7 100644 --- a/2ch/13/intro.md +++ b/2ch/13/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 13 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust Trusting in God, King Abijah of Judah was able to overcome the army of Israel even though it was twice as big as his army. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/14/intro.md b/2ch/14/intro.md index 2e13ce87e3..eb1620454c 100644 --- a/2ch/14/intro.md +++ b/2ch/14/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 14 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the section about King Asa. (2 Chronicles 14-16) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust Trusting in Yahweh, Asa was able to defeat million men of the army of Nubia. Trust in Yahweh is more important than military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/15/intro.md b/2ch/15/intro.md index 95973d2c2e..32a05ca9f7 100644 --- a/2ch/15/intro.md +++ b/2ch/15/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 15 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The section about King Asa continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Promise ##### +##### Promise The people promise to serve the Lord. This is something they will ultimately fail to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom The phrase "seek Yahweh" means "wanting to believe and obey Yahweh." This is a common way to describe proper worship of Yahweh. It is possible the meaning of this idiom is about a desire to properly worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/16/intro.md b/2ch/16/intro.md index 75082aefce..b168bf6291 100644 --- a/2ch/16/intro.md +++ b/2ch/16/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 16 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The section about King Asa is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Asa did not trust Yahweh ##### +##### Asa did not trust Yahweh When Baasha was building Ramah to blockade him, Asa asked the king of Aram to help him instead of trusting God to help him. This was sinful because he disobeyed Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/17/intro.md b/2ch/17/intro.md index 85d533c9bf..61ec0e0128 100644 --- a/2ch/17/intro.md +++ b/2ch/17/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 17 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of King Jehoshaphat. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh ##### +##### Trust in Yahweh Jehoshaphat trusted and obeyed God. Because of this, God made him strong. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/18/intro.md b/2ch/18/intro.md index d77b9cbb67..8e2fa01f2d 100644 --- a/2ch/18/intro.md +++ b/2ch/18/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 18 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Jehoshaphat as king continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter The will of God is accomplished, even when people try to avoid it. Ahab tried to disguise himself to hide from the soldiers of Aram but an arrow still hit and killed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/19/intro.md b/2ch/19/intro.md index ff4d7e7b92..3d81379843 100644 --- a/2ch/19/intro.md +++ b/2ch/19/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 19 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Jehoshaphat as king continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Levite judges ##### +##### Levite judges Jehoshaphat appointed many Levites to be judges and told them to be very fair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/20/intro.md b/2ch/20/intro.md index a2c16b8df6..a84cfea0e8 100644 --- a/2ch/20/intro.md +++ b/2ch/20/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 20 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Jehoshaphat is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Deliverance and trust ##### +##### Deliverance and trust God rescues those who trust him. An enormous army came against Jehoshaphat but God promised that he would defeat them without Judah having to fight. Then the enemy fought among themselves and when the army of Judah arrived there were dead bodies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/21/intro.md b/2ch/21/intro.md index 6526b049d5..6fe62a3c78 100644 --- a/2ch/21/intro.md +++ b/2ch/21/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 21 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil ##### +##### Evil Doing evil causes the country to decline. Jehoshaphat's son was evil. Edom and Libna successfully revolted against him, the Arabs plundered him and he died of an intestinal disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile The author compares worship of Baal to being a prostitute: "to act like a prostitute." Idolatry by the people of God is often pictured as prostitution. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/22/intro.md b/2ch/22/intro.md index 50fea8e5d6..fe781ca995 100644 --- a/2ch/22/intro.md +++ b/2ch/22/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 22 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of the story of Queen Athaliah. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The author compares Athaliah's evil deeds to Ahab's family's evil lives: "walked in the ways of the house of Ahab." Ahab is pictured as the epitome of evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/23/intro.md b/2ch/23/intro.md index a02c2eb37c..cfaff99395 100644 --- a/2ch/23/intro.md +++ b/2ch/23/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 23 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The chapter ends the story of Queen Athaliah and begins the story of King Joash. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Having a king ##### +##### Having a king The high priest organized a coup and made seven-year-old Joash king. Athaliah objected, so the chief priest had her killed. This was an attempt by the priests to fulfill the covenant God made with David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/24/intro.md b/2ch/24/intro.md index 2df2f30c55..a27fac26bc 100644 --- a/2ch/24/intro.md +++ b/2ch/24/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 24 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Joash is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Joash repairs the temple ##### +##### Joash repairs the temple Joash decided to repair the temple. The Levites collected money from people and gave it to the workmen to repair the temple. This was a sign of worship towards Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -##### Joash becomes evil ##### +##### Joash becomes evil When Joash stopped worshiping Yahweh, he had many troubles. Joash remaind loyal to Yahweh as long as the chief priest lived, but when the chief priest died Joash started following other gods. The chief priest's son warned him that he would have trouble, so he had him killed. The army of Aram defeated and plundered him and his servants murdered him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/25/intro.md b/2ch/25/intro.md index e9284c78f7..82ff526901 100644 --- a/2ch/25/intro.md +++ b/2ch/25/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 25 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worshiping other gods ##### +##### Worshiping other gods When Amaziah trusted God he was successful against Edom. But when he started worshiping the idols of Edom he was badly defeated. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/26/intro.md b/2ch/26/intro.md index 93671ecb51..08b68dbc63 100644 --- a/2ch/26/intro.md +++ b/2ch/26/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 26 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Uzzah the leper ##### +##### Uzzah the leper Uzzah was powerful when he followed Yahweh. When he entered the temple to burn incense like a priest, God made him a leper. Lepers could not properly worship Yahweh because they were always unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/27/intro.md b/2ch/27/intro.md index 5312576ec1..b39515ee64 100644 --- a/2ch/27/intro.md +++ b/2ch/27/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 27 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh ##### +##### Trust in Yahweh Jotham was able to conquer the people of Ammon because he obeyed the Lord. For Yahweh, trust in Yahweh is the key to victory in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/28/intro.md b/2ch/28/intro.md index 9034be800e..cdfdbe5883 100644 --- a/2ch/28/intro.md +++ b/2ch/28/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 28 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Ahaz's idolatry ##### +##### King Ahaz's idolatry Judah was defeated by all of the neighboring countries because King Ahaz was worshiping all sorts of foreign gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/29/intro.md b/2ch/29/intro.md index 8d7be3ca68..70747625f7 100644 --- a/2ch/29/intro.md +++ b/2ch/29/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 29 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of King Hezekiah. (2 Chronicles 29-32) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cleansing the temple ##### +##### Cleansing the temple King Hezekiah was a great king. He cleaned and rededicated the temple. This was a sign that he wanted the people to return to worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/30/intro.md b/2ch/30/intro.md index fea94f9fe5..9bd8175b42 100644 --- a/2ch/30/intro.md +++ b/2ch/30/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 30 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Hezekiah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Passover ##### +##### Passover Hezekiah invited everyone in Judah and in Israel to come to Jerusalem and celebrate the Passover. It had not been celebrated since King Solomon's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/31/intro.md b/2ch/31/intro.md index 63dcc7a2a5..8b9f0cdfcd 100644 --- a/2ch/31/intro.md +++ b/2ch/31/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 31 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Hezekiah continues in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom To express Hezekiah's desire to please God, the author uses two idioms "to seek God" and "with all his heart." This means that he really wanted to do what God wanted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/32/intro.md b/2ch/32/intro.md index 1fd31857c5..d01b856a1b 100644 --- a/2ch/32/intro.md +++ b/2ch/32/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 32 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of King Hezekiah is completed in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh ##### +##### Trust in Yahweh Because Hezekiah trusted God, God rescued Jerusalem from the attacked of the Assyrian army and healed Hezekiah when he was very sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/33/intro.md b/2ch/33/intro.md index 5c7ca971ec..814dc98afe 100644 --- a/2ch/33/intro.md +++ b/2ch/33/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 33 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Manasseh ##### +##### King Manasseh Manasseh angered God more than any other king of Judah. He worshiped the sun, stars and many foreign gods and even sacrificed his sons to the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/34/intro.md b/2ch/34/intro.md index 5af71afb5b..017b5d5053 100644 --- a/2ch/34/intro.md +++ b/2ch/34/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 34 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of the story of King Josiah. (2 Chronicles 34-35) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Returning the people to Yahweh ##### +##### Returning the people to Yahweh Josiah worshiped Yahweh and cleaned out the idols and shrines from Judah. The people returned to worship Yahweh again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/35/intro.md b/2ch/35/intro.md index 59cca6f78c..e99c4e3205 100644 --- a/2ch/35/intro.md +++ b/2ch/35/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 35 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of King Josiah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Passover ##### +##### Passover Josiah organized a large Passover celebration and people shared their animals with those without animals to sacrifice. The celebration of Passover was a sign of proper worship by the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/36/intro.md b/2ch/36/intro.md index 3d8f787935..32fc8e66a2 100644 --- a/2ch/36/intro.md +++ b/2ch/36/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Chronicles 36 General Notes # +# 2 Chronicles 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the end of the story of Judah as an independent country. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Punishment ##### +##### Punishment God warned the people through the prophets, that he would punish them if they did not worship Yahweh. The people refused to listen to the prophets or to stop their evil deeds. God finally punished them by letting the Babylonians conquer them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Chronicles 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ch/front/intro.md b/2ch/front/intro.md index c0413c4ee4..e82559c7f0 100644 --- a/2ch/front/intro.md +++ b/2ch/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 2 Chronicles # +# Introduction to 2 Chronicles -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 2 Chronicles #### +#### Outline of 2 Chronicles 1. Solomon rules the kingdom (1:1–9:28) - Solomon put on the throne of David, his father (1:1-17) @@ -13,42 +13,42 @@ - From Rehoboam to Zedekiah (10:1–36:21) - The edict of Cyrus, permitting Israel to return to Canaan (36:22–23) -#### What are 1 and 2 Chronicles about? #### +#### What are 1 and 2 Chronicles about? The Book of 1 Chronicles retells the line of descendants from Adam to Saul. It then gives the history of Israel during the time of David. The Book of 2 Chronicles gives the history of Israel beginning with Solomon. It ends when the Babylonian army attacks Judah and takes some of the people to Babylon. The writers of Chronicles probably wrote these books for the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon. The purpose was to teach the people to avoid disobeying God as their ancestors did. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "2 Chronicles" or "Second Chronicles." You may also call this book "The Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel, Book 2" or "The Second Book of the Events of the Kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? #### +#### Who wrote 1 and 2 Chronicles? The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles are unknown. They mention that they used other books when writing Chronicles. The names of these other books are "The Chronicles of Samuel the Seer," "The Chronicles of Nathan the Seer," "The Chronicles of Gad the Seer," "The History of Nathan the Prophet," "The Chronicles of Shemaiah the Prophet and Iddo," "The Story of the Prophet Iddo" and "The books of the kings of Judah and Israel." -#### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? #### +#### Why are there multiple books that give the history of the kings of Israel? The books of Chronicles and the books of Kings tell much of the same history, but they are not exactly the same. The writers of Chronicles wrote mostly about the kings of Judah who were faithful to Yahweh and his covenant. The writers wanted the Jews to think carefully about David and Solomon. They also wanted the Jews to think about how Jehoshaphat, Hezekiah, and Josiah caused their ancestors to repent and to worship Yahweh. The writers wanted to encourage the Jews and their leaders to obey the law and to honor God's covenant with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did God punish the people of Israel? #### +#### Why did God punish the people of Israel? God punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped false gods. God punished them with disease, disasters, and defeat in battle. However, God forgave them and caused them to prosper again if they repented and obeyed him. The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles continually reminded the readers that God punished his people because they disobeyed. They wanted the readers to understand that they must obey God. -#### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? #### +#### Why are alliances with foreign countries seen as evil in these books? Yahweh led and protected the nation of Israel. The people of Israel should have trusted him instead of relying on other nations to protect them. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. -#### What does it mean to "seek God?" #### +#### What does it mean to "seek God?" The writers of 1 and 2 Chronicles often wrote about "seeking God." To "seek God" means to make an effort to please and honor God. It can also mean to ask God for help. It does not imply that God is hidden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? #### +#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? The writers used the phrase "to this day" to refer to the time when they were writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in 1 Chronicles 4:41, 43; 5:26; 13:11; 20:26; 21:10; 35:25. diff --git a/2co/01/intro.md b/2co/01/intro.md index 377aef8683..e8b5b70892 100644 --- a/2co/01/intro.md +++ b/2co/01/intro.md @@ -1,33 +1,33 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 01 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The first paragraph reflects a common way to begin a letter in the ancient Near East. -#### Special Concepts #### +#### Special Concepts -##### Paul's integrity ##### +##### Paul's integrity People were criticizing Paul and saying he was not sincere. He refutes them by explaining his motives for what he was doing. -##### Comfort ##### +##### Comfort Comfort is a major theme of this chapter. The Holy Spirit comforts Christians. The Corinthians probably were afflicted and needed to be comforted. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question Paul uses two rhetorical questions to defend himself against a charge of not being sincere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We ##### +##### We Paul uses the pronoun "we". This likely represents at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. -##### Guarantee ##### +##### Guarantee Paul says the Holy Spirit is the guarantee, which means pledge or down payment, of a Christian's eternal life. Christians are securely saved. But they will not experience all of God's given promises until after they die. The Holy Spirit is a personal guarantee that this will happen. This idea comes from a business term. A person gives some valuable item to another person as a "guarantee" that they will repay money. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[2 Corinthians intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/2co/02/intro.md b/2co/02/intro.md index d203518aa7..f9a685c3a3 100644 --- a/2co/02/intro.md +++ b/2co/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 02 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 02 General Notes -#### Special Concepts #### +#### Special Concepts -##### Harsh writing ##### +##### Harsh writing In this chapter, Paul refers to a letter he previously wrote to the Corinthians. Some scholars believe this refers to the letter known as First Corinthians. Other scholars believe this refers to a letter Paul wrote after the letter known as First Corinthians and before this letter. In either case, Paul had told the church to rebuke an erring member. Paul is now encouraging them to be gracious to that person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Aroma ##### +##### Aroma A sweet aroma is a pleasing smell. Scripture often describes things that are pleasing to God as having a pleasing aroma. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/03/intro.md b/2co/03/intro.md index 72dfa73a28..fb777903af 100644 --- a/2co/03/intro.md +++ b/2co/03/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 03 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul continues his defense. Paul views the Corinthian Christians as the proof of his work. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law of Moses ##### +##### Law of Moses Paul alludes to God giving the Ten Commandments on stone tablets. This represents the law of Moses. The law was good because it came from God. But God punished the Israelites because they disobeyed it. This chapter may be difficult for translators to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter to explain complex spiritual truths. It is unclear whether this makes Paul's teachings easier or more difficult to understand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit." ##### +##### "This is a covenant not of the letter but of the Spirit." Paul contrasts the old and new covenants. The new covenant is not a system of rules and regulations. Here "Spirit" probably refers to the Holy Spirit. It may also refer to the new covenant being "spiritual" in nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/04/intro.md b/2co/04/intro.md index 01cd7eeb65..7322e20373 100644 --- a/2co/04/intro.md +++ b/2co/04/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 04 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with the word "therefore." This connects it to what the previous chapter teaches. How these chapters are divided may be confusing to the reader. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ministry ##### +##### Ministry Paul ministers to people by telling them about Christ. He does not try to trick people into believing. If they do not understand the gospel, it is because the problem is ultimately spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Life and death ##### +##### Life and death Paul does not refer here to physical life and death. Life represents the new life a Christian has in Jesus. Death represents the old way of living before believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Hope ##### +##### Hope Paul uses a repeated pattern in a purposeful way. He makes a statement. Then he denies a seemingly opposite or contradictory statement or gives an exception. Together these give the reader hope in difficult circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/05/intro.md b/2co/05/intro.md index e4dbd0c49e..95f232e3ab 100644 --- a/2co/05/intro.md +++ b/2co/05/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 05 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### New bodies in heaven ##### +##### New bodies in heaven Paul knows that when he dies he will receive a much better body. Because of this, he is not afraid of being killed for preaching the gospel. So he tells others that they too can be reconciled to God. Christ will take away their sin and give them his righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### New creation ##### +##### New creation The old and new creation probably refer to how Paul illustrates the old and new self. These concepts are also the same as the old and new man. The term "old" probably does not refer to the sinful nature with which a person is born. It refers to the old way of living or the Christian formerly being bound to sin. The "new creation" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Home ##### +##### Home The Christian's home is no longer in the world. A Christian's real home is in heaven. By using this metaphor, Paul emphasizes that the Christian's circumstances in this world are temporary. It gives hope to those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The message of reconciliation" ##### +##### "The message of reconciliation" This refers to the gospel. Paul calls for people who are hostile to God to repent and be reconciled to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/06/intro.md b/2co/06/intro.md index 86099edc41..587d201253 100644 --- a/2co/06/intro.md +++ b/2co/06/intro.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 06 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 2 and 16-18, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Servants ##### +##### Servants Paul refers to Christians as servants of God. God calls Christians to serve him in all circumstances. Paul describes some of the difficult circumstances in which he and his companions served God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Contrasts ##### +##### Contrasts Paul uses four pairs of contrasts: righteousness versus lawlessness, light versus darkness, Christ versus Satan, and the temple of God versus idols. These contrasts show a difference between Christians and non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]]) -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions to teach his readers. All of these questions make essentially the same point: Christians should not intimately fellowship with those who live in sin. Paul repeats these questions for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We ##### +##### We Paul likely uses the pronoun "we" to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 6:1](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/07/intro.md b/2co/07/intro.md index d7a43b9efd..809d8a5070 100644 --- a/2co/07/intro.md +++ b/2co/07/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 07 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In verses 2-4, Paul finishes his defense. He then writes about Titus' return and the comfort it brought. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Clean and unclean ##### +##### Clean and unclean Christians are "clean" in the sense that God has cleansed them from sin. They do not need to be concerned with being clean according to the law of Moses. Ungodly living can still make a Christian unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Sadness and sorrow ##### +##### Sadness and sorrow The words "sad" and "sorrow" in this chapter indicate that the Corinthians were upset to the point of repenting. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We ##### +##### We Paul likely uses the pronoun "we" to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. -##### Original situation ##### +##### Original situation This chapter discusses in detail a previous situation. We can figure out some aspects of this situation from the information in this chapter. But it is best not to include this type of implicit information in a translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/08/intro.md b/2co/08/intro.md index f4eb793896..5048170031 100644 --- a/2co/08/intro.md +++ b/2co/08/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 08 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapters 8 and 9 begin a new section. Paul writes about how churches in Greece helped needy believers in Jerusalem. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 15. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gift to the church in Jerusalem ##### +##### Gift to the church in Jerusalem The church in Corinth started preparing to give money to the poor believers in Jerusalem. The churches in Macedonia also had given generously. Paul sends Titus and two other believers to Corinth to encourage the Corinthians to give generously. Paul and the others will carry the money to Jerusalem. They want people to know it is being done honestly. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### We ##### +##### We Paul likely uses the pronoun "we" to represent at least Timothy and himself. It may also include other people. -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. These words in verse 2 are a paradox: "the abundance of their joy and the extremity of their poverty have produced great riches of generosity." In verse 3 Paul explains how their poverty produced riches. Paul also uses riches and poverty in other paradoxes. ([2 Corinthians 8:2](./02.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 08:01 Notes](./02.md)__ diff --git a/2co/09/intro.md b/2co/09/intro.md index 33bf750e77..9e191382c9 100644 --- a/2co/09/intro.md +++ b/2co/09/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 09 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verse 9, which is quoted from the Old Testament. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Paul uses three agricultural metaphors. He uses them to teach about giving to needy believers. The metaphors help Paul explain that God will reward those who give generously. Paul does not say how or when God will reward them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/10/intro.md b/2co/10/intro.md index a8c8c45033..58b511fcc4 100644 --- a/2co/10/intro.md +++ b/2co/10/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 17. In this chapter, Paul returns to defending his authority. He also compares the way he speaks and the way he writes. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Boasting ##### +##### Boasting "Boasting" is often thought of as bragging, which is not good. But in this letter "boasting" means confidently exulting or rejoicing. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor In verses 3-6, Paul uses many metaphors from war. He probably uses them as part of a larger metaphor about Christians being spiritually at war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/11/intro.md b/2co/11/intro.md index 31168c770d..5d8c05d2b7 100644 --- a/2co/11/intro.md +++ b/2co/11/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul continues defending his authority. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### False teaching ##### +##### False teaching The Corinthians were quick to accept false teachers who taught things about Jesus and the gospel that were different from what Paul taught and that were not true. Unlike these false teachers, Paul sacrificially served the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]]) -##### Light ##### +##### Light Light is commonly used in the New Testament as a metaphor. Paul here uses light to indicate the revealing of God and his righteousness. Darkness describes sin. Sin seeks to remain hidden from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Paul begins this chapter with an extended metaphor. He compares himself to a father who is giving his daughter, a pure virgin, as a bride to her bridegroom. Wedding practices change depending on the cultural background. But the idea of helping to present someone as a grown and holy child is explicitly pictured in this passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony This chapter is full of irony. Paul is hoping to shame the Corinthian believers with his irony. @@ -28,22 +28,22 @@ The statement, "For you gladly put up with fools. You are wise yourselves!" mean "I will say to our shame that we were too weak to do that." Paul is speaking about behavior he thinks is very wrong in order to avoid it. He is speaking as if he thinks he is wrong for not doing it. He uses a rhetorical question also as irony. "Did I sin by humbling myself so you might be exalted?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions In refuting the false apostles, who claim to be superior, Paul uses a series of rhetorical questions. Each question is coupled with an answer: "Are they Hebrews? So am I. Are they Israelites? So am I. Are they descendants of Abraham? So am I. Are they servants of Christ? (I speak as though I were out of my mind.) I am more." He also uses a series of rhetorical questions to empathize with his converts: "Who is weak, and I am not weak? Who has been caused to stumble, and I do not burn?" -##### "Are they servants of Christ?" ##### +##### "Are they servants of Christ?" This is sarcasm, a special type of irony used to mock or insult. Paul does not believe these false teachers actually serve Christ, only that they pretend to do so. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 30 is a paradox: "If I must boast, I will boast about what shows my weaknesses." Paul does not explain why he would boast in his weakness until 2 Corinthians 12:9. ([2 Corinthians 11:30](./30.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/12/intro.md b/2co/12/intro.md index 964eff3f2c..9766614ba6 100644 --- a/2co/12/intro.md +++ b/2co/12/intro.md @@ -1,37 +1,37 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul continues defending his authority in this chapter. When Paul was with the Corinthians, he proved himself to be an apostle by his powerful deeds. He had not ever taken anything from them. Now that he is coming for the third time, he will still not take anything. He hopes that when he visits, he will not need to be harsh with them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Paul's vision ##### +##### Paul's vision Paul now defends his authority by telling about a wonderful vision of heaven. Although he speaks in the third person in verses 2-5, verse 7 indicates that he was the person who experienced the vision. It was so great a vision that God gave him a physical handicap to keep him humble. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Third heaven ##### +##### Third heaven Many scholars believe the "third" heaven is the dwelling place of God. This is because Scripture also uses "heaven" to refer to the sky (the "first" heaven) and the universe (the "second" heaven). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions as he defends himself against his enemies who accused him: "For how were you less important than the rest of the churches, except that I was not a burden to you?" "Did Titus take advantage of you? Did we not walk in the same way? Did we not walk in the same steps?" and "Do you think all of this time we have been defending ourselves to you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Sarcasm ##### +##### Sarcasm Paul uses sarcasm, a special type of irony, when he reminds them how he had helped them at no cost. He says, "Forgive me for this wrong!" He also uses regular irony when he says: "But, since I am so crafty, I am the one who caught you by deceit." He uses it to introduce his defense against this accusation by showing how impossible it was to be true. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A "paradox" is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in verse 5 is a paradox: "I will not boast, except about my weaknesses." Most people do not boast about being weak. This sentence in verse 10 is also a paradox: "For whenever I am weak, then I am strong." In verse 9, Paul explains why both of these statements are true. ([2 Corinthians 12:5](./05.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/13/intro.md b/2co/13/intro.md index 9b9fd62dc9..aa05ca5441 100644 --- a/2co/13/intro.md +++ b/2co/13/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes # +# 2 Corinthians 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul finishes defending his authority. He then concludes the letter with a final greeting and blessing. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Preparation ##### +##### Preparation Paul instructs the Corinthians as he prepares to visit them. He is hoping to avoid needing to discipline anyone in the church so he can visit them joyfully. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Power and weakness ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Power and weakness Paul repeatedly uses the contrasting words "power" and "weakness" in this chapter. The translator should use words that are understood to be opposites of each other. -##### "Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves." ##### +##### "Examine yourselves to see if you are in the faith. Test yourselves." Scholars are divided over what these sentences mean. Some scholars say that Christians are to test themselves to see whether their actions align with their Christian faith. The context favors this understanding. Others say these sentences mean that Christians should look at their actions and question whether they are genuinely saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Corinthians 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2co/front/intro.md b/2co/front/intro.md index 37bf0d9a6c..f45ca3f8cd 100644 --- a/2co/front/intro.md +++ b/2co/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 2 Corinthians # +# Introduction to 2 Corinthians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians #### +#### Outline of the Book of 2 Corinthians 1. Paul thanks God for the Corinthian Christians (1:1-11) 1. Paul explains his conduct and his ministry (1:12-7:16) @@ -10,39 +10,39 @@ 1. Paul defends his authority as an apostle (10:1-13:10) 1. Paul gives final greetings and encouragement (13:11-14) -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Corinthians? Paul was the author. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul started the church in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter. -#### What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about? #### +#### What is the Book of 2 Corinthians about? In 2 Corinthians, Paul continued to write about the conflicts among the Christians in the city of Corinth. It is clear in this letter that the Corinthians had obeyed his previous instructions to them. In 2 Corinthians, Paul encouraged them to live in a way that would please God. Paul also wrote to assure them that Jesus Christ sent him as an apostle to preach the Gospel. Paul wanted them to understand this because a group of Jewish Christians opposed what he was doing. They claimed Paul was not sent by God and that he was teaching a false message. This group of Jewish Christians wanted Gentile Christians to obey the law of Moses. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Second Corinthians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to the Church in Corinth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the city of Corinth like? #### +#### What was the city of Corinth like? Corinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes. -#### What did Paul mean by "false apostles" (11:13)? #### +#### What did Paul mean by "false apostles" (11:13)? These were Jewish Christians. They taught that Gentile Christians had to obey the law of Moses in order to follow Christ. Christian leaders had met in Jerusalem and decided on the matter (See: Acts 15). However, it is clear that there were still some groups that disagreed with what the leaders in Jerusalem decided. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" #### +#### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Corinth. There are two exceptions to this: 6:2 and 12:9. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULB? #### +#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 2 Corinthians in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles: @@ -54,17 +54,17 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord"? #### +#### What did Paul mean by expressions like "in Christ" and "in the Lord"? This kind of expression occurs in 1:19, 20; 2:12, 17; 3:14; 5:17, 19, 21; 10:17; 12:2, 19; and 13:4. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "A door was opened for me in the Lord," (2:12) where Paul specifically meant that a door was opened for Paul by the Lord. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What does it mean to be a "new creation" in Christ (5:17)? #### +#### What does it mean to be a "new creation" in Christ (5:17)? Paul's message was that God makes Christians part of a "new world" when a person believes in Christ. God gives a new world of holiness, peace, and joy. In this new world, believers have a new nature that has been given them by the Holy Spirit. Translators should try to express this idea. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Corinthians? * "and in your love for us" (8:7). Many versions, including the ULB and UDB, read this way. However, many other versions read, "and in our love for you." There is strong evidence that each reading is original. Translators should probably follow the reading preferred by other versions in their region. diff --git a/2jn/front/intro.md b/2jn/front/intro.md index d4eabce2b5..a2b0f91662 100644 --- a/2jn/front/intro.md +++ b/2jn/front/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# Introduction to 2 John # +# Introduction to 2 John -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 John #### +#### Outline of the Book of 2 John 1. Greeting (1:1-3) 1. Encouragement and the greatest commandment (1:4-6) 1. Warning about false teachers (1:7–11) 1. Greetings from fellow believers (1:12-13) -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 John? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 2 John? The letter does not name of the author. The author only identified himself as "the elder." The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life. The content of 2 John is similar to the content in John's Gospel. -#### What is the Book of 2 John about? #### +#### What is the Book of 2 John about? John addressed this letter to someone he called "the chosen lady" and to "her children" (1:1). This could refer to a specific friend and her children. Or it could refer to a specific group of believers or to believers in general. John's purpose in writing this letter was to warn his audience about false teachers. John did not want believers helping or giving money to false teachers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 John" or "Second John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Second Letter from John" or "The Second Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is hospitality? #### +#### What is hospitality? Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. John wanted believers to offer hospitality to guests. However, he did not want believers to offer hospitality to false teachers. -#### Who were the people John spoke against? #### +#### Who were the people John spoke against? The people John spoke against were possibly those who would become known as Gnostics. These people believed that the physical world was evil. Since they believed Jesus was divine, they denied that he was truly human. This is because they thought God would not become human since the physical body is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) diff --git a/2ki/01/intro.md b/2ki/01/intro.md index 5df85a175e..b9eace7dbd 100644 --- a/2ki/01/intro.md +++ b/2ki/01/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 2 Kings 01 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting 2 Kings is a continuation of 1 Kings. The story of Elijah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's sovereignty ##### +##### God's sovereignty God is in control of the future. King Ahaziah sent messengers to ask the Philistine god if he would recover from his fall, but this god does not know the future. Because he asked another god instead of Yahweh, Elijah sent the messengers to tell Ahaziah that he would not recover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question Elijah rebuked the king with a rhetorical question: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you are going to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[2 Kings intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/02/intro.md b/2ki/02/intro.md index 8f05473603..7f83157551 100644 --- a/2ki/02/intro.md +++ b/2ki/02/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 2 Kings 02 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story of Elijah and begins the story of Elisha. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter Elisha replaces Elijah as the chief prophet of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/03/intro.md b/2ki/03/intro.md index 479d4ac561..1de193f0fc 100644 --- a/2ki/03/intro.md +++ b/2ki/03/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# 2 Kings 03 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Elisha continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Victory and defeat ##### +##### Victory and defeat God is in control of victory and defeat. The armies of Israel, Judah and Edom united to attack Moab from the desert for failure to pay tribute. When they ran out of water, they were in desperate condition. Therefore, they asked Elisha (the prophet of God) what to do and he said God would give them water and victory over Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom They described Elisha with the idiom, "who poured water on the hands of Elijah," meaning "who served Elijah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Anger ##### +##### Anger It is said that, "Anger came on Israel." It is not clear who was angry or why they were angry. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/04/intro.md b/2ki/04/intro.md index 461f9fa988..9a7c5f0a29 100644 --- a/2ki/04/intro.md +++ b/2ki/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 04 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Elisha continues with a group of stories about the miracles Elisha did. (See: [2 Kings 4-6](./01.md) and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Widow ##### +##### Widow Elisha helps a widow financially, and he correctly prophesies that a barren woman would conceive and have a baby by the next year. Later, when that child dies, Elisha miraculously causes him to come back to life. Also, Elisha causes a poisonous food to no longer be harmful, and he miraculously feeds 100 people with only 20 loaves of bread. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/05/intro.md b/2ki/05/intro.md index 5e40c81db9..c9c0d802ca 100644 --- a/2ki/05/intro.md +++ b/2ki/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 2 Kings 05 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/06/intro.md b/2ki/06/intro.md index 7062cf2901..ef2e979447 100644 --- a/2ki/06/intro.md +++ b/2ki/06/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Kings 06 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter ==Impossible actions == Elisha caused an iron ax head to float. He fooled the whole army of Aram that was sent to arrest him. When the king of Aram besieged the capital of Israel, the people became so hungry they started eating their children. Elisha told the king of Israel that there would be plenty of food the next day, but the king's counselor said it was impossible. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question The king's counselor expressed his unbelief in Elisha's prophecy of plenty of food: "See, even if Yahweh should make windows in heaven, can this thing happen?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/07/intro.md b/2ki/07/intro.md index 42311699a2..2b8e6d81c3 100644 --- a/2ki/07/intro.md +++ b/2ki/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 07 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The stories of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear ##### +##### Fear God caused the army of Aram to hear the sound of an enormous army approaching so they all ran away leaving all their food behind. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/08/intro.md b/2ki/08/intro.md index 966e7ebdd5..f239be490c 100644 --- a/2ki/08/intro.md +++ b/2ki/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 08 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The stories of of Elisha's miracles continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Kings ##### +##### Kings Elisha told Hazael that he would be king of Aram. Jehoram became king of Judah. He was evil so Edom and Libna revolted and chose their own kings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/09/intro.md b/2ki/09/intro.md index f527163074..323e3897f7 100644 --- a/2ki/09/intro.md +++ b/2ki/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 09 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The life of Elisha continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Jehu ##### +##### King Jehu Elisha told a young prophet to go and tell Jehu that God had made him the new king. Jehu killed the kings of both Israel and Judah and Jezebel, the mother of the king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/10/intro.md b/2ki/10/intro.md index 0de60dc4ba..b0e631e241 100644 --- a/2ki/10/intro.md +++ b/2ki/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 2 Kings 10 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter God's prophecy against the family of Ahab was fulfilled. Jehu killed all of Ahab's descendants and all the worshipers of Baal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/11/intro.md b/2ki/11/intro.md index 6411a46dec..06d2f21d10 100644 --- a/2ki/11/intro.md +++ b/2ki/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 11 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is the beginning of the story of the spiritual revival in Judah under Joash. The people returned to properly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Athaliah's evil actions ##### +##### Athaliah's evil actions The mother of the king of Judah, Athaliah, killed all the royal children so that she could rule. She was not able to kill the baby Joash because his aunt hid him in the temple. When Joash was seven years old, the chief priest conspired with the army and made Joash king. They killed Athaliah and destroyed the temple of Baal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/12/intro.md b/2ki/12/intro.md index 9a56ac0861..7d2903e91b 100644 --- a/2ki/12/intro.md +++ b/2ki/12/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 12 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is the end of the story of the revival in Judah under Joash. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Temple ##### +##### Temple Joash repaired the temple. In many ways, the temple represents the relationship between the people and Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/13/intro.md b/2ki/13/intro.md index cb543ae8a7..abe2b8e42a 100644 --- a/2ki/13/intro.md +++ b/2ki/13/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# 2 Kings 13 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the last chapter about Elisha. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elisha's death ##### +##### Elisha's death The king of Israel is upset when Elisha is dying. Elisha assures him that he will have three victories over Aram. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The king compares the protection that Elisha had given Israel to "The chariot of Israel and the horsemen." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/14/intro.md b/2ki/14/intro.md index f3cf8ef443..f8c1b628fa 100644 --- a/2ki/14/intro.md +++ b/2ki/14/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 14 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The text begins to alternate between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah again. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride ##### +##### Pride Pride in one's success can make a person attempt and fail at something else. Amaziah defeated Edom so he wanted to fight Israel. But Israel defeated him and thoroughly humiliated him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/15/intro.md b/2ki/15/intro.md index d732147e31..d36f52fea9 100644 --- a/2ki/15/intro.md +++ b/2ki/15/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 2 Kings 15 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's evil ##### +##### Israel's evil Israel assassinated one king after another. The Assyrians began attacking Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/16/intro.md b/2ki/16/intro.md index fd5e69fb15..fa110a09ff 100644 --- a/2ki/16/intro.md +++ b/2ki/16/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 2 Kings 16 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ahaz ##### +##### Ahaz Ahaz was a wicked king. Israel and Aram united to fight against him, so he paid the Assyrian king to attack Aram. Assyria defeated the people of Aram and took them into captivity. The people were to trust in Yahweh and not rely on military alliances with other Gentile nations. This showed a lack of trust in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/17/intro.md b/2ki/17/intro.md index 3195059eea..2f06f725a5 100644 --- a/2ki/17/intro.md +++ b/2ki/17/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Kings 17 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter ends the story about the kingdom of Israel and continues with Judah alone. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idol worship ##### +##### Idol worship Israel continued to worship idols, so God punished them by allowing Assyria to conquer them and take them away. Assyria brought people from other lands and settled them in what used to be Israel's territory and the new people worshiped their own gods in addition to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/18/intro.md b/2ki/18/intro.md index 4009d3033e..00efd76bc4 100644 --- a/2ki/18/intro.md +++ b/2ki/18/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 18 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of Hezekiah, one of the great kings of Judah (2 Kings 18 – 20). Because he was so important, there is more space dedicated to the history of his reign. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh ##### +##### Trust in Yahweh Hezekiah trusted and obeyed God. He stopped paying tribute to Assyria so the Assyrians invaded Judah. The Assyrian king told the people of Judah that resistance was useless. Despite this, Hezekiah trusted in the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/19/intro.md b/2ki/19/intro.md index 728eb48a7b..609d48bf4f 100644 --- a/2ki/19/intro.md +++ b/2ki/19/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# 2 Kings 19 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Hezekiah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power God is in control of everything. God caused the Assyrian king to fail in conquering Jerusalem because he mocked God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom "The virgin daughter of Zion" here is an idiom meaning the people of Jerusalem. "The virgin daughter of Zion despises you and laughs you to scorn" means that "the people of Jerusalem know that Assyria will fail because they have mocked God." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/20/intro.md b/2ki/20/intro.md index 7b19fdc826..a303d784f7 100644 --- a/2ki/20/intro.md +++ b/2ki/20/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 2 Kings 20 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter finishes the story of Hezekiah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hezekiah's additional time ##### +##### Hezekiah's additional time God hears the distressed call of his faithful believers. Hezekiah was dying but when he prayed, God gave him 15 more years of life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/21/intro.md b/2ki/21/intro.md index 9b56762415..67ba00e547 100644 --- a/2ki/21/intro.md +++ b/2ki/21/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 2 Kings 21 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's judgment ##### +##### God's judgment God judges sin. When Manasseh worshiped idols and did many evil things, God said he would cause Judah to be destroyed by its enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile "I will wipe Jerusalem clean, as a man wipes a dish, wiping it and turning it upside down" means "God would completely destroy Jerusalem." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/22/intro.md b/2ki/22/intro.md index 16a58ecb04..8275bd7bbf 100644 --- a/2ki/22/intro.md +++ b/2ki/22/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 22 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The next two chapters (2 Kings 22-23) tell about the spiritual revival under King Josiah. A revival occurs when the people begin to worship Yahweh properly again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The law ##### +##### The law The priests found a copy of the law in the temple and took it to the king. He was upset because the people had disobeyed the law so badly. Josiah asked God about it. God said that he would destroy Judah for these sins but not in Josiah's lifetime, since he humbled himself and wanted to do better. Many scholars believe this was a copy of the book of Deuteronomy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/23/intro.md b/2ki/23/intro.md index 53908ebfd4..9ad7049b24 100644 --- a/2ki/23/intro.md +++ b/2ki/23/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 23 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Josiah ends in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ending idolatry ##### +##### Ending idolatry Josiah destroyed idolatry in Judah and in the deserted areas of Israel. But he fought against Egypt and was killed in battle. After his death, Egypt set up a government of Judah that it controlled. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/24/intro.md b/2ki/24/intro.md index e422a344f3..a7dc7dc8f3 100644 --- a/2ki/24/intro.md +++ b/2ki/24/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 2 Kings 24 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting These last two chapters are the final defeat of Judah and the beginning of their exile to Babylon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### God's punishment ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### God's punishment God punished Judah because of their sin. The Babylonians conquer Jerusalem and carry away all the craftsmen, soldiers and wealthy. They make Zedekiah the king. He was not truly a king because he lacked absolute authority. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/25/intro.md b/2ki/25/intro.md index 9ed699ba86..e9e7281dc3 100644 --- a/2ki/25/intro.md +++ b/2ki/25/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Kings 25 General Notes # +# 2 Kings 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is the final defeat of Judah and the beginning of their exile to Babylon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Zedekiah's revolt ##### +##### Zedekiah's revolt Zedekiah revolted against the Babylonians, so they came and completely destroyed Jerusalem. They tore down the city walls and took the rest of the people to Babylon as slaves, except the very poorest people remained. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Kings 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ki/front/intro.md b/2ki/front/intro.md index 8f2b506073..91c8a4c326 100644 --- a/2ki/front/intro.md +++ b/2ki/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 2 Kings # +# Introduction to 2 Kings -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 2 Kings #### +#### Outline of 2 Kings 1. The prophets Elijah and Elisha (1:1-8:15) - Elijah brings Yahweh's judgment onto King Ahaziah (1:1–18) @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ 1. The history of Judah and Israel from Kings Jehoram and Joram to the fall of Israel (8:16–17:41) 1. The history of Judah from King Hezekiah to the fall of Judah (18:1–25:30) -#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? #### +#### What are the Books of 1 and 2 Kings about? These books are about what happened to the people of Israel, from the time of King Solomon to the time both the northern and southern kingdoms were destroyed. These books describe how Israel split into two kingdoms after Solomon died. It also tells about all the kings that ruled over each kingdom after Solomon died. @@ -23,34 +23,34 @@ In the southern kingdom, some kings did what Yahweh judged to be right. For exam The Assyrians destroyed the northern kingdom in 722 B.C. The Babylonians destroyed the southern kingdom in 586 B.C. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The Books of 1 and 2 Kings were originally one book in Hebrew. They were separated into two books when translated into Greek. Translators might choose more meaningful titles such as "The First Book about the Kings" and "The Second Book about the Kings." -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? #### +#### What is the purpose of 1 and 2 Kings? These books were probably finished during the exile, after the Babylonians had destroyed the temple. They show how being faithful to Yahweh results in his blessing and prospering his people. Worshipping idols and not being faithful result in their being punished and destroyed. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? #### +#### Why do the Books of 1 and 2 Kings refer to someone being addressed indirectly? In the Bible, people often referred to themselves as "your servant" when speaking to anyone in a superior position to themselves. Indirectly addressing people in this way was intended to honor the one addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" in this way. But a translator should use whatever expressions that are natural in the project language in order to honor someone in a superior position. -#### What does the king "did what was right (or) evil in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? #### +#### What does the king "did what was right (or) evil in the eyes of Yahweh" mean? The writer repeats this kind of expression throughout the Books of 1 and 2 Kings. Here "in the eyes of Yahweh" represents what Yahweh thinks about someone. If a king was faithful and obeyed the covenant, he did what was right according to Yahweh. If he was not faithful and disobeyed the covenant, he did what was evil according to Yahweh. -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? #### +#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? This phrase was used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in 2 Kings 2:22; 8:22; 10:27; 14:7; 16:6; 17:23, 34, 41. -#### Can I translate 2 Kings before 1 Kings? #### +#### Can I translate 2 Kings before 1 Kings? The Book of 1 Kings should be translated before 2 Kings, since 2 Kings continues from where 1 Kings ends. diff --git a/2pe/01/intro.md b/2pe/01/intro.md index 00f1dd7168..ddad0ca525 100644 --- a/2pe/01/intro.md +++ b/2pe/01/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# 2 Peter 01 General Notes # +# 2 Peter 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Knowledge of God ##### +##### Knowledge of God To have knowledge of God means to belong to him or to have a relationship with him. Here, "knowledge" is more than just mentally knowing about God. It is a knowledge that causes God to save a person and to give him grace and peace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/know]]) -##### Living godly lives ##### +##### Living godly lives Peter teaches that God has given believers all that they need for living godly lives. Therefore, believers should do everything they can to obey God more and more. If believers continue to do this, then they will be effective and productive through their relationship with Jesus. However, if believers do not continue living godly lives, then it is like they have forgotten what God did through Christ to save them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The truth of Scripture ##### +##### The truth of Scripture Peter teaches that the prophecies in Scripture were not made up by men. The Holy Spirit revealed God's message to the men who spoke them or wrote them down. Also, Peter and the other apostles did not make up the stories they told people about Jesus. They witnessed what Jesus did and heard God call Jesus his son. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Peter 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[2 Peter intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/2pe/02/intro.md b/2pe/02/intro.md index 3759b6f72e..8a85f126f5 100644 --- a/2pe/02/intro.md +++ b/2pe/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Peter 02 General Notes # +# 2 Peter 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh "Flesh" is a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. Here it does not represent the physical part of man. "Flesh" represents the human nature that rejects all things godly and desires what is sinful. This is the condition of all humans before they receive the Holy Spirit by believing in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information There are several analogies in 2:4-8 that are difficult to understand if the Old Testament has not yet been translated. Further explanation may be necessary. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Peter 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2pe/03/intro.md b/2pe/03/intro.md index 7814e274c0..b1e400bcc9 100644 --- a/2pe/03/intro.md +++ b/2pe/03/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 2 Peter 03 General Notes # +# 2 Peter 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fire ##### +##### Fire People often use fire to destroy things or to make something pure by burning off the dirt and worthless parts. Therefore when God punishes the wicked or purifies his people, it is often associated with fire. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fire]]) -##### Day of the Lord ##### +##### Day of the Lord The exact time of the coming day of the Lord will come as a surprise to people. This is what the simile "like a thief in the night" means. Because of this, Christians are to be prepared for the coming of the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Peter 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2pe/front/intro.md b/2pe/front/intro.md index e16d5ecb4c..668a11532a 100644 --- a/2pe/front/intro.md +++ b/2pe/front/intro.md @@ -1,43 +1,43 @@ -# Introduction to 2 Peter # +# Introduction to 2 Peter -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Peter #### +#### Outline of the Book of 2 Peter 1. Introduction (1:1-2) 1. Reminder to live good lives because God has enabled us to (1:3-21) 1. Warning against false teachers (2:1-22) 1. Encouragement to prepare for the second coming of Jesus (3:1-17) -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Peter? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Peter? The author identified himself as Simon Peter. Simon Peter was an apostle. He also wrote 1 Peter. Peter probably wrote this letter while in a prison in Rome just before he died. Peter called this letter his second letter, so we can date it after 1 Peter. He addressed the letter to the same audience as his first letter. The audience probably was Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor. -#### What is the Book of 2 Peter about? #### +#### What is the Book of 2 Peter about? Peter wrote this letter to encourage believers to live good lives. He warned them about false teachers who were saying Jesus was taking too long to return. He told them that Jesus was not slow in returning. Instead, God was giving people time to repent so that they would be saved. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Peter" or "Second Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Second Letter from Peter" or "The Second Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who were the people Peter spoke against? #### +#### Who were the people Peter spoke against? It is possible that the people Peter spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same. -#### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? #### +#### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? The doctrine of scripture is a very important one. 2 Peter helps readers to understand that while each writer of scripture had his own distinct way of writing, God is the true author of scripture (1:20-21). -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -##### Singular and plural "you" ##### +##### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter. Also, the word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Peter? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Peter? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/2sa/01/intro.md b/2sa/01/intro.md index b86e649294..c61048382e 100644 --- a/2sa/01/intro.md +++ b/2sa/01/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 2 Samuel 01 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 1:19-27. This chapter continues the material from 1 Samuel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's funeral song ##### +##### David's funeral song David praised Saul and Jonathan as great warriors and Jonathan as his dearest friend. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Synecdoche ##### +##### Synecdoche David used two figures of speech to express that Jonathan and Saul were great warriors: "the bow of Jonathan did not turn back, and the sword of Saul did not return empty." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * **[2 Samuel intro](../front/intro.md) diff --git a/2sa/02/intro.md b/2sa/02/intro.md index ea7c0525fe..544929a1c1 100644 --- a/2sa/02/intro.md +++ b/2sa/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Samuel 02 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of the civil war between Saul's son and David. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Civil war ##### +##### Civil war There was a civil war in Israel. David was made king of Judah and Saul's uncle (Abner) made Saul's son (Ishbosheth) king of the rest of Israel. When they fought each other, Abner killed Joab's brother, but David's army was victorious. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question Abner finally stopped the battle with a rhetorical question to David's army. "Must the sword devour forever?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/03/intro.md b/2sa/03/intro.md index 7f1deb98fc..bf6ad94d8e 100644 --- a/2sa/03/intro.md +++ b/2sa/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Samuel 03 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the first attempt to end the civil war. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 3:33-34. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter David never wanted to hurt Saul's family. Isbosheth criticized Abner and Abner became angry. He decided to help David become king of all of Israel. Abner came and made a treaty with David. As he left, Joab arrived and told him he wanted to talk to him and he murdered Abner. David was very unhappy that Abner had been killed. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/04/intro.md b/2sa/04/intro.md index bcc90a28ad..8cd1cf7f3b 100644 --- a/2sa/04/intro.md +++ b/2sa/04/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Samuel 04 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting While the end of the civil war occurs in this chapter, David still only reigned over Judah (1-4). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David and Ishbosheth ##### +##### David and Ishbosheth David never sought revenge against Saul's family. When two men snuck into Ishbosheth's room, cut off his head and brought it to David, David had them killed for killing an innocent man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions When two men brought Ishbosheth's head to David and expected to get a reward for it, David condemned them with the rhetorical question: "should I not now require his blood from your hand, and remove you from the earth?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/05/intro.md b/2sa/05/intro.md index a1885ffdb7..c40635c517 100644 --- a/2sa/05/intro.md +++ b/2sa/05/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# 2 Samuel 05 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This records the beginning of the kingdom's expansion. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David conquers Jerusalem ##### +##### David conquers Jerusalem David brought the combined army to Jerusalem and conquered it by going in through the water shaft. He enlarged the city and strengthened the defenses, and made it his capital. Jerusalem is an important place in the plans of God. -##### David consulting God ##### +##### David consulting God David always consulted God before fighting a battle. The Philistines invaded Israel trying to capture David. David asked God if he should attack the Philistines, and God said yes; so he defeated them. They invaded again and God told him to attack them from the rear and he defeated them again. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/06/intro.md b/2sa/06/intro.md index 40229cf168..c17600d91c 100644 --- a/2sa/06/intro.md +++ b/2sa/06/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# 2 Samuel 06 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem ##### +##### Bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem David organized a procession with many musical instruments to bring the ark to Jerusalem. They put it on a cart; but when the oxen stumbled, Uzzah reached out to steady it so it would not fall. God killed him for touching the ark. David was angry at God for killing Uzzah and was afraid to bring the ark any further. Uzzah died because the ark was perfectly holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Dancing ##### +##### Dancing David danced for joy in front of the ark. His wife, Michal, criticized David for uncovering himself as he danced, but David did not care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony Michal criticized David by using irony: "How honored the king of Israel was today, who undressed himself today before the eyes of the slave girls among his servants, like one of the crude fellows who shamelessly undresses himself!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/07/intro.md b/2sa/07/intro.md index d2854e32df..2ee4c4e67d 100644 --- a/2sa/07/intro.md +++ b/2sa/07/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 2 Samuel 07 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the finishing of a small interruption about the house of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/houseofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter David wanted to honor God by building him a temple. God told David that he would not build it, but his son would build it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### Covenant of David ##### +##### Covenant of David God made a covenant with David that was not conditioned upon anything David or his descendants did. God promised that one of David's descendants would rule Israel forever. Because Israel would not have a king in the future, this promise did not begin at this time. The descendant, who would rule forever, is Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/08/intro.md b/2sa/08/intro.md index d26747d72c..54f6461610 100644 --- a/2sa/08/intro.md +++ b/2sa/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Samuel 08 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter returns to the theme of the expansion of David's kingdom. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God enabled victory ##### +##### God enabled victory God enabled David to conquer all the surrounding nations. Much of the loot and tribute David received, he saved for the temple that his son would build. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/09/intro.md b/2sa/09/intro.md index c10236f3c2..eff3a12161 100644 --- a/2sa/09/intro.md +++ b/2sa/09/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Samuel 09 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is another interruption to the story of David expanding his kingdom. David is concerned with fulfilling his oath to Jonathan's descendants. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's vow ##### +##### David's vow David determined to fulfill his vow to Jonathan to care for Jonathan's descendants. He found Jonathan's son and told him he would treat him as if he was one of his sons. He restored all of Saul's property to him and had him eat every day at the king's table. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question and metaphor ##### +##### Rhetorical question and metaphor Jonathan's son expressed his surprise and feeling of unworthiness with a rhetorical question: "What is your servant, that you should look with favor on such a dead dog as I am?" and by a metaphor comparing himself to "a dead dog." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/10/intro.md b/2sa/10/intro.md index e8123b4149..f75a43fc98 100644 --- a/2sa/10/intro.md +++ b/2sa/10/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Samuel 10 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The chapter records the last expansion of David's kingdom. This chapter is also the beginning of a section dealing with the war between Israel and Ammon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Shame ##### +##### Shame It was apparently the cause of shame or embarrassment in ancient Ammon to have their beards shaved off or to have their garments cut off. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The Ammon people used a metaphor comparing themselves to a bad smell: "they had become a stench to David" when they realized they had made David very angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/11/intro.md b/2sa/11/intro.md index d1198810a4..d69e76d0e4 100644 --- a/2sa/11/intro.md +++ b/2sa/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Samuel 11 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a new section of David's life. God punished David by allowing his family to have many problems. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's adultery and the murder of Uriah ##### +##### David's adultery and the murder of Uriah The army of Israel defeated the army of Ammon and then they besieged Ammon's capital while David stayed in Jerusalem. One day, David saw a beautiful woman, named Bathsheba, bathing. He committed adultery with her. When she became pregnant, David tried to cover up his sin. When this did not work, he had her husband killed in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/12/intro.md b/2sa/12/intro.md index fb9be289cc..4be59f27e5 100644 --- a/2sa/12/intro.md +++ b/2sa/12/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# 2 Samuel 12 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the final expansion of David's kingdom and records the end of the war with Ammon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's punishment ##### +##### David's punishment God sent a prophet to confront David. He said that because David had Uriah killed, there would always be killing in his family and that the baby conceived with Bathsheba would die. David prayed that the baby be allowed to live, but the infant died. Bathsheba then had another son, who was named Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/13/intro.md b/2sa/13/intro.md index 7e8699ffd0..f0dfd1324c 100644 --- a/2sa/13/intro.md +++ b/2sa/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Samuel 13 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story about the difficulties and killings in David's family. David's sin caused these problems in his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Amnon raped Absalom's sister ##### +##### Amnon raped Absalom's sister Amnon raped Absalom's sister, who was his own half-sister. David did nothing to punish him and David's lack of action caused significant problems in his family and in Israel. This eventually caused Solomon to become king, even though he was not the oldest son. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/14/intro.md b/2sa/14/intro.md index f6f5a820be..e69dbd2367 100644 --- a/2sa/14/intro.md +++ b/2sa/14/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 2 Samuel 14 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reconciliation ##### +##### Reconciliation David missed his son, Absalom, who was in exile. Joab summons a wise woman to reconcile David and Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]]) -#### Important figures of speech used in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech used in this chapter -##### Parable ##### +##### Parable The wise woman uses a type of story to convince David that his actions were wrong. He treated a stranger worse than he treated his own son. This parable was intended to convict David of his sin. She uses David's own words against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/15/intro.md b/2sa/15/intro.md index 7bfe3b80d1..eeecf93c33 100644 --- a/2sa/15/intro.md +++ b/2sa/15/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Samuel 15 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of Absalom's attempted revolt. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Absalom's conspiracy ##### +##### Absalom's conspiracy For four years, Absalom made many allies in an attempt to make himself king. This is why he acted as a judge for the people. Since this was all done in secret, it is called a "conspiracy." David found out and fled with those in the army who were loyal to him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The author used the metaphor of a thief to describe how Absalom was able to win people's loyalty: "So Absalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/16/intro.md b/2sa/16/intro.md index e85a4a4049..0a3d89c3a8 100644 --- a/2sa/16/intro.md +++ b/2sa/16/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Samuel 16 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Absalom seeks advice from David's advisers ##### +##### Absalom seeks advice from David's advisers David's best adviser, Ahithophel, told Absalom to publicly seduce the concubines that David had left to take care of the palace. Because the concubines were the king's property, having sexual relations with a king's concubines implied that Absalom was now the king. This would show the people that the break with David was complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### -##### Simile ##### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +##### Simile To show how seriously people took Ahithophel's advice, the author used a [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] comparing his advice to God's advice. "Now the advice of Ahithophel that he gave in those days was as if a man heard from the mouth of God himself." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/17/intro.md b/2sa/17/intro.md index 46625c217d..72f0672f0c 100644 --- a/2sa/17/intro.md +++ b/2sa/17/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 2 Samuel 17 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Confusion ##### +##### Confusion Ahithophel gives good advise to Absalom, but Hushai confuses Absalom. God is using the misleading advice to protect David, his king. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/18/intro.md b/2sa/18/intro.md index 0c6caf495c..59e6b2a3ca 100644 --- a/2sa/18/intro.md +++ b/2sa/18/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Samuel 18 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter tells of the defeat and death of Absalom, ending this section on Absalom's rebellion. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David's mercy ##### +##### David's mercy David reorganized his army and sent them out to battle, but told them to be merciful to Absalom. When David's army defeated Absalom's army, Absalom fled on a mule, but his hair caught in a tree limb and the mule ran on, leaving him hanging. One of David's soldiers saw him and told Joab. Joab went and killed him. When David heard about this he mourned for his son, Absalom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/19/intro.md b/2sa/19/intro.md index 49ad36a659..af77b20171 100644 --- a/2sa/19/intro.md +++ b/2sa/19/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# 2 Samuel 19 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### David told to stop mourning Absalom ##### +##### David told to stop mourning Absalom Joab warned David that if he continued to mourn Absalom and not thank his army, they would all desert him. So David went out to encourage the soldiers. David was both a good father and a good leader. -##### David made king again ##### +##### David made king again This chapter record the recognition that David was the true king of Israel. It is important to remember that even though Absalom had power for a while, David never stopped being the king. -##### The ten tribes and Judah argue over David ##### +##### The ten tribes and Judah argue over David The ten tribes of Israel argued with the tribe of Judah about who would bring David across the river. The men of Judah answered the ten tribes very harshly. This may foreshadow, or give a glimpse of, the future civil war that would come to divide these two groups. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions The people wanted David back as their king and expressed it in a rhetorical question: "So why are we not talking about bringing the king back?" David also used a question to persuade the people of Judah to bring him back: "You are my brothers, my flesh and bone. Why then are you the last to bring back the king?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/20/intro.md b/2sa/20/intro.md index cec94b1c14..2d17fb498d 100644 --- a/2sa/20/intro.md +++ b/2sa/20/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Samuel 20 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sheba's revolt ##### +##### Sheba's revolt A man named Sheba told the people of the ten tribes that David was Judah's king, but not their king. David worked hard to preserve unity in Israel after this time of division. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom Joab used an idiom "has lifted up his hand against the king, against David" meaning "revolted against David," to explain why his army was attacking the city of Able. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/21/intro.md b/2sa/21/intro.md index c11c81a382..a8921fdd7f 100644 --- a/2sa/21/intro.md +++ b/2sa/21/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Samuel 21 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Famine caused by a broken oath ##### +##### Famine caused by a broken oath When Israel first conquered the land, they promised not to kill the people of Gibeon. When Saul tried to kill them all, God caused a famine in Israel. David made amends with the people of Gideon and the famine ended. David also kept his vow to Jonathan's sons. This helps to show the wisdom of king David. Although these people were not Israelites, they believed in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Wisdom, grace and justice ##### +##### Wisdom, grace and justice David is seen to have many great qualities in this chapter. These were qualities important for a king of Israel: wisdom, grace and justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/22/intro.md b/2sa/22/intro.md index 8dcc41fd3e..169d17ad84 100644 --- a/2sa/22/intro.md +++ b/2sa/22/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Samuel 22 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 22:2-51. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God rescued David ##### +##### God rescued David God rescued David when he thought he would die. He protected David, fought against his enemies, and enabled him to defeat his enemies. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor David uses many metaphors to express his trust in God's protection: "my rock, my fortress, my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge." He used other metaphors to express his hopelessness: "the waves of death surrounded me," "the rushing waters of worthlessness overwhelmed me," "the cords of sheol surrounded me;" "the snares of death trapped me," and "the surging water." He also used metaphors for the victory God gave him: "I can run over a barricade" and "by my God I can leap over a wall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/23/intro.md b/2sa/23/intro.md index ebc177d8a6..d5860b798b 100644 --- a/2sa/23/intro.md +++ b/2sa/23/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# 2 Samuel 23 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 23:2-7. 2 Samuel 23:8-39 is a list of the famous people in David's army along with some of the special deeds some of them did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Everlasting covenant ##### +##### Everlasting covenant This is a reference to the covenant God previously made with David. (See: [2 Samuel 7](../07/01.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/24/intro.md b/2sa/24/intro.md index ff93f50a5c..f876468084 100644 --- a/2sa/24/intro.md +++ b/2sa/24/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# 2 Samuel 24 General Notes # +# 2 Samuel 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Counting soldiers ##### +##### Counting soldiers David ordered the leaders of his army to count how many men of fighting age there were. He was not supposed to do this because it showed he did not trust God. God was displeased and offered David three punishments. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Samuel 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2sa/front/intro.md b/2sa/front/intro.md index 05558a2b2d..d8b5d580c5 100644 --- a/2sa/front/intro.md +++ b/2sa/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 2 Samuel # +# Introduction to 2 Samuel -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of 2 Samuel #### +#### Outline of 2 Samuel 1. The first years of David's reign (1:1–7:29) - Saul is killed; David is kind to Ishbosheth (1:1–4:12) @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ - David's mighty men (23:8–39) - Yahweh judges David's sin of numbering the people; the plague stopped (24:1–25) -#### What is the Book of 2 Samuel about? #### +#### What is the Book of 2 Samuel about? This book is about David ruling as king over Israel. He first ruled over the tribe of Judah for seven years. Then the other eleven tribes agreed to have him become their king. He ruled over all Israel for thirty-three years. @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Throughout this time, David led his army to fight foreign enemies who attacked I The Book of 2 Samuel also tells about when David sinned greatly. He slept with Bathsheba, the wife of Uriah the Hittite. When she became pregnant, David arranged for Uriah to be killed in battle. David and all Israel suffered much because of David's sin. However, the writer also tells of Yahweh repeatedly showing David grace and love after David repented of his sin. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title "2 Samuel," or "Second Samuel." Or translators may consider a clearer title such as "The Second Book about Samuel, Saul, and David." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### What was the purpose of the Book of 2 Samuel? #### +#### What was the purpose of the Book of 2 Samuel? The Book of 2 Samuel begins where 1 Samuel ended. The writer continues to show how the tribes of Israel unite under the first kings of Israel. The Book of 2 Samuel centers around David as the king Yahweh chose to lead Israel. @@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ The Book of 2 Samuel begins where 1 Samuel ended. The writer continues to show h It is uncertain who wrote 2 Samuel. It may have been someone alive soon after King Solomon died. When Solomon died, the kingdom of Israel split into two kingdoms. The author probably lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. A descendant of David continued to rule over the southern kingdom. The author may have written 2 Samuel to defend David's right to be king. This would prove that David's descendant was the rightful king of God's people. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What covenant had its beginning in the Book of 2 Samuel? #### +#### What covenant had its beginning in the Book of 2 Samuel? In 2 Samuel 7, Yahweh made a covenant with David. God promised to make a descendant of David rule forever over Israel. Christians believe that Jesus Christ fulfills this covenant. Jesus was a descendant of David. Jesus is the true "anointed one," the person God chose to be king forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why does the book refer to someone being addressed indirectly? #### +#### Why does the book refer to someone being addressed indirectly? David frequently refers to himself as "your servant" when he speaks to King Saul. He also calls Saul "my master." Indirectly addressing a person in this way can be difficult to translate. It is intended to show that the speaker submits to the one being addressed. English sometimes uses the address "sir" or "ma'am" in this way. @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ David frequently refers to himself as "your servant" when he speaks to King Saul The Book of 1 Samuel should be translated before 2 Samuel, since 2 Samuel continues from where 1 Samuel ends. -#### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? #### +#### How is the name "Israel" used in the Bible? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed his name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) diff --git a/2th/01/intro.md b/2th/01/intro.md index 19a75d6052..261fd36fda 100644 --- a/2th/01/intro.md +++ b/2th/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Thessalonians 01 General Notes # +# 2 Thessalonians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Verses 1-2 formally introduce this letter. Letters in the ancient Near East commonly had introductions of this type. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in verses 4-5: "We talk about your patience and faith in all your persecutions. We talk about the afflictions that you endure. This is a sign of God's righteous judgment." People would not normally think that believing in God while being persecuted is a sign of God's righteous judgment. But in verses 5-10, Paul explains how God will reward those who believe in him and how he will judge those who afflict them. ([2 Thessalonians 1:4-5](./04.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Thessalonians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2th/02/intro.md b/2th/02/intro.md index 9344c2cb6a..6ee531af70 100644 --- a/2th/02/intro.md +++ b/2th/02/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# 2 Thessalonians 02 General Notes # +# 2 Thessalonians 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Being gathered together to be with him" ##### +##### "Being gathered together to be with him" This passage refers to a time when Jesus calls to himself those who have believed in him. Scholars differ on whether or not this refers to Christ's final glorious return. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Man of lawlessness ##### +##### Man of lawlessness This is the same as "son of destruction" and "lawless one" in this chapter. Paul associates him with Satan, who is actively working in the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/antichrist]]) -##### Sits in the temple of God ##### +##### Sits in the temple of God Paul could be referring to the Jerusalem temple that the Romans destroyed several years after he wrote this letter. Or he could be referring to a future physical temple, or to the church as the spiritual temple of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Thessalonians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2th/03/intro.md b/2th/03/intro.md index e019474b31..955f443b0a 100644 --- a/2th/03/intro.md +++ b/2th/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# 2 Thessalonians 03 General Notes # +# 2 Thessalonians 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idle and lazy persons ##### +##### Idle and lazy persons In Thessalonica, there apparently was a problem with people in the church who were able to work but refused to do so. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### What should you do if your brother sins? ##### +##### What should you do if your brother sins? In this chapter, Paul teaches that Christians need to live in a way that honors God. Christians should also encourage one another and hold each other accountable for what they do. The church is also responsible for encouraging believers to repent if they sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Thessalonians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2th/front/intro.md b/2th/front/intro.md index 436806c96f..40da06f006 100644 --- a/2th/front/intro.md +++ b/2th/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to 2 Thessalonians # +# Introduction to 2 Thessalonians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Thessalonians #### +#### Outline of the Book of 2 Thessalonians 1. Greetings and thanksgiving (1:1-3) 1. Christians suffering from persecution @@ -18,33 +18,33 @@ 1. Paul give commands about idle believers (3:6-15) 1. Closing (3:16-17) -#### Who wrote 2 Thessalonians? #### +#### Who wrote 2 Thessalonians? Paul wrote 2 Thessalonians. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while staying in the city of Corinth. -#### What is the Book of 2 Thessalonians about? #### +#### What is the Book of 2 Thessalonians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the city of Thessalonica. He encouraged the believers because they were being persecuted. He told them to continue living in a way that pleased God. And he wanted to teach them again about Christ's return. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Thessalonians" or "Second Thessalonians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to the Church in Thessalonica," or "The Second Letter to the Christians in Thessalonica." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? #### +#### What is the "second coming" of Jesus? Paul wrote much in this letter about Jesus' eventual return to Earth. When Jesus returns, he will judge all mankind. He will also rule over creation. And he will cause there to be peace everywhere. Paul also explained that a "man of lawlessness" will come before Christ's return. This person will obey Satan and cause many people to oppose God. But Jesus will destroy this person when he returns. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Thessalonians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 2 Thessalonians? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/2ti/01/intro.md b/2ti/01/intro.md index 4d5e09d826..0516f1150a 100644 --- a/2ti/01/intro.md +++ b/2ti/01/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# 2 Timothy 01 General Notes # +# 2 Timothy 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spiritual children ##### +##### Spiritual children Paul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul calls Timothy "beloved child." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Persecution ##### +##### Persecution Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter. Paul encourages Timothy to be willing to suffer for the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Timothy 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[2 Timothy intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/2ti/02/intro.md b/2ti/02/intro.md index 0b0e9dd6c2..81ac784bde 100644 --- a/2ti/02/intro.md +++ b/2ti/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# 2 Timothy 02 General Notes # +# 2 Timothy 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set words farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with verses 11-13. Paul may be quoting a poem or hymn in these verses. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### We will reign with him ##### +##### We will reign with him Faithful Christians will reign with Christ in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Analogies ##### +##### Analogies In this chapter, Paul makes several analogies to teach about living as a Christian. He uses analogies of soldiers, athletes, and farmers. Later in the chapter, he uses the analogy of different kinds of containers in a house. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Timothy 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ti/03/intro.md b/2ti/03/intro.md index fc0bddc915..2912c98d01 100644 --- a/2ti/03/intro.md +++ b/2ti/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# 2 Timothy 03 General Notes # +# 2 Timothy 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The "last days" could mean in the future just before Jesus returns. If so, Paul is prophesying in verses 1-9 and 13 about those days. The "last days" could also mean the Christian age, including Paul's time. If so, what Paul teaches about being persecuted applies to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Timothy 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ti/04/intro.md b/2ti/04/intro.md index 545219f077..4b007a3778 100644 --- a/2ti/04/intro.md +++ b/2ti/04/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# 2 Timothy 04 General Notes # +# 2 Timothy 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### "I give this solemn command" ##### +##### "I give this solemn command" Paul begins to give personal instructions to Timothy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Crown ##### +##### Crown Scripture uses different kinds of crowns as images for different things. It appears Christ will award the crown in this chapter to believers as a reward for living rightly. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[2 Timothy 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/2ti/front/intro.md b/2ti/front/intro.md index 5b14fa4967..5759069c9e 100644 --- a/2ti/front/intro.md +++ b/2ti/front/intro.md @@ -1,49 +1,49 @@ -# Introduction to 2 Timothy # +# Introduction to 2 Timothy -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 2 Timothy #### +#### Outline of the Book of 2 Timothy 1. Paul greets Timothy and encourages him to endure hardship as he serves God (1:1-2:13). 1. Paul gives general instructions to Timothy (2:14–26). 1. Paul warns Timothy about future events and instructs him about how to carry out his service to God (3:1-4:8). 1. Paul makes personal remarks (4:9-24). -#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Timothy? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 2 Timothy? Paul wrote 2 Timothy. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. This book is the second letter Paul wrote Timothy. Timothy was his disciple and close friend. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. Paul would die soon after writing this letter. -#### What is the Book of 2 Timothy about? #### +#### What is the Book of 2 Timothy about? Paul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matter. The topics he addressed include warnings about false teachers and enduring difficult situations. This letter also shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "2 Timothy" or "Second Timothy." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Second Letter to Timothy" or "The Second Letter to Timothy." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the soldier imagery in 2 Timothy? #### +#### What is the soldier imagery in 2 Timothy? As Paul waited in prison, knowing he would die soon, he often spoke of himself as a soldier of Jesus Christ. Soldiers answer to their leaders. In the same way, Christians answer to Jesus. As "soldiers" of Christ, believers are to obey his commands, even if they die as a result. -#### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? #### +#### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture? God is the true author of Scripture. He inspired the human authors who wrote the books. That means God in some way caused the people to write what they wrote. This is why it is also referred to as God's word. This implies several things about the Bible. First, the Bible is free from error and can be trusted. Second, we can rely on God to protect the scripture from those who want to distort it or destroy it. Third, God's word should be translated into all the world's languages. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" #### +#### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Here the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Timothy. The exception to this is 4:22. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 2 Timothy? #### +#### What are the major textual issues in the text of the Book of 2 Timothy? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/3jn/front/intro.md b/3jn/front/intro.md index ca92dc26e8..36da86211d 100644 --- a/3jn/front/intro.md +++ b/3jn/front/intro.md @@ -1,35 +1,35 @@ -# Introduction to 3 John # +# Introduction to 3 John -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of 3 John #### +#### Outline of the Book of 3 John 1. Introduction (1:1) 1. Encouragement and instructions to show hospitality (1:2-8) 1. Diotrephes and Demetrius (1:9-12) 1. Conclusion (1:13-14) -#### Who wrote the Book of 3 John? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of 3 John? The letter does not give the name of the author. The author only identified himself as "the elder" (1:1). The letter was probably written by the Apostle John near the end of his life. -#### What is the Book of 3 John about? #### +#### What is the Book of 3 John about? John wrote this letter to a believer named Gaius. He instructed Gaius to be hospitable to fellow believers who were traveling through his area. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "3 John" or "Third John." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Third Letter from John" or "The Third Letter John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is hospitality? #### +#### What is hospitality? Hospitality was an important concept in the ancient Near East. It was important to be friendly towards foreigners or outsiders and provide help to them if they needed it. In 2 John, John discouraged Christians from showing hospitality to false teachers. In 3 John, John encouraged Christians to show hospitality to faithful teachers. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the author use family relationships in his letter? #### +#### How does the author use family relationships in his letter? The author used the terms "brother" and "children" in a way that can be confusing. The scriptures often used the term "brothers" to refer to Jews. But in this letter, John used the word to refer to Christians. Also, John called some believers his "children." These are believers he taught to obey Christ. diff --git a/act/01/intro.md b/act/01/intro.md index d2c827c2f5..f32a69a164 100644 --- a/act/01/intro.md +++ b/act/01/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Acts 01 General Notes # +# Acts 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records an event, commonly known as the "Ascension," when Jesus returned to heaven after he became alive again. He will not come back until he returns at his "second coming." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]]) @@ -8,19 +8,19 @@ The UDB has set the words "Dear Theophilus" apart from the other words. This is Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the two quotes from Psalms in 1:20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baptize ##### +##### Baptize The word "baptize" has two meanings in this chapter. It refers to the water baptism of John and to the baptism of the Holy Spirit ([Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]]) -##### "He spoke about the kingdom of God" ##### +##### "He spoke about the kingdom of God" Some scholars believe that when Jesus "spoke about the kingdom of God," he explained to the disciples why the kingdom of God did not come before he died. Others believe that the kingdom of God did begin while Jesus was alive and that here Jesus was explaining that it was beginning in a new form. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The twelve disciples ##### +##### The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: @@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James. -##### Akeldama ##### +##### Akeldama This is a phrase in Hebrew or Aramaic. Luke used Greek letters so his readers would know how it sounded, and then he told what it means. You should probably spell it the way it sounds in your language and then explain the meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Acts intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/act/02/intro.md b/act/02/intro.md index 90b85cc363..197028ddf0 100644 --- a/act/02/intro.md +++ b/act/02/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Acts 02 General Notes # +# Acts 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:17-21, 25-28, and 34-35. @@ -8,29 +8,29 @@ Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on The events described in this chapter are commonly called "Pentecost." Many people believe that the church began to exist when the Holy Spirit came to live inside believers at Pentecost. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tongues ##### +##### Tongues The word "tongues" has two meanings in this chapter. Luke describes what came down from heaven ([Acts 2:3](../../act/02/03.md)) as tongues that looked like fire. This is different from "a tongue of flame," which is a fire that looks like a tongue. Luke also uses the word "tongues" to describe the languages that the people spoke after the Holy Spirit filled them ([Acts 2:4](../02/04.md)). -##### Last days ##### +##### Last days No one knows for sure when the "last days" ([Acts 2:17](../../act/02/17.md)) began. Your translation should not say more than the ULB does about this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -##### Baptize ##### +##### Baptize The word "baptize" in this chapter refers to Christian baptism ([Acts 2:38-41](../02/38.md)). Though the event described in [Acts 2:1-11](./01.md) is the baptism of the Holy Spirit that Jesus promised in [Acts 1:5](../../act/01/05.md), the word "baptize" here does not refer to that event. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/baptize]]) -##### The prophecy of Joel ##### +##### The prophecy of Joel Many of the things that Joel said would happen did happen on the day of Pentecost ([Acts 2:17-18](../02/17.md)), but some things Joel spoke of have not happened yet ([Acts 2:19-20](../02/19.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Wonders and signs ##### +##### Wonders and signs These words refer to things that only God could do, things that showed that Jesus was who the disciples said he was. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/03/intro.md b/act/03/intro.md index bbdb4d9f3c..99674f0bec 100644 --- a/act/03/intro.md +++ b/act/03/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Acts 03 General Notes # +# Acts 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The covenant God made with Abraham ##### +##### The covenant God made with Abraham This chapter explains that Jesus came to the Jews because God was fulfilling part of the covenant he had made with Abraham. Peter thought that the Jews were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus, but he wanted them to understand that Jesus, by living and dying, had fulfilled God's promise to Abraham and that if they repented, God would forgive them. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You delivered up" ##### +##### "You delivered up" The Romans were the ones who killed Jesus, but they killed him because the Jews captured him, brought him to the Romans, and told the Romans to kill him. For this reason Peter thought that they were the ones who were truly guilty of killing Jesus. But he tells them that they are also the first ones to whom God has sent Jesus' followers to invite them to repent ([Acts 3:26](../../act/03/26.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/04/intro.md b/act/04/intro.md index cd03e6ad1d..6aaa01cc98 100644 --- a/act/04/intro.md +++ b/act/04/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# Acts 04 General Notes # +# Acts 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:25-26. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unity ##### +##### Unity The first Christians wanted very much to be united. They wanted to believe the same things and share everything they owned and help those who needed help. -##### "Signs and wonders" ##### +##### "Signs and wonders" This phrase refers to things that only God can do. The Christians wanted God to do what only he can do so that people would believe that what they said about Jesus was true. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Cornerstone ##### +##### Cornerstone The cornerstone was the first piece of stone that people put down when they were building a building. This is a metaphor for the most important part of something, the part on which everything depends. To say that Jesus is the cornerstone of the church is to say that nothing in the church is more important than Jesus and that everything about the church depends on Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Name ##### +##### Name "There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved" ([Acts 4:12](../../act/04/12.md)). With these words Peter was saying that no other person who has ever been on the earth or will ever be on earth can save people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/05/intro.md b/act/05/intro.md index 8f46fd63b6..ecc2c22d4f 100644 --- a/act/05/intro.md +++ b/act/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Acts 05 General Notes # +# Acts 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit" ##### +##### "Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit" No one knows for sure if Ananias and Sapphira were truly Christians when they decided to lie about the land that they sold ([Acts 5:1-10](../05/01.md)), because Luke does not say. However, Peter knew that they lied to the believers, and he knew that they had listened to and obeyed Satan. When they lied to the believers, they also lied to the Holy Spirit. This is because the Holy Spirit lives inside believers. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/06/intro.md b/act/06/intro.md index a78690a6f2..8319de12b4 100644 --- a/act/06/intro.md +++ b/act/06/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Acts 06 General Notes # +# Acts 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The distribution to the widows ##### +##### The distribution to the widows The believers in Jerusalem gave help—probably money but possibly food—every day to women whose husbands had died. All of these widows had been raised as Jews, but some of them had lived in Judea and spoke Hebrew. Others had lived in Gentile areas and spoke Greek. Those who gave out the money or food gave it to the Hebrew-speaking widows but not to the Greek-speaking widows. To please God, the church leaders appointed Greek-speaking men to make sure the Greek-speaking widows received their share of help. One of these Greek-speaking men was Stephen. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "His face was like the face of an angel" ##### +##### "His face was like the face of an angel" No one knows for sure what it was about Stephen's face that was like the face of an angel, because Luke does not tell us. It is best for the translation to say only what the ULB says about this. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/07/intro.md b/act/07/intro.md index 4ab8b281ed..9c6e1e2a6b 100644 --- a/act/07/intro.md +++ b/act/07/intro.md @@ -1,42 +1,42 @@ -# Acts 07 General Notes # +# Acts 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 7:42-43 and 49-50. It appears that 8:1 is part of the narrative of this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Stephen said" ##### +##### "Stephen said" Stephen told the history of Israel very briefly. He paid special attention to the times that the Israelites had rejected the people God had chosen to lead them. At the end of the story, he said that the Jewish leaders he was talking to had rejected Jesus just as the evil Israelites had always rejected the leaders God had appointed for them. -##### "Full of the Holy Spirit" ##### +##### "Full of the Holy Spirit" The Holy Spirit completely controlled Stephen so that he said only and all of what God wanted him to say. -##### Foreshadowing ##### +##### Foreshadowing When an author speaks of something that is not important at that time but will be important later in the story, this is called foreshadowing. Luke mentions Saul, also known as Paul, here, even though he is not an important person in this part of the story. This is because Paul is an important person in the rest of the Book of Acts. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Implied information ##### +##### Implied information Stephen was talking to Jews who knew the law of Moses well, so he did not explain things that his hearers already knew. But you may need to explain some of these things so that your readers will be able to understand what Stephen was saying. For example, you may need to make explicit that when Joseph's brothers "sold him into Egypt" ([Acts 7:9](../../act/07/09.md)), Joseph was going to be a slave in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Metonymy ##### +##### Metonymy Stephen spoke of Joseph ruling "over Egypt" and over all of Pharaoh's household. By this he meant that Joseph ruled over the people of Egypt and of the people and possessions in Pharaoh's household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Background knowledge ##### +##### Background knowledge The Jewish leaders to whom Stephen spoke already knew much about the events he was telling them about. They knew what Moses had written in the Book of Genesis. If the Book of Genesis has not been translated into your language, it may be difficult for your readers to understand what Stephen said. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/08/intro.md b/act/08/intro.md index d32983f3e3..82abe4c69e 100644 --- a/act/08/intro.md +++ b/act/08/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Acts 08 General Notes # +# Acts 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 8:32-33. The first sentence of verse 1 ends the description of the events in chapter 7. Luke begins a new part of his history with the words "So there began." -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Receiving the Holy Spirit ##### +##### Receiving the Holy Spirit In this chapter for the first time Luke speaks of people receiving the Holy Spirit ([Acts 8:15-19](../08/15.md)). The Holy Spirit had already enabled the believers to speak in tongues, to heal the sick, and to live as a community, and he had filled Stephen. But when the Jews started putting believers in prison, those believers who could leave Jerusalem did leave, and as they went, they told people about Jesus. When the people who heard about Jesus received the Holy Spirit, the church leaders knew that those people had truly become believers. -##### Proclaimed ##### +##### Proclaimed This chapter more than any other in the Book of Acts speaks of the believers proclaiming the word, proclaiming the good news, and proclaiming that Jesus is the Christ. The word "proclaim" translates a Greek word that means to tell good news about something. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/09/intro.md b/act/09/intro.md index 29dec79553..c5b6c92b52 100644 --- a/act/09/intro.md +++ b/act/09/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Acts 09 General Notes # +# Acts 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The Way" ##### +##### "The Way" No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God. -##### "Letters for the synagogues in Damascus" ##### +##### "Letters for the synagogues in Damascus" The "letters" Paul asked for were probably legal papers that permitted him to put Christians in prison. The synagogue leaders in Damascus would have obeyed the letter because it was written by the high priest. If the Romans had seen the letter, they also would have allowed Saul to persecute the Christians, because they permitted the Jews to do as they desired to people who broke their religious laws. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### What Saul saw when he met Jesus ##### +##### What Saul saw when he met Jesus It is clear that Saul saw a light and that it was because of this light that he "fell upon the ground." Some people think that Saul knew that it was the Lord speaking to him without seeing a human form, because the Bible often speaks of God as being light and living in light. Other people think that later in his life he was able to say, "I have seen the Lord Jesus" because it was a human form that he saw here. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/10/intro.md b/act/10/intro.md index b96c1ed74d..75bfeeb3af 100644 --- a/act/10/intro.md +++ b/act/10/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Acts 10 General Notes # +# Acts 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unclean ##### +##### Unclean The Jews believed that they could become unclean in God's sight if they visited or ate food with a Gentile. This was because the Pharisees had made a law against it because they wanted to keep people from eating foods that the law of Moses said were unclean. The law of Moses did say that some foods were unclean, but it did not say that God's people could not visit or eat with Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Baptism and the Holy Spirit ##### +##### Baptism and the Holy Spirit The Holy Spirit "fell on" those who were listening to Peter. This showed the Jewish believers that Gentiles could receive the word of God and receive the Holy Spirit just as the Jewish believers had. After that, the Gentiles were baptized. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/11/intro.md b/act/11/intro.md index 2991bb694f..eae16f1aa8 100644 --- a/act/11/intro.md +++ b/act/11/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Acts 11 General Notes # +# Acts 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The Gentiles also had received the word of God" ##### +##### "The Gentiles also had received the word of God" Almost all of the first believers were Jewish. Luke writes in this chapter that many Gentiles started to believe in Jesus. They believed that the message about Jesus was true and so began to "receive the word of God." Some of the believers in Jerusalem did not believe that Gentiles could truly follow Jesus, so Peter went to them and told them what had happened to him and how he had seen the Gentiles receive the Word of God and receive the Holy Spirit. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/12/intro.md b/act/12/intro.md index 9f588d5566..5478ebd4c1 100644 --- a/act/12/intro.md +++ b/act/12/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Acts 12 General Notes # +# Acts 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 12 tells what happened to King Herod while Barnabas was bringing Saul back from Tarsus and they were delivering money from Antioch Jerusalem (11:25-30). He killed many of the leaders of the church, and he put Peter in prison. After God helped Peter escape the prison, Herod killed the prison guards, and then God killed Herod. In the last verse of the chapter, Luke tells how Barnabas and Saul return to Antioch. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Personification ##### +##### Personification The "word of God" is spoken of as if it were a living thing that could grow and become many. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/13/intro.md b/act/13/intro.md index bc0e3dd926..ab66e608b9 100644 --- a/act/13/intro.md +++ b/act/13/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Acts 13 General Notes # +# Acts 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the three quotes from Psalms in 13:33-35. @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of The chapter is where the second half of the Book of Acts begins. Luke writes more about Paul than about Peter, and it describes how it is the Gentiles and not the Jews to whom the believers tell the message about Jesus. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A light for the Gentiles ##### +##### A light for the Gentiles The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. The Jews considered all Gentiles as walking in darkness, but Paul and Barnabas spoke of telling the Gentiles about Jesus as if they were going to bring them physical light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/14/intro.md b/act/14/intro.md index 909e991f40..175694a592 100644 --- a/act/14/intro.md +++ b/act/14/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Acts 14 General Notes # +# Acts 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The message of his grace" ##### +##### "The message of his grace" The message of Jesus is the message that God will show grace to those who believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Zeus and Hermes ##### +##### Zeus and Hermes The Gentiles in the Roman Empire worshiped many different false gods who do not really exist. Paul and Barnabas told them to believe in the "living God." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." ##### +##### "We must enter into the kingdom of God through many sufferings." Jesus told his followers before he died that everyone who followed him would suffer persecution. Paul is saying the same thing using different words. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 14:1](../../act/14/01.md)__ diff --git a/act/15/intro.md b/act/15/intro.md index 3a6104b5cf..cff5dc6b81 100644 --- a/act/15/intro.md +++ b/act/15/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Acts 15 General Notes # +# Acts 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 15:16-17. The meeting that Luke describes in this chapter is commonly called the "Jerusalem Council." This was a time when many church leaders got together to decide if believers needed to obey the whole law of Moses. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Brothers ##### +##### Brothers In this chapter Luke begins to use the word "brothers" to refer to fellow Christians instead of fellow Jews. -##### Obeying the law of Moses ##### +##### Obeying the law of Moses Some believers wanted the Gentiles to be circumcised because God had told Abraham and Moses that everyone who wanted to belong to him had to be circumcised and that this was "an everlasting covenant." But Paul and Barnabas had seen God give uncircumcised Gentiles the gift of the Holy Spirit, so they did not want the Gentiles to be circumcised. Both groups went to Jerusalem to have the church leaders decide what they should do. -##### "Abstain from things sacrificed to idols, blood, things strangled, and from sexual immorality" ##### +##### "Abstain from things sacrificed to idols, blood, things strangled, and from sexual immorality" It is possible that the church leaders decided on these laws so that Jews and Gentiles could not only live together but eat the same foods together. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/16/intro.md b/act/16/intro.md index b26b3ae69b..a1fa166c3f 100644 --- a/act/16/intro.md +++ b/act/16/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Acts 16 General Notes # +# Acts 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Timothy's circumcision ##### +##### Timothy's circumcision Paul circumcised Timothy because they were telling the message of Jesus to Jews and Gentiles. Paul wanted the Jews to know that he respected the law of Moses even though the church leaders in Jerusalem had decided that Christians did not need to be circumcised. -##### The woman who had a spirit of divination ##### +##### The woman who had a spirit of divination Most people want very much to know the future, but the law of Moses said that speaking with the spirits of dead people to learn about the future is a sin. This woman seems to have been able to tell the future very well. She was a slave, and her masters made much money from her work. Paul wanted her to stop sinning, so he told the spirit to leave her. Luke does not say that she began to follow Jesus or tell us anything more about her. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/17/intro.md b/act/17/intro.md index 33a4900f49..b3ed912e39 100644 --- a/act/17/intro.md +++ b/act/17/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Acts 17 General Notes # +# Acts 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Misunderstandings about the Messiah ##### +##### Misunderstandings about the Messiah The Jews expected the Christ or Messiah to be a powerful king because the Old Testament says so many times. But it also says many times that the Messiah would suffer, and that was what Paul was telling the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -##### The religion of Athens ##### +##### The religion of Athens Paul said that the Athenians were "religious," but they did not worship the true God. They worshiped many different false gods. In the past they had conquered other peoples and begun to worship the gods of the people they had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) In this chapter Luke describes for the first time how Paul told the message of Christ to people who knew nothing of the Old Testament. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/18/intro.md b/act/18/intro.md index 85d729ce7b..591aaeb8e5 100644 --- a/act/18/intro.md +++ b/act/18/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Acts 18 General Notes # +# Acts 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The baptism of John ##### +##### The baptism of John Some Jews who lived far away from Jerusalem and Judea had heard of John the Baptist and followed his teachings. They had not yet heard about Jesus. One of these Jews was Apollos. He followed John the Baptist, but he did not know that the Messiah had come. John had baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins, but this baptism was different from Christian baptism. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 18:1](../../act/18/01.md)__ diff --git a/act/19/intro.md b/act/19/intro.md index 869b5b1fb2..435fcc686f 100644 --- a/act/19/intro.md +++ b/act/19/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Acts 19 General Notes # +# Acts 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Baptism ##### +##### Baptism John baptized people to show that they were sorry for their sins. Jesus' followers baptized people who wanted to follow Jesus. -##### Temple of Diana ##### +##### Temple of Diana The temple of Diana was an important place in the city of Ephesus. Many people came to Ephesus to see this temple, and they bought statues of the goddess Diana while they were there. The people who sold statues of Diana were afraid that if people did not believe Diana was a real goddess, they would stop giving the sellers money for statues. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/20/intro.md b/act/20/intro.md index bd33c82100..f553dde9f5 100644 --- a/act/20/intro.md +++ b/act/20/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Acts 20 General Notes # +# Acts 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter Luke describes Paul's last visits to believers in the provinces of Macedonia and Asia before he went to Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Race ##### +##### Race Paul spoke of living for Jesus as if he were running in a race. By this he meant that he needed to keep working hard even when things were difficult and he wanted to quit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]]) -##### "Compelled by the Spirit" ##### +##### "Compelled by the Spirit" Paul thought that the Holy Spirit wanted him to go to Jerusalem even if Paul did not want to go there. The same Holy Spirit told other people that when Paul arrived in Jerusalem, people would try to harm him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 20:1](../../act/20/01.md)__ diff --git a/act/21/intro.md b/act/21/intro.md index fdad5b891c..350e54ff21 100644 --- a/act/21/intro.md +++ b/act/21/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# Acts 21 General Notes # +# Acts 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Acts 21:1-19 describes Paul's journey to Jerusalem. After he arrived in Jerusalem, the believers there told him that the Jews wanted to harm him and what he should do so they would not harm him (verses 20-26). Even though Paul did what the believers told him to do, the Jews tried to kill him. The Romans rescued him and gave him a chance to speak to the Jews. The last verse of the chapter ends with an incomplete sentence. Most translations leave the sentence incomplete, as the ULB does. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "They are all determined to keep the law" ##### +##### "They are all determined to keep the law" The Jews in Jerusalem were following the law of Moses. Even those who were following Jesus still kept the law. Both groups thought that Paul had been telling Jews in Greece not to keep the law. But it was only the Gentiles to whom Paul was saying that. -##### Nazarite vow ##### +##### Nazarite vow The vow that Paul and his three friends made was probably a Nazarite vow, because they shaved their heads ([Acts 21:23](../../act/21/23.md)). -##### Gentiles in the temple ##### +##### Gentiles in the temple The Jews accused Paul of bringing a Gentile man into a part of the temple into which God only allowed Jews to go. They thought that God wanted them to punish Paul by killing him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Roman citizenship ##### +##### Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/22/intro.md b/act/22/intro.md index f599996f28..d5642af561 100644 --- a/act/22/intro.md +++ b/act/22/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Acts 22 General Notes # +# Acts 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the second account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 26](../26/01.md)) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "In the Hebrew language" ##### +##### "In the Hebrew language" Most Jews at this time spoke Aramaic and Greek. Most of the people who spoke Hebrew were educated Jewish scholars. This is why the people paid attention when Paul started speaking in Hebrew. -##### "The Way" ##### +##### "The Way" No one knows for sure who first started calling believers "followers of the Way." This is probably what the believers called themselves, because the Bible often speaks of a person living his life as if that person were walking on a path or "way." If this is true, the believers were "following the way of the Lord" by living in a way that pleased God. -##### Roman citizenship ##### +##### Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The "chief captain" could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/23/intro.md b/act/23/intro.md index acbed06299..2eced94980 100644 --- a/act/23/intro.md +++ b/act/23/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# Acts 23 General Notes # +# Acts 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 23:5. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Resurrection of the dead ##### +##### Resurrection of the dead The Pharisees believed that after people died, they would become alive again and God would either reward them or punish them. The Sadducees believed that once people died, they stayed dead and would never become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -##### "Called a curse" ##### +##### "Called a curse" Some Jews promised God that they would not eat or drink until they killed Paul, and they asked God to punish them if they did not do what they had promised to do. -##### Roman citizenship ##### +##### Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. The "chief captain" could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way he would treat a non-citizen. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Whitewashed ##### +##### Whitewashed This is a metaphor in scripture describing someone who appears to be good or clean or righteous when that person is evil or unclean or unrighteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 23:1](../../act/23/01.md)__ diff --git a/act/24/intro.md b/act/24/intro.md index 67e5fe94cb..70a9a29b60 100644 --- a/act/24/intro.md +++ b/act/24/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Acts 24 General Notes # +# Acts 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul told the governor that he had not done what the Jews were accusing him of doing and that the governor should not punish him for what he did do. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Respect ##### +##### Respect Both the Jewish leaders ([Acts 24:2-4](./02.md)) and Paul ([Acts 24:10](../../act/24/10.md)) began their speeches with words that show respect to the governor. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Governmental leaders ##### +##### Governmental leaders The words "governor," "commander," and "centurion" may be difficult to translate into some languages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/25/intro.md b/act/25/intro.md index 2b4a7c24cc..bb14937e70 100644 --- a/act/25/intro.md +++ b/act/25/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Acts 25 General Notes # +# Acts 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favor ##### +##### Favor This word is used in two different ways in this chapter. When the Jewish leaders asked Festus for a favor, they were asking him to do something special for them on that day. They wanted him to do for them something that he would not usually do. When Festus "wanted to gain the favor of the Jews," he wanted them to like him and be willing to obey him in the months and years to come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -##### Roman citizenship ##### +##### Roman citizenship The Romans thought that they needed to treat only Roman citizens justly. They could do as they desired with people who were not Roman citizens, but they had to obey the law with other Romans. Some people were born Roman citizens, and others gave money to the Roman government so they could become Roman citizens. Roman officials could have been punished for treating a Roman citizen the same way they would treat a non-citizen. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/26/intro.md b/act/26/intro.md index 319280e5fa..756b51bf60 100644 --- a/act/26/intro.md +++ b/act/26/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Acts 26 General Notes # +# Acts 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is the third account of Paul's conversion in the book of Acts. Because this is such an important event in the early church, there are three accounts of Paul's conversion. (See: [Acts 9](../09/01.md) and [Acts 22](../22/01.md)) Paul told the King Agrippa why he had done what he had done and that the governor should not punish him for that. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/27/intro.md b/act/27/intro.md index ae4eb077fa..4f9d06ec21 100644 --- a/act/27/intro.md +++ b/act/27/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Acts 27 General Notes # +# Acts 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sailing ##### +##### Sailing People who lived near the sea traveled by boat powered by the wind. During some months of the year, the wind would blow in the wrong direction or so hard that sailing was impossible. -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust Paul trusted God to bring him safely to land. He told the sailers and soldiers to trust that God would also keep them alive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Paul breaks bread ##### +##### Paul breaks bread Luke uses almost the same words here to describe Paul taking bread, thanking God, breaking it, and eating it that he used to describe the last supper Jesus ate with his disciples. However, your translation should not make your reader think that Paul was leading a religious celebration here. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/28/intro.md b/act/28/intro.md index f7255eceff..9d23af5047 100644 --- a/act/28/intro.md +++ b/act/28/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Acts 28 General Notes # +# Acts 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting No one knows for sure why Luke ends his history without telling what happened to Paul after he had been in Rome for two years. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Letters" and "brothers" ##### +##### "Letters" and "brothers" The Jewish leaders were surprised that Paul wanted to speak with them, because they had received no letters from the high priest in Jerusalem telling them that Paul was coming. When the Jewish leaders spoke of "brothers," they were referring to fellow Jews, not to Christians. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "He was a god" ##### +##### "He was a god" The native people believed that Paul was a god, but they did not believe that he was the one true God. We do not know why Paul did not tell the native people that he was not a god. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Acts 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/act/front/intro.md b/act/front/intro.md index 375ea9a927..f17d0feee9 100644 --- a/act/front/intro.md +++ b/act/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Acts # +# Introduction to Acts -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Acts #### +#### Outline of the Book of Acts 1. The beginning of the church and its mission (1:1–2:41) 1. The early church in Jerusalem (2:42–6:7) @@ -16,29 +16,29 @@ 1. The expansion of the church into the middle Mediterranean area and Asia Minor (16:6–19:20) 1. Paul travels to Jerusalem and becomes a prisoner in Rome (19:21–28:31) -#### What is the Book of Acts about? #### +#### What is the Book of Acts about? The Book of Acts tells the story of the early church as more and more people became believers. It shows the power of the the Holy Spirit helping the early Christians. The events in this book began when Jesus went back to heaven and ended about thirty years later. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Acts of the Apostles." Or translators may choose a title that may be clearer, for example, "The Acts of the Holy Spirit through the Apostles." -#### Who wrote the Book of Acts? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Acts? This book does not give the name of the author. However, it is addressed to Theophilus, the same person to whom the Gospel of Luke is addressed. Also, in parts of the book, the author uses the word "we." This indicates that the author traveled with Paul. Most scholars think that Luke was this person traveling with Paul. Therefore, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought Luke is the author of the Book of Acts as well as the Gospel of Luke. Luke was a medical doctor. His way of writing shows that he was an educated man. He was probably a Gentile. He saw many of the events described in the Book of Acts. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the Church? #### +#### What is the Church? The Church is the group of people who believe in Christ. The Church includes both Jewish and Gentile believers. The events in this book show God helping the Church. He empowered believers to live righteous lives through his Holy Spirit. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Acts? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Acts? These are the most significant textual issues in Acts: diff --git a/amo/01/intro.md b/amo/01/intro.md index 08cf757038..7c9f9d9534 100644 --- a/amo/01/intro.md +++ b/amo/01/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -# Amos 01 General Notes # +# Amos 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This book is written in a poetic form. Because it was written by a farmer, it includes many references to agricultural concepts. -##### "For three sins of Judah, even for four" ##### +##### "For three sins of Judah, even for four" The phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each oracle. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Amos intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/amo/02/intro.md b/amo/02/intro.md index c0abdf86a6..baf84e9eef 100644 --- a/amo/02/intro.md +++ b/amo/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Amos 02 General Notes # +# Amos 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language and imagery. But the UDB translates it using prose. If possible, translate this chapter as poetry, but you may translate as narrative. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom You will notice that the phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/03/intro.md b/amo/03/intro.md index 6d07da71c0..f7cb4d7b9e 100644 --- a/amo/03/intro.md +++ b/amo/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Amos 03 General Notes # +# Amos 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Amos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster coming to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions This chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: "Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them." The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of "no" because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/04/intro.md b/amo/04/intro.md index 35dc84bbd1..96fef76766 100644 --- a/amo/04/intro.md +++ b/amo/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Amos 04 General Notes # +# Amos 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and is about the people's refusal to listen to Yahweh even as he tries to point them back to himself. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repetition ##### +##### Repetition This chapter contains a repeated sentence: "Yet you have not returned to me —this is Yahweh's declaration." Please make sure this sentence is translated the same way each time to show the repetition. This repetition produces a list of sins Yahweh is mounting against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/05/intro.md b/amo/05/intro.md index fdd942c953..d896bdf5b7 100644 --- a/amo/05/intro.md +++ b/amo/05/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Amos 05 General Notes # +# Amos 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destruction of the kingdom of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Place Names ##### +##### Place Names This chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -##### City gate ##### +##### City gate The "city gate" is mentioned several times. This was a place where people would go with legal and financial issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/06/intro.md b/amo/06/intro.md index eccd0121d7..9a981a2edc 100644 --- a/amo/06/intro.md +++ b/amo/06/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Amos 06 General Notes # +# Amos 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to be written in poetic style except for verses 9-10, which are in prose. These two verses contain many interested features. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Verses 9-10 will probably be difficult to translate because the situation is vague and details don't appear to align easily. It is appropriate to translate these verses with some ambiguity remaining. It may be helpful to read many different versions prior to translating these verses. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/07/intro.md b/amo/07/intro.md index cc1a67445a..9b339fc349 100644 --- a/amo/07/intro.md +++ b/amo/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Amos 07 General Notes # +# Amos 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is mainly written as a narrative about the prophet Amos interacting with Yahweh. Yahweh presents three different scenarios of judgment before Amos who pleads with God and he does not carry out his judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reported speech ##### +##### Reported speech In the latter part of the chapter, it is important to follow the conversation carefully to understand who is speaking. There are some instances of "reported speech." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/08/intro.md b/amo/08/intro.md index d711bbea55..331f993dfe 100644 --- a/amo/08/intro.md +++ b/amo/08/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Amos 08 General Notes # +# Amos 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and it shows the way Yahweh's people are sinning and how he is going to respond. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "This is the declaration of Yahweh" ##### +##### "This is the declaration of Yahweh" This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/09/intro.md b/amo/09/intro.md index 4d19a1ba57..c1806c69f0 100644 --- a/amo/09/intro.md +++ b/amo/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Amos 09 General Notes # +# Amos 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and continues to show the awesome and terrible judgment of Yahweh on his people. In verse 11, the writer writes about the forgiveness and mercy of God on the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The declaration of Yahweh" ##### +##### "The declaration of Yahweh" This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. Try to remain consistent in translating this phrase throughout the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Amos 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/amo/front/intro.md b/amo/front/intro.md index b8f1e74c6f..da075b4b56 100644 --- a/amo/front/intro.md +++ b/amo/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Amos # +# Introduction to Amos -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Amos #### +#### Outline of the Book of Amos 1. Amos introduced (1:1) 1. Yahweh judges the nations (1:2-2:16) @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ 1. Yahweh shows Amos several visions (7:1-9:10) 1. Israel is to be restored (9:11–15) -#### What is the Book of Amos about? #### +#### What is the Book of Amos about? The Book of Amos contains the words of Amos, a shepherd of Tekoa. Amos began to prophesy about 760 BC. He spoke Yahweh's messages against God's people behaving wickedly. He spoke messages to both the southern kingdom of Judah and the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) @@ -21,30 +21,30 @@ Yahweh gave Amos prophecies of judgment (Chapters 1-6) to proclaim to the people Three visions of Yahweh coming to judge the people are in the last part of the book (7:1-9:10). A final vision promises that Yahweh will restore Israel (9:11-15). He will restore the "tent of David." This means a descendant of David would once again be king over Israel. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Amos" or just "Amos." Translators may also call it the "The Book of the Sayings of Amos." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Amos? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Amos? The prophet Amos probably wrote this book. He lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. Amos came from a poor family. They grew sycamore trees (7:14, 15) and were shepherds ([Amos 1:1](../../amo/01/01.md)). Though Amos was not trained as a prophet, he knew and understood the law of Moses. Also, Amos skillfully used expressive and meaningful words. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How is justice described in Amos? #### +#### How is justice described in Amos? Justice is an important theme in the Book of Amos. Justice means people treating others fairly according to the law of Yahweh. People in Israel were oppressing and taking advantage of poor people, orphans, and widows. Amos explained that Yahweh would prefer that the people act justly rather than sacrifice to him. Truly obeying the law of Moses meant being just to other people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### What is a lawsuit? #### +#### What is a lawsuit? Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through the use of courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. Amos uses various legal terms. Part of the book presents events in a courtroom. The people are introduced, the problem is explained, the people are examined, witnesses speak, and a verdict is given. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. In Amos, "Israel" almost always refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### Where do the various narratives begin and end? #### +#### Where do the various narratives begin and end? The structure of the Book of Amos may make it difficult to understand where Amos ends one thought and begins another. It may be helpful to solve these issues with carefully divided lines or paragraphs. diff --git a/col/01/intro.md b/col/01/intro.md index 6f9f27120f..c94a67e09e 100644 --- a/col/01/intro.md +++ b/col/01/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# Colossians 01 General Notes # +# Colossians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting As in a typical letter, Paul begins his letter in verses 1-2 by introducing Timothy and himself to the Christians in Colossae. Paul writes much of this chapter around two subjects: who Christ is, and what Christ has done for the Christian. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Secret truth ##### +##### Secret truth Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Images for Christian living ##### +##### Images for Christian living Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of "walking" and "bearing fruit." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Verse 24 is a paradox: "Now I rejoice in my sufferings for you." People do not usually rejoice when they suffer. But in verses 25-29 Paul explains why his suffering is good. ([Colossians 1:24](../../col/01/24.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Colossians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Colossians intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/col/02/intro.md b/col/02/intro.md index 43aa452d25..d30029f6dc 100644 --- a/col/02/intro.md +++ b/col/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Colossians 02 General Notes # +# Colossians 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Circumcision and baptism ##### +##### Circumcision and baptism In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to show how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that, while Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. Paul also uses "flesh" in this chapter to refer to the physical body. -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information Paul mentions several issues in this chapter that imply information about the context of the church in Colossae. It is best to allow the text to remain uncertain over the actual details. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Colossians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/col/03/intro.md b/col/03/intro.md index 93221ba260..9243b58858 100644 --- a/col/03/intro.md +++ b/col/03/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Colossians 03 General Notes # +# Colossians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The second part of this chapter parallels Ephesians 5 and 6. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Old and new self ##### +##### Old and new self The old and new self mean the same as the old and new man. The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Character ##### +##### Character Many of the things Paul encourages his readers to pursue or avoid are not actions but character qualities. Because of this, they may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -##### "The things above" ##### +##### "The things above" Where God dwells is often pictured as being located "above." Paul says to "seek the things above" and to "think about the things above." He is implying Christians should seek and think about heavenly and godly things. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Colossians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/col/04/intro.md b/col/04/intro.md index df20343ae3..a051351424 100644 --- a/col/04/intro.md +++ b/col/04/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Colossians 04 General Notes # +# Colossians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting [Colossians 4:1](../../col/04/01.md) appears to belong with the topics of Chapter 3 instead of Chapter 4. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "In my own hand" ##### +##### "In my own hand" It was common in the ancient Near East for the author to speak and someone else to write down the words. Many of the New Testament letters were written this way. Paul wrote the final greeting himself. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Secret truth ##### +##### Secret truth Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Colossians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/col/front/intro.md b/col/front/intro.md index 5d2bfe63c7..f3c54b4b4c 100644 --- a/col/front/intro.md +++ b/col/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Colossians # +# Introduction to Colossians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Colossians #### +#### Outline of the Book of Colossians 1. Greeting, thanksgiving, and prayer (1:1-12) 1. The person and work of Christ @@ -23,45 +23,45 @@ - Paul gives directions to Archippus and the Christians in Laodicea (4:15-17) - Paul's personal greeting (4:18) -#### Who wrote the Book of Colossians? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Colossians? Paul wrote the Book of Colossians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. -#### What is the Book of Colossians about? #### +#### What is the Book of Colossians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the Asia Minor city of Colossae. The main purpose of this letter was to defend the gospel against false teachers. He did this by praising Jesus as the image of God, sustainer of all things, and head of the church. Paul wanted them to understand that only Christ is needed for God to accept them. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Colossians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Colossae," or "A Letter to the Christians in Colossae." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What were the religious issues that the church in Colossae struggled with? #### +#### What were the religious issues that the church in Colossae struggled with? In the church in Colossae, there were false teachers. Their exact teaching is unknown. But they probably taught their followers to worship angels and to obey strict rules about religious ceremonies. They probably also taught that a male must be circumcised and that believers should eat only certain types of food. Paul said these false teachings came from the minds of men and not from God. -#### How did Paul use the imagery of heaven and earth? #### +#### How did Paul use the imagery of heaven and earth? In this letter, Paul twice speaks of things in heaven as "things above." He distinguishes it from the earth, which other parts of Scripture speak of as being "below." The purpose of this imagery was to teach Christians to live in a way that honors God, who lives in heaven above. Paul is not teaching that the earth or the physical world is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Colossians in the ULB? #### +#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Colossians in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In Colossians, these words usually indicate a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. So Colossians in the ULB uses "believers" or "those who believe in him." (See: 1:2, 12, 26) -#### Was Jesus created or is he eternal? #### +#### Was Jesus created or is he eternal? Jesus was not a created being but has always existed as God. Jesus also became a human being. There is potential for confusion in Colossians 1:15 where it says Jesus "is the firstborn of all creation." This statement means that Jesus is dominant over all of creation. It does not mean that he was the first thing God created. Translators should be careful not to imply that Jesus is a created being. -#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/dan/01/intro.md b/dan/01/intro.md index 4c3c21067e..dac354205a 100644 --- a/dan/01/intro.md +++ b/dan/01/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Daniel 01 General Notes # +# Daniel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Training for government jobs ##### +##### Training for government jobs Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were chosen to be trained for service in the Babylonian kingdom. It was not unusual for foreigners to be given positions in the Babylonian government as advisors or cultural ambassadors. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Food laws ##### +##### Food laws The food from the king included things the Jews were not allowed to eat according to the law of Moses. Daniel requested permission not to eat the king's food. He proved to the king that this food was not necessary for good health. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Daniel intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/dan/02/intro.md b/dan/02/intro.md index 1a2cfa3ea3..3e767bdfa2 100644 --- a/dan/02/intro.md +++ b/dan/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Daniel 02 General Notes # +# Daniel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in Daniel's prayer in 2:20-23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king's dream ##### +##### The king's dream Daniel told the king's dream and what the dream meant. In the ancient Near East, it was believed that only people in touch with the gods could interpret dreams. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -##### How Daniel knew the dream ##### +##### How Daniel knew the dream Daniel gave Yahweh the honor for having told him the dream and its meaning in answer to the prayers of the four men. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/03/intro.md b/dan/03/intro.md index 21f2e5ecf0..3400d8338a 100644 --- a/dan/03/intro.md +++ b/dan/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Daniel 03 General Notes # +# Daniel 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king's new idol ##### +##### The king's new idol Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to worship the new idol. In the ancient Near East, refusing to worship the king was a sign of rebellion against the king. It was often considered the crime of treason. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -##### The furnace ##### +##### The furnace There was a fourth person with them in the furnace, and because of this they were not hurt. Most scholars believe this to be Jesus before he was born. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/04/intro.md b/dan/04/intro.md index 62e773e795..d5de2a1edc 100644 --- a/dan/04/intro.md +++ b/dan/04/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Daniel 04 General Notes # +# Daniel 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:3 and 4:34-35. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king becomes insane ##### +##### The king becomes insane The king became insane until he realized that Yahweh was the ruler over everyone, including him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/05/intro.md b/dan/05/intro.md index c93a4d1867..d293b03a9b 100644 --- a/dan/05/intro.md +++ b/dan/05/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Daniel 05 General Notes # +# Daniel 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The writing on the wall ##### +##### The writing on the wall God told the new king that he had failed and God was replacing him, showing that God is the real ruler over everything, even kingdoms that do not worship him. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin These are words in Aramaic. Daniel "transliterates" these words by writing them with Hebrew letters, and then he explains their meanings. In the ULB and UDB they are written with English letters. Translators are encouraged to write them using the letters of the target language alphabet. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/06/intro.md b/dan/06/intro.md index 29394c37dc..b053a93ec8 100644 --- a/dan/06/intro.md +++ b/dan/06/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Daniel 06 General Notes # +# Daniel 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set the content of letters farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the letter in 6:25-27. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in the letter in 6:26-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Daniel and the lions ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Daniel and the lions Daniel was thrown into the lions' den for praying to Yahweh, but Yahweh protected him and the lions did not hurt him at all. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/07/intro.md b/dan/07/intro.md index 81d451daa0..cfec91619b 100644 --- a/dan/07/intro.md +++ b/dan/07/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Daniel 07 General Notes # +# Daniel 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:9-10, 13-14, and 23-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### The four beasts ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### The four beasts There will be four successive kingdoms before Yahweh sets up his eternal kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### The Son of Man ##### +##### The Son of Man God will give the Son of Man an eternal kingdom and he will judge people from the books. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/08/intro.md b/dan/08/intro.md index b0c8506f5c..8806eced87 100644 --- a/dan/08/intro.md +++ b/dan/08/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Daniel 08 General Notes # +# Daniel 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The vision of the ram and the male goat ##### +##### The vision of the ram and the male goat Although specific interpretation of this vision is not given, most scholars believe Daniel saw Greece overthrowing Media-Persia before breaking up into four kingdoms. One of these kingdoms stopped the temple worship for a while and then it was restored. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/09/intro.md b/dan/09/intro.md index 1849aa9f2f..3419cc1173 100644 --- a/dan/09/intro.md +++ b/dan/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Daniel 09 General Notes # +# Daniel 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Daniel told the future ##### +##### Daniel told the future Gabriel told Daniel a prophecy that Jerusalem would be rebuilt. Then later an anointed person would be killed and the worship at the temple stopped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### The unusual expression of numbers in 9:24-26 ##### +##### The unusual expression of numbers in 9:24-26 This passage uses the expressions "seventy sevens of years," "seven sevens and sixty-two sevens," and "sixty-two sevens of years" to denote "490 years," "49 years and then 434 years," and "434 years," respectively. The original language uses the idea of a "week" to express the idea of a group of sevens, but these numbers are clearly meant to denote years, not weeks. Most translators should use the ways normal in their languages to express these numbers. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/10/intro.md b/dan/10/intro.md index d1cbdce62c..a8932d0d15 100644 --- a/dan/10/intro.md +++ b/dan/10/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Daniel 10 General Notes # +# Daniel 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section where Daniel is given a prophecy about the future from an angel. This section continues for the remainder of the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/11/intro.md b/dan/11/intro.md index 2e62b850c2..a7c0a89752 100644 --- a/dan/11/intro.md +++ b/dan/11/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Daniel 11 General Notes # +# Daniel 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The final prophecy continues in this chapter. The kings of the North and of the South will fight many wars against each other. The king of the South is probably a reference to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/12/intro.md b/dan/12/intro.md index eef8f38e30..33b22f0813 100644 --- a/dan/12/intro.md +++ b/dan/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Daniel 12 General Notes # +# Daniel 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The final prophecy concludes in this chapter. It tells about the future resurrection of the dead and the final judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judgmentday]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Daniel 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/dan/front/intro.md b/dan/front/intro.md index 7dce239933..dd4117c7c2 100644 --- a/dan/front/intro.md +++ b/dan/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Daniel # +# Introduction to Daniel -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Daniel #### +#### Outline of Daniel 1. Daniel and his friends in the court of Nebuchadnezzar (1:1–21) 1. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's first dream (2:1–49) @@ -19,40 +19,40 @@ 1. An evil king exalts himself (11:21-39) 1. The time of the end (11:40–12:13) -#### What is the Book of Daniel about? #### +#### What is the Book of Daniel about? The first part of the Book of Daniel (chapters 1–6) is a narrative about Daniel and his friends. They were young men from Jerusalem who were taken to Babylon as prisoners. These chapters tell how they were faithful to Yahweh while living in a pagan land serving a pagan king. And it tells how God rewarded them because they were faithful. The rest of the Book of Daniel is a series of prophetic visions. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with images representing the kingdoms and kings of the major nations. Chapters 9–11 are prophecies and visions about wars and a type of the great enemy of God appearing. Chapter 12 is a vision that describes end times. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Daniel" or just "Daniel." Translators may call it "The Book About Daniel" or "The Book About the Deeds and Visions of Daniel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Daniel? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Daniel? Daniel was a Jew who became a Babylonian government official during the exile. He may have written the book himself. Or he may have written the parts of the book and someone else put the parts together at a later time. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Is there a missing week in Daniel's prophecy? #### +#### Is there a missing week in Daniel's prophecy? Scholars disagree about what may appear to be a missing week in 9:24-27. It is best for translators to allow apparent mysteries such as this to remain in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### When did the seventy weeks begin? #### +#### When did the seventy weeks begin? The seventy weeks in 9:24-27 began when a decree was issued to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. But there were several decrees that allowed this to happen. Translators do not need to understand how prophecies were or will be fulfilled to translate the text. -#### Who was Darius the Mede? #### +#### Who was Darius the Mede? Darius the Mede was a Babylonian king who sent Daniel into a den of lions. People have not found his name in history outside of the Book of Daniel. Scholars have tried to explain who Darius was, but they are not certain. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does Daniel use the word "king"? #### +#### How does Daniel use the word "king"? Many kings are in the Book of Daniel, but not all of the kings ruled over all of Babylon or Persia. Some of the kings may have ruled over regions or cities. -#### How many chapters does Daniel have? #### +#### How many chapters does Daniel have? Daniel has twelve chapters. Some Bible versions include stories called "Bel and the Dragon" and "The Prayer of Azariah." However, few people think that these stories have the same authority as the rest of scripture. Therefore, there is no need to translate them. diff --git a/deu/01/intro.md b/deu/01/intro.md index 500cab2a96..c850c658b8 100644 --- a/deu/01/intro.md +++ b/deu/01/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Deuteronomy 01 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter forms a continuation with the last chapter of the book of Numbers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's victory ##### +##### Yahweh's victory The chapter explains that Israel's conquering of the Promised Land will be done by Yahweh. They are not to fear the people of Canaan but be obedient to Yahweh. Yahweh is bringing about his judgement upon the people of Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -##### Possessing the land ##### +##### Possessing the land While the Promised Land belongs to Israel, they do not possess the land. Possessing the land is an important theme. Posessing the land depended on Israel's faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Deuteronomy intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/deu/02/intro.md b/deu/02/intro.md index 8fe53735d1..8061d9cf63 100644 --- a/deu/02/intro.md +++ b/deu/02/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Deuteronomy 02 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant faithfulness ##### +##### Covenant faithfulness Yahweh is faithful to the covenant he made with Abraham. He is also faithful to the promises he made with Esau and Lot. Because of this, Israel was given specific land it was able to conquer in Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/03/intro.md b/deu/03/intro.md index 33b2ae20bb..f5fc7c4230 100644 --- a/deu/03/intro.md +++ b/deu/03/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Deuteronomy 03 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Victories ##### +##### Victories The victories recorded in this chapter occurred on the east side of the Jordan River. This was not part of the Promised Land, which was on the west side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/04/intro.md b/deu/04/intro.md index 36b5cf1c4d..c14e328b42 100644 --- a/deu/04/intro.md +++ b/deu/04/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Deuteronomy 04 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law of Moses ##### +##### Law of Moses In order to possess the land, the people needed to obey the law of Moses. This will be the most important thing in the religious life of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Moses' instructions ##### +##### Moses' instructions Moses is not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. Since they are getting ready to possess the Promised Land, Moses gives them some last instructions before his death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince his readers to obey his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/05/intro.md b/deu/05/intro.md index 47e979817c..b7c8d8114c 100644 --- a/deu/05/intro.md +++ b/deu/05/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Deuteronomy 05 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each of the commandements in the list of Ten Commandments in 5:7-21 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB uses a separate paragraph for each commandment. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ten commandments ##### +##### Ten commandments This chapter repeats the material of Exodus 20. It is known as the Ten Commandments. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors and idioms ##### +##### Metaphors and idioms Moses uses metaphors and idioms to instruct the people to follow the law of Moses. This is because it is very important to follow these laws. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/06/intro.md b/deu/06/intro.md index 919d0b467a..5e7fc180f9 100644 --- a/deu/06/intro.md +++ b/deu/06/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Deuteronomy 06 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's blessings ##### +##### Yahweh's blessings Yahweh's continued blessing of the people of Israel is dependent upon the people's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors There are many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors describe the greatness of the Promised Land the wholehearted worship that is completely dedicated to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/07/intro.md b/deu/07/intro.md index a7a88009cc..682db633e8 100644 --- a/deu/07/intro.md +++ b/deu/07/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 07 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "You must completely destroy them" ##### +##### "You must completely destroy them" The people of Canaan were to be punished by Yahweh. Yahweh used Israel to punish these nations. If they were not completely destroyed, they would lead Israel into sin. Therefore, they were to be completely destroyed and be shown no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -##### Abrahamic Covenant ##### +##### Abrahamic Covenant This chapter references parts of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. It also emphasizes Yahweh's faithfulness to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/08/intro.md b/deu/08/intro.md index c473b7fa84..d4c152f789 100644 --- a/deu/08/intro.md +++ b/deu/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Deuteronomy 08 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Forgetting ##### +##### Forgetting This chapter recalls the great things that Yahweh has done for Israel and is about to do for them. This is so they do not forget him and they will continue to worship him. They must remember that Yahweh is the source of their blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/09/intro.md b/deu/09/intro.md index bf0043a4c7..07b0337ac8 100644 --- a/deu/09/intro.md +++ b/deu/09/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 09 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's victory ##### +##### Yahweh's victory This chapter assures the Israelites that it is Yahweh who will empower them to conquer the Promised Land. The Israelites will not be strong enough on their own to conquer these other nations. This victory will be Yahweh's. The people did not earn this victory, but it is Yahweh's punishment of these sinful nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Israel's sin ##### +##### Israel's sin Yahweh is about to punish the Canaanites for their sin. He also reminds Israel of their sin. This serves as a warning to the people of Israel. If they sin again, Yahweh will punish them too. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/10/intro.md b/deu/10/intro.md index 819191e73f..9ed32d3ef5 100644 --- a/deu/10/intro.md +++ b/deu/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Deuteronomy 10 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter. This chapter focuses on retelling the great things Yahweh has done. It is a continuation of the material from the previous chapter. It is possible that this is a type of sermon or homily, where Moses is giving the people instructions. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/11/intro.md b/deu/11/intro.md index 2c1fed9377..954b794beb 100644 --- a/deu/11/intro.md +++ b/deu/11/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Deuteronomy 11 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Therefore ##### +##### Therefore This chapter begins with the word "therefore," which looks back to the instructions Moses gave in the previous two chapters. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eyewitnesses ##### +##### Eyewitnesses The instruction that Moses gives and the retelling of the great things Yahweh has done for Israel are very important. This is because the generation entering into the Promised Land did not witness many of these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) -##### Covenant ##### +##### Covenant This chapter is included in the covenant God made with Moses, even though it is not explicitly said. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/12/intro.md b/deu/12/intro.md index 1fce24495b..5da445e684 100644 --- a/deu/12/intro.md +++ b/deu/12/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Deuteronomy 12 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant with Moses ##### +##### Covenant with Moses This chapter is a continuation of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. The reasons for these food restrictions are not always known.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Israel and Yahweh ##### +##### Israel and Yahweh In the ancient Near East, when nations conquered other nations, they often added the gods of the conquered nation into their collection of gods they worshiped. It was rare to worship only one God. Israel was to be known for worshiping Yahweh and Yahweh alone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/13/intro.md b/deu/13/intro.md index 9df53a17eb..9fa5cea700 100644 --- a/deu/13/intro.md +++ b/deu/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Deuteronomy 13 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worshiping other gods ##### +##### Worshiping other gods The people were required to listen to Yahweh's prophets unless they were encouraging the people to worship other gods. The punishment for anyone leading the people to worship other gods was death. These instructions were to keep Israel's worship of Yahweh pure. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/14/intro.md b/deu/14/intro.md index c216f6726e..ad3d37ef51 100644 --- a/deu/14/intro.md +++ b/deu/14/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 14 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law of Moses ##### +##### Law of Moses This chapter is part of the law of Moses, which is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Clean animals ##### +##### Clean animals There are animals which the law considered to be clean and unclean. The people were not allowed to eat the unclean animals. Scholars are uncertain about the reasons for the animals to be considered to be clean or unclean. The result of these food restrictions was a nation that was different than the nations surrounding it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/15/intro.md b/deu/15/intro.md index 7e0cb9492e..466912834e 100644 --- a/deu/15/intro.md +++ b/deu/15/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 15 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Forgiveness of Debt ##### +##### Forgiveness of Debt This chapter gives instructions about the necessity to regularly forgive debt among their fellow countryman. This prevented people from being trapped by their poverty. -##### Justice ##### +##### Justice As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. This chapter gives commands that encouraged justice by protecting the poor, servants and slaves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/16/intro.md b/deu/16/intro.md index d2d055d6dc..2322cd0256 100644 --- a/deu/16/intro.md +++ b/deu/16/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Deuteronomy 16 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Festivals ##### +##### Festivals This chapter retells the specific commands about how to celebrate the Passover. This recalled the Passover in Egypt, which was an important event in the formation of the nation of Israel. There are several other important festivals described in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -##### Life in Israel ##### +##### Life in Israel As Yahweh's chosen nation, there must be justice in Israel. Also, Yahweh must be the only God in Israel. He alone is to be worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/17/intro.md b/deu/17/intro.md index 77532d52ab..c5e25fcb04 100644 --- a/deu/17/intro.md +++ b/deu/17/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 17 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Witnesses ##### +##### Witnesses In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### King ##### +##### King Israel was not to have a king because Yahweh was their king. Knowing the sinfulness of the people, Yahweh anticipated that one day Israel would have a king. Therefore, this passage gives commands about their king prophetically. They were not allowed to collect chariots because they were a sign of earthly power and the king was to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/18/intro.md b/deu/18/intro.md index 0c8d42982c..b0c68e679c 100644 --- a/deu/18/intro.md +++ b/deu/18/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 18 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Levites ##### +##### Levites As Yahweh's chosen priests, the priest were to trust in Yahweh to provide for them. He provided for them through the rest of the Israelites. Yahweh was their inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) -##### Messiah ##### +##### Messiah This chapter is one of the first prophecies about the promised, coming Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/19/intro.md b/deu/19/intro.md index 541e39a9cb..66953b1c32 100644 --- a/deu/19/intro.md +++ b/deu/19/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Deuteronomy 19 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice ##### +##### Justice Another way justice would be maintained in Israel was by avoiding revenge killings. This chapter describes the establishment of special cities to protect those fleeing from revenge killings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -##### Witnesses ##### +##### Witnesses In the ancient Near East, it was common for a person to be punished by the testimony of a single person, especially if this was an important person. The rules in this chapter give protection to people, especially the poor by requiring multiple witnesses. This allowed justice to be done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Law of retaliation ##### +##### Law of retaliation The chapter describes a famous law, often called the "law of retaliation." It is said, an "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This does not mean a person who causes another person to lose their eye must have their own eye removed as punishment. This law is not about making all things equal. Instead, it is about limiting the punishment or the ability of a person to retaliate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/20/intro.md b/deu/20/intro.md index 3f780d4046..d4cb376dbc 100644 --- a/deu/20/intro.md +++ b/deu/20/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Deuteronomy 20 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection Israel was not to worry about the power and strength of other nations. Instead, they were to trust in the power of Yahweh. He is the source of their military strength and protection. This is why a priest leads them into battle, rather than a military commander. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -##### Holy war ##### +##### Holy war Israel's conquering of the Promised Land was unique in history. It was a type of holy war and had special rules. This war was really Yahweh's punishment against the sin of the Canaanite people. If the people were not completely destroyed, they would cause Israel to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "What man is there" ##### +##### "What man is there" This phrase is used several times to introduce a rhetorical question. The questions are intended to tell the readers that Yahweh only wants soldiers who are completely dedicated to fighting for him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Excused from fighting ##### +##### Excused from fighting In ancient Israel, men were excused from fighting in battle for several different reasons. Some of these reasons are mentioned in this chapter. Apparently, needing to establish a new house, the need to harvest a field and cowardice were possible excuses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/21/intro.md b/deu/21/intro.md index 76c22ccca3..88ea6dfc70 100644 --- a/deu/21/intro.md +++ b/deu/21/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 21 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elders ##### +##### Elders Older men were required to lead the people of Israel and help to administer justice. These men would function as judges, which would later become a more official position. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### Peace in Israel ##### +##### Peace in Israel The rules and instructions in this chapter help to ensure peace in Israel. This is not a military peace. Instead, it is about establishing peace within Israel and among the people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/22/intro.md b/deu/22/intro.md index 330f87548f..0a1a13de74 100644 --- a/deu/22/intro.md +++ b/deu/22/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 22 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Order in Israel ##### +##### Order in Israel The instructions in this chapter help to maintain order in this chapter. The people are to have integrity. The people's sin will result in serious punishment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Virgin woman ##### +##### Virgin woman If a woman was not a virgin, she was not considered to be worth marrying. The man who slept with her was responsible for providing for her since she will not be able to find a husband to provide for her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/23/intro.md b/deu/23/intro.md index 0868d7cf2a..584bae4f81 100644 --- a/deu/23/intro.md +++ b/deu/23/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Deuteronomy 23 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The assembly of Yahweh ##### +##### The assembly of Yahweh This was probably the corporate worship of Yahweh, when the people would come together to worship him. -##### Racial superiority ##### +##### Racial superiority Yahweh viewed Israel as superior to the other nations of Canaan. In many cultures, this may be seen as immoral. It must be remembered that the instructions of this chapter are very remote from the modern world. These people groups were always sinful and idolatrous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/24/intro.md b/deu/24/intro.md index 3e6f8e4528..e760fbd4b4 100644 --- a/deu/24/intro.md +++ b/deu/24/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Deuteronomy 24 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the teaching about how to maintain justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge" ##### +##### "No man may take a mill or an upper millstone as a pledge" A millstone was the way a person made a living. To take a person's millstone was to take take away the way they earned money and produced food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Lending money ##### +##### Lending money Lending money to fellow Israelites was a way to help them out. It was not intended to be a way to make money off their brothers. This chapter gives limitations regarding the lending of money. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/25/intro.md b/deu/25/intro.md index 5981e6caab..f9305f1132 100644 --- a/deu/25/intro.md +++ b/deu/25/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Deuteronomy 25 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to teach about justice in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "A perfect and just weight you must have" ##### +##### "A perfect and just weight you must have" In the ancient Near East, money was weighted on a scale. If a persons weight was off, they were robbing people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/26/intro.md b/deu/26/intro.md index 961dbfd845..09a4346746 100644 --- a/deu/26/intro.md +++ b/deu/26/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Deuteronomy 26 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter recalls the great events of Israel's history when Yahweh brought them out of Egypt. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/27/intro.md b/deu/27/intro.md index 1d0f5a5204..e7ce45e0bd 100644 --- a/deu/27/intro.md +++ b/deu/27/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Deuteronomy 27 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 27 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "May the man be cursed" ##### +##### "May the man be cursed" This phrase is repeated several times in this chapter. This parallelism serves as a warning to the Israelites when they will live in the Promised Land. This is part of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/28/intro.md b/deu/28/intro.md index a1aee875ba..0b8d96c505 100644 --- a/deu/28/intro.md +++ b/deu/28/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Deuteronomy 28 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings and warnings ##### +##### Blessings and warnings This chapter explains some of the blessings and warnings associated with Israel's obedience to the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/29/intro.md b/deu/29/intro.md index f835ea449a..1525efabf2 100644 --- a/deu/29/intro.md +++ b/deu/29/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Deuteronomy 29 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a retelling of the covenant Yahweh made with Moses, along with its blessings and cursing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/30/intro.md b/deu/30/intro.md index 08edabf944..2fb05bc838 100644 --- a/deu/30/intro.md +++ b/deu/30/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Deuteronomy 30 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Moses begins to give final instructions to Israel before his death in anticipation of their entrance into the Promised Land. There were warnings and blessings associated with the people's obedience to the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/31/intro.md b/deu/31/intro.md index 831e709bbf..765d9814a7 100644 --- a/deu/31/intro.md +++ b/deu/31/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Deuteronomy 31 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 31 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Final instructions ##### +##### Final instructions In the Ancient Near East, it was common for an important leader to give instructions for his people to follow after his death. In this chapter, Moses begins his final words to the people of Israel. These are words that he wants them to remember long after he is gone. This section also helped to make a smooth transition to Joshua's leadership. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/32/intro.md b/deu/32/intro.md index f488da1e64..5e5f97fd15 100644 --- a/deu/32/intro.md +++ b/deu/32/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Deuteronomy 32 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 32:1-43. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Punishment ##### +##### Punishment This chapter prophesies a time when Israel will be disobedient to Yahweh and he will have to punish them. This is meant to serve as a warning to the nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/33/intro.md b/deu/33/intro.md index 5af7a30984..de10a18324 100644 --- a/deu/33/intro.md +++ b/deu/33/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Deuteronomy 33 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic lines of Moses' blessings in 33:1-29. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Families ##### +##### Families Moses gives a series of prophecies or instructions for each of the tribes of Israel and Israel overall. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/34/intro.md b/deu/34/intro.md index 792c98cce3..dd35ed06e4 100644 --- a/deu/34/intro.md +++ b/deu/34/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Deuteronomy 34 General Notes # +# Deuteronomy 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter may have been written by Joshua, since it recorded Moses' death. This chapter officially ends the revelation of the law of Moses, and life in the Promised Land is about to begin again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Deuteronomy 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/deu/front/intro.md b/deu/front/intro.md index 399f37c6b9..feb55c74f5 100644 --- a/deu/front/intro.md +++ b/deu/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Deuteronomy # +# Introduction to Deuteronomy -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Deuteronomy #### +#### Outline of Deuteronomy 1. Moses reminds Israel of how Yahweh guided them through the wilderness (1:1–3:29) 1. Moses appeals for Israel to obey the law of Yahweh (4:1–43) @@ -14,34 +14,34 @@ 1. Last words of Moses, the Song of Moses, and his death (31:1–34:12) -#### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about? #### +#### What is the Book of Deuteronomy about? In the book of Deuteronomy, Moses repeats the laws of the covenant that God made with the people of Israel. The people of Israel were about to go into the Promised Land. Before they entered the land, Moses reminded them of what Yahweh did for them and what he expected from them. Moses warned the people about worshipping idols and no longer trusting Yahweh once they settled in the Promised Land. Yahweh promised to judge those who disobey him and to bless those who obey his Law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The name "Deuteronomy" means "Second Law" or "the retelling of the Law." Translators may decide on a title such as, "A Repeat of the Law" or "Moses Explains the Law Again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Deuteronomy? The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Deuteronomy. However, many scholars think that Joshua wrote chapter 34. This chapter tells how Moses died. -#### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy? #### +#### What are the important features of the Book of Deuteronomy? The book contains a series of speeches that Moses gave to Israel before he died. He spoke these things just before the people entered the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land? #### +#### Why did Yahweh command the Israelites to completely destroy the people who lived in the Promised Land? As God prepared the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, he commanded them to completely destroy the Canaanite people who lived there. The Israelites would then not be tempted to join them and worship their false gods. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the role of God's name in Deuteronomy? #### +#### What is the role of God's name in Deuteronomy? God's name is mentioned over thirty times in the book of Deuteronomy. The use of God's name in this book usually represents God's honor or fame. At other times in Deuteronomy, God's name represents his presence. God said he would choose a place and make his name dwell there. This means God's presence would be there. The people were to go to that place to worship him. -#### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch? #### +#### Can this book be translated before the rest of the Pentateuch? The Books of Genesis and Exodus help to explain what happens in Deuteronomy. For this reason, those books should be translated before the Book of Deuteronomy. diff --git a/ecc/01/intro.md b/ecc/01/intro.md index d2efdae934..c6525992db 100644 --- a/ecc/01/intro.md +++ b/ecc/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 01 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-11 and 15. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Tone ##### +##### Tone The tone of this chapter is sad, or depressing. The author believes that everything in life is pointless. The metaphors in this chapter all describe the idea that nothing ever changes. This is also known as "fatalism." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Ecclesiastes intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/02/intro.md b/ecc/02/intro.md index a363c06a0e..8e2ea1b026 100644 --- a/ecc/02/intro.md +++ b/ecc/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 02 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:10-16. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pleasures ##### +##### Pleasures When the author thought about the pointlessness of life, he decided to fill it with pointless pleasures. He believed that this type of living would have no effect on the world. Therefore, he indulged in every type of pleasure. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Assumed knowledge ##### +##### Assumed knowledge It is assumed that the author is going to reject the way of living in this chapter. He is certainly not encouraging this way of living even though he does not say this explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/03/intro.md b/ecc/03/intro.md index ee324ad44d..608e5d836b 100644 --- a/ecc/03/intro.md +++ b/ecc/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 03 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-8 and 3:15. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Parallelism ##### +##### Parallelism The chapter uses parallelism with the phrase, "a time to." This gives the quotation a poetic style. Their overall purpose is to show that Yahweh directs the events of the world and therefore, they have purpose. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/04/intro.md b/ecc/04/intro.md index 99eca6402e..006b39ed1a 100644 --- a/ecc/04/intro.md +++ b/ecc/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 04 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:1-3, 4:5-6, and 4:8-12. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony The teacher looks at the oppression in the world and is saddened by it, but he is the king and has the power to change things. He also laments being alone even though he has many wives, children, and concubines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/05/intro.md b/ecc/05/intro.md index e6f3cb75ea..99842f8de1 100644 --- a/ecc/05/intro.md +++ b/ecc/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 05 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:2-3, and 5:10-17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Materialism ##### +##### Materialism The author describes the pointlessness of pursuing material things. This is known as "materialism." Those who pursue after things will always want more. At the end of their life, they will not be able to use these things. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/06/intro.md b/ecc/06/intro.md index 78481b752f..0cbd59aea5 100644 --- a/ecc/06/intro.md +++ b/ecc/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 06 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:7-11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Satisfaction ##### +##### Satisfaction While a person may be given a great many things, they are worthless and provide no sense of satisfaction or peace. It is assumed that only Yahweh can provide these things to man. Solomon is depressed that he had everything he could have ever wanted in life, but they were not enough to give him satisfaction or peace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/07/intro.md b/ecc/07/intro.md index fc61325740..7cd24595dc 100644 --- a/ecc/07/intro.md +++ b/ecc/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 07 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:1-26. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice ##### +##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/08/intro.md b/ecc/08/intro.md index d4f4922128..3e4b22d5d8 100644 --- a/ecc/08/intro.md +++ b/ecc/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 08 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:1 and 8:5-8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom ##### +##### Wisdom Solomon, known for his wisdom, gives a detailed description of wisdom. True wisdom is seeking to honor God. This is the only thing that lasts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/09/intro.md b/ecc/09/intro.md index d1a2909d26..339cff850c 100644 --- a/ecc/09/intro.md +++ b/ecc/09/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 09 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:2, 5-6, and 11-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judgment ##### +##### Judgment This chapter explains that there is one thing that awaits all people: judgment. When people die, they will all face Yahweh's judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/10/intro.md b/ecc/10/intro.md index 11fad821f6..bdadb604ce 100644 --- a/ecc/10/intro.md +++ b/ecc/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 10 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in all of chapter 10. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice ##### +##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/11/intro.md b/ecc/11/intro.md index 629260c467..6d4cd6ed4a 100644 --- a/ecc/11/intro.md +++ b/ecc/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 11 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in all of chapter 11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice ##### +##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/12/intro.md b/ecc/12/intro.md index a78446f622..0999bb410c 100644 --- a/ecc/12/intro.md +++ b/ecc/12/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ecclesiastes 12 General Notes # +# Ecclesiastes 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:1-7 and 12:13-14. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Advice ##### +##### Advice This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as "good ideas." -##### Yahweh ##### +##### Yahweh At the end of a very impressive life, Solomon looks back and sees that the only real lasting thing in this world is Yahweh. The purpose of his life was to honor Yahweh, something he should have done far more throughout his life. Therefore, he felt that his life was wasted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ecclesiastes 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ecc/front/intro.md b/ecc/front/intro.md index 0b2de7c841..f92bee483f 100644 --- a/ecc/front/intro.md +++ b/ecc/front/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Introduction to Ecclesiastes # +# Introduction to Ecclesiastes -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Ecclesiastes #### +#### Outline of the Book of Ecclesiastes 1. The author questions the nature of life and the limits of human wisdom (1:1–6:12) 1. The author teaches about making wise choices in how one lives (7:1–12:7) 1. The conclusion and ending (12:8–14) -#### What is the Book of Ecclesiastes about? #### +#### What is the Book of Ecclesiastes about? Ecclesiastes is a group of short teachings that try to answer questions such as "What do people gain from all their labor?" Ecclesiastes is a series of thoughts about a variety of subjects, all of them about the purpose and worth of various actions and events. The author concludes that all the work we perform and all the knowledge and skill we gain is like a vapor that disappears, and that we must fear Yahweh and keep his commandments. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title for this book is "Ecclesiastes." Its meaning is similar to "religious assembly." Translators might decide on a title that better describes the content of the book, such as "Words of a Teacher" or "Teachings of a Wise Man." -#### Who wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes? The author appears to be Solomon, "the Teacher, the descendant of David and king in Jerusalem." This is consistent with what Solomon was known for: * his wisdom ([Ecclesiastes 1:16](../../ecc/01/16.md) and twenty-six other references to wisdom); @@ -27,31 +27,31 @@ The author appears to be Solomon, "the Teacher, the descendant of David and king Solomon appears to have written the Book of Ecclesiastes near the end of his life, as he reflected on what he gained from all that he did. -#### Why are there so many apparent contradictions in the Book of Ecclesiastes? #### +#### Why are there so many apparent contradictions in the Book of Ecclesiastes? Some scholars think the author was a faithful man. Other scholars think that the author made bad decisions and was sorrowful when he wrote this book. Apparent contradictions in the book may indicate that Solomon's faith was sometimes weak. Or, it is also possible that the teachings in the book differ from each other in order to relate to different things happening in the lives of readers. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What does this book teach about how God repays people? #### +#### What does this book teach about how God repays people? In the ancient Near East, people were concerned with why they were being punished or blessed. They often connected these things to their gods. The writer of Ecclesiastes explains that Yahweh will bless and reward people for the right things they do and punish people for the evil things they do. But this might not happen in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### What value did the Israelites place on the Book of Ecclesiastes? #### +#### What value did the Israelites place on the Book of Ecclesiastes? The Israelites have often questioned the value of this book. This is due in large part to its unusual wording and teachings. At times, it appears to disagree with the rest of Scripture. While many have questioned its authority, it has been affirmed to be Scripture. It gives valuable lessons concerning the uselessness of pursuing any goal other than to give Yahweh glory. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of "under the sun?" #### +#### What is the meaning of "under the sun?" "Under the sun" here is another way of saying "on the earth." When the author says that there is "nothing new under the sun," this means that every kind of thing has already happened before on the earth. While a particular event may not have specifically occurred before, something similar has already occurred. -#### How do I translate harsh or shocking passages? #### +#### How do I translate harsh or shocking passages? Parts of the Book of Ecclesiastes can be shocking or surprising to read in Scripture. For example, "If a man fathers a hundred children and lives many years, so that the days of his years are many, but if his heart is not satisfied with good and he is not buried with honor, then I say that a baby that is born dead is better off than he is" (6:3). The translator should allow these difficulties to remain and not try to make them less surprising. -#### How is life described in the Book of Ecclesiastes? #### +#### How is life described in the Book of Ecclesiastes? The author of Ecclesiastes concludes that everything in this life quickly passes away, like a vapor that disappears. A person's circumstances or character and even all of the things of this world have little or no significance apart from God. That is because God gives meaning to everything. diff --git a/eph/01/intro.md b/eph/01/intro.md index df3e5fc3cd..ccdf1e7002 100644 --- a/eph/01/intro.md +++ b/eph/01/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Ephesians 01 General Notes # +# Ephesians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### "I pray" ##### +##### "I pray" Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Predestination ##### +##### Predestination Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as "predestination." This is related to the biblical concept of "predestine." Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to eternally save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ephesians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Ephesians intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/eph/02/intro.md b/eph/02/intro.md index 833665c784..89bd39f7b5 100644 --- a/eph/02/intro.md +++ b/eph/02/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# Ephesians 02 General Notes # +# Ephesians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter focuses on a Christian's life before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a person's former way of living is distinct from a Christian's new identity "in Christ." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### One body ##### +##### One body Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or "body." The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "Dead in trespasses and sins" ##### +##### "Dead in trespasses and sins" Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are "dead" in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually "dead." Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Descriptions of worldly living ##### +##### Descriptions of worldly living Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They "lived according to the ways of this world" and are "living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air," "fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature," and "carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind." -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "It is the gift of God" ##### +##### "It is the gift of God" Some scholars believe "it" here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, "it" here more likely refers to all of being saved by God's grace through faith. -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for a person's sinful nature. The phrase "Gentiles in the flesh" indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. "Flesh" is also used in this verse to refer to the physical part of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ephesians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/eph/03/intro.md b/eph/03/intro.md index 32d66fb4fa..5b4b8c7958 100644 --- a/eph/03/intro.md +++ b/eph/03/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Ephesians 03 General Notes # +# Ephesians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### "I pray" ##### +##### "I pray" Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mystery ##### +##### Mystery Paul refers to the church as a "mystery." The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ephesians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/eph/04/intro.md b/eph/04/intro.md index 56b5c86f9a..2d2e419429 100644 --- a/eph/04/intro.md +++ b/eph/04/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Ephesians 04 General Notes # +# Ephesians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spiritual gifts ##### +##### Spiritual gifts Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Unity ##### +##### Unity Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Old man and new man ##### +##### Old man and new man The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ephesians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/eph/05/intro.md b/eph/05/intro.md index 64d4b4e3ec..8201d8d227 100644 --- a/eph/05/intro.md +++ b/eph/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ephesians 05 General Notes # +# Ephesians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the words of verse 14. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter #####Darkness and Light##### @@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ In this chapter Paul teaches how God's people should live. He uses the image of Paul teaches husbands and wives to relate to each other as Christ and the church relate to each other. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wives, submit to your husbands ##### +##### Wives, submit to your husbands Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ephesians 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/eph/06/intro.md b/eph/06/intro.md index 276f8b23f8..bf67ebea8d 100644 --- a/eph/06/intro.md +++ b/eph/06/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Ephesians 06 General Notes # +# Ephesians 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Slavery ##### +##### Slavery Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Armor of God ##### +##### Armor of God This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ephesians 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/eph/front/intro.md b/eph/front/intro.md index f8916eb48b..42f12cb753 100644 --- a/eph/front/intro.md +++ b/eph/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Ephesians # +# Introduction to Ephesians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ephesians #### +#### Outline of Ephesians 1. Greeting and prayer for the spiritual blessings in Christ (1:1-23) 1. Sin and salvation (2:1-10) @@ -16,41 +16,41 @@ 1. Armor of God (6:10-20) 1. Final greeting (6:21-24) -#### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians? Paul wrote Ephesians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. The Apostle Paul helped start the church in Ephesus on one of his trips. He also lived in Ephesus for a year and a half and helped the believers there. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome. -#### What is the Book of Ephesians about? #### +#### What is the Book of Ephesians about? Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Ephesus to explain God's love for them in Christ Jesus. He described the blessings that God was giving them because they were now united with Christ. He explained that all believers are united together, whether Jew or Gentile. Paul also wanted to encourage them to live in a way that pleases God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Ephesians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Ephesus" or "A Letter to the Christians in Ephesus." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the "hidden truth" in the Book of Ephesians? #### +#### What was the "hidden truth" in the Book of Ephesians? The expression translated in the ULB as "hidden truth" or "hidden" occurs six times. By it Paul always meant something that God had to reveal to human beings because they could not know it on their own. It always referred to something about how God planned to save mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to cause peace between himself and mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to unite Jews and Gentiles through Christ. Gentiles are now able to benefit from the promises of Christ as equals with the Jews. -#### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living? #### +#### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living? Paul said much about salvation and righteous living in this letter and in many of his letters. He said that God has been very kind and saved Christians because they believe in Jesus. Therefore, after they become Christians, they should live in a righteous way to show that they have faith in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" #### +#### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers who may read this letter. The three exceptions to this are: 5:14, 6:2, and 6:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the "new self" or the "new man"? #### +#### What did Paul mean by the "new self" or the "new man"? When Paul spoke of the "new self" or the "new man," he meant the new nature that a believer receives from the Holy Spirit. This new nature was created in God's image (See: 4:24). The phrase "new man" is also used for God causing peace between Jews and Gentiles. God brought them together as one people that belong to him (See: 2:15). -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Ephesians in the ULB? #### +#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Ephesians in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles: @@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20; 2:6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; 3:5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 21; 4:1, 17, 21, 32; 5:8, 18, 19; 6:1, 10, 18, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Ephesians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Ephesians? * "in Ephesus" (1:1). Some early manuscripts do not include this expression, but it is probably in the original letter. The ULB, UDB, and many modern versions include it. diff --git a/est/01/intro.md b/est/01/intro.md index 4b5cc8939a..df5e5783a9 100644 --- a/est/01/intro.md +++ b/est/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Esther 01 General Notes # +# Esther 01 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The king's divorce ##### +##### The king's divorce The king's advisers were afraid that husbands would lose their authority when they heard the queen had refused to come to show her beauty to the king's guests; so the advisers told him to divorce her. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Esther intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/est/02/intro.md b/est/02/intro.md index e0445fd93b..74f5d71fe2 100644 --- a/est/02/intro.md +++ b/est/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Esther 02 General Notes # +# Esther 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Esther becomes queen ##### +##### Esther becomes queen Esther was humble and took the advice of the royal officials about how to dress for her time with the king. The king chose Esther to be the new queen. -##### Mordecai warns the king against a plot ##### +##### Mordecai warns the king against a plot Esther's cousin, Mordecai, discovered that two men planned to kill the king. He told Esther, who then told the king. She also gave Mordecai credit for telling her. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/03/intro.md b/est/03/intro.md index e7af991254..29484f2b18 100644 --- a/est/03/intro.md +++ b/est/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Esther 03 General Notes # +# Esther 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Haman plots against the Jews ##### +##### Haman plots against the Jews Mordecai considered prostrating himself before Haman. This would be considered to be worship. It was wrong to worship someone other than Yahweh. Because of this, he refused to do it on religious grounds. This made Haman angry so he decided to kill all the Jews in the Persian Empire. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/04/intro.md b/est/04/intro.md index 3c3f118793..36acbcccb3 100644 --- a/est/04/intro.md +++ b/est/04/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Esther 04 General Notes # +# Esther 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mordecai warns Esther to act ##### +##### Mordecai warns Esther to act Mordecai tells Esther she must beg the king for the Jews' lives, even if she risks her own death. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information There is implicit information translators may not understand. "Who knows whether you have come to this royal position for such a time as this?" This means "maybe God made you the queen so you could save the Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/05/intro.md b/est/05/intro.md index 952396b568..c219e0c24b 100644 --- a/est/05/intro.md +++ b/est/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Esther 05 General Notes # +# Esther 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about Haman's fall (Chapters 5-7). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Esther's respect ##### +##### Esther's respect Esther approached the king with the utmost of respect. By doing this, her character became respected by the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/06/intro.md b/est/06/intro.md index fc49011a7a..4c67b73249 100644 --- a/est/06/intro.md +++ b/est/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Esther 06 General Notes # +# Esther 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the story of Haman's fall. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Approaching the king ##### +##### Approaching the king It was not possible for a person to easily approach the king. Normally, access to him was very limited. There are several events in this chapter which show the layers of protection surrounding the king. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/07/intro.md b/est/07/intro.md index a4b676a9bc..8156ac5be2 100644 --- a/est/07/intro.md +++ b/est/07/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Esther 07 General Notes # +# Esther 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Haman's fall concludes in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Covering Haman's face ##### +##### Covering Haman's face When "the servants covered Haman's face," they were showing that he had been condemned to be executed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/08/intro.md b/est/08/intro.md index 9990cc9f8b..d7af0a9d2e 100644 --- a/est/08/intro.md +++ b/est/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Esther 08 General Notes # +# Esther 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's protection ##### +##### God's protection Yahweh is at work in this chapter preventing the Jews from possible destruction. God used Esther and Mordecai to protect their people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/09/intro.md b/est/09/intro.md index 6e837a17f6..ef256ec85c 100644 --- a/est/09/intro.md +++ b/est/09/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Esther 09 General Notes # +# Esther 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Purim ##### +##### Purim The events of this chapter were so significant, the Jews celebrated these events every year after this. It is known as "Purim." -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Ironic Situation ##### +##### Ironic Situation The day that was supposed to bring great victory to the enemies of the Jews became a day of great victory for the Jews. This is a type of irony. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/10/intro.md b/est/10/intro.md index 4489ab4186..51fbaa3b49 100644 --- a/est/10/intro.md +++ b/est/10/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Esther 10 General Notes # +# Esther 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mordecai's new position ##### +##### Mordecai's new position Through the power of Yahweh, Mordecai was given a new position in the Persian Empire. Mordecai was now the second in command in the kingdom of Persia and he used his position to help other Jews. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Esther 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/est/front/intro.md b/est/front/intro.md index f235520293..0c8e0a534a 100644 --- a/est/front/intro.md +++ b/est/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Esther # +# Introduction to Esther -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Esther #### +#### Outline of Esther 1. King Ahasuerus sends away his wife, the queen (1:1–22) 1. Ahasuerus chooses Esther as the new queen (2:1–23) @@ -13,34 +13,34 @@ 1. The Feast of Purim (9:17–32) 1. Conclusion (10:1–3) -#### What is the Book of Esther about? #### +#### What is the Book of Esther about? The Book of Esther tells how a young Jewish woman named Esther became the queen of Persia. As queen, she worked to save all the Jews in the Persian Empire from being destroyed. This book ends by telling why the Jews celebrate the festival of Purim. The name "Purim" comes from the word "pur." It means "lots" or "dice." Haman, the enemy of Jews, threw dice to choose when to attack and destroy the Jews. The Jews celebrate Purim to remember how Yahweh rescued his people from being destroyed. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title of this book, which is "The Book of Esther" or just "Esther." Or they can choose a clearer title, such as "The Book About Esther." -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the Persian Empire? #### +#### What was the Persian Empire? King Cyrus the Great conquered and ruled over many kingdoms. This was in the part of the world called Persia, which is now Iran. So people named his kingdom the Persian Empire. When Cyrus conquered Babylonia in 539 B.C., he then controlled the Jews whom the Babylonians had exiled. -#### Why were there Jews in Babylonia when the Persians conquered it? #### +#### Why were there Jews in Babylonia when the Persians conquered it? In 586 B.C., the Babylonians conquered and took into exile the people of Judah. These Jews and their descendants were still in Babylon when the Persians conquered it. -#### What was meant by "the laws of the Medes and Persians"? #### +#### What was meant by "the laws of the Medes and Persians"? The phrase "the laws of the Medes and Persians" is found in Esther 1:19 and Daniel 6:12. It referred to laws and decrees that could not be changed or removed once they were issued. In the book of Esther, the king made a decree that the people could attack the Jews. Later he regretted that decision but he was not able to change the decree. The term "Medes" refers to a people group that had formed its own nation, but the Persians conquered them. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What different levels of language are in the Book of Esther? #### +#### What different levels of language are in the Book of Esther? In the Book of Esther, people talk to each other in many different situations. There is the polite and stately talk in the Persian court and the words of royal decrees. Friends and close relatives also talk to each other. There are even the words that one uses in speaking to oneself. Translators should use all the ways their own language has to express these different situations in a way that their readers will identify and understand. diff --git a/exo/01/intro.md b/exo/01/intro.md index 7ad3cb89ec..c09306999e 100644 --- a/exo/01/intro.md +++ b/exo/01/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Exodus 01 General Notes # +# Exodus 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is intended to form a smooth transition with the last chapter of the book of Genesis. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's growth ##### +##### Israel's growth Israel grew in number. This was in fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. It also caused the Egyptians great concern that there would be more Israelites than Egyptians because they would be unable to defend themselves against such a large number of people. Pharaoh also tried to kill all of the male babies so they would not become soldiers who fought against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### End of the famine ##### +##### End of the famine It is obvious that some time has passed since the beginning of the famine which brought the Israelites into Egypt. Yahweh appears to be punishing the Hebrews for not returning back to the Promised Land instead choosing to stay in Egypt. No return attempt is recorded to have been made. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number" ##### +##### "All of the descendants of Jacob were seventy in number" This number included both Jacob's children and grandchildren. It may cause confusion, but it is important to remember Jacob only had 12 sons. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Exodus intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/exo/02/intro.md b/exo/02/intro.md index f43054a4e7..fe8beeff8e 100644 --- a/exo/02/intro.md +++ b/exo/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Exodus 02 General Notes # +# Exodus 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses' heritage ##### +##### Moses' heritage In the first part of this chapter, Pharaoh's daughter recognizes Moses as being a Hebrew, but in the last part of this chapter, the Midianites believe him to be an Egyptian. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ironic situations ##### +##### Ironic situations While Pharaoh tried to diminish the power of the Israelites by killing all of their baby boys, Yahweh used Pharaoh's own daughter to save Moses. Moses was the one who would ultimately be used by Yahweh to deliver Israel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/03/intro.md b/exo/03/intro.md index 9ac856787b..3e059a7522 100644 --- a/exo/03/intro.md +++ b/exo/03/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Exodus 03 General Notes # +# Exodus 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records one of the most important events in the history of the Israelite people: the revelation of the name Yahweh at the burning bush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's holiness ##### +##### God's holiness God is so holy that people could not look upon him without dying. This is why Moses covered his eyes. It is also why he took off his shoes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Yahweh ##### +##### Yahweh The name Yahweh is sacred in the Hebrew religion. It is the personal name of God, which he revealed to Moses. It is by this name, he is known. Yahweh means "I am." Some translations use all capitals to set this apart, "I AM." Great care must be taken in translating the phrase "I am that I am." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/04/intro.md b/exo/04/intro.md index 3c6437a75d..12d67454ff 100644 --- a/exo/04/intro.md +++ b/exo/04/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Exodus 04 General Notes # +# Exodus 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses does not understand ##### +##### Moses does not understand Although Moses believes in Yahweh, he does not trust in him. This is because Moses lacks understanding. Moses tries to believe the things he is asked to do are done by his own power. Yahweh is trying to get Moses to trust that these are Yahweh's doing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Children of God ##### +##### Children of God This chapter really introduces the concept that the people group Israel is the chosen people of God and God's children, possibly God's firstborn children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstborn]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart ##### +##### Yahweh hardened Pharaoh's heart Scholars are divided over how to understand this statement. There is debate over whether Pharaoh plays an active or passive role in the hardening of his own heart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/05/intro.md b/exo/05/intro.md index 736d078424..a0445de9cc 100644 --- a/exo/05/intro.md +++ b/exo/05/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Exodus 05 General Notes # +# Exodus 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A slave's work ##### +##### A slave's work The Egyptians were known for making their slaves do a lot of work. They were forced to make a specific number of bricks every day. In this chapter, the were required to not only make these bricks, but also to gather the straw in order to make these bricks. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let my people go" ##### +##### "Let my people go" This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. -##### Titles ##### +##### Titles The leaders are given different titles in this chapter. The ULB uses "taskmasters" and "foremen." Many cultures will not have these types of titles. Generic expressions like "Egyptian leaders" and "Hebrew leaders" may be necessary. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/06/intro.md b/exo/06/intro.md index bbc6581d94..ab8182bf2e 100644 --- a/exo/06/intro.md +++ b/exo/06/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Exodus 06 General Notes # +# Exodus 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Promised Land ##### +##### Promised Land According to the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham, Egypt is not the home of the Hebrew people. It is the Promised Land in Canaan. The people are to return home to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go ##### +##### Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/07/intro.md b/exo/07/intro.md index d532756f68..da5fb7049e 100644 --- a/exo/07/intro.md +++ b/exo/07/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Exodus 07 General Notes # +# Exodus 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracles ##### +##### Miracles When Yahweh had Moses perform miracles, Pharaoh's men were able to copy these miracles. It is unknown how they were able to do this, but since it was not from Yahweh, they were probably done under some evil power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -##### Pharaoh's hard heart ##### +##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go ##### +##### Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/08/intro.md b/exo/08/intro.md index ce017927ea..8ce1bea5f7 100644 --- a/exo/08/intro.md +++ b/exo/08/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Exodus 08 General Notes # +# Exodus 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart ##### +##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go ##### +##### Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/09/intro.md b/exo/09/intro.md index e005099eaf..6a0e883f5e 100644 --- a/exo/09/intro.md +++ b/exo/09/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Exodus 09 General Notes # +# Exodus 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart ##### +##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go ##### +##### Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/10/intro.md b/exo/10/intro.md index 45c324d758..7ccf9efb58 100644 --- a/exo/10/intro.md +++ b/exo/10/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Exodus 10 General Notes # +# Exodus 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart ##### +##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go ##### +##### Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/11/intro.md b/exo/11/intro.md index 1894930c7a..caec929977 100644 --- a/exo/11/intro.md +++ b/exo/11/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Exodus 11 General Notes # +# Exodus 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart ##### +##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go ##### +##### Let my people go In the previous chapters, Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he demanded that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. In this chapter, the same wording is used to refer to Pharaoh "allowing" the Hebrew people to leave Egypt. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/12/intro.md b/exo/12/intro.md index 13c2052b98..094b98a054 100644 --- a/exo/12/intro.md +++ b/exo/12/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Exodus 12 General Notes # +# Exodus 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The events of this chapter are known as the Passover. They are remembered in the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unleavened bread ##### +##### Unleavened bread The concept of unleavened bread is introduced in this chapter. Its significance stems from its connection to the events in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]]) -##### Ethnic segregation ##### +##### Ethnic segregation The Hebrew people were to be separate from the rest of the world. Because of this, they separated themselves from other people groups. At this time, these foreigners were looked upon as unholy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/13/intro.md b/exo/13/intro.md index 40ff0330f4..c79e08fc12 100644 --- a/exo/13/intro.md +++ b/exo/13/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Exodus 13 General Notes # +# Exodus 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the instructions for the celebration of Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Law ##### +##### Law The law mentioned here is not the law of Moses because it has not yet been revealed. Instead, it is a more generic "rule." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Let my people go ##### +##### Let my people go This is a very important statement. Moses does not ask Pharaoh for permission to "let go" of the Hebrew people. Instead, he is demanding that Pharaoh free the Hebrew people. When this chapter states that Pharaoh let the people go, it indicates that he gave them permission to leave. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/14/intro.md b/exo/14/intro.md index d595970c6d..be7a1f921d 100644 --- a/exo/14/intro.md +++ b/exo/14/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Exodus 14 General Notes # +# Exodus 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This is an important event in the history of Israel, known as the "parting of the Sea of Reeds." -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pharaoh's hard heart ##### +##### Pharaoh's hard heart Pharaoh's heart is often described as hard in this chapter. This means that his heart was not open or willing to understand Yahweh's instructions. When his heart was hardened, it became less and less receptive to Yahweh. -##### Pharaoh's chariots ##### +##### Pharaoh's chariots These chariots were a fighting force. Pharaoh took an army to kill the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions The Israelites asked a few rhetorical questions of Moses. These questions were not really directed at Moses, but at Yahweh. This showed their lack of faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/15/intro.md b/exo/15/intro.md index 86781784e1..70f3ac1064 100644 --- a/exo/15/intro.md +++ b/exo/15/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Exodus 15 General Notes # +# Exodus 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic songs in 15:1-18 and 15:21. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's laws ##### +##### Yahweh's laws In this chapter, Moses talks about Yahweh's laws. The law of Moses is about to be introduced. Although it has not yet been formally introduced, this is what is being referenced in this chapter in anticipation of the revelation of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/16/intro.md b/exo/16/intro.md index 35e6a54798..83cab83437 100644 --- a/exo/16/intro.md +++ b/exo/16/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Exodus 16 General Notes # +# Exodus 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Complaints ##### +##### Complaints The Israelites complained about the amount of food Yahweh gave them, even when he miraculously provided their food for them. This is intended to show their ungratefulness and their sinful view of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Prohibition against storing food ##### +##### Prohibition against storing food The people were not allowed to store the food, called manna, they were provided with. This is because they were to trust in Yahweh to provide for their needs every day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Sabbath ##### +##### Sabbath This is the first recorded celebration of the Sabbath rest. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -##### Ark of the covenant ##### +##### Ark of the covenant Although the covenant has not yet been made, it is referenced in [Exodus 16:34](../../exo/16/34.md). This is probably done either in anticipation of the building of the ark or as an editorial comment made by Moses after these events. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wilderness of Sin ##### +##### Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/17/intro.md b/exo/17/intro.md index c4016678d0..955e32aef3 100644 --- a/exo/17/intro.md +++ b/exo/17/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Exodus 17 General Notes # +# Exodus 17 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Moses uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince people of their sin. Likewise, the people's rhetorical question showed their ignorance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wilderness of Sin ##### +##### Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a part of the Sinai Wilderness. It is not the description of a place, and it has nothing to do with sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/18/intro.md b/exo/18/intro.md index 6948be05e1..f5606dde2f 100644 --- a/exo/18/intro.md +++ b/exo/18/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 18 General Notes # +# Exodus 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Leadership lessons ##### +##### Leadership lessons Jethro taught Moses an important leadership lesson in this chapter. Many scholars look at this chapter for important leadership lessons. Moses delegated some of his responsibilities to other godly men so that he would not become worn out by all the demands made of him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/19/intro.md b/exo/19/intro.md index 070007c498..542882eeb1 100644 --- a/exo/19/intro.md +++ b/exo/19/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Exodus 19 General Notes # +# Exodus 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "A kingdom of priests" ##### +##### "A kingdom of priests" The function of the priests was to intercede for the people. The Levites were the only priests in Israel; this is a metaphor indicating that the nation was to intercede for the world as a whole. They were also to be holy, or set apart, from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Revealing the Law ##### +##### Revealing the Law The events of this chapter are concerned with preparing the people to receive the law of Moses. The people go through all of this to prepare themselves for the law, which show the great importance of this event for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/20/intro.md b/exo/20/intro.md index 5561e1c644..22700a2839 100644 --- a/exo/20/intro.md +++ b/exo/20/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Exodus 20 General Notes # +# Exodus 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The instructions recorded in this chapter are commonly known as the "ten commandments." -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant ##### +##### Covenant Yahweh's covenant faithfulness is now based on the covenant he made with Abraham as well as the covenant he is making with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/21/intro.md b/exo/21/intro.md index b2e3d10555..366462f87d 100644 --- a/exo/21/intro.md +++ b/exo/21/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Exodus 21 General Notes # +# Exodus 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant with Moses ##### +##### Covenant with Moses Although the covenant Yahweh made with Moses began in the previous chapter, it formally begins with the statement, "Now these are the decrees that you must set before them." The law of Moses was a major part of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Slavery ##### +##### Slavery This passage does not condone slavery as an acceptable practice. However, it does impose some restrictions on the practice. -##### Justice in society ##### +##### Justice in society The rules and law of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/22/intro.md b/exo/22/intro.md index 0aa00bf7db..61c330003a 100644 --- a/exo/22/intro.md +++ b/exo/22/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 22 General Notes # +# Exodus 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice in society ##### +##### Justice in society The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. In this chapter, the purpose of these laws often focuses on minimizing the people's desire for vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/23/intro.md b/exo/23/intro.md index 48942dc22a..9b950414e4 100644 --- a/exo/23/intro.md +++ b/exo/23/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Exodus 23 General Notes # +# Exodus 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice in society ##### +##### Justice in society The rules and laws of this chapter are not intended to be followed by every society. Israel was God's chosen nation and was required to live in a special way. These laws concerned creating a just society and a holy nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -##### Celebrations of feasts and festivals ##### +##### Celebrations of feasts and festivals The people of Israel were required to celebrate certain feasts and festivals. These were part of the law of Moses and some are described in this chapter. Their purpose was to worship Yahweh and to remember the great things Yahweh has done for them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/24/intro.md b/exo/24/intro.md index 4a0cfdd980..835b5ab9a9 100644 --- a/exo/24/intro.md +++ b/exo/24/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Exodus 24 General Notes # +# Exodus 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses' covenant ##### +##### Moses' covenant The people of Israel promise to obey the covenant Yahweh made with Moses. Their continued blessings were contingent upon their obedience to this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### God's holiness ##### +##### God's holiness Because Yahweh is perfectly holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. Because of this, only Moses was allowed near Yahweh. This is also why Yahweh is described as a "devouring fire." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/25/intro.md b/exo/25/intro.md index 7865fc646b..7fc74fe36c 100644 --- a/exo/25/intro.md +++ b/exo/25/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 25 General Notes # +# Exodus 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tent of meeting ##### +##### The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/26/intro.md b/exo/26/intro.md index 7dac416d7b..0e8c7c5e3b 100644 --- a/exo/26/intro.md +++ b/exo/26/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Exodus 26 General Notes # +# Exodus 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tent of meeting ##### +##### The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/27/intro.md b/exo/27/intro.md index 317e39ac78..1d17663e78 100644 --- a/exo/27/intro.md +++ b/exo/27/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Exodus 27 General Notes # +# Exodus 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tent of meeting ##### +##### The tent of meeting This chapter gives specific instructions regarding the building of a tent where Moses would meet Yahweh and the ark would be stored. This would eventually become the tabernacle. It was to be considered a very holy place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/28/intro.md b/exo/28/intro.md index ab67dd106a..dea3b8473c 100644 --- a/exo/28/intro.md +++ b/exo/28/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 28 General Notes # +# Exodus 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Holy garments ##### +##### Holy garments Because Yahweh is holy, only the priests could approach him, and when they did they must be wearing specially made clothing. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/29/intro.md b/exo/29/intro.md index ae57e56658..bf012531ef 100644 --- a/exo/29/intro.md +++ b/exo/29/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Exodus 29 General Notes # +# Exodus 29 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Consecrating priests ##### +##### Consecrating priests This chapter records the process of consecrating priests. The priests were to be set apart from the rest of Israel because Yahweh is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I will live among the Israelites" ##### +##### "I will live among the Israelites" As God, Yahweh is everywhere and cannot be limited to a single space. This phrase indicates that he permanently remains within Israel in a special way while they have the ark. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/30/intro.md b/exo/30/intro.md index 63a68ab01e..a957416820 100644 --- a/exo/30/intro.md +++ b/exo/30/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 30 General Notes # +# Exodus 30 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Atonement ##### +##### Atonement The atonement offered by the priests was very important in the religious life of Israel. In order to offer sacrifices, the priests had to maintain ritual cleanliness by washing themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/31/intro.md b/exo/31/intro.md index 3edb63a0a5..d659bea903 100644 --- a/exo/31/intro.md +++ b/exo/31/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Exodus 31 General Notes # +# Exodus 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is the end of Exodus' recording of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sabbath ##### +##### Sabbath As described in this chapter, the Sabbath is more than just a day of worship or celebration. Its significance extends beyond a way to help people rest. It is a major part of the identity of the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/32/intro.md b/exo/32/intro.md index 2453a9b66b..be27b4039a 100644 --- a/exo/32/intro.md +++ b/exo/32/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Exodus 32 General Notes # +# Exodus 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The events of this chapter occur while Moses spoke with God and therefore happen at the same time as the events in chapters 20-31. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 32:18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idolatry ##### +##### Idolatry The making of the golden calf was considered a form of idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/33/intro.md b/exo/33/intro.md index aeaa228ab0..0baf405f6f 100644 --- a/exo/33/intro.md +++ b/exo/33/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 33 General Notes # +# Exodus 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant ##### +##### Covenant While the covenants Yahweh made may not be conditioned upon the obedience of Israel, it is clear that their conquering of the Promised Land was conditioned on their obedience to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/34/intro.md b/exo/34/intro.md index c66e499321..8c12df31b9 100644 --- a/exo/34/intro.md +++ b/exo/34/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 34 General Notes # +# Exodus 34 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "He will bring the punishment for the fathers' sin on their children" ##### +##### "He will bring the punishment for the fathers' sin on their children" This phrase does not mean that a child is necessarily punished for the sins of their parents. Many scholars believe that this passage indicates that a parent's sins will have consequences that will affect their children and grandchildren. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/35/intro.md b/exo/35/intro.md index f2bffccc79..6cb6afd904 100644 --- a/exo/35/intro.md +++ b/exo/35/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 35 General Notes # +# Exodus 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifice ##### +##### Sacrifice All of the people offered sacrifices to Yahweh. This was a form of worship and a sign of repentance from making the golden calf idol. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/36/intro.md b/exo/36/intro.md index ce7ae10f09..2b65e906ce 100644 --- a/exo/36/intro.md +++ b/exo/36/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 36 General Notes # +# Exodus 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tent of meeting ##### +##### Tent of meeting The tent of meeting, or tabernacle, mentioned in previous chapters is constructed in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/37/intro.md b/exo/37/intro.md index 0b9cd294f6..4c1992fa8a 100644 --- a/exo/37/intro.md +++ b/exo/37/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 37 General Notes # +# Exodus 37 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The ark of the covenant ##### +##### The ark of the covenant The ark, mentioned in previous chapters, is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 37:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/38/intro.md b/exo/38/intro.md index 2505fb674d..e88d4bde4b 100644 --- a/exo/38/intro.md +++ b/exo/38/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Exodus 38 General Notes # +# Exodus 38 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The altar ##### +##### The altar The altar is constructed in this chapter. There are other furnishings of the tabernacle that are also produced in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -##### Materials ##### +##### Materials The list of materials being used is intended to give the reader an understanding of the scale of the tabernacle. It should fill the reader with awe concerning the power of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 38:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/39/intro.md b/exo/39/intro.md index 2cb7a48301..d6abcffd2c 100644 --- a/exo/39/intro.md +++ b/exo/39/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Exodus 39 General Notes # +# Exodus 39 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The holy clothing ##### +##### The holy clothing The special, holy clothing mentioned in previous chapters is produced in this chapter to the correct specifications. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 39:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/40/intro.md b/exo/40/intro.md index c958aa78b5..ff16cb67f8 100644 --- a/exo/40/intro.md +++ b/exo/40/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Exodus 40 General Notes # +# Exodus 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is repetitive and should read as a series of instructions. It is repeated as well to show that Moses was obedient to every detail of Yahweh's command. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Yahweh's glory filled the tabernacle" ##### +##### "Yahweh's glory filled the tabernacle" This phrase indicates that Yahweh began to dwell within the tabernacle, among Israel, in a special way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Exodus 40:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/exo/front/intro.md b/exo/front/intro.md index 36dde281c2..f442c6f9ac 100644 --- a/exo/front/intro.md +++ b/exo/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Exodus # +# Introduction to Exodus -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Exodus #### +#### Outline of Exodus 1. Israel in Egypt; preparing to depart from slavery (1–12) - First genealogy (1:1–6) @@ -27,52 +27,52 @@ - Making of the ark and its furnishings (35:1–38:31) and priestly garments (39:1–43, 40:1–33) - The cloud (40:34–38) -#### What is the Book of Exodus about? #### +#### What is the Book of Exodus about? Exodus continues the story of the previous book, Genesis. The first half of Exodus is about how Yahweh made Abraham's descendants into a nation. This nation, which would be called "Israel," was meant to belong to Yahweh and worship him. The second half of Exodus describes how God gave the Israelites his law through Moses. The law of Moses told the Israelites how to obey and worship Yahweh properly. The Book of Exodus tells how the Israelites were to build the tabernacle. The tabernacle was a tent where Yahweh would be among his people. The Israelites worshiped and sacrificed animals to Yahweh at the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? "Exodus" means "exit" or "departure." Translators may translate this title in a way that can communicate its subject clearly, for example, "About the Israelites Leaving Egypt" or "How the Israelites Left the Land of Egypt." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Exodus? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Exodus? The writers of both the Old and New Testaments present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Exodus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. -#### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel? #### +#### Why did Moses write so much about God delivering or rescuing the people of Israel? Moses wrote much about God rescuing his people from the Egyptians to show that Yahweh is very powerful. Egypt was the most powerful nation at that time. And Yahweh was still able to free the Israelites from the Egyptians. Also, by rescuing the Israelites, Yahweh showed that he had chosen them as his people and they should worship him. -#### How does the Book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham? #### +#### How does the Book of Exodus show the fulfillment of the promises given to Abraham? The Book of Exodus shows God beginning to fulfill his promise to Abraham. In Genesis, God promised Abraham that he would have many descendants and that they would become a large nation. When God rescued the Israelites from the Egyptians, he took them to Mount Sinai. There he made a covenant with them, and they became the nation that belonged to Yahweh. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the Jewish Passover? #### +#### What was the Jewish Passover? The Jewish Passover was a religious festival. Yahweh commanded the Israelites to celebrate it every year. Passover was a time to remember how God rescued them from the Egyptians. The first Passover meal was eaten in the evening just before they left Egypt. -#### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel? #### +#### What was the law of Moses to the people of Israel? The law of Moses instructed the people of Israel what Yahweh required them to do as his people. In the law, God told the people how they should live so that they honor him. He also instructed them about their need to offer animal sacrifices. God required these sacrifices so that he could forgive their sins and continue living among them. The law also described the duties of the priests and told how to build the tabernacle. -#### What did it mean that Israel was to be a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (19:6 ULB)? #### +#### What did it mean that Israel was to be a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (19:6 ULB)? Israel was a holy nation because Yahweh separated them from all other nations to belong to him. They were to honor and worship him only. This made them different than all the other nations of the world. These other nations worshiped many false gods. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40? #### +#### Why are the details of the construction of the tabernacle in Exodus 25–32 repeated in Exodus 35–40? In Exodus 25-32, God describes exactly how the tabernacle was to be built. The details were repeated in Exodus 35-40. This showed that the people were to be careful to do exactly as God commanded. -#### Are the events in the order that they actually happened? #### +#### Are the events in the order that they actually happened? Most but not all of the events in the Book of Exodus are told in the order that they actually happened. Translators may need to make it clear when the events are in an unusual order. -#### What does it mean that God "lived" among his people? #### +#### What does it mean that God "lived" among his people? The Book of Exodus presents God as living in the tabernacle among the nation of Israel. God is everywhere, but he lived among the Israelites in a special way. God dwelled with Israelites because they belonged to him. He promised to lead them and bless them. In return, the people were to worship him and honor him. diff --git a/ezk/01/intro.md b/ezk/01/intro.md index 378dfaffbc..135684ae49 100644 --- a/ezk/01/intro.md +++ b/ezk/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 01 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Ezekiel's call ##### +##### Ezekiel's call Ezekiel had a vision of God calling him to prophetic ministry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Ezekiel intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/02/intro.md b/ezk/02/intro.md index bb7339a807..32824af5fa 100644 --- a/ezk/02/intro.md +++ b/ezk/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 02 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Ezekiel's call continues in this chapter. God appointed Ezekiel to be a prophet but warned him that the people were very rebellious and would not listen to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/03/intro.md b/ezk/03/intro.md index 97acdda9d2..16e7f0e6f2 100644 --- a/ezk/03/intro.md +++ b/ezk/03/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 03 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Ezekiel's call concludes in this chapter. God told Ezekiel more about what he should say to the people and how he should say it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/04/intro.md b/ezk/04/intro.md index 1870d84e2b..d57358640d 100644 --- a/ezk/04/intro.md +++ b/ezk/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ezekiel 04 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Destruction of Jerusalem ##### +##### Destruction of Jerusalem The destruction of Jerusalem is pictured in this chapter. Ezekiel showed the lack of food and water that would occur during the siege of Jerusalem. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/05/intro.md b/ezk/05/intro.md index 3e2021a11d..35bdfea063 100644 --- a/ezk/05/intro.md +++ b/ezk/05/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ezekiel 05 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The destruction of Jerusalem ##### +##### The destruction of Jerusalem The destruction of Jerusalem is continued to be pictured in this chapter. Ezekiel showed the destruction of Jerusalem by fire and war. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/06/intro.md b/ezk/06/intro.md index 6748f77d61..f4c32b770c 100644 --- a/ezk/06/intro.md +++ b/ezk/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 06 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Shrines on the hill tops ##### +##### Shrines on the hill tops God will destroy all those who have been worshiping idols at the hill top shrines. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/07/intro.md b/ezk/07/intro.md index 75ed6c901f..a35b5421f3 100644 --- a/ezk/07/intro.md +++ b/ezk/07/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 07 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Now is the time for punishment ##### +##### Now is the time for punishment The people will be punished severely for their idol worship and the temple will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/08/intro.md b/ezk/08/intro.md index eaa2af468d..ba1e9cba16 100644 --- a/ezk/08/intro.md +++ b/ezk/08/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 08 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah's sin ##### +##### Judah's sin The people have contaminated the temple with their worship of other gods and through their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/09/intro.md b/ezk/09/intro.md index 747ba56dd4..96d11abe06 100644 --- a/ezk/09/intro.md +++ b/ezk/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 09 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sorrow over sin ##### +##### Sorrow over sin God was looking for people who were sad that there was so much evil being done. Yahweh would keep these faithful people from being killed with the rest of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/10/intro.md b/ezk/10/intro.md index 1645c2738d..16cc073df0 100644 --- a/ezk/10/intro.md +++ b/ezk/10/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Ezekiel 10 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The throne ##### +##### The throne Ezekiel once again saw and described the throne, its wheels, and the cherubim. See also his description in Ezekiel 1. -##### Symbolism ##### +##### Symbolism God told the man dressed in lenin to take coals from between the wheels of the throne and scatter them over the city of Jerusalem. This was a symbolic action that showed God's judgment against the city and that it would be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -##### God left the temple ##### +##### God left the temple God now abandoned Jerusalem and left the temple. This was devastating to the religious life of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/11/intro.md b/ezk/11/intro.md index 9963f3a0d0..ebe8cb3532 100644 --- a/ezk/11/intro.md +++ b/ezk/11/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ezekiel 11 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Safety ##### +##### Safety The people were trusting Jerusalem to keep them safe. But God was going to pull them out of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The people in Jerusalem used the metaphor "this city is the pot and we are the meat in the pot" meaning they were safe in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/12/intro.md b/ezk/12/intro.md index 57407f9453..6c8d89a40a 100644 --- a/ezk/12/intro.md +++ b/ezk/12/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 12 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exile ##### +##### Exile God warned that very soon the people in Jerusalem would be exiled to Babylon. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/13/intro.md b/ezk/13/intro.md index d810c91f06..43f4e9e99a 100644 --- a/ezk/13/intro.md +++ b/ezk/13/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ezekiel 13 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### False prophets ##### +##### False prophets God spoke against people who said they were prophesying but had not received any message from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor God said of people who encourage others to feel safe even when they continue to sin were not strengthening a wall but just putting whitewash on it to hide the imperfections. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/14/intro.md b/ezk/14/intro.md index d0d9ec7598..b061fc3d12 100644 --- a/ezk/14/intro.md +++ b/ezk/14/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 14 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem deserves punishment ##### +##### Jerusalem deserves punishment When the captives from Jerusalem arrive in Babylon, it will be obvious why God has punished them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/15/intro.md b/ezk/15/intro.md index 45a70a54cf..68383d9220 100644 --- a/ezk/15/intro.md +++ b/ezk/15/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 15 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Useless ##### +##### Useless God said that the people of Jerusalem were useless to him. He uses a simile to show just how useless they were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/16/intro.md b/ezk/16/intro.md index 63af0252ae..bb955c285a 100644 --- a/ezk/16/intro.md +++ b/ezk/16/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 16 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 16 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor God compared Judah to an adulteress because she worshiped idols instead of God who had done so much to help her. Adultery is a common image used to describe the worship of idols by Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/17/intro.md b/ezk/17/intro.md index b3db33d9cb..cbe7e9a10b 100644 --- a/ezk/17/intro.md +++ b/ezk/17/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ezekiel 17 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Breaking allegiance ##### +##### Breaking allegiance The king of Judah had vowed to obey Babylon but instead he followed Egypt. Therefore, God said he would not prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Judah is compared to a vine that grows one direction and then another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/18/intro.md b/ezk/18/intro.md index da3b258087..2e8b101af5 100644 --- a/ezk/18/intro.md +++ b/ezk/18/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 18 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Inherited Guilt ##### +##### Inherited Guilt God does not punish children for the sins of their parents, but only punishes them for their own sins. Despite this, the parents' sins may still have consequences for their children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/19/intro.md b/ezk/19/intro.md index 7d8c9912a8..2f21ff3dca 100644 --- a/ezk/19/intro.md +++ b/ezk/19/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ezekiel 19 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah destroyed ##### +##### Judah destroyed The first king was taken as a captive to Egypt, the next was taken as a captive to Babylon. Now Judah is not prospering. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The kings of Judah are compared to man-eating lions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/20/intro.md b/ezk/20/intro.md index de0c8f6dcf..3b7ce7640d 100644 --- a/ezk/20/intro.md +++ b/ezk/20/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 20 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebels cannot ask for help ##### +##### Rebels cannot ask for help The people of Israel have rebelled against God again and again. Now they cannot come to God for help in their troubles. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/21/intro.md b/ezk/21/intro.md index 69eced3c21..eba1481c25 100644 --- a/ezk/21/intro.md +++ b/ezk/21/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 21 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Refusing to learn ##### +##### Refusing to learn Judah has refused to learn from their punishment, so God is about to destroy the nation in war. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/22/intro.md b/ezk/22/intro.md index d6ee2bd2a2..c76d63c9aa 100644 --- a/ezk/22/intro.md +++ b/ezk/22/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 22 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Continuous evil ##### +##### Continuous evil Murder, idolatry and all sorts of evil have been done in Jerusalem; so God will destroy the city and scatter the people among the nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/23/intro.md b/ezk/23/intro.md index eeb73864a8..199d07904e 100644 --- a/ezk/23/intro.md +++ b/ezk/23/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 23 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 23 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Israel and Judah have been unfaithful to God by worshiping idols. They are compared to two unfaithful wives who have repeatedly committed adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/24/intro.md b/ezk/24/intro.md index c6681ca109..930b6861e7 100644 --- a/ezk/24/intro.md +++ b/ezk/24/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ezekiel 24 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Too many sins to be forgiven ##### +##### Too many sins to be forgiven The people of Jerusalem cannot be cleaned from their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Jerusalem is compared to a pot, so rusted that it cannot be cleaned from its rust. They have been completely rotted by their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/25/intro.md b/ezk/25/intro.md index d0bb94932e..53dbfe314d 100644 --- a/ezk/25/intro.md +++ b/ezk/25/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ezekiel 25 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Prophecy against other nations ##### +##### Prophecy against other nations This chapter includes prophecies against some Gentile nations. Ammon, Moab, Edom and Philistia will all be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/26/intro.md b/ezk/26/intro.md index f0d9b52235..9822ee3ea3 100644 --- a/ezk/26/intro.md +++ b/ezk/26/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# Ezekiel 26 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section of prophecy against Tyre. The Babylonians will destroy Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/27/intro.md b/ezk/27/intro.md index e45d2a092b..0e0a151e46 100644 --- a/ezk/27/intro.md +++ b/ezk/27/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ezekiel 27 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Tyre continues in this chapter. Tyre has become wealthy from trade as far as Spain, but Tyre will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Tyre is compared to a ship built with the very best materials. Despite its strength and power, Yahweh will destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/28/intro.md b/ezk/28/intro.md index 3ad3e21bec..3a0aa06559 100644 --- a/ezk/28/intro.md +++ b/ezk/28/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 28 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Tyre concludes in this chapter. Tyre will be destroyed because of its pride and unfair business practices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/29/intro.md b/ezk/29/intro.md index 1d77aa98c8..a5578d2394 100644 --- a/ezk/29/intro.md +++ b/ezk/29/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 29 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a prophecy against Egypt and its king, Pharaoh. Because Egypt did not fulfill its promise of protecting Judah, it will be conquered by Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/30/intro.md b/ezk/30/intro.md index 3adec67a7a..1d90d03979 100644 --- a/ezk/30/intro.md +++ b/ezk/30/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 30 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Egypt and its king continues in this chapter. Babylon will destroy all the towns of Egypt and their allies will not be able to help them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/31/intro.md b/ezk/31/intro.md index d2095d5b06..99a130cad7 100644 --- a/ezk/31/intro.md +++ b/ezk/31/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 31 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Egypt and its king continues in this chapter. God told Egypt to remember what happened to Assyria when it became proud. This same things will now happen to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/32/intro.md b/ezk/32/intro.md index 560e4672c2..8dbc7a6b7d 100644 --- a/ezk/32/intro.md +++ b/ezk/32/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 32 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The prophecy against Egypt and its king concludes in this chapter. Egypt will have its army destroyed, just as happened to so many other nations. Beginning in verse 1, the land of Egypt is addressed through Pharaoh, its king, so God refers to Egypt as "he" and "him." However, beginning in verse 12, Egypt is referred to as "she" and "her," as if she were a woman. It was common in Hebrew for lands and countries to be referred to as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/33/intro.md b/ezk/33/intro.md index cf3da8c9de..8a23c6ad9b 100644 --- a/ezk/33/intro.md +++ b/ezk/33/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 33 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance God does not want sinners to die. He wants them to repent and live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/34/intro.md b/ezk/34/intro.md index a1caf63ccd..89fa490eb0 100644 --- a/ezk/34/intro.md +++ b/ezk/34/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ezekiel 34 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 34 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God protects the people ##### +##### God protects the people God is against those who exploit others. He will protect and take care of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The people of Israel are compared to sheep and God and the son of David as good shepherds. This is a common metaphor in scripture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/35/intro.md b/ezk/35/intro.md index 2e2d884411..cef378edb5 100644 --- a/ezk/35/intro.md +++ b/ezk/35/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 35 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Edom ##### +##### Edom Because the people of Edom rejoiced at the destruction of Israel, they too will be destroyed. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/36/intro.md b/ezk/36/intro.md index 156a4e7c06..075d51565c 100644 --- a/ezk/36/intro.md +++ b/ezk/36/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Ezekiel 36 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel restored ##### +##### Israel restored Israel is promised to be restored by Yahweh. Because of his honor, God will bring Israel back to their land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -##### New hearts ##### +##### New hearts God will forgive Israel's sin and give them the desire to obey him. This is expressed by the metonym "heart." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/37/intro.md b/ezk/37/intro.md index 6c5dbcc0a1..b976002295 100644 --- a/ezk/37/intro.md +++ b/ezk/37/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Ezekiel 37 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 37 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel restored ##### +##### Israel restored God will unite the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah and the Messiah will rule over them. This will come in a prophesied day of restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The people are discouraged and compare themselves to skeletons, but God will cause them to become a nation again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 37:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/38/intro.md b/ezk/38/intro.md index 4bb28828ae..223d64a878 100644 --- a/ezk/38/intro.md +++ b/ezk/38/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 38 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section prophesying against Gog. Later Gog will try to conquer Israel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 38:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/39/intro.md b/ezk/39/intro.md index e158c84ac7..54944bcf40 100644 --- a/ezk/39/intro.md +++ b/ezk/39/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 39 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 39 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes the prophecy against Gog. God will destroy Gog and his army. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 39:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/40/intro.md b/ezk/40/intro.md index 1466f84e65..5676b8a116 100644 --- a/ezk/40/intro.md +++ b/ezk/40/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Ezekiel 40 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### The new temple and city ##### +##### The new temple and city In a vision, Ezekiel saw a man measuring the wall of a new temple. The next chapters will give precise measurements for the construction of a temple to be built. This was not the temple of Ezra's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 40:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/41/intro.md b/ezk/41/intro.md index fce95f2a6a..0cfd50b5a4 100644 --- a/ezk/41/intro.md +++ b/ezk/41/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 41 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 41 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. This chapter focuses on the measurements for the construction of the temple to be built. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 41:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/42/intro.md b/ezk/42/intro.md index 8999fb8d67..ffc33791cd 100644 --- a/ezk/42/intro.md +++ b/ezk/42/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 42 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 42 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. This chapter focused on the storerooms for keeping the holy things of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 42:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/43/intro.md b/ezk/43/intro.md index 08faf1e57a..12b2d0e2e3 100644 --- a/ezk/43/intro.md +++ b/ezk/43/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 43 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 43 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. God entered the temple. He told the people not to defile the temple by being idol worshipers or by having the funerals of their kings in the temple courtyard. He also told them what offerings to make each day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 43:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/44/intro.md b/ezk/44/intro.md index 394a8609e4..68ff23844b 100644 --- a/ezk/44/intro.md +++ b/ezk/44/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 44 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 44 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. Foreigners and the Levites who have worshiped idols are not allowed in the temple. The priests alone will do the temple work. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 44:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/45/intro.md b/ezk/45/intro.md index 27e953b91b..c25a4268c9 100644 --- a/ezk/45/intro.md +++ b/ezk/45/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 45 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There should be an area around the temple complex for the homes of the priests and Levites who work at the temple. People should celebrate the festivals. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 45:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/46/intro.md b/ezk/46/intro.md index 93ab67294a..a3e7c9e3e5 100644 --- a/ezk/46/intro.md +++ b/ezk/46/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 46 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 46 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. This chapter focuses on many of the temple's rules. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 46:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/47/intro.md b/ezk/47/intro.md index ab9d15f8df..7323603af5 100644 --- a/ezk/47/intro.md +++ b/ezk/47/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Ezekiel 47 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 47 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There was a river flowing from the temple. The land was to be divided among the tribes. The landscape of Jerusalem will have changed in a significant way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 47:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/48/intro.md b/ezk/48/intro.md index a644b3e2e3..72064ab446 100644 --- a/ezk/48/intro.md +++ b/ezk/48/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# Ezekiel 48 General Notes # +# Ezekiel 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Instructions for the new temple and city continue in this chapter. There is more dividing of the land between the tribes in this chapter as well. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezekiel 48:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezk/front/intro.md b/ezk/front/intro.md index e5e023c7a6..62f268c8bd 100644 --- a/ezk/front/intro.md +++ b/ezk/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Ezekiel # +# Introduction to Ezekiel -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ezekiel #### +#### Outline of Ezekiel 1. Yahweh calls Ezekiel to speak his words (1:1–3:27) 1. Yahweh judges Judah and Jerusalem (4:1-24:27) @@ -16,31 +16,31 @@ - Jerusalem and the temple restored (40:1–48:35) -#### What is Ezekiel about? #### +#### What is Ezekiel about? The Book of Ezekiel contains words that Ezekiel prophesied between 592 B.C. and 573 B.C. The Jewish people were exiled in Babylonia. Ezekiel told them that God had punished them because they sinned against him. However, Ezekiel assured them that God would restore them. God was using Babylon to punish them. But eventually another nation would defeat the Babylonians. Ezekiel also prophesied about how God will restore Jerusalem and the temple so that the people can worship and sacrifice to him again. Ezekiel then described how the land will be divided again among the tribes of Israel. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? "Ezekiel" or "The Book of Ezekiel" is the traditional name for this book. Translators may also call it "The Messages from God Brought by Ezekiel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Ezekiel? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Ezekiel? Ezekiel wrote the prophecies in the Book of Ezekiel. He was a prophet and priest who lived near Babylon in the time of the exile. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was Ezekiel's temple? #### +#### What was Ezekiel's temple? Several chapters of the Book of Ezekiel give instructions about building a new temple. However, this temple is not the same as the temple the people would build after going back to Jerusalem. Because Ezekiel's temple has never been built, some scholars think that this temple is to be built in the future. Other scholars think that Ezekiel's temple is symbolic of the Church. -#### Do the sacrifices in Ezekiel follow the law of Moses? #### +#### Do the sacrifices in Ezekiel follow the law of Moses? The sacrifices in Ezekiel 46 are somewhat different than the required sacrifices in Numbers 28. This may be because Ezekiel prophesied about a new temple with new sacrifices. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How should one represent Ezekiel's visions in translation? #### +#### How should one represent Ezekiel's visions in translation? The Book of Ezekiel has many complicated visions. Some are similar to passages in other Scripture books that describe future events. Some of these visions are about God rescuing Israel in the distant future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) @@ -48,6 +48,6 @@ It is unclear whether Ezekiel actually traveled to the particular places named i Translators should avoid trying to explain these visions in their translations. Instead, they should present the visions just as they are in the source text. -#### What does "and you will know that I am Yahweh" mean? #### +#### What does "and you will know that I am Yahweh" mean? This is a common phrase in the Book of Ezekiel. It is meant to assure the reader that these messages truly came from God, and that he will do what he has promised. The translator may also use the phrase "and you will understand that I am Yahweh and what I say will happen." The UDB translates it as "then you will know that I, Yahweh, have the power to do what I say that I will do." diff --git a/ezr/01/intro.md b/ezr/01/intro.md index 7559150409..05e12cbcb2 100644 --- a/ezr/01/intro.md +++ b/ezr/01/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Ezra 01 General Notes # +# Ezra 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The chapter records the story of the first Jews as they return from Persia to Judea. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King Cyrus ##### +##### King Cyrus King Cyrus allowed them to return because he wanted them to rebuild the temple. Those who stayed behind gave gifts to those who left to help them on their journey and resettlement. This practice was common under the reign of Cyrus and was used as a way to maintain peace throughout his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Jews ##### +#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Jews Upon return to Judea, the focus of the rest of the Old Testament is on the Jewish people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Ezra intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/02/intro.md b/ezr/02/intro.md index 50804a449a..a25dbe3698 100644 --- a/ezr/02/intro.md +++ b/ezr/02/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ezra 02 General Notes # +# Ezra 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogy ##### +##### Genealogy People had to prove they were priests, or that they were Jews, through their genealogies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/03/intro.md b/ezr/03/intro.md index 3f4e823de7..16a0e4c759 100644 --- a/ezr/03/intro.md +++ b/ezr/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ezra 03 General Notes # +# Ezra 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of worship in the new temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebuilding the temple ##### +##### Rebuilding the temple They immediately began the temple worship, even though the temple had not yet been built because they feared the people of the surrounding nations. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/04/intro.md b/ezr/04/intro.md index 5d787d4d55..6247ded829 100644 --- a/ezr/04/intro.md +++ b/ezr/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ezra 04 General Notes # +# Ezra 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Helping to build the temple ##### +##### Helping to build the temple The people of the surrounding nations offered to help to build the temple. It is unknown why the Jews refused their help. These other people became their enemies and tried to hinder the work. They even persuaded the king of Persia to stop the Jews from building. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/05/intro.md b/ezr/05/intro.md index cc77feedfa..a6b3047b8b 100644 --- a/ezr/05/intro.md +++ b/ezr/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ezra 05 General Notes # +# Ezra 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebuilding the temple ##### +##### Rebuilding the temple The prophets Haggai and Zechariah encouraged the Jews to begin again building the temple. This was very important to life in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/06/intro.md b/ezr/06/intro.md index 5c0f9eb778..c76f6f6620 100644 --- a/ezr/06/intro.md +++ b/ezr/06/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Ezra 06 General Notes # +# Ezra 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The completion of the story of the building of the temple and re-establishment of the temple worship occurs in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Temple taxes ##### +##### Temple taxes The king said the Jews were right and ordered money from his taxes to be used to help them with their sacrifices. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Darius ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Darius In this chapter, Darius is called the king of Assyria. In reality, besides ruling over the former Assyrian Empire, Darius was also king of Persia. Persia had conquered Babylon, which had previously conquered Assyria. This made the king of Persia, the king of Assyria as well. It was unusual to refer to Darius as the king or ruler of Assyria. Ezra may have referred to him in this way to contrast Darius' actions with those of the former rulers of Assyria, who had treated the Jews very cruelly. It was those earlier Assyrian rulers who had conquered the northern tribes of Israel and deported them to other lands. It was for this reasons that the northern tribes lost their identity and were no longer a distinct people group. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/07/intro.md b/ezr/07/intro.md index c396350154..113cfebf09 100644 --- a/ezr/07/intro.md +++ b/ezr/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Ezra 07 General Notes # +# Ezra 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Ezra begins his religious reforms. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's Law ##### +##### God's Law The people no longer know the law of Moses. Therefore, the king allows Ezra to return to Judea to teach the people about God's law. Many people go with him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/08/intro.md b/ezr/08/intro.md index dac4e12c3e..298a9d891b 100644 --- a/ezr/08/intro.md +++ b/ezr/08/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ezra 08 General Notes # +# Ezra 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people's return to Judah ##### +##### The people's return to Judah Many people went back to Judah with Ezra. They trusted God to protect them and the precious items they carried with them, which had been given for the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/09/intro.md b/ezr/09/intro.md index 23d33c10e1..70df3f9293 100644 --- a/ezr/09/intro.md +++ b/ezr/09/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ezra 09 General Notes # +# Ezra 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage ##### +##### Intermarriage When Ezra found out that many Jews had married Gentile wives, he prayed to God and asked God why he had been so good to them by letting these few people return from captivity even though they sinned by marrying Gentile wives. They did this before and God had punished them for it. God forbid this type of marriage because it caused the people to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/10/intro.md b/ezr/10/intro.md index c784ec529a..21b62c2242 100644 --- a/ezr/10/intro.md +++ b/ezr/10/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ezra 10 General Notes # +# Ezra 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriages ##### +##### Intermarriages The people agree to divorce their Gentile wives. Many Jews were involved in these mixed marriages. Divorce should not normally have been common for the Jews to engage in, but marriage with non-Jewish women was not allowed. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ezra 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/ezr/front/intro.md b/ezr/front/intro.md index 2199592323..311d43ee89 100644 --- a/ezr/front/intro.md +++ b/ezr/front/intro.md @@ -1,38 +1,38 @@ -# Introduction to Ezra # +# Introduction to Ezra -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ezra #### +#### Outline of Ezra 1. The first Jewish exiles return to Jerusalem from Persia (1:1–2:70) 1. The people rebuild and dedicate the temple in Jerusalem (3:1–6:22) 1. More exiles return; Ezra teaches the Law of Yahweh (7:1-8:36) 1. The problem of the people marrying foreigners, and how it is solved (9:1–10:44) -#### What is the Book of Ezra about? #### +#### What is the Book of Ezra about? The Book of Ezra is about how the people of Israel returned from Babylon and tried to worship Yahweh again as the law required. To do this they needed to rebuild their temple so they could sacrifice to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The Book of Ezra is named for the priest Ezra who led the first group of Jews out of exile and back to Judah. Translators can use the traditional title "Ezra." Or they might choose a clearer title, such as "The Book about Ezra." -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? #### +#### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? Foreigners worshiped many false gods. Yahweh did not allow his people to marry foreigners. He knew this would cause the people of Israel to worship false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? #### +#### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? Many of the Jews remained in Babylon instead of returning to the Promised Land. Many of them were successful in Babylon and desired to remain there. However, this meant that they were unable to worship Yahweh in Jerusalem as their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the Book of Ezra use the term "Israel"? #### +#### How does the Book of Ezra use the term "Israel"? The Book of Ezra uses the term "Israel" to refer to the kingdom of Judah. It was mostly made up of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The other ten tribes had ended their loyalty to any kings descended from David. God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the other ten tribes and take them into exile. As a result, they mixed with other people groups and did not return to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### Are the events in the Book of Ezra told in the order that they actually happened? #### +#### Are the events in the Book of Ezra told in the order that they actually happened? Some of the events in the Book of Ezra are not told in the order they actually happened. Translators should pay attention to notes that signal when events are probably out of order. diff --git a/gal/01/intro.md b/gal/01/intro.md index c3fd01d9cc..db07fec44a 100644 --- a/gal/01/intro.md +++ b/gal/01/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Galatians 01 General Notes # +# Galatians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was "not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones." Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Heresy ##### +##### Heresy God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -##### Paul's qualifications ##### +##### Paul's qualifications Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You are turning so quickly to a different gospel" ##### +##### "You are turning so quickly to a different gospel" The Book of Galatians is one of Paul's earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Galatians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Galatians intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/gal/02/intro.md b/gal/02/intro.md index df83d7e7c6..61b2f2fc58 100644 --- a/gal/02/intro.md +++ b/gal/02/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Galatians 02 General Notes # +# Galatians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Circumcised and uncircumcised ##### +##### Circumcised and uncircumcised The law of Moses required Jewish males to be circumcised. The Jews called Gentiles "the uncircumcised." -##### Slavery and freedom ##### +##### Slavery and freedom Paul introduces these ideas in Galatians 2:4. He uses the metaphor of slavery for people who are obligated to obey the law of Moses. He uses the metaphor of freedom, or liberty, for people who are not obligated to obey the law of Moses because they trust in Jesus Christ to make them righteous. -##### The false brothers ##### +##### The false brothers When Paul says that false brothers wanted to make the believers slaves, he is referring to Jews who claimed to be Christians and who wanted to convince Gentile Christians to obey the law of Moses. -##### The hypocrisy of Cephas ##### +##### The hypocrisy of Cephas Jews normally did not eat with Gentiles because Gentiles did not obey the law of Moses. Cephas knew that Gentile Christians are not obligated to obey the law of Moses, and because of this, he knew that it was permissible to eat with them. However, when some men came saying that Gentile Christians are obligated to obey the law, Cephas stopped eating with the Gentiles Christians, as if he, too, believed that they need to obey the law of Moses. Paul rebuked Cephas for treating the Gentile Christians like that. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Galatians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gal/03/intro.md b/gal/03/intro.md index ab8e57e7e1..fabf415d0a 100644 --- a/gal/03/intro.md +++ b/gal/03/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Galatians 03 General Notes # +# Galatians 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Equality in Christ ##### +##### Equality in Christ All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. "Flesh" is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) -##### "Those of faith are children of Abraham" ##### +##### "Those of faith are children of Abraham" Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul's other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Galatians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gal/04/intro.md b/gal/04/intro.md index 776fa82fe5..1f7930760c 100644 --- a/gal/04/intro.md +++ b/gal/04/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Galatians 04 General Notes # +# Galatians 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sonship ##### +##### Sonship Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel's sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham's physical descendants inherited God's promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them "children of promise." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Abba, Father ##### +##### Abba, Father "Abba" is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul "transliterates" its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Galatians 4:1](../../gal/04/01.md)__ diff --git a/gal/05/intro.md b/gal/05/intro.md index 83d4186001..0b500b17e8 100644 --- a/gal/05/intro.md +++ b/gal/05/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Galatians 05 General Notes # +# Galatians 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as if it were something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fruit of the Spirit ##### +##### Fruit of the Spirit The phrase "the fruit of the Spirit" is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Illustrations ##### +##### Illustrations Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace." ##### +##### "You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace." Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Galatians 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gal/06/intro.md b/gal/06/intro.md index 3c5a4b887d..df236df9f6 100644 --- a/gal/06/intro.md +++ b/gal/06/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Galatians 06 General Notes # +# Galatians 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes Paul's letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter. -##### Brothers ##### +##### Brothers Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them "brothers." This refers to Paul's Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### New Creation ##### +##### New Creation People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person's ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is contrasted with "spirit." In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Galatians 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gal/front/intro.md b/gal/front/intro.md index a5632d83fd..38f99db114 100644 --- a/gal/front/intro.md +++ b/gal/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Galatians # +# Introduction to Galatians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Galatians #### +#### Outline of the Book of Galatians 1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10). 1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21). @@ -10,39 +10,39 @@ 1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other's burdens (5:1-6:10). 1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18). -#### Who wrote the Book of Galatians? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Galatians? Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled. -#### What is the Book of Galatians about? #### +#### What is the Book of Galatians about? Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Galatians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Galatia." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What does it mean to "live like Jews" (2:14)? #### +#### What does it mean to "live like Jews" (2:14)? To "live like Jews" means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called "Judaizers." -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How did Paul use the terms "law" and "grace" in the Book of Galatians? #### +#### How did Paul use the terms "law" and "grace" in the Book of Galatians? These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called "the law of Christ." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, "when we seek for God to justify us in Christ" (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ. Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians? * "Foolish Galatians! Who has put a spell on you? It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified" (3:1). The ULB and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, "[so] that ye should not obey the truth." Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators' region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) diff --git a/gen/01/intro.md b/gen/01/intro.md index f91b939e94..0c531ce040 100644 --- a/gen/01/intro.md +++ b/gen/01/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# Genesis 01 General Notes # +# Genesis 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: "God said ... God saw that it was good ... This was evening and morning, the first day." Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The universe ##### +##### The universe This account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called "an expanse between the waters" (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like. -##### Evening and morning ##### +##### Evening and morning Genesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define "day" differently. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In the beginning" ##### +##### "In the beginning" Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But "very long ago" is different from "in the beginning," and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly. -##### "God said, 'Let there be'" ##### +##### "God said, 'Let there be'" This expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Genesis intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/gen/02/intro.md b/gen/02/intro.md index e1e27fe26e..d7264c318f 100644 --- a/gen/02/intro.md +++ b/gen/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Genesis 02 General Notes # +# Genesis 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Gen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25 ##### +##### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25 Gen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it. -##### Yahweh, the name of God ##### +##### Yahweh, the name of God "Yahweh," the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term "the Lord." Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using "the Lord" is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]) @@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ Or translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exi Translators can also consider pairing a transliteration of "Yahweh" with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name "Yahweh" occurs in the Scriptures. -##### The Garden of Eden ##### +##### The Garden of Eden This was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/03/intro.md b/gen/03/intro.md index aa1d681d35..28ef813e30 100644 --- a/gen/03/intro.md +++ b/gen/03/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Genesis 03 General Notes # +# Genesis 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULB reads, "Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made," because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, "One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent" or "This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made." Scholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as "the fall" or "the fall of man" because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Curses ##### +##### Curses In this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God's punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -##### Serpent ##### +##### Serpent Most scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/04/intro.md b/gen/04/intro.md index 7c5774746a..fe1705f301 100644 --- a/gen/04/intro.md +++ b/gen/04/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Genesis 04 General Notes # +# Genesis 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Most of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. If the translator should put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, different from the rest of the chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vengeance ##### +##### Vengeance The theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God's protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) The theme of vengeance continues with the words of Lamech, who had killed someone for injuring him: "I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me. If Cain is avenged seven times as much, truly Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times as much" (Gen. 4:23b-24). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/05/intro.md b/gen/05/intro.md index 446ee16b49..c2a4137b3f 100644 --- a/gen/05/intro.md +++ b/gen/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Genesis 05 General Notes # +# Genesis 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULB and UDB do. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/06/intro.md b/gen/06/intro.md index f5c46c2ed7..492073800d 100644 --- a/gen/06/intro.md +++ b/gen/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Genesis 06 General Notes # +# Genesis 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Beginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/07/intro.md b/gen/07/intro.md index 730f17cd9e..0e1778073c 100644 --- a/gen/07/intro.md +++ b/gen/07/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Genesis 07 General Notes # +# Genesis 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Clean animals and birds ##### +##### Clean animals and birds Noah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the "clean" animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Water underneath and over the earth ##### +##### Water underneath and over the earth The flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/08/intro.md b/gen/08/intro.md index b3f69f9ea2..2892136312 100644 --- a/gen/08/intro.md +++ b/gen/08/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 08 General Notes # +# Genesis 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Flood waters ##### +##### Flood waters The waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way. -##### The mountains of Ararat ##### +##### The mountains of Ararat It is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 08 01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/09/intro.md b/gen/09/intro.md index b4119b6adc..58d93640d9 100644 --- a/gen/09/intro.md +++ b/gen/09/intro.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# Genesis 09 General Notes # +# Genesis 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Man's relationship to animals ##### +##### Man's relationship to animals There is a noticeable shift in man's relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Life in the blood ##### +##### Life in the blood This chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) -##### Covenant with Noah ##### +##### Covenant with Noah God made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### A father's nakedness ##### +##### A father's nakedness In Noah's culture, it was unacceptable to see a father's nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father's nakedness. Ham's actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth" ##### +##### "Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth" This is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 09 01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/10/intro.md b/gen/10/intro.md index b72d706483..ae149735a6 100644 --- a/gen/10/intro.md +++ b/gen/10/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Genesis 10 General Notes # +# Genesis 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancient people groups. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Assyria and Nineveh ##### +##### Assyria and Nineveh While these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Sons were born to" ##### +##### "Sons were born to" This is an unusual phrase meaning "were sons of." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/11/intro.md b/gen/11/intro.md index 4b2f0e8566..4f16b6026e 100644 --- a/gen/11/intro.md +++ b/gen/11/intro.md @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ -# Genesis 11 General Notes # +# Genesis 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a story traditionally referred to as the "Tower of Babel." This chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different languages? how did people become so dispersed across the earth? God's punishment described in this chapter may also explain why the world has racial and ethnic divisions. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Age of people when they die ##### +##### Age of people when they die After the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Personification ##### +##### Personification The statement "Yahweh came down to see" is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky" ##### +##### "Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky" The people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 11:1](../../gen/11/01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/12/intro.md b/gen/12/intro.md index 46d0bae101..e07a5c5d66 100644 --- a/gen/12/intro.md +++ b/gen/12/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Genesis 12 General Notes # +# Genesis 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abram ##### +##### Abram When God said, "Go from your country, and from your relatives," he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram. -##### God's covenant with Abraham ##### +##### God's covenant with Abraham God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "They will kill me" ##### +##### "They will kill me" Abram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/13/intro.md b/gen/13/intro.md index 226328d24c..56a20f2f45 100644 --- a/gen/13/intro.md +++ b/gen/13/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Genesis 13 General Notes # +# Genesis 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abram's faith ##### +##### Abram's faith Since the land could not support both Lot's and Abraham's family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abraham allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### God's covenant with Abram ##### +##### God's covenant with Abram God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Built an altar ##### +##### Built an altar Abram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/14/intro.md b/gen/14/intro.md index ad2cf82b64..8293521e91 100644 --- a/gen/14/intro.md +++ b/gen/14/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Genesis 14 General Notes # +# Genesis 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:19-20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Names of places ##### +##### Names of places Sometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan. -##### Melchizedek ##### +##### Melchizedek Melchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God Most High ##### +##### God Most High Melchizedek worshiped the God Most High. This is probably a reference to the true and only God who created the heavens and the earth and came to be known as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/15/intro.md b/gen/15/intro.md index d9de1239e4..466b9384c8 100644 --- a/gen/15/intro.md +++ b/gen/15/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 15 General Notes # +# Genesis 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Inheritance ##### +##### Inheritance In the ancient Near East, a person's children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abraham doubted the fulfillment of God's covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Fulfilling a promise ##### +##### Fulfilling a promise In the ancient Near East, two people performed a similar sacrifice by dividing animals in half. It was a way to say to the other person, "may this happen to me if I do not fulfill my promise." The event recorded here indicates that God will fulfill his promise and only he is responsible for bringing it about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### God's covenant with Abraham ##### +##### God's covenant with Abraham God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. This covenant has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/16/intro.md b/gen/16/intro.md index b4b9ec2f1f..81e71447f3 100644 --- a/gen/16/intro.md +++ b/gen/16/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Genesis 16 General Notes # +# Genesis 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:11-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Plural marriage ##### +##### Plural marriage Abram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife's permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/17/intro.md b/gen/17/intro.md index 565d4db472..6ef28a58cd 100644 --- a/gen/17/intro.md +++ b/gen/17/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Genesis 17 General Notes # +# Genesis 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The father of a multitude of nations" ##### +##### "The father of a multitude of nations" Abram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations. -##### God's covenant with Abraham ##### +##### God's covenant with Abraham God made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. It is important to note in this chapter that Isaac is the son who receives the promises associated with the covenant and not Ishmael. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Circumcision ##### +##### Circumcision Circumcision was an unusual practice in the ancient Near East. It served to separate the Hebrew people from the rest of the world. This chapter records the beginning of this practice among Abraham and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -##### Name change ##### +##### Name change In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The beginning of the practice of circumcision was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/18/intro.md b/gen/18/intro.md index c6f685ae22..766ef09003 100644 --- a/gen/18/intro.md +++ b/gen/18/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Genesis 18 General Notes # +# Genesis 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Three men ##### +##### Three men The three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham's reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Disbelief ##### +##### Disbelief When Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disbelief because she was considered too old to have a baby. She also asked a rhetorical question in order to further show her disbelief. This would have been considered an insult to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) In his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God's power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Sarah's age ##### +##### Sarah's age It should be apparent that Sarah was physically no longer able to have children because of her age. There is a natural period in a woman's life when she stops being able to have children. The text assumes the reader understands that Sarah has already experienced this event. In English, this is called "menopause." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/19/intro.md b/gen/19/intro.md index 315e1112ad..ce64a4f3cd 100644 --- a/gen/19/intro.md +++ b/gen/19/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Genesis 19 General Notes # +# Genesis 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The evil desires of the Sodomites ##### +##### The evil desires of the Sodomites The men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as "rape." Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -##### Hospitality ##### +##### Hospitality Hospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Contrasts ##### +##### Contrasts It is probable that Abraham's faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/20/intro.md b/gen/20/intro.md index d90ad60fc1..cad837e4ee 100644 --- a/gen/20/intro.md +++ b/gen/20/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Genesis 20 General Notes # +# Genesis 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "She is my sister" ##### +##### "She is my sister" Abraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham's sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony Abraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/21/intro.md b/gen/21/intro.md index 356ee5e0ad..82d4ac5289 100644 --- a/gen/21/intro.md +++ b/gen/21/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Genesis 21 General Notes # +# Genesis 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sarah's anger ##### +##### Sarah's anger After Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham's other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Abandoning Ishmael ##### +##### Abandoning Ishmael According to the law at this time, Hagar was able to gain her freedom from slavery by abandoning any claim to receive an inheritance. This is why Hagar would have abandoned her son under the tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Treaty ##### +##### Treaty The Gentile king, Abimelech, made a covenant or treaty with Abraham. It is possible that he did this because he recognized the power of Abraham's God, but his exact reasons are unknown. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/22/intro.md b/gen/22/intro.md index 0802f26e02..db82d9d0fd 100644 --- a/gen/22/intro.md +++ b/gen/22/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Genesis 22 General Notes # +# Genesis 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrificing his son ##### +##### Sacrificing his son Although Isaac was not Abraham's only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham's promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God's actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Covenant affirmation ##### +##### Covenant affirmation After important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenets of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God tests Abraham ##### +##### God tests Abraham Extra care should be taken when translating "testing." It is best to avoid using the same word used for "tempting" even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/23/intro.md b/gen/23/intro.md index 70ad84bf2b..c539854a95 100644 --- a/gen/23/intro.md +++ b/gen/23/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 23 General Notes # +# Genesis 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abraham's character ##### +##### Abraham's character Abraham's interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Burial ##### +##### Burial Burial was a common practice when Abraham lived, but only the wealthy were able to bury their dead relatives in this way. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/24/intro.md b/gen/24/intro.md index 0cc59e6eaf..f35d53c8b8 100644 --- a/gen/24/intro.md +++ b/gen/24/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Genesis 24 General Notes # +# Genesis 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 24:60. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage ##### +##### Intermarriage Abraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This is because it would cause his son to worship other gods. Intermarriage and worshiping false gods are things that frequently caused Abraham's descendants to struggle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -##### Abraham's wealth ##### +##### Abraham's wealth There are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham's significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Put your hand under my thigh" ##### +##### "Put your hand under my thigh" Many scholars believe this is a euphemism. Putting one's hand on a man's genitals was a way to make an important oath. It represented power and progeny. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/25/intro.md b/gen/25/intro.md index 182a52ca8b..6c20328677 100644 --- a/gen/25/intro.md +++ b/gen/25/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Genesis 25 General Notes # +# Genesis 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 25:23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Polygamy ##### +##### Polygamy Abraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as "polygamy." It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Inheritance ##### +##### Inheritance In the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God fulfill's his promise ##### +##### God fulfill's his promise God begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/26/intro.md b/gen/26/intro.md index aa33e1f2c6..a987ceffab 100644 --- a/gen/26/intro.md +++ b/gen/26/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 26 General Notes # +# Genesis 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust When things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham's descendants did not trust in Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### Wells ##### +##### Wells In the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God's blessing being upon Isaac. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "She is my sister" ##### +##### "She is my sister" Isaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac's sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/27/intro.md b/gen/27/intro.md index 372dc8ddc8..53c72852bf 100644 --- a/gen/27/intro.md +++ b/gen/27/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 27 General Notes # +# Genesis 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Blessing ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Blessing In the ancient Near East, a father's blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau's blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/28/intro.md b/gen/28/intro.md index 9f5ecb0e22..363b673449 100644 --- a/gen/28/intro.md +++ b/gen/28/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 28 General Notes # +# Genesis 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Even though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau's blessing, the chapter repeats the blessing, ensuring he inherits the blessings promised to Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob's dream ##### +##### Jacob's dream Jacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob's sin, God is giving Abraham's covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Bethel ##### +##### Bethel This was an important city for Abraham and his descendants. It is possible that there is some theological significance to the city of Bethel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/29/intro.md b/gen/29/intro.md index c021090dde..7f4da1070e 100644 --- a/gen/29/intro.md +++ b/gen/29/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Genesis 29 General Notes # +# Genesis 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter records the conflict between Jacob's wives, Rachel and Leah. This account continues into the next chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Shepherds ##### +##### Shepherds Although the exact reasoning for the shepherds' unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob's actions. -##### Kissing ##### +##### Kissing It was common in the ancient Near East for relatives to greet each other with a kiss. There was nothing sexual about this type of kissing. -##### Marriage ##### +##### Marriage It was customary in the ancient Near East for a man to work for a woman's father in order to earn the right to marry her. It is unknown how common it was for a father to have his younger daughter marry before an older daughter. It was also sinful for Jacob to marry more than one wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/30/intro.md b/gen/30/intro.md index 0d9e4187fc..92f3361d51 100644 --- a/gen/30/intro.md +++ b/gen/30/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 30 General Notes # +# Genesis 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Women and their children ##### +##### Women and their children In the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) -##### Speckled and spotted ##### +##### Speckled and spotted Speckled and spotted sheep were considered to be imperfect. Therefore, they were considered to be much less valuable than the spotless sheep. Despite Jacob's fair offer, Laban once again tried to cheat him out of something he deserved. Jacob anticipated Laban's cheating. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/31/intro.md b/gen/31/intro.md index 007230b9d4..04101706e6 100644 --- a/gen/31/intro.md +++ b/gen/31/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Genesis 31 General Notes # +# Genesis 31 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's blessing ##### +##### God's blessing When Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Household gods ##### +##### Household gods Although a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them "good luck" and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony Laban's sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father's possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father's blessing. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/32/intro.md b/gen/32/intro.md index 36ffc09556..130046d404 100644 --- a/gen/32/intro.md +++ b/gen/32/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Genesis 32 General Notes # +# Genesis 32 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob does not trust Yahweh ##### +##### Jacob does not trust Yahweh Jacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -##### Name change ##### +##### Name change In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "A man wrestled with him" ##### +##### "A man wrestled with him" Scholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word "man" usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/33/intro.md b/gen/33/intro.md index a925aa5fdb..5167563b6b 100644 --- a/gen/33/intro.md +++ b/gen/33/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 33 General Notes # +# Genesis 33 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob's fear ##### +##### Jacob's fear Jacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau's power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Favoritism ##### +##### Favoritism Jacob showed favoritism towards Rachel and Joseph. He arranged the family according to those he loved the most. Rachel and Joseph were the most protected from a potential attack by Esau. He would have rather had everyone else die, in order to spare their lives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/34/intro.md b/gen/34/intro.md index 5b78d398e5..64d1e6c097 100644 --- a/gen/34/intro.md +++ b/gen/34/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 34 General Notes # +# Genesis 34 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel Jacob's name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information Jacob's reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob's sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem. Shechem raped Dinah, but then he said he loved her. By raping her, he ensured that no one else would want to marry her. This is not love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/35/intro.md b/gen/35/intro.md index c3981e4e53..8155e0750a 100644 --- a/gen/35/intro.md +++ b/gen/35/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Genesis 35 General Notes # +# Genesis 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Name change ##### +##### Name change In Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person's life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. -##### Covenant ##### +##### Covenant The covenant God made with Abraham is repeated here. It indicates that all of Jacob's descendants will inherit the promises of this covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/36/intro.md b/gen/36/intro.md index 0fc2e2248f..0b12c189f3 100644 --- a/gen/36/intro.md +++ b/gen/36/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Genesis 36 General Notes # +# Genesis 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Esau's descendants ##### +##### Esau's descendants Esau's descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/37/intro.md b/gen/37/intro.md index 4c89c53545..679e6b81a9 100644 --- a/gen/37/intro.md +++ b/gen/37/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 37 General Notes # +# Genesis 37 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins to record the account of Jacob's sons. The rest of the book of Genesis focuses on Jacob's sons, especially Joseph. This chapter also references Jacob as "Israel" beginning in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favoritism ##### +##### Favoritism Jacob's favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 37:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/38/intro.md b/gen/38/intro.md index a25f132d1d..1727b15418 100644 --- a/gen/38/intro.md +++ b/gen/38/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 38 General Notes # +# Genesis 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter focuses on Jacob's son Judah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Spilling his seed" ##### +##### "Spilling his seed" Onan was to provide for his brother's widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### God preserves Judah's line ##### +##### God preserves Judah's line The Canaanite woman, Tamar, deceived her father-in-law, Judah, into having sexual relations with her. If it had not been for this act, Judah would not have any descendants to carry on his family line. Although her actions were wrong, God used them to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 38:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/39/intro.md b/gen/39/intro.md index a8a50b6de9..c60358221b 100644 --- a/gen/39/intro.md +++ b/gen/39/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 39 General Notes # +# Genesis 39 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh's covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -##### Joseph's character ##### +##### Joseph's character Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. He chose to do what was right, even when it could cause him harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 39:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/40/intro.md b/gen/40/intro.md index 96beab84c8..ae799b05d4 100644 --- a/gen/40/intro.md +++ b/gen/40/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 40 General Notes # +# Genesis 40 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Interpretation of dreams ##### +##### Interpretation of dreams The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 40:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/41/intro.md b/gen/41/intro.md index 4083f23b82..26198efab9 100644 --- a/gen/41/intro.md +++ b/gen/41/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Genesis 41 General Notes # +# Genesis 41 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Interpretation of dreams ##### +##### Interpretation of dreams The interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -##### Joseph's character ##### +##### Joseph's character Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]l, [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 41:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/42/intro.md b/gen/42/intro.md index d046349b9c..a2ff256444 100644 --- a/gen/42/intro.md +++ b/gen/42/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 42 General Notes # +# Genesis 42 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Famine ##### +##### Famine Apparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt's size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Joseph's test ##### +##### Joseph's test Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 42:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/43/intro.md b/gen/43/intro.md index 0e6e6ece6d..1810606bb5 100644 --- a/gen/43/intro.md +++ b/gen/43/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Genesis 43 General Notes # +# Genesis 43 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's concern ##### +##### Israel's concern Israel is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 43:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/44/intro.md b/gen/44/intro.md index ab6e0b0f11..0242cb61bf 100644 --- a/gen/44/intro.md +++ b/gen/44/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Genesis 44 General Notes # +# Genesis 44 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah's sacrifice ##### +##### Judah's sacrifice Judah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah's descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Joseph's test ##### +##### Joseph's test Joseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 44:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/45/intro.md b/gen/45/intro.md index ac1baea776..2c58b34dbc 100644 --- a/gen/45/intro.md +++ b/gen/45/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Genesis 45 General Notes # +# Genesis 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Joseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter forms the conclusion of the story which began in chapter 43. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power The account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Joseph's character ##### +##### Joseph's character Genesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph's ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph's character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 45:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/46/intro.md b/gen/46/intro.md index 33f0c6cc50..72a8cb3644 100644 --- a/gen/46/intro.md +++ b/gen/46/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Genesis 46 General Notes # +# Genesis 46 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Going to Egypt ##### +##### Going to Egypt Yahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -##### Shepherds ##### +##### Shepherds Because of the regular flooding of the Nile River, Egypt's economy revolved around farming more than raising animals. Therefore, the Egyptians despised the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds. Joseph's instructions permitted the Hebrew people to live separately from the Egyptians. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 46:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/47/intro.md b/gen/47/intro.md index 27592d2383..ff6b4a6294 100644 --- a/gen/47/intro.md +++ b/gen/47/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 47 General Notes # +# Genesis 47 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abrahamic covenant ##### +##### Abrahamic covenant Part of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham's descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Jacob was not buried in Egypt ##### +##### Jacob was not buried in Egypt In the ancient Near east, a person was typically buried in their hometown. Since Egypt was not the Israelites' home, Jacob did not wish to be buried in Egypt. This was a lesson to the Israelites that Canaan was their true home, the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 47:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/48/intro.md b/gen/48/intro.md index f34a4041d7..68699f1333 100644 --- a/gen/48/intro.md +++ b/gen/48/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Genesis 48 General Notes # +# Genesis 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 48:15-16, and in 48:20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessing ##### +##### Blessing The blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel's descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 48:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/49/intro.md b/gen/49/intro.md index 96f9bcab2d..7dceede59e 100644 --- a/gen/49/intro.md +++ b/gen/49/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Genesis 49 General Notes # +# Genesis 49 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 49:1-27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecies ##### +##### Prophecies These statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob's sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The scepter will not depart from Judah" ##### +##### "The scepter will not depart from Judah" This prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### "I buried Leah" ##### +##### "I buried Leah" Since Moses wrote the book of Genesis, this is an editorial comment he makes in the text as the narrator. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 49:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/50/intro.md b/gen/50/intro.md index 7369e05cc5..ea8dcbf379 100644 --- a/gen/50/intro.md +++ b/gen/50/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Genesis 50 General Notes # +# Genesis 50 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Embalming ##### +##### Embalming Embalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay. -##### Joseph's character ##### +##### Joseph's character Joseph's character was so upright that Pharaoh's officials went with him to Canaan to bury Jacob. This was a very large funeral procession. He also learned lessons from earlier in his life and unified his family. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Genesis 50:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/gen/front/intro.md b/gen/front/intro.md index d78ddc1d10..4794231fe7 100644 --- a/gen/front/intro.md +++ b/gen/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Genesis # +# Introduction to Genesis -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Genesis #### +#### Outline of Genesis 1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel - The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26) @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ - The account of Esau (36:1–37:1) - The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26) -#### What is Genesis about? #### +#### What is Genesis about? Genesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) @@ -25,17 +25,17 @@ Genesis is also about the beginning of God's people. Genesis 12-50 tells about h Genesis ends with Abraham's descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? "Genesis" means "beginning," so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as "The Beginning of Things" may be suitable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote Genesis? #### +#### Who wrote Genesis? The writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis? #### +#### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis? A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. @@ -45,46 +45,46 @@ In the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a In the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own. -#### What was God's purpose for the book of Genesis? #### +#### What was God's purpose for the book of Genesis? The book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world. Genesis also describes the start of God's plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham's descendants. -#### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis? #### +#### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis? There are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham's other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac's older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac's younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) Also, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion. -#### How does Genesis present sin and evil? #### +#### How does Genesis present sin and evil? Genesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God's ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good. Sin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections? #### +#### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections? Genesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULB translates as "this is the record of," "these were the events concerning," or "these were the descendants of." The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2. If the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, "this is the record about" or "this is information about." Some passages will be better translated, however, as "These were the descendants of." -#### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate? #### +#### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate? Often in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1. However, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 ("In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth"), translators may decide to translate like this: "This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning." -#### What is the difference between "people" and "peoples"? #### +#### What is the difference between "people" and "peoples"? The word "people" refers to the individuals who belong to a group, such as "the people of Israel." The word "peoples" refers to multiple groups of people. Each group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worship their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon. -#### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names? #### +#### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names? Many individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor's name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, "Cush" also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called "Cushites." If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual's name and the nation's name similar. Examples of this are "Cush" and "Cushite" or "Moab" and "Moabite." Otherwise, the translator may say, "the descendants of Cush" or "the descendants of Moab." -#### What do the phrases "to this day" or "of today" mean? #### +#### What do the phrases "to this day" or "of today" mean? These phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" and "of today" refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18. diff --git a/hab/01/intro.md b/hab/01/intro.md index 4ea75c1d84..6f88448372 100644 --- a/hab/01/intro.md +++ b/hab/01/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Habakkuk 01 General Notes # +# Habakkuk 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:1-17. This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Injustice ##### +##### Injustice Habakkuk sees great injustice, especially in the defeat of Israel by the Assyrians. He cries out to Yahweh to ask him to put an end to it. He is questioning Yahweh, but he trusts in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Chaldeans ##### +##### Chaldeans Yahweh will raise up the Chaldeans to bring justice to the Hebrew people. They will defeat the Assyrians. At this time, the Chaldeans were an insignificant city and people group. This was probably intended to show the power of Yahweh. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Habakkuk 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Habakkuk intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/hab/02/intro.md b/hab/02/intro.md index 47062b9931..de00ef7f25 100644 --- a/hab/02/intro.md +++ b/hab/02/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Habakkuk 02 General Notes # +# Habakkuk 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:1-20. This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The righteous will live by his faith" ##### +##### "The righteous will live by his faith" This is an important phrase in Scripture. Paul also uses it to explain that man is justified by his faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Habakkuk 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hab/03/intro.md b/hab/03/intro.md index 5dc314fc34..3092f4d40d 100644 --- a/hab/03/intro.md +++ b/hab/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Habakkuk 03 General Notes # +# Habakkuk 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-19. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Poetry ##### +##### Poetry Although this is a prayer, it is in the form of poetry. Habakkuk uses startling imagery to show his fear of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Habakkuk 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hab/front/intro.md b/hab/front/intro.md index caa4fa57bf..d1bde6a655 100644 --- a/hab/front/intro.md +++ b/hab/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Habakkuk # +# Introduction to Habakkuk -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Habakkuk #### +#### Outline of Habakkuk 1. Habakkuk asks Yahweh questions (1:1–4) 1. Yahweh responds (1:5–11) @@ -11,36 +11,36 @@ 1. Habakkuk gives five taunts against the wicked (2:6-20) 1. Habakkuk prays (3:1–19) -#### What is the Book of Habakkuk about? #### +#### What is the Book of Habakkuk about? Other prophets spoke against Israel sinning and failing to obey Yahweh. But Habakkuk questioned Yahweh about the things he did. Yahweh said he would punish the people of Judah by sending the Babylonian army. Habakkuk complained because the Babylonians were more wicked than the people of Judah. Yahweh assured Habakkuk that he would also punish the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Habakkuk" or just "Habakkuk." Translators may choose to call it "The Sayings of Habakkuk." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Habakkuk? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Habakkuk? The prophet Habakkuk wrote this book. Scripture does not mention Habakkuk except in this book. The Chaldean empire is another name for the Babylonian empire. The Book of Habakkuk mentions it several times. This helps us to date Habakkuk's life. The Chaldean empire had power from about 720 to 538 B.C. Habakkuk probably prophesied about the time of Jeremiah, Zephaniah, and Nahum during the reigns of Kings Josiah, Jehoahaz, and Jehoiakim in Judah. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did Yahweh use an evil nation to punish Judah? #### +#### Why did Yahweh use an evil nation to punish Judah? Habakkuk wanted to know why Yahweh used an evil nation to punish Judah. Yahweh responded that he will judge the evil nations also. But righteous people will live by being faithful to Yahweh. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How do I identify the speaker? #### +#### How do I identify the speaker? Habakkuk spoke to Yahweh and Yahweh answered him. The translator should be careful to identify whether the speaker is Habakkuk or Yahweh in each section. The translator may wish to make the identity of the speaker explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### What style of writing is the Book of Habakkuk? #### +#### What style of writing is the Book of Habakkuk? In the first two chapters, Habakkuk asks Yahweh questions and Yahweh answers him. The third chapter is a psalm. Habakkuk ends by telling the choirmaster to use stringed instruments. -#### Does Habakkuk question or challenge Yahweh? #### +#### Does Habakkuk question or challenge Yahweh? Habakkuk spoke directly to Yahweh and seems to be challenging God. Habakkuk was not questioning the authority of Yahweh. He was telling Yahweh that he does not understand what Yahweh is doing. In some cultures, it may be improper to speak to an authority in this way. It may be necessary to rephrase Habakkuk's questions to emphasize his sincere desire to learn why God is doing what he is doing, without doubting him. diff --git a/hag/01/intro.md b/hag/01/intro.md index 5ec0a5ff7c..a0b1cf2d08 100644 --- a/hag/01/intro.md +++ b/hag/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Haggai 01 General Notes # +# Haggai 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Farming imagery ##### +##### Farming imagery Scripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement "You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest" indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Haggai 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Haggai intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/hag/02/intro.md b/hag/02/intro.md index fde02dee8d..e9cf3d9c64 100644 --- a/hag/02/intro.md +++ b/hag/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Haggai 02 General Notes # +# Haggai 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:3-9, 21-23. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Unclean ##### +##### Unclean Haggai uses an extended metaphor in this chapter related to ritual cleanliness. While the Jews were not unclean by nature as the Gentiles were, their actions made them unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Haggai 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hag/front/intro.md b/hag/front/intro.md index ace3e5f716..4d11f675ef 100644 --- a/hag/front/intro.md +++ b/hag/front/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# Introduction to Haggai # +# Introduction to Haggai -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Haggai #### +#### Outline of Haggai 1. The people must finish the temple for Yahweh to bless them again (1:1–15) 1. This temple will be more glorious than the first temple (2:1–9) 1. Yahweh will bless a defiled people (2:10–19) 1. Yahweh will defeat the nations and establish his ruler (2:20–23) -#### What is the Book of Haggai about? #### +#### What is the Book of Haggai about? The people of Israel lacked food and warm clothes. The prophet Haggai told them it was because they were not obeying Yahweh. If they would listen to him and start rebuilding the temple, then Yahweh would send rain and bless them again. The people listened and began to work on the temple. Yahweh encouraged the people, the priests, and the leaders. He told them that he was with them and would bless them. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has been titled "Haggai" or "The Book of Haggai." Translators may decide to call it "The Sayings of Haggai." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Haggai? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Haggai? The prophet Haggai wrote this book. He wrote it after the exiles returned from Babylon. They returned during the reign of the Persian king Darius I. Haggai probably gave all the prophesies in this book during a four-month period of time. Very little is known about Haggai. He lived at the same time as the prophet Zechariah. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah? #### +#### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah? It is likely that Haggai prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What does "consider your ways" mean? #### +#### What does "consider your ways" mean? Yahweh told the people to "consider your ways" several times in this book. This means that he wants them to think carefully about how they have lived and behaved. diff --git a/heb/01/intro.md b/heb/01/intro.md index 6bcfe1f229..a6733db941 100644 --- a/heb/01/intro.md +++ b/heb/01/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Hebrews 01 General Notes # +# Hebrews 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter describes how Jesus is more important to us than the angels are. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:5, 7-13, which are words from the Old Testament. -##### "Our ancestors" ##### +##### "Our ancestors" The writer wrote this letter to Christians who had grown up as Jews. This is why the letter is called "Hebrews." -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of proving Jesus is better than the angels. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that God's Son is more important than any of the angels. -##### Poetry ##### +##### Poetry Jewish teachers, like the Old Testament prophets, would put their most important teachings in the form of poetry so that the hearers would be able to learn and remember them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Hebrews intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/heb/02/intro.md b/heb/02/intro.md index 27131f22af..e4e6093aaf 100644 --- a/heb/02/intro.md +++ b/heb/02/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Hebrews 02 General Notes # +# Hebrews 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is about how Jesus is better than Moses, the greatest Israelite in the Old Testament. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:6-8, 12-13, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Brothers ##### +##### Brothers The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews. diff --git a/heb/03/intro.md b/heb/03/intro.md index 776a00f005..f9a0980bcd 100644 --- a/heb/03/intro.md +++ b/heb/03/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Hebrews 03 General Notes # +# Hebrews 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:7-11,15, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Brothers ##### +##### Brothers The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Harden your hearts ##### +##### Harden your hearts A person who hardens his heart is a person who will not listen to or obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of warning his readers. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that they need to listen to God and obey him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/04/intro.md b/heb/04/intro.md index 33eb4c312d..da1fd7280a 100644 --- a/heb/04/intro.md +++ b/heb/04/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Hebrews 04 General Notes # +# Hebrews 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter tells why Jesus is the greatest high priest. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:3-4, 7, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's rest ##### +##### God's rest The word "rest" seems to refer to at least two things in this chapter. It refers to a place or time when God will allow his people to rest from their work ([Hebrews 4:3](../../heb/04/03.md)), and it refers to God resting on the seventh day ([Hebrews 4:4](../../heb/04/04.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/05/intro.md b/heb/05/intro.md index 6c9eecc2fa..e229930535 100644 --- a/heb/05/intro.md +++ b/heb/05/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Hebrews 05 General Notes # +# Hebrews 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the teaching of the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:5-6. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### High priest ##### +##### High priest Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Milk and solid food ##### +##### Milk and solid food The writer speaks of Christians who are only able to understand simple things about Jesus as if they were babies, who drink only milk and cannot eat solid food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/06/intro.md b/heb/06/intro.md index 206d8403bf..4e4360d5ff 100644 --- a/heb/06/intro.md +++ b/heb/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Hebrews 06 General Notes # +# Hebrews 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abrahamic Covenant ##### +##### Abrahamic Covenant In the covenant that God made with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect Abraham's descendants and to give them land of their own. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/07/intro.md b/heb/07/intro.md index 5faba18b9e..57e9ddea23 100644 --- a/heb/07/intro.md +++ b/heb/07/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Hebrews 07 General Notes # +# Hebrews 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:17, 21, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### High priest ##### +##### High priest Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/08/intro.md b/heb/08/intro.md index 57c7a0b363..dd9a81a511 100644 --- a/heb/08/intro.md +++ b/heb/08/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Hebrews 08 General Notes # +# Hebrews 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The author finishes describing how and why Jesus is the most important high priest. Then he begins to speak about how the new covenant is better to the covenant God made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:8-12, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### New covenant ##### +##### New covenant The author tells how Jesus has established a new covenant that is better than the covenant that God established with the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/09/intro.md b/heb/09/intro.md index 6dc6f5a345..3b44772adb 100644 --- a/heb/09/intro.md +++ b/heb/09/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# Hebrews 09 General Notes # +# Hebrews 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter describes how Jesus is better than the temple and all its laws and rules. This chapter will be difficult to understand if the first five books of the Old Testament have not yet been translated. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Will ##### +##### Will A will is a legal document that describes what will happen to a person's property after he dies. -##### Blood ##### +##### Blood In the Old Testament, God had commanded the Israelites to offer sacrifices so that he would forgive their sins. Before they could offer these sacrifices, they had to kill animals and then offer not only the animal's body but also its blood. Shedding blood is a metaphor for killing an animal or person. Jesus offered his life, his blood, as a sacrifice when he allowed men to kill him. The writer of the Book of Hebrews is saying in this chapter that this sacrifice is better than the sacrifices of the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -##### Return of Christ ##### +##### Return of Christ Jesus will return to finish the work that he began when he died so that God would forgive his people's sins. He will finish saving those people who are waiting for him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### First covenant ##### +##### First covenant This refers to the covenant that God made with Moses. However, before he made this covenant, God had made a covenant with Abraham. But this was the first covenant that God had made with the people of Israel. You may decide to translate "the first covenant" as "the earlier covenant." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 9:1](../../heb/09/01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/10/intro.md b/heb/10/intro.md index 7808bc0c0d..d8d671c7c9 100644 --- a/heb/10/intro.md +++ b/heb/10/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Hebrews 10 General Notes # +# Hebrews 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, the writer finishes describing how Jesus' sacrifice was better than the sacrifices offered in the Temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 10:5-7, 15-17, 37-38, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's judgment and reward ##### +##### God's judgment and reward Holy living is important for Christians. God will hold people accountable for how they lived their Christian lives. Even though there will not be eternal condemnation for Christians, ungodly actions do and will have consequences. In addition, faithful living will be rewarded. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" ##### +##### "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" The sacrifices themselves had no redeeming power. They were effective because they were a display of faith, which was credited to the person offering the sacrifice. It is ultimately the sacrifice of Jesus that "takes away sins." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### "The covenant that I will make" ##### +##### "The covenant that I will make" It is unclear whether this prophecy was being fulfilled as the author was writing or whether it was to occur later. The translator should try to avoid making a claim about the time this covenant begins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/11/intro.md b/heb/11/intro.md index 17af6c0abe..29dcc4e7d6 100644 --- a/heb/11/intro.md +++ b/heb/11/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Hebrews 11 General Notes # +# Hebrews 11 General Notes -#### Structure #### +#### Structure The writer begins this chapter by telling what faith is. Then he gives many examples of people who had faith and how they lived. -#### Important concepts in this chapter #### +#### Important concepts in this chapter -##### Faith ##### +##### Faith In both the old and new covenants, God required faith. Some people with faith performed miracles and were very powerful. Other people with faith suffered greatly. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/12/intro.md b/heb/12/intro.md index bcd8305d37..3c5fd489d0 100644 --- a/heb/12/intro.md +++ b/heb/12/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Hebrews 12 General Notes # +# Hebrews 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting After telling of the value of discipline, the author begins a series of exhortations. (See; [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exhort]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:5-6, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Discipline ##### +##### Discipline God wants his people to do what is right. When they do what is wrong, he needs to correct or punish them. He does this just as earthly fathers correct and punish children whom they love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/13/intro.md b/heb/13/intro.md index 8156ef0ec4..5d4c0d64e5 100644 --- a/heb/13/intro.md +++ b/heb/13/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Hebrews 13 General Notes # +# Hebrews 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The author finishes the list of exhortations he began in chapter 12. Then he asks the readers to pray for him and ends the letter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:6, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hospitality ##### +##### Hospitality God wants his people to invite other people to come to their homes to eat food and even to sleep. His people should do this even if they do not know well the people they are inviting. In the Old Testament, Abraham and his nephew Lot both showed hospitality to people they did not know. Abraham served a costly meal to them, and then Lot invited them to sleep in his house. They learned later that those people were actually angels. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hebrews 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/heb/front/intro.md b/heb/front/intro.md index 3da13048ce..6f89123190 100644 --- a/heb/front/intro.md +++ b/heb/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Hebrews # +# Introduction to Hebrews -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Hebrews #### +#### Outline of the Book of Hebrews 1. Jesus is superior to God's prophets and angels (1:1-4:13) 1. Jesus is superior to the priests who serve in the temple in Jerusalem (4:14-7:28) @@ -11,33 +11,33 @@ 1. Encouragement to be faithful to God (12:1-29) 1. Concluding encouragements and greetings (13:1-25) -#### Who wrote the Book of Hebrews? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Hebrews? No one knows who wrote Hebrews. Scholars have suggested several different people who could possibly be the author. Possible authors are Paul, Luke, and Barnabas. The date of writing is also not known. Most scholars think it was written before A.D. 70. Jerusalem was destroyed in A.D. 70, but the writer of this letter spoke about Jerusalem as if it had not yet been destroyed. -#### What is the Book of Hebrews about? #### +#### What is the Book of Hebrews about? In the Book of Hebrews, the author shows that Jesus fulfilled Old Testament prophecies. The author did this in order to encourage the Jewish Christians and to explain that Jesus is better than anything that the old covenant had to offer. Jesus is the perfect High Priest. Jesus was also the perfect sacrifice. Animal sacrifices became useless because Jesus' sacrifice was once and for all time. Therefore, Jesus is the one and only way for people to be accepted by God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Hebrews." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Letter to the Hebrews" or "A Letter to the Jewish Christians." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Can readers understand this book without knowing about the sacrifices and the work of the priests required in the Old Testament? #### +#### Can readers understand this book without knowing about the sacrifices and the work of the priests required in the Old Testament? It would be very difficult for readers to understand this book without understanding these matters. Translators might consider explaining some of these Old Testament concepts in notes or in an introduction to this book. -#### How is the idea of blood used in the Book of Hebrews? #### +#### How is the idea of blood used in the Book of Hebrews? Beginning in [Hebrews 9:7](../../heb/09/07.md), the idea of blood is often used as metonymy to represent the death of any animal that was sacrificed according to God's covenant with Israel. The author also used blood to represent the death of Jesus Christ. Jesus became the perfect sacrifice so that God would forgive people for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Beginning in [Hebrews 9:19](../../heb/09/19.md), the author used the idea of sprinkling as a symbolic action. Old Testament priests sprinkled the blood of the animals sacrificed. This was a symbol of the benefits of the animal's death being applied to the people or to an object. This showed that the people or the object was acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Hebrews in the ULB? #### +#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Hebrews in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles: @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Hebrews? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Hebrews? For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/hos/01/intro.md b/hos/01/intro.md index e22fcb5fa6..82114ee356 100644 --- a/hos/01/intro.md +++ b/hos/01/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Hosea 01 General Notes # +# Hosea 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hosea's marriage ##### +##### Hosea's marriage God does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel's unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) Hosea's marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel's relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Hosea 1-4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Hosea intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/hos/02/intro.md b/hos/02/intro.md index 1ccb37306b..1319401202 100644 --- a/hos/02/intro.md +++ b/hos/02/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Hosea 02 General Notes # +# Hosea 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is poetry, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Hosea 1-2 is a single series forming one narrative. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Many relationships are used in this chapter that are metaphors for the relationship between Israel and her God. Brother, sister, husband, wife, mother, and children are examples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter creates an abrupt change of address. The prophet is now addressing the children directly in the first few verses, but the whole chapter is written against Gomer as an illustration of Israel as an adulterous people. God uses Gomer as an illustration to teach the people of Israel how they should be faithful to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/03/intro.md b/hos/03/intro.md index d2561ef418..b241bac561 100644 --- a/hos/03/intro.md +++ b/hos/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Hosea 03 General Notes # +# Hosea 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter focuses on the meaning of the illustration of Hosea's marriage. It is a very short chapter written in prose to show the truth of Israel's relationship with Yahweh. After bearing a number of children for Hosea, Gomer leaves him and prostitutes herself with other men, showing little to no regard for their marriage covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor This chapter contains a continuation of the metaphor played out in chapter 2. Hosea is told to go and buy his wife out of slavery. Gomer must have been captured and held as a slave due to her adulterous activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/04/intro.md b/hos/04/intro.md index 43f6157d9b..74db3d79b6 100644 --- a/hos/04/intro.md +++ b/hos/04/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Hosea 04 General Notes # +# Hosea 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lawsuits ##### +##### Lawsuits Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy ##### +##### Metonymy Metonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/05/intro.md b/hos/05/intro.md index 5eec7aabb9..c229c23b23 100644 --- a/hos/05/intro.md +++ b/hos/05/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Hosea 05 General Notes # +# Hosea 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter The author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter This chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/06/intro.md b/hos/06/intro.md index 8321eefd60..eb7d73cb34 100644 --- a/hos/06/intro.md +++ b/hos/06/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Hosea 06 General Notes # +# Hosea 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show mercy to his wayward people, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Gilead is an area in the northern kingdom of Israel where several of the tribes lived. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Change in speaker ##### +##### Change in speaker There is a change in person from 6:1-3 to 6:4-11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Throughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/07/intro.md b/hos/07/intro.md index e0fdd4722a..3c7a3d34ac 100644 --- a/hos/07/intro.md +++ b/hos/07/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Hosea 07 General Notes # +# Hosea 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh's anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Baking ##### +##### Baking Baking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel and Ephraim ##### +##### Israel and Ephraim This chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 7:1](../../hos/07/01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/08/intro.md b/hos/08/intro.md index 6235cf9f23..26a6789e4c 100644 --- a/hos/08/intro.md +++ b/hos/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Hosea 08 General Notes # +# Hosea 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues to use the poetic form to communicate several other ways the people of Israel have sinned against God. First, Yahweh notes that they have set up a king without consulting him. Next, they set up or reinstalled the golden calves of Samaria. Last, they were seeking help from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter This chapter contains some references to the "calf of Samaria." This most likely refers to an image that was set up by an earlier king of Israel. He did this in order to discourage his people from going to Jerusalem, which was part of the southern kingdom of Judah. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/09/intro.md b/hos/09/intro.md index 61ea08f01a..1ac74df557 100644 --- a/hos/09/intro.md +++ b/hos/09/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Hosea 09 General Notes # +# Hosea 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh's displeasure with Israel's sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exile ##### +##### Exile Because the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Change in speaker ##### +##### Change in speaker In verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of "my God" must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/10/intro.md b/hos/10/intro.md index 9d3f79ea8b..4081f1737e 100644 --- a/hos/10/intro.md +++ b/hos/10/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Hosea 10 General Notes # +# Hosea 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in poetic form and continues the theme of Israel's many sins against Yahweh. Even though Israel prospered for a time as they multiplied their sins, Yahweh was leading them toward destruction. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter Yahweh's relationship to his people was not based on his people's actions. Even though they rebelled, Yahweh still desired to rescue them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Jacob ##### +##### Jacob The repeated use of different names for the two kingdoms can be confusing. In verse 11, "Ephraim" refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, and "Judah" refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. However, Jacob is also mentioned. This use of "Jacob" makes us think of the earlier unified nation and may also refer to a future unified nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/11/intro.md b/hos/11/intro.md index 240f051cd1..44a7f350f0 100644 --- a/hos/11/intro.md +++ b/hos/11/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Hosea 11 General Notes # +# Hosea 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh's relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor This chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel's persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/12/intro.md b/hos/12/intro.md index 640cc554e6..562001ef25 100644 --- a/hos/12/intro.md +++ b/hos/12/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Hosea 12 General Notes # +# Hosea 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jacob ##### +##### Jacob There is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/13/intro.md b/hos/13/intro.md index 6967a11d18..705c0b64a2 100644 --- a/hos/13/intro.md +++ b/hos/13/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Hosea 13 General Notes # +# Hosea 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter uses poetry to communicate Yahweh's disgust and anger with the northern kingdom of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter "Israel" and "Ephraim" are terms used to speak about the people of the northern kingdom. Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) This chapter makes it clear that the northern kingdom is going to be nearly decimated as a people. They will no longer exist as a nation. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical question ##### +##### Rhetorical question Hosea uses rhetorical questions throughout this chapter. They are not questions requesting information but rather questions indicating some emotion like anger or dissatisfaction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/14/intro.md b/hos/14/intro.md index 9bc2c589d6..970c4a9149 100644 --- a/hos/14/intro.md +++ b/hos/14/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Hosea 14 General Notes # +# Hosea 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This last chapter of Hosea ends with hope. In this chapter, Hosea calls for Israel to confess to Yahweh and repent. This chapter continues to be written in poetic form, using metaphors and other devices to communicate God's love for his sinful people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Why are confession and repentance even suggested here for a people that Yahweh has already condemned to be destroyed? It is because this is a teaching that Yahweh is a merciful God who loves his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Speaker ##### +##### Speaker The use of first and second person in this chapter often signifies a change in speaker. In this chapter, Hosea is speaking to the northern kingdom to tell them that Yahweh loves them. There are several places in this chapter where the writer switches from the third person to the second or the first person. This may cause some confusion about who is speaking. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Hosea 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/hos/front/intro.md b/hos/front/intro.md index d45d46080a..0fd455f6d0 100644 --- a/hos/front/intro.md +++ b/hos/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Hosea # +# Introduction to Hosea -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Hosea #### +#### Outline of Hosea 1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5) 1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3) @@ -17,44 +17,44 @@ 1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16) 1. Yahweh's last appeals to Israel (14:1–9) -#### What is the Book of Hosea about? #### +#### What is the Book of Hosea about? This book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel. Hosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally named "The Book of Hosea" or just "Hosea." Translators may also call it "The Book About Hosea" or "The Sayings of Hosea." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Hosea? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Hosea? Although this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute? #### +#### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute? God told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### What is a lawsuit? #### +#### What is a lawsuit? Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1). -#### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship? #### +#### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship? Israel was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What does the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" mean? #### +#### What does the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" mean? The prophet used the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" to mark a message as truly coming from God. -#### Why are English translations of Hosea very different? #### +#### Why are English translations of Hosea very different? Hosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently. -#### What does the term "Israel" mean in Hosea? #### +#### What does the term "Israel" mean in Hosea? In Hosea, "Israel" is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]]) diff --git a/isa/01/intro.md b/isa/01/intro.md index c0efd85378..235bb027c5 100644 --- a/isa/01/intro.md +++ b/isa/01/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Isaiah 01 General Notes # +# Isaiah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Woe ##### +##### Woe The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[:[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah's sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Isaiah intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/isa/02/intro.md b/isa/02/intro.md index 9561a52df0..1a2f2a03d1 100644 --- a/isa/02/intro.md +++ b/isa/02/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Isaiah 02 General Notes # +# Isaiah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:2-22. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Latter days ##### +##### Latter days This is probably a reference to the "last days." This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -##### Idolatry ##### +##### Idolatry While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/03/intro.md b/isa/03/intro.md index beda79e25a..d5bc677e71 100644 --- a/isa/03/intro.md +++ b/isa/03/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Isaiah 03 General Notes # +# Isaiah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh. -##### Judgment ##### +##### Judgment This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exile ##### +##### Exile While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/04/intro.md b/isa/04/intro.md index 8cfe7d667d..003ea6403a 100644 --- a/isa/04/intro.md +++ b/isa/04/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Isaiah 04 General Notes # +# Isaiah 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### More women than men ##### +##### More women than men This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah's fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Branch of Yahweh ##### +##### Branch of Yahweh Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/05/intro.md b/isa/05/intro.md index a88ed00faa..8dacb00ff4 100644 --- a/isa/05/intro.md +++ b/isa/05/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Isaiah 05 General Notes # +# Isaiah 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Woe ##### +##### Woe This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Allegory ##### +##### Allegory This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) ==Animals being present where people once lived== Verse 17 ("Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze") is an example of the Old Testament's prophets' habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God's punishment on the people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/06/intro.md b/isa/06/intro.md index af07f5f370..808e27ee7e 100644 --- a/isa/06/intro.md +++ b/isa/06/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Isaiah 06 General Notes # +# Isaiah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Heaven ##### +##### Heaven This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Isaiah's call ##### +##### Isaiah's call This chapter record Isaiah's call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Inevitability ##### +##### Inevitability The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/07/intro.md b/isa/07/intro.md index 5671c85889..09b36527fc 100644 --- a/isa/07/intro.md +++ b/isa/07/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 07 General Notes # +# Isaiah 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Young woman" ##### +##### "Young woman" Some translations choose to translate this as "virgin" and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/08/intro.md b/isa/08/intro.md index 3964d3a172..d690c4e2d2 100644 --- a/isa/08/intro.md +++ b/isa/08/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 08 General Notes # +# Isaiah 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust in Yahweh ##### +##### Trust in Yahweh Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/09/intro.md b/isa/09/intro.md index dd0ed8a45b..5bf9c27a68 100644 --- a/isa/09/intro.md +++ b/isa/09/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 09 General Notes # +# Isaiah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah ##### +##### Messiah The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Fulfillment of prophecies ##### +##### Fulfillment of prophecies Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah's lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/10/intro.md b/isa/10/intro.md index be72fb3b44..bc780379a5 100644 --- a/isa/10/intro.md +++ b/isa/10/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Isaiah 10 General Notes # +# Isaiah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's sovereignty ##### +##### Yahweh's sovereignty Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel's sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/11/intro.md b/isa/11/intro.md index e1ace2d963..9ee2836f27 100644 --- a/isa/11/intro.md +++ b/isa/11/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 11 General Notes # +# Isaiah 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah ##### +##### Messiah The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ambiguity ##### +##### Ambiguity It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/12/intro.md b/isa/12/intro.md index 4906b515f2..8b358a3dbb 100644 --- a/isa/12/intro.md +++ b/isa/12/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Isaiah 12 General Notes # +# Isaiah 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "That day" ##### +##### "That day" The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Tense ##### +##### Tense Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/13/intro.md b/isa/13/intro.md index 5607527ba3..2ce81e7e86 100644 --- a/isa/13/intro.md +++ b/isa/13/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 13 General Notes # +# Isaiah 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecies ##### +##### Prophecies It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/14/intro.md b/isa/14/intro.md index 95264b0e05..0248bccb05 100644 --- a/isa/14/intro.md +++ b/isa/14/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Isaiah 14 General Notes # +# Isaiah 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Satan ##### +##### Satan It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words "I will" which appear to show the essence of Satan's sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Babylon ##### +##### Babylon This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan's kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as "Babylon," but translators should be aware of its dual meaning. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/15/intro.md b/isa/15/intro.md index bea2251f6b..e4f53c48e9 100644 --- a/isa/15/intro.md +++ b/isa/15/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Isaiah 15 General Notes # +# Isaiah 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/16/intro.md b/isa/16/intro.md index 2b86ef85c3..2f6bf35223 100644 --- a/isa/16/intro.md +++ b/isa/16/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Isaiah 16 General Notes # +# Isaiah 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:1-12. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/17/intro.md b/isa/17/intro.md index 79b906195f..02325d831d 100644 --- a/isa/17/intro.md +++ b/isa/17/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Isaiah 17 General Notes # +# Isaiah 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. The ULB sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Damascus ##### +##### Damascus This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh's people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ephraim ##### +##### Ephraim This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/18/intro.md b/isa/18/intro.md index cccc2f3ee5..5db0a58323 100644 --- a/isa/18/intro.md +++ b/isa/18/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 18 General Notes # +# Isaiah 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cush ##### +##### Cush This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/19/intro.md b/isa/19/intro.md index ec579eb15d..b0175d8b0c 100644 --- a/isa/19/intro.md +++ b/isa/19/intro.md @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ -# Isaiah 19 General Notes # +# Isaiah 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 19:1-18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Egypt ##### +##### Egypt This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Imagery ##### +##### Imagery Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In that day" ##### +##### "In that day" This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/20/intro.md b/isa/20/intro.md index 002ea1df3b..036b71d6f0 100644 --- a/isa/20/intro.md +++ b/isa/20/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Isaiah 20 General Notes # +# Isaiah 20 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Naked and barefoot ##### +##### Naked and barefoot This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria's victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/21/intro.md b/isa/21/intro.md index 431001b132..9e09f0f29b 100644 --- a/isa/21/intro.md +++ b/isa/21/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Isaiah 21 General Notes # +# Isaiah 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cush ##### +##### Cush Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The desert by the sea ##### +##### The desert by the sea This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Mystery ##### +##### Mystery The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy's fulfillment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/22/intro.md b/isa/22/intro.md index 58903f3450..745facbbe6 100644 --- a/isa/22/intro.md +++ b/isa/22/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 22 General Notes # +# Isaiah 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh's punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Valley of Visions" ##### +##### "Valley of Visions" This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/23/intro.md b/isa/23/intro.md index 8e93edb9da..96edc727c0 100644 --- a/isa/23/intro.md +++ b/isa/23/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 23 General Notes # +# Isaiah 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Phoenicia ##### +##### Phoenicia This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/24/intro.md b/isa/24/intro.md index 91cb533707..852580c902 100644 --- a/isa/24/intro.md +++ b/isa/24/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Isaiah 24 General Notes # +# Isaiah 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh's punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Covenant ##### +##### Covenant The mention of an "everlasting covenant" in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Reign of Yahweh ##### +##### Reign of Yahweh This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/25/intro.md b/isa/25/intro.md index 100aa2702f..54f0d76dd6 100644 --- a/isa/25/intro.md +++ b/isa/25/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Isaiah 25 General Notes # +# Isaiah 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reign of the Messiah ##### +##### Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/26/intro.md b/isa/26/intro.md index ca8c92a94e..04335b3b2a 100644 --- a/isa/26/intro.md +++ b/isa/26/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 26 General Notes # +# Isaiah 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" ##### +##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/27/intro.md b/isa/27/intro.md index 0bca481e26..29e58181f4 100644 --- a/isa/27/intro.md +++ b/isa/27/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 27 General Notes # +# Isaiah 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Leviathan ##### +##### Leviathan This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" ##### +##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/28/intro.md b/isa/28/intro.md index be9f6e95fa..b41c536548 100644 --- a/isa/28/intro.md +++ b/isa/28/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 28 General Notes # +# Isaiah 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh's punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" ##### +##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/29/intro.md b/isa/29/intro.md index 66956c0f1f..ca7cb3fd67 100644 --- a/isa/29/intro.md +++ b/isa/29/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Isaiah 29 General Notes # +# Isaiah 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter begins a series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ariel ##### +##### Ariel This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prophecies ##### +##### Prophecies This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/30/intro.md b/isa/30/intro.md index 6198882d47..7d0dfea05e 100644 --- a/isa/30/intro.md +++ b/isa/30/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Isaiah 30 General Notes # +# Isaiah 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Negev ##### +##### Negev This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous. -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" ##### +##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/31/intro.md b/isa/31/intro.md index 354cee3b4a..4783ee6638 100644 --- a/isa/31/intro.md +++ b/isa/31/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Isaiah 31 General Notes # +# Isaiah 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of "woes" against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "That day" ##### +##### "That day" This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel The use of the term "Israel" in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/32/intro.md b/isa/32/intro.md index fd644a4815..5749019c54 100644 --- a/isa/32/intro.md +++ b/isa/32/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 32 General Notes # +# Isaiah 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reign of the Messiah ##### +##### Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/33/intro.md b/isa/33/intro.md index a36da35545..b73b703c59 100644 --- a/isa/33/intro.md +++ b/isa/33/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Isaiah 33 General Notes # +# Isaiah 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter continues the series of "woes." It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/34/intro.md b/isa/34/intro.md index b7c0b9f69e..8371d50af6 100644 --- a/isa/34/intro.md +++ b/isa/34/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Isaiah 34 General Notes # +# Isaiah 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Destruction ##### +##### Destruction There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/35/intro.md b/isa/35/intro.md index 4804ba895a..ed568d4f18 100644 --- a/isa/35/intro.md +++ b/isa/35/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 35 General Notes # +# Isaiah 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Reign of the Messiah ##### +##### Reign of the Messiah This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/36/intro.md b/isa/36/intro.md index 52855a5f6d..12d776be4e 100644 --- a/isa/36/intro.md +++ b/isa/36/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Isaiah 36 General Notes # +# Isaiah 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/37/intro.md b/isa/37/intro.md index e3aec9d13a..3421de7671 100644 --- a/isa/37/intro.md +++ b/isa/37/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Isaiah 37 General Notes # +# Isaiah 37 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 37:22-38. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth ##### +##### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king's anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]]) -##### Prayer ##### +##### Prayer Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 37:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/38/intro.md b/isa/38/intro.md index 33681295b9..6d1bc886f3 100644 --- a/isa/38/intro.md +++ b/isa/38/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 38 General Notes # +# Isaiah 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 38:10-20. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Poetry ##### +##### Poetry This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah's prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 38:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/39/intro.md b/isa/39/intro.md index 74e5e3520e..6dc7fcac95 100644 --- a/isa/39/intro.md +++ b/isa/39/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Isaiah 39 General Notes # +# Isaiah 39 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride ##### +##### Pride Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Babylon ##### +##### Babylon At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 39:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/40/intro.md b/isa/40/intro.md index 3605076f54..5547d5adbe 100644 --- a/isa/40/intro.md +++ b/isa/40/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Isaiah 40 General Notes # +# Isaiah 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "She has received double from Yahweh's hand for all her sins" ##### +##### "She has received double from Yahweh's hand for all her sins" It is common in many languages to use the feminine "she" to refer to a nation, rather than the word "it," which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use "he," "she," or "it" in reference to a nation. The phrase "received double" indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations. -##### Reign of Yahweh ##### +##### Reign of Yahweh This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 40:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/41/intro.md b/isa/41/intro.md index 5a3ba3468d..27c84c90e2 100644 --- a/isa/41/intro.md +++ b/isa/41/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 41 General Notes # +# Isaiah 41 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mocking ##### +##### Mocking Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 41:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/42/intro.md b/isa/42/intro.md index 71d5c24cb5..f507ccafc5 100644 --- a/isa/42/intro.md +++ b/isa/42/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Isaiah 42 General Notes # +# Isaiah 42 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Servant ##### +##### Servant Israel is called Yahweh's servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word "servant" are intended to contrast with one another. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 42:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/43/intro.md b/isa/43/intro.md index 6c315ca01a..6b8adeedbd 100644 --- a/isa/43/intro.md +++ b/isa/43/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 43 General Notes # +# Isaiah 43 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Exodus ##### +##### Exodus This chapter pictures Judah's eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Exile ##### +##### Exile This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 43:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/44/intro.md b/isa/44/intro.md index 136b454157..5d47070be1 100644 --- a/isa/44/intro.md +++ b/isa/44/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 44 General Notes # +# Isaiah 44 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh's power as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 44:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/45/intro.md b/isa/45/intro.md index 7ae888871b..e71639b33e 100644 --- a/isa/45/intro.md +++ b/isa/45/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 45 General Notes # +# Isaiah 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Potter and clay ##### +##### Potter and clay The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to "anoint" or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 45:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/46/intro.md b/isa/46/intro.md index 760819cc93..72ffc59486 100644 --- a/isa/46/intro.md +++ b/isa/46/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -# Isaiah 46 General Notes # +# Isaiah 46 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -##### Yahweh and the false gods ##### +##### Yahweh and the false gods This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 46:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/47/intro.md b/isa/47/intro.md index d827a76ee2..5f0b04655d 100644 --- a/isa/47/intro.md +++ b/isa/47/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 47 General Notes # +# Isaiah 47 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Babylon ##### +##### Babylon This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 47:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/48/intro.md b/isa/48/intro.md index cea9763f17..1f14abdaa5 100644 --- a/isa/48/intro.md +++ b/isa/48/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Isaiah 48 General Notes # +# Isaiah 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -##### Yahweh and the false gods ##### +##### Yahweh and the false gods This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Exile ##### +##### Exile Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 48:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/49/intro.md b/isa/49/intro.md index 82fb885c8e..9a7ca4a877 100644 --- a/isa/49/intro.md +++ b/isa/49/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Isaiah 49 General Notes # +# Isaiah 49 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### A day of salvation ##### +##### A day of salvation It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 49:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/50/intro.md b/isa/50/intro.md index 46c6666753..890b0175d0 100644 --- a/isa/50/intro.md +++ b/isa/50/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Isaiah 50 General Notes # +# Isaiah 50 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 50:4-9 is the third of these songs. They are often called the "servant songs" because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 50:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/51/intro.md b/isa/51/intro.md index c1cc070822..646fea05d9 100644 --- a/isa/51/intro.md +++ b/isa/51/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Isaiah 51 General Notes # +# Isaiah 51 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh's point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Awake ##### +##### Awake In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to "awake," meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 51:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/52/intro.md b/isa/52/intro.md index 5187ae533f..da5f19f51d 100644 --- a/isa/52/intro.md +++ b/isa/52/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Isaiah 52 General Notes # +# Isaiah 52 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The prophecies of this chapter occur after the exile in Babylon and are not in r There is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah beginning in this chapter and continues through the next chapter. This prophesy begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a "suffering servant." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 52:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/53/intro.md b/isa/53/intro.md index 5f05d688aa..e7dd5ed8b2 100644 --- a/isa/53/intro.md +++ b/isa/53/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Isaiah 53 General Notes # +# Isaiah 53 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and his life and ministry. It begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a "suffering servant." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Atonement ##### +##### Atonement This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 53:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/54/intro.md b/isa/54/intro.md index e16d5aeb6c..d790d8607d 100644 --- a/isa/54/intro.md +++ b/isa/54/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 54 General Notes # +# Isaiah 54 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's covenant faithfulness ##### +##### Yahweh's covenant faithfulness This chapter focuses on Yahweh's faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 54:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/55/intro.md b/isa/55/intro.md index 2ebada1d43..554baa606e 100644 --- a/isa/55/intro.md +++ b/isa/55/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 55 General Notes # +# Isaiah 55 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gentiles ##### +##### Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 55:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/56/intro.md b/isa/56/intro.md index b731754607..3b45367eab 100644 --- a/isa/56/intro.md +++ b/isa/56/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 56 General Notes # +# Isaiah 56 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gentiles ##### +##### Gentiles Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Beasts ##### +##### Beasts The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 56:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/57/intro.md b/isa/57/intro.md index fe3f5ad900..bbf1d37582 100644 --- a/isa/57/intro.md +++ b/isa/57/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 57 General Notes # +# Isaiah 57 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Child sacrifice ##### +##### Child sacrifice This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Mocking ##### +##### Mocking The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 57:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/58/intro.md b/isa/58/intro.md index b963104b90..f94be668e1 100644 --- a/isa/58/intro.md +++ b/isa/58/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Isaiah 58 General Notes # +# Isaiah 58 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fasting ##### +##### Fasting The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster's attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Yet they seek me daily" ##### +##### "Yet they seek me daily" The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 58:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/59/intro.md b/isa/59/intro.md index 61b3a8cc6c..67b6441c9d 100644 --- a/isa/59/intro.md +++ b/isa/59/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 59 General Notes # +# Isaiah 59 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's deliverance ##### +##### Yahweh's deliverance When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 59:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/60/intro.md b/isa/60/intro.md index 2295f427d2..9288d359c0 100644 --- a/isa/60/intro.md +++ b/isa/60/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 60 General Notes # +# Isaiah 60 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's restoration ##### +##### Israel's restoration This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 60:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/61/intro.md b/isa/61/intro.md index 8982f2b490..9ebc57375f 100644 --- a/isa/61/intro.md +++ b/isa/61/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Isaiah 61 General Notes # +# Isaiah 61 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah and not Isaiah because this was different than the message Isaiah delivered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Restoration ##### +##### Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 61:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/62/intro.md b/isa/62/intro.md index 609e5dbef2..ca41794ed5 100644 --- a/isa/62/intro.md +++ b/isa/62/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 62 General Notes # +# Isaiah 62 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Restoration ##### +##### Restoration This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 62:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/63/intro.md b/isa/63/intro.md index b63b114721..c2c7d8a2f1 100644 --- a/isa/63/intro.md +++ b/isa/63/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 63 General Notes # +# Isaiah 63 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Imagery ##### +##### Imagery The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 63:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/64/intro.md b/isa/64/intro.md index 76b48b432e..dcd01cef40 100644 --- a/isa/64/intro.md +++ b/isa/64/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 64 General Notes # +# Isaiah 64 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 64:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/65/intro.md b/isa/65/intro.md index 0b3d1bdd03..97c575aed6 100644 --- a/isa/65/intro.md +++ b/isa/65/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Isaiah 65 General Notes # +# Isaiah 65 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in this chapter. This chapter is Yahweh's response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judgment and hope ##### +##### Judgment and hope This chapter records that Yahweh's judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 65:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/66/intro.md b/isa/66/intro.md index 85d89f159b..598d291fb2 100644 --- a/isa/66/intro.md +++ b/isa/66/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Isaiah 66 General Notes # +# Isaiah 66 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 66:1-17, 21-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### In the end ##### +##### In the end In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Isaiah 66:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/isa/front/intro.md b/isa/front/intro.md index cf4248999d..e67b81aab9 100644 --- a/isa/front/intro.md +++ b/isa/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Isaiah # +# Introduction to Isaiah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Isaiah #### +#### Outline of the Book of Isaiah 1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12) 1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23) @@ -18,37 +18,37 @@ 1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66) -#### What is the Book of Isaiah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Isaiah about? The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah's prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem. The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title, "The Book of Isaiah" or just "Isaiah." Or they may call it "The Book about Isaiah" or "The Sayings of Isaiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### When was the Book of Isaiah written? #### +#### When was the Book of Isaiah written? Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel? #### +#### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel? Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David's kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God's spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about "the servant." This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ. -#### What did Isaiah mean by the "last days"? #### +#### What did Isaiah mean by the "last days"? Isaiah prophesied of the "last days" (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the "last days" to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah? #### +#### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah? Most of Isaiah's prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered. diff --git a/jas/01/intro.md b/jas/01/intro.md index d3c245d159..6c74c591d9 100644 --- a/jas/01/intro.md +++ b/jas/01/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# James 01 General Notes # +# James 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Testing and temptation ##### +##### Testing and temptation These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil. -##### Crowns ##### +##### Crowns The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion" ##### +##### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion" It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers "the twelve tribes in the dispersion," words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for "all people whom God has chosen" or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[James 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[James intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/jas/02/intro.md b/jas/02/intro.md index e0c1843835..1a785c09c9 100644 --- a/jas/02/intro.md +++ b/jas/02/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# James 02 General Notes # +# James 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favoritism ##### +##### Favoritism Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well. -##### Justification ##### +##### Justification Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Quotation marks ##### +##### Quotation marks The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works" are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what "someone may say," like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that "someone." @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my Some people think that the words "you" and "I" are metonyms for "some people" and "other people." If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, "Someone may say, 'Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.'" If the next sentence is also what "someone may say," it could be translated "Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith." In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULB does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[James 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jas/03/intro.md b/jas/03/intro.md index 444516f967..56fdd51ac0 100644 --- a/jas/03/intro.md +++ b/jas/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# James 03 General Notes # +# James 03 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[James 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jas/04/intro.md b/jas/04/intro.md index ab52e40ba1..309cad68eb 100644 --- a/jas/04/intro.md +++ b/jas/04/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# James 04 General Notes # +# James 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Adultery ##### +##### Adultery Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Law ##### +##### Law James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Humble ##### +##### Humble This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[James 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jas/05/intro.md b/jas/05/intro.md index 9752cfe0c6..411699b011 100644 --- a/jas/05/intro.md +++ b/jas/05/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# James 05 General Notes # +# James 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eternity ##### +##### Eternity This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### Oaths ##### +##### Oaths Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Elijah ##### +##### Elijah This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated. -##### "Save his soul from death" ##### +##### "Save his soul from death" This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[James 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jas/front/intro.md b/jas/front/intro.md index 80b0d6faf5..13b16ee61c 100644 --- a/jas/front/intro.md +++ b/jas/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to James # +# Introduction to James -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of James #### +#### Outline of the Book of James 1. Greetings (1:1) 1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18) @@ -24,39 +24,39 @@ - Prayer and healing (5:13-18) - Care for one another (5:19-20) -#### Who wrote the Book of James? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of James? The author identified himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a "pillar" of the church. This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written. -#### What is the Book of James about? #### +#### What is the Book of James about? In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely. James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7). -#### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"? #### +#### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"? James said he was writing to the "twelve tribes in the dispersion" (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the "General Epistles" since it was not written to a specific church or individual. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "James." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "A Letter from James" or "The Letter James Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God? #### +#### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God? Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James? #### +#### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James? The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James? * "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?" (2:20). The ULB and modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?" If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/jdg/01/intro.md b/jdg/01/intro.md index 71219ee20d..c45f9fb52e 100644 --- a/jdg/01/intro.md +++ b/jdg/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Judges 01 General Notes # +# Judges 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### -##### "After the death of Joshua" ##### +#### Structure and formatting +##### "After the death of Joshua" This statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land ##### +##### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land Israel fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God's instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Judges intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/02/intro.md b/jdg/02/intro.md index 94a9f3134a..b2cf658293 100644 --- a/jdg/02/intro.md +++ b/jdg/02/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Judges 02 General Notes # +# Judges 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh tests Israel ##### +##### Yahweh tests Israel Yahweh said, "Because this nation has broken the terms of my covenant." Completely removing the Canaanites from the land was a test from Yahweh. While Yahweh displayed covenant faithfulness, Israel did not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/03/intro.md b/jdg/03/intro.md index f9e38f5e50..422f772378 100644 --- a/jdg/03/intro.md +++ b/jdg/03/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Judges 03 General Notes # +# Judges 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people worship false gods ##### +##### The people worship false gods Israel worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Blew a trumpet" ##### +##### "Blew a trumpet" When Ehud "blew a trumpet," he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/04/intro.md b/jdg/04/intro.md index 401ff7403e..ec3e284fdc 100644 --- a/jdg/04/intro.md +++ b/jdg/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Judges 04 General Notes # +# Judges 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapters 4 and 5 form one section about Barak and Deborah. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Barak's leadership ##### +##### Barak's leadership At this time, it was very unusual for a woman to be a leader, especially a military leader. Barak lacked the strength to go into battle without Deborah. This indicates that Barak was a poor leader. If a woman won the battle for him, it would have brought Barak shame. It also indicates that Deborah was very well respected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/05/intro.md b/jdg/05/intro.md index 7b5ee9d408..66a2f38314 100644 --- a/jdg/05/intro.md +++ b/jdg/05/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Judges 05 General Notes # +# Judges 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Deborah and Barak continues in this chapter. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of Chapter 5, which is a song, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The flood ##### +##### The flood God caused rain and flooding to bog down Jaban's chariots making them vulnerable to soldiers on foot, even though it is not said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/06/intro.md b/jdg/06/intro.md index 64548d8a90..01f4984cad 100644 --- a/jdg/06/intro.md +++ b/jdg/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Judges 06 General Notes # +# Judges 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about Gideon. (Chapters 6-8) -##### Special concepts in this chapter ##### +##### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's punishment ##### +##### Israel's punishment In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/07/intro.md b/jdg/07/intro.md index a5dda24b9a..2d423a7067 100644 --- a/jdg/07/intro.md +++ b/jdg/07/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Judges 07 General Notes # +# Judges 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Gideon continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God gets all of the credit ##### +##### God gets all of the credit God said, "There are too many soldiers for me to give you victory over the Midianites. Make sure that Israel will not boast against me, saying, 'Our own power has saved us.'" By lowering the number of fighting soldiers, it emphasizes that the victory is achieved through God's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/08/intro.md b/jdg/08/intro.md index 6b207bb75e..3d829f211f 100644 --- a/jdg/08/intro.md +++ b/jdg/08/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Judges 08 General Notes # +# Judges 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Succoth's refusal to help Gideon ##### +##### Succoth's refusal to help Gideon The men of Succoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Gideon refuses to be king ##### +##### Gideon refuses to be king Gideon said to them, "I will not rule over you, neither will my son rule over you. Yahweh will rule over you." Although the book of Deuteronomy anticipates a king in Israel, it was sinful for Israel to desire to have a king. He did though take a share of everyone's plunder as a king would have done through taxes. This may serve as a warning to Israel about their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/09/intro.md b/jdg/09/intro.md index ad3c521677..6c16fa4d5c 100644 --- a/jdg/09/intro.md +++ b/jdg/09/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Judges 09 General Notes # +# Judges 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jotham's curse ##### +##### Jotham's curse Gideon's son, Abimelech, killed all of his brothers except Jotham in order to become king of Shechem. Jotham cursed Abimelech for having murdered Gideon's other sons. "Let fire come out from Abimelech and burn up the men of Shechem and the house of Millo. Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Beth Millo, to burn up Abimelech." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -=##### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### +=##### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Tree metaphor ##### +##### Tree metaphor This chapter contains an extended metaphor about trees. This metaphor functions as a parable instructing Israel about their sinful desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/10/intro.md b/jdg/10/intro.md index 8b4b68492f..081aae306f 100644 --- a/jdg/10/intro.md +++ b/jdg/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Judges 10 General Notes # +# Judges 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10-12](./01.md)). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's punishment ##### +##### Israel's punishment In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/11/intro.md b/jdg/11/intro.md index 42d3fd19ff..78950983b2 100644 --- a/jdg/11/intro.md +++ b/jdg/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Judges 11 General Notes # +# Judges 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Jephthah continues in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jephthah the leader ##### +##### Jephthah the leader Jephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/12/intro.md b/jdg/12/intro.md index dd18999831..743bb3b4a7 100644 --- a/jdg/12/intro.md +++ b/jdg/12/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Judges 12 General Notes # +# Judges 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter. -##### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ##### +##### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Shibboleth ##### +##### Shibboleth This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/13/intro.md b/jdg/13/intro.md index 77c5504fb0..c27d0107f4 100644 --- a/jdg/13/intro.md +++ b/jdg/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Judges 13 General Notes # +# Judges 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the account of Samson ([Judges 13-16](./01.md)). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Warning not to cut his hair ##### +##### Warning not to cut his hair The angel of the Lord prophesied about Samson and gave instructions to Samson's mother. Samson's mother was to offer up her son under a Nazarite vow. This was a special type of vow, dedicating Samson to Yahweh. Part of this vow prohibited the cutting of the person's hair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/14/intro.md b/jdg/14/intro.md index 4e499e1258..6e18973743 100644 --- a/jdg/14/intro.md +++ b/jdg/14/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Judges 14 General Notes # +# Judges 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Samson continues in this chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:14, 18. -##### Special concepts in this chapter ##### +##### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Intermarriage ##### +##### Intermarriage It was considered sinful for an Israel to marry a Canaanite or anyone from a different people group. This is why Samson's parents did not want him to marry a Philistine woman. They use rhetorical questions to convince him that he is sinning. This woman caused Samson many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/15/intro.md b/jdg/15/intro.md index 5e80433636..b4f142df91 100644 --- a/jdg/15/intro.md +++ b/jdg/15/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Judges 15 General Notes # +# Judges 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Samson continues in this chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:16. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Samson's strength ##### +##### Samson's strength The Spirit of Yahweh rushed upon Samson. This meant God gave Samson extraordinary strength. Samson's power is the power of Yahweh himself and he enacted the judgment of God on the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/16/intro.md b/jdg/16/intro.md index 40f4ee60ff..a9316d1650 100644 --- a/jdg/16/intro.md +++ b/jdg/16/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Judges 16 General Notes # +# Judges 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The account of Samson concludes in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Samson's mistake ##### +##### Samson's mistake Samson mistakenly thought that he was the source of his strength. He did not realize that Yahweh had left him and without Yahweh, he had no strength. This was not Samson's only mistake. His foreign wife created most of his problems. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/17/intro.md b/jdg/17/intro.md index 193497fc52..ed370ec4d4 100644 --- a/jdg/17/intro.md +++ b/jdg/17/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Judges 17 General Notes # +# Judges 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section explaining how Israel came to have a king. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Idols and figures ##### +##### Idols and figures According to the law of Moses, the Israelites were prohibited from making wooden figures or cast metal idols. This was a form of idolatry. This practice was common in Canaan and it shows the influence the Israelites allowed these people to have on them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/18/intro.md b/jdg/18/intro.md index ff48cbab86..06d5e6ad64 100644 --- a/jdg/18/intro.md +++ b/jdg/18/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Judges 18 General Notes # +# Judges 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tribe of Dan ##### +##### The tribe of Dan The tribe of Dan lacked faith in Yahweh and had yet to conquer its inheritance. In this chapter, they begin to conquer their land, but they also started to worship an idol. Their conquering of the land is much different than the other tribes' victories. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/19/intro.md b/jdg/19/intro.md index 89248244aa..69509a54d7 100644 --- a/jdg/19/intro.md +++ b/jdg/19/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Judges 19 General Notes # +# Judges 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The sin of Benjamin ##### +##### The sin of Benjamin People from a village of the tribe of Benjamin raped a visitor's wife to death. This was very evil, especially in the ancient Near East. The people of Israel considered mistreatment of a guest one of the worst crimes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/20/intro.md b/jdg/20/intro.md index 0f6726d9e4..b8577c1a81 100644 --- a/jdg/20/intro.md +++ b/jdg/20/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Judges 20 General Notes # +# Judges 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Benjamin destroyed ##### +##### Benjamin destroyed The army of Israel destroys all the tribe of Benjamin except 600 men. After this point in time, the tribe of Benjamin becomes mostly insignificant. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/21/intro.md b/jdg/21/intro.md index 321708848b..dee9bdf019 100644 --- a/jdg/21/intro.md +++ b/jdg/21/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Judges 21 General Notes # +# Judges 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sin and immorality ##### +##### Sin and immorality At the end of Judges, there is much sin and immorality. The people are doing wrong and fixing their wrongs by doing more evil things. This period of Judges is typified by this final account and summarized by the statement, "everyone did what was right in his own eyes." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Judges 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jdg/front/intro.md b/jdg/front/intro.md index f223fa2b6b..01813b737c 100644 --- a/jdg/front/intro.md +++ b/jdg/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Judges # +# Introduction to Judges -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Judges #### +#### Outline of Judges 1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31) - Introduction (1:1-3:6) @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ 1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31) 1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25) -#### What is the Book of Judges about? #### +#### What is the Book of Judges about? The Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years. @@ -24,34 +24,34 @@ This book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during t After that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has the title "Judges" because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title "Judges" or a title such as "The Book about the Leaders in Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What kind of leaders were the judges? #### +#### What kind of leaders were the judges? These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes. -#### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges? #### +#### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges? During this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them. These tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh. -#### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges? #### +#### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges? During this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the phrase "in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the phrase "in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes"? This phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king. The translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book's writer is looking back into the past. -#### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"? The narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation's readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12. diff --git a/jer/01/intro.md b/jer/01/intro.md index 19a9946604..57e15ec7c1 100644 --- a/jer/01/intro.md +++ b/jer/01/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Jeremiah 01 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:4-10. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jeremiah appointed as prophet ##### +##### Jeremiah appointed as prophet God chose Jeremiah to be his prophet and although many powerful people would be against him, God promised to protect him. This chapter emphasizes that Jeremiah was chosen by God to be his prophet. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Northern kingdom ##### +##### Northern kingdom This was not a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel; it had already been conquered. It was a reference to a kingdom located north of Judah, that is, to Babylon. The Babylonian armies would attack Judah and conquer it. -##### Opposition ##### +##### Opposition The people were supposed to listen to God's prophet. When he prophesied, they should have repented. Instead, they persecuted Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Jeremiah intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/jer/02/intro.md b/jer/02/intro.md index faeb7896de..9cbb0e414c 100644 --- a/jer/02/intro.md +++ b/jer/02/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Jeremiah 02 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:1-31. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people refuse to learn ##### +##### The people refuse to learn The people worshiped other gods, particularly the fertility gods of Baal and Ashtoreth. Even when the nation was punished, the people did not learn. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Israel is compared to a female camel or a wild donkey for being unstable and lustful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/03/intro.md b/jer/03/intro.md index e18d580649..0dcbae238d 100644 --- a/jer/03/intro.md +++ b/jer/03/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Jeremiah 03 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-5, 12-17, 19-25. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. The same is true for 3:19-4:3. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judah told to repent ##### +##### Judah told to repent If Judah repents, God will bring the people back from the captivity into which he is going to send them. In this book, "Israel" serves as another name Judah because the northern kingdom of Israel no longer exists. The people group formed by these ten tribes had been scattered among the other nations by the Assyrians, who had conquered them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -##### Adultery ##### +##### Adultery Judah's faithlessness to God is often pictured as adultery. This is a common image in Scripture. When Judah does not worship God, their nation is spoken of as if it were a woman unfaithful to her husband. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/04/intro.md b/jer/04/intro.md index ee2d615e84..30d26e896e 100644 --- a/jer/04/intro.md +++ b/jer/04/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Jeremiah 04 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:1-9. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 3:19-4:3. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's punishment ##### +##### Yahweh's punishment This chapter prophecies Yahweh's punishment on Judah. This should bring Judah to repentance, but it does not. It is also intended to make the nations fear the power of Yahweh and make them desire to worship him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/05/intro.md b/jer/05/intro.md index 026a946758..98aed1d63b 100644 --- a/jer/05/intro.md +++ b/jer/05/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Jeremiah 05 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:1-31. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### -##### Hyperbole ##### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +##### Hyperbole It is possible that Yahweh is using the word "a" (meaning "even one") as hyperbole when he states, "If you can find a man or anyone who is acting justly and trying to act faithfully, then I will forgive Jerusalem." The purpose of this is to show how evil Jerusalem had become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Yahweh asks several rhetorical questions in this chapter. This is intended to show Jeremiah the justness of his actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/06/intro.md b/jer/06/intro.md index 15ad910a15..ecaac49e1a 100644 --- a/jer/06/intro.md +++ b/jer/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Jeremiah 06 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:1-30. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gods and battle ##### +##### Gods and battle In the ancient Near East, it was commonly believed that a nation's gods were responsible for military victory. It may have been believed that a god would not defend an evil city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/07/intro.md b/jer/07/intro.md index 73973b07b1..e505a51f9b 100644 --- a/jer/07/intro.md +++ b/jer/07/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 07 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 7:29-34, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice in society ##### +##### Justice in society Jeremiah commanded the people of Jerusalem to live justly. Without justice, they did not truly have faith in Yahweh. Without this faith in Yahweh, the temple and its rituals were useless. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Do not pray for this people" ##### +##### "Do not pray for this people" Yahweh wanted the people to repent. This statement, and the others that follow, may be taken in another way. They are intended to show that it is too late for the people, and their punishment will come regardless of their response. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/08/intro.md b/jer/08/intro.md index 310101a892..b8d61af85f 100644 --- a/jer/08/intro.md +++ b/jer/08/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Jeremiah 08 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:5-22. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Hyperbole ##### +##### Hyperbole The author frequently uses hyperbole in this chapter to describe the complete destruction of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/09/intro.md b/jer/09/intro.md index 724238b33b..ab5fe6e364 100644 --- a/jer/09/intro.md +++ b/jer/09/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 09 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:1-12, 17-24. The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Funeral ##### +##### Funeral This chapter pictures Jerusalem as having a funeral with its typical songs. This is an image used to describe their destruction. It is a time of great sadness. -##### Circumcision ##### +##### Circumcision Circumcision is used here in an unusual way. Since circumcision was intended to be a display of faith, the author uses the term to differentiate between those who have faith in Yahweh and those who don't. This is a type of metaphor. Those who have a circumcised heart have faith in Yahweh while those with an uncircumcised heart do not have faith in Yahweh, regardless of whether they are physically circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/10/intro.md b/jer/10/intro.md index 084399fe9c..8c62fc541c 100644 --- a/jer/10/intro.md +++ b/jer/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Jeremiah 10 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 10:1-25 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a long quotation. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power This chapter contrasts the great power of Yahweh with the powerlessness of any other false god. It is intended to question why the Jews would worship any other god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/11/intro.md b/jer/11/intro.md index 870b894f25..1d9dcf1ce4 100644 --- a/jer/11/intro.md +++ b/jer/11/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Jeremiah 11 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 11:15-17, 20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The covenant ##### +##### The covenant The covenant Yahweh made with Moses is prominent in this chapter. Because the people disobeyed this covenant, God will not help them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/12/intro.md b/jer/12/intro.md index e12aba013d..2d126866a9 100644 --- a/jer/12/intro.md +++ b/jer/12/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 12 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:1-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper ##### +##### Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper. He questions Yahweh's justice. Yahweh's response: if Jeremiah is upset by the people of Anathoth, how will he face enemies in Jerusalem? (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### Yahweh's grace to the other nations ##### +##### Yahweh's grace to the other nations Yahweh gives a gracious offer to the Gentile nations. If the other nations who have been against Judah leave their idols and worship God, then God will allow them to return to their lands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/13/intro.md b/jer/13/intro.md index ced1d8ffc1..24ab2de1da 100644 --- a/jer/13/intro.md +++ b/jer/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Jeremiah 13 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:15-27. ===Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter === -##### Symbolism ##### +##### Symbolism The action of hiding the undergarment was intended to be a symbolic event. It was supposed to get the Jews' attention and be a lesson for them to learn. Jeremiah performed the action, but it was not the action itself that was important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/14/intro.md b/jer/14/intro.md index 6a700e303d..b941a5fdd2 100644 --- a/jer/14/intro.md +++ b/jer/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Jeremiah 14 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:1-10, 17-22. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### False prophets ##### +##### False prophets The false prophets promised there would not be any war or drought. They gave people a false sense of hope, when they needed to repent. Because of this, Yahweh sent a drought and said that the false prophets would die of drought and war. This showed that these were not true prophets of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/15/intro.md b/jer/15/intro.md index 87f29933d6..6ac010e8a4 100644 --- a/jer/15/intro.md +++ b/jer/15/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Jeremiah 15 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:2, 5-21. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Do not pray for the people ##### +##### Do not pray for the people God told Jeremiah not to pray for the people because God was punishing them. This was meant to be an illustration for Jeremiah. Jeremiah was not to pray because the punishment was already determined. Yahweh also explains that even the great Moses could not help the sinful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Yahweh uses Gentile nations ##### +##### Yahweh uses Gentile nations Yahweh is going to use the Gentile nations to punish Judah. This would have been very offensive to the Jews. They would have also been surprised to learn that Yahweh was using the Gentile nations to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/16/intro.md b/jer/16/intro.md index 170214deb2..9c8dfc09a5 100644 --- a/jer/16/intro.md +++ b/jer/16/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 16 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:19-21. This poem also continues in chapter 17, and these should be seen as one section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Coming punishment ##### +##### Coming punishment The punishment that is prophesied in this chapter will happen quickly. The author gives many illustrations which describe how quickly this punishment will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Israel restored ##### +##### Israel restored God will bring his people back from captivity. Even though the punishment of Judah will be great, Yahweh promised a future restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/17/intro.md b/jer/17/intro.md index 8b2a12c5ee..6518a745dc 100644 --- a/jer/17/intro.md +++ b/jer/17/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Jeremiah 17 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 17:1-18. This poem is a continuation of 16:19-21, and these should be seen as one section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trusting God or humans ##### +##### Trusting God or humans Trust is an important part of this chapter. Those who trust in human wisdom will not prosper. Those who trust in God will have all of their needs met. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile The person who depends on the power of other people is compared to a bush in the desert which always has to struggle for life. But the person who trusts in God is like a tree growing by a stream and has all his needs supplied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/18/intro.md b/jer/18/intro.md index 8a35283c35..316f98a542 100644 --- a/jer/18/intro.md +++ b/jer/18/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 18 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 18:13-17, 19-23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Attacking Jeremiah ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Attacking Jeremiah Things were so bad in Judah, they even attacked Jeremiah. To attack Yahweh's prophet was to attack Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile Like a potter can change what he is making from one type of pot to another, God can change his plans and not punish people if they repent. The image of God as a potter and mankind as clay is an important one in Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/19/intro.md b/jer/19/intro.md index 7fb0dce0c5..91debbed60 100644 --- a/jer/19/intro.md +++ b/jer/19/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 19 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### People horrified ##### +##### People horrified The destruction of Jerusalem will be so complete that it will leave dead bodies everywhere and horrify people who see it. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/20/intro.md b/jer/20/intro.md index a9a5342fe3..d3230cc65c 100644 --- a/jer/20/intro.md +++ b/jer/20/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Jeremiah 20 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 20:7-18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pashhur ##### +##### Pashhur This chapter prophesied punishment against a specific leader named Pashhur. He was in charge of protecting the temple and had Jeremiah beaten and arrested. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### Jeremiah's reaction ##### +##### Jeremiah's reaction Jeremiah's reaction contrasts with the reaction of the Jews in general. Although Jeremiah was not happy with Yahweh's actions, he still trusted in Yahweh. On the other hand, the Jews were not happy with the prophecies Yahweh gave to Jeremiah, so they beat the prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/21/intro.md b/jer/21/intro.md index 23f5917702..c83eef9788 100644 --- a/jer/21/intro.md +++ b/jer/21/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Jeremiah 21 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:12-14. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem doomed ##### +##### Jerusalem doomed God will fight against Jerusalem and will use the nation of Babylon to fight his battle. If the Jews wanted to live, they needed to surrender to Babylon. Most of the Jews would have rather died than to surrender to Babylon. Usually, fighting against a Gentile nation was a sign of trust in Yahweh's power. In this instance, it was a sign of trust in Yahweh to surrender. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/22/intro.md b/jer/22/intro.md index c0b6c221b3..4319892dfb 100644 --- a/jer/22/intro.md +++ b/jer/22/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Jeremiah 22 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 22:6-10, 13-28, 28-30. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Luxury and oppression ##### +##### Luxury and oppression Because the king lived in luxury and oppressed the poor, God was sending him and his mother into captivity unless he repented. The king lacked justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/23/intro.md b/jer/23/intro.md index 3d0743c7c3..80626c6e30 100644 --- a/jer/23/intro.md +++ b/jer/23/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Jeremiah 23 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 23:5-6, 9-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophesying lies ##### +##### Prophesying lies The false prophets had encouraged people to continue sinning by saying everything will be alright. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Wordplay ##### +##### Wordplay In Hebrew, the word for "message" can also mean "burden." In translations that are using footnotes, you may want to explain the wordplay in a footnote. In translations that are not using footnotes or which will primarily be distributed in an oral form, you may need a sentence like "What message has the Lord burdened you with now?" or "You (plural) call God's message a heavy burden on you." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/24/intro.md b/jer/24/intro.md index 41ef610ceb..d95c3de33d 100644 --- a/jer/24/intro.md +++ b/jer/24/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 24 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The exiles are blessed and the others punished ##### +##### The exiles are blessed and the others punished God will bless the people who were taken away into Babylon but punish the people left in the land because they still did not repent and turn to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/25/intro.md b/jer/25/intro.md index 7ccae5e4e0..0443a5d14d 100644 --- a/jer/25/intro.md +++ b/jer/25/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Jeremiah 25 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 25:30-38. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seventy years ##### +##### Seventy years Babylon will rule over Judah for seventy years. Because Yahweh is just, he will soon punish Babylon for their evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom Jeremiah uses the idiom of drinking the cup of wine of God's punishment to say that Babylon will destroy all the surrounding nations and then be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/26/intro.md b/jer/26/intro.md index 6d4a8cd57e..2620452f81 100644 --- a/jer/26/intro.md +++ b/jer/26/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 26 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The people want to kill Jeremiah ##### +##### The people want to kill Jeremiah The people wanted to kill Jeremiah but other people intervened and said that they should listen to Jeremiah and repent. They represent the remnant of the faithful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/27/intro.md b/jer/27/intro.md index a1b2663162..575816bdb5 100644 --- a/jer/27/intro.md +++ b/jer/27/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 27 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The nations should serve Babylon ##### +##### The nations should serve Babylon Jeremiah told the king of Judah, and all the surrounding nations, to serve the Babylonians and live in their land. If they refused, Babylon would take them as captives to another land. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/28/intro.md b/jer/28/intro.md index b53936c3de..4803875fc5 100644 --- a/jer/28/intro.md +++ b/jer/28/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 28 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### False prophecies continue ##### +##### False prophecies continue A false prophet prophesied that the captives would return from Babylon with all the temple vessels. Jeremiah told the false prophet that he would die that year for prophesying lies, and he did die. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/29/intro.md b/jer/29/intro.md index df845add8d..4b20ea29bd 100644 --- a/jer/29/intro.md +++ b/jer/29/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 29 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 29 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Two letters ##### +##### Two letters Jeremiah sent a letter to Babylon telling the exiles to prepare for a long stay. A false prophet in Babylon wrote back to the chief priest telling him to punish Jeremiah. Even though Jeremiah had prophesied the exile, the Jews still did not believe him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/30/intro.md b/jer/30/intro.md index 6d64655a1b..091ea5295c 100644 --- a/jer/30/intro.md +++ b/jer/30/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Jeremiah 30 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:5-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God promises restoration ##### +##### God promises restoration Despite the prophesied punishment in this chapter, Yahweh promises to restore Judah. In addition to this, he also declares that he will ultimately restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter The author uses the term "Israel" in two different ways. He uses it in reference to the nation of Israel. He also uses it in reference to the people who used to inhabit the northern kingdom of Israel, namely the people group of Israel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/31/intro.md b/jer/31/intro.md index 2931e2798a..6c3badeec3 100644 --- a/jer/31/intro.md +++ b/jer/31/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Jeremiah 31 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 31:1-6, 8-22, 35-37. The ULB sets 31:29 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is an important quotation. This chapter begins with a transition from the previous chapter. "At that time" is a reference to the day of restoration mentioned in [Jeremiah 30:24](../../jer/30/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The new covenant ##### +##### The new covenant This chapter is an important teaching regarding the new covenant. God will make a new covenant that will bring forgiveness of sins and a desire to obey God. Scholars disagree about whether this new covenant has begun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel In this chapter, Jeremiah uses the term "Israel" in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole. He also uses it in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and their people group. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/32/intro.md b/jer/32/intro.md index 21d3dd36c2..4ee47cf43b 100644 --- a/jer/32/intro.md +++ b/jer/32/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -# Jeremiah 32 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 32 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter The king should have listened to the prophet Jeremiah and repented of his sin. Instead, he objected to his message. Yahweh punished him because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Israel ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Israel The term "Israel" is used exclusively in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole in this chapter. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/33/intro.md b/jer/33/intro.md index a645017791..b8390ee3a7 100644 --- a/jer/33/intro.md +++ b/jer/33/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Jeremiah 33 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Covenant faithfulness ##### +##### Covenant faithfulness Despite the great punishment Judah is facing and Israel has undergone, there is hope. This hope is based in the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh. Ultimately, he will restore his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/34/intro.md b/jer/34/intro.md index 9466ac3f10..198e082b48 100644 --- a/jer/34/intro.md +++ b/jer/34/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Jeremiah 34 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 34 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Law of Moses ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Law of Moses According to the law of Moses, the people were required to free their indebted slaves after a period of time. The king led them in freeing their fellow Israelites whom they held as slaves, but later they changed their minds and enslaved them again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Actions with cultural meaning ##### +##### Actions with cultural meaning When the people of Israel made a sacred promise to God, they cut a calf in two and passed between its parts. It was a very serious sin not to do what one had promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/35/intro.md b/jer/35/intro.md index 0ddd232b5c..ce296b6900 100644 --- a/jer/35/intro.md +++ b/jer/35/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 35 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 35 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Rechabites ##### +##### The Rechabites The actions of the Rechabites contrasted with the actions of the Jews. The Rechabites obeyed the commands their ancestor had give while living in Canaan, but Judah did not obey Yahweh's commands. Because the Rechabites were obedient, Yahweh preserved their clan. The Rechabites' history is found in the book of Judges. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/36/intro.md b/jer/36/intro.md index 870cc3b6d5..83ccc73ff2 100644 --- a/jer/36/intro.md +++ b/jer/36/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 36 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 36 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Opposition to Jeremiah ##### +##### Opposition to Jeremiah Jeremiah wrote God's prophesies on a scroll but the king burned it. It is possible that this action was intended to be understood as representing the definitiveness of these prophecies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/37/intro.md b/jer/37/intro.md index dd0955f0e7..6ac5b7213e 100644 --- a/jer/37/intro.md +++ b/jer/37/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 37 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 37 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Ironic situation ##### +##### Ironic situation Jeremiah was thrown into prison and beaten for prophesying the word of God. Then the king asked him, "Is there any word from Yahweh?" This is a type of irony. The king simply did not agree with God's original word. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 37:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/38/intro.md b/jer/38/intro.md index e162966848..b00a59253a 100644 --- a/jer/38/intro.md +++ b/jer/38/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 38 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 38 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Surrender and live ##### +##### Surrender and live If the king obeyed God and surrendered to the Babylonians, he would be allowed to live and the city would not be burned. But if he refused, he would be captured and the city burned. This took faith that Yahweh was using this ungodly, Gentile nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 38:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/39/intro.md b/jer/39/intro.md index 14f6a582f8..a7e7bcedc8 100644 --- a/jer/39/intro.md +++ b/jer/39/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Jeremiah 39 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 39 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The prophesied destruction of Jerusalem is over and the actual conquering of the Promised Land by Babylon begins in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 39:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/40/intro.md b/jer/40/intro.md index 2821e9cb46..1ed4cc97d9 100644 --- a/jer/40/intro.md +++ b/jer/40/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 40 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Peace in Judah ##### +##### Peace in Judah After Babylon conquered Jerusalem, this chapter reveals an unfolding peace in the area. Ammon, who was supposed to be Judah's ally against Babylon, probably sought to distract Babylon from attacking them by ruining the peace in the region of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 40:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/41/intro.md b/jer/41/intro.md index cf90e4b92f..45eba299ac 100644 --- a/jer/41/intro.md +++ b/jer/41/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Jeremiah 41 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 41 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life in Judah ##### +##### Life in Judah This chapter explains what life was like in Judah after the Babylonian conquest. It was a difficult and dangerous time, but some of the faithful remained in the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 41:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/42/intro.md b/jer/42/intro.md index f2183e5431..0b05ef69f4 100644 --- a/jer/42/intro.md +++ b/jer/42/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Jeremiah 42 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 42 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life in Babylon ##### +##### Life in Babylon The remaining army commanders, who scattered after the Babylonian victory, asked Jeremiah to ask Yahweh about where they should go. Yahweh encouraged them to go to Babylon because they would soon return to the Promised Land. They would be punished if they went to Egypt or anywhere else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 42:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/43/intro.md b/jer/43/intro.md index 6a0ee67b31..170c98c363 100644 --- a/jer/43/intro.md +++ b/jer/43/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Jeremiah 43 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 43 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### They did not believe Jeremiah ##### +##### They did not believe Jeremiah After Jeremiah prophesied the destruction of Judah, the people did not believe him. Judah was conquered and destroyed. Even after this, the people did not believe they would be safe in Babylon as Jeremiah prophesied. This is shocking. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Babylon invades Egypt ##### +##### Babylon invades Egypt Babylon is described as invading part of Egypt. This would have been unthinkable for the people. It would have gotten their attention. -#### Other possible translation issues in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation issues in this chapter -##### Symbolic actions ##### +##### Symbolic actions Jeremiah's burial of the stones was intended to be a symbolic action for the people. This was supposed to teach the people a lesson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 43:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/44/intro.md b/jer/44/intro.md index 13f33ccc38..f204b501ce 100644 --- a/jer/44/intro.md +++ b/jer/44/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Jeremiah 44 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 44 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom The people called Ashtoreth the goddess of the Canaanites, "the queen of heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 44:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/45/intro.md b/jer/45/intro.md index 1fe6cbce48..591a0bda95 100644 --- a/jer/45/intro.md +++ b/jer/45/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Jeremiah 45 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 45 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter forms a break in the narrative sequence. It records prophecies that have already occurred. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 45:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/46/intro.md b/jer/46/intro.md index dcb750d961..ab5778b097 100644 --- a/jer/46/intro.md +++ b/jer/46/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Jeremiah 46 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 46 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 46:3-12, 14-24. This begins a section where Jeremiah prophesies about other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Justice ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Justice Much of Jeremiah is concerned with Yahweh's punishment of Judah. Yahweh used Egypt to punish Judah. Because Yahweh is just, he is going to punish Egypt for their evil deeds as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Battle preparations ##### +##### Battle preparations Jeremiah commands the Egyptian army to prepare for battle, even though they will not be able to defend themselves. Their punishment has already been determined by Yahweh. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 46:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/47/intro.md b/jer/47/intro.md index 37ecb5dc5d..1262b8ad55 100644 --- a/jer/47/intro.md +++ b/jer/47/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Jeremiah 47 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 47 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 47:2-7. Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Flood waters ##### +##### Flood waters This chapter uses the imagery of a flood to describe the enemies who conquer the Philistines. Their destruction will be swift and complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 47:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/48/intro.md b/jer/48/intro.md index 921dd78847..56dc85e4bc 100644 --- a/jer/48/intro.md +++ b/jer/48/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Jeremiah 48 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 48 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 48:1-25, 28-33, 39-47. Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obeying Yahweh ##### +##### Obeying Yahweh Moab worshiped and served other gods. Despite this, Yahweh expected every nation to worship and serve him and him alone. They were punished because of it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 48:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/49/intro.md b/jer/49/intro.md index 131025064e..8ac76e5d6c 100644 --- a/jer/49/intro.md +++ b/jer/49/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 49 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 49 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 49:1-11, 14-27, 29-33, 37-39 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation. Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations conclude in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Covenant with Abraham ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Covenant with Abraham Ammon is destroyed because it drove the people of the tribe of Gad from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham's descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +##### Rhetorical questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to convict those Yahweh addresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 49:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/50/intro.md b/jer/50/intro.md index 6a034f6680..c8af9e6cac 100644 --- a/jer/50/intro.md +++ b/jer/50/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 50 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 50 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 50:1-5, 6-46. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Babylon destroyed ##### +##### Babylon destroyed Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Israel ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Israel The author sometimes uses the term "Israel" to refer to the people of the old northern kingdom of Israel, and at other times to the nation of Israel as a whole. He switches between these uses several times without warning the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 50:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/51/intro.md b/jer/51/intro.md index 9ba4d47835..95c338aecb 100644 --- a/jer/51/intro.md +++ b/jer/51/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Jeremiah 51 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 51 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 51:1-64. The prophesied destruction of Babylon continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Babylon destroyed ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Babylon destroyed Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -##### Covenant with Abraham ##### +##### Covenant with Abraham Babylon is destroyed because it drove the people of Judah from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham's descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 51:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/52/intro.md b/jer/52/intro.md index 54b2ff34dc..bc66b27d8e 100644 --- a/jer/52/intro.md +++ b/jer/52/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Jeremiah 52 General Notes # +# Jeremiah 52 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The chapter returns to a previous sequence of events and records Babylon's conquering of Judah. It also records the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jeremiah 52:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jer/front/intro.md b/jer/front/intro.md index ee93894b26..d1e8d94f16 100644 --- a/jer/front/intro.md +++ b/jer/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Jeremiah # +# Introduction to Jeremiah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Jeremiah #### +#### Outline of the Book of Jeremiah 1. Yahweh calls Jeremiah to be a prophet (1:1-19) 1. Yahweh will judge and punish Judah (2:1-29:32) @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ - Babylonia (50:1–51:64) 1. Jerusalem captured and destroyed (52:1–34) -#### What is the Book of Jeremiah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Jeremiah about? The Book of Jeremiah gives the prophesies of a priest named Jeremiah. It also tells how Jeremiah suffered in different ways while he prophesied. @@ -43,30 +43,30 @@ King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia invaded Judah in 597 B.C. He conquered Jerusale Shortly after that, Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had chosen to be governor over Judah, was murdered. Some Jewish rebels captured Jeremiah and took him to Egypt. Those rebels went to Egypt to be protected there rather than to live under Nebuchadnezzar's rule. Jeremiah may have died soon after being taken to Egypt. But while in Egypt he prophesied that the Babylonians would invade and conquer Egypt. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Jeremiah" or just "Jeremiah." Translators may also call it the "The Book about Jeremiah" or "What the Prophet Jeremiah Said." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Jeremiah? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Jeremiah? Jeremiah was a priest and a prophet living in Judah. He spoke the prophesies in the Book of Jeremiah. A friend named Baruch wrote down many of the prophecies as Jeremiah spoke them to him. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the new covenant that is presented in the Book of Jeremiah? #### +#### What is the new covenant that is presented in the Book of Jeremiah? Jeremiah introduced a "new covenant" between Yahweh and Israel (chapter 31). Yahweh would "write this covenant on the hearts" of the people. This means that the covenant would be a part of the people instead of just written on stone or paper. The people would obey the new covenant with all their heart. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### What relationship do Jeremiah's prophecies have to the other nations besides Israel? #### +#### What relationship do Jeremiah's prophecies have to the other nations besides Israel? Much of the Old Testament before this time is only about the nation of Israel. But Jeremiah also spoke of how Yahweh would judge other nations of the world. Yahweh would also punish the other nations for their wicked deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Are the events in the Book of Jeremiah told in the order that they actually happened? #### +#### Are the events in the Book of Jeremiah told in the order that they actually happened? Many of the events in the Book of Jeremiah are not told in the order that they actually happened. Instead, the various prophecies appear to be arranged by topic. -#### Why does the Book of Jeremiah refer to this prophet as "he" or "him"? #### +#### Why does the Book of Jeremiah refer to this prophet as "he" or "him"? Many times in the book, the author refers to Jeremiah as "Jeremiah" or "he." This is unusual if Jeremiah wrote the book. The reason this occurs is perhaps because Baruch, Jeremiah's secretary, wrote down some parts of the book. Translators should keep the words "Jeremiah" and "he." diff --git a/jhn/01/intro.md b/jhn/01/intro.md index 4f6d91eea3..1ae94515b7 100644 --- a/jhn/01/intro.md +++ b/jhn/01/intro.md @@ -1,40 +1,40 @@ -# John 01 General Notes # +# John 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:23, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The Word" ##### +##### "The Word" John uses the phrase "the Word" to refer to Jesus ([John 1:1, 14](./01.md)). John is saying that God's most important message to all people is actually Jesus, a person with a physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]]) -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### "Children of God" ##### +##### "Children of God" When people believes in Jesus, they go from being "children of wrath" to "children of God." They are adopted into the "family of God."They are adopted into the "family of God." This is an important image that will be unfolded in the New Testament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors John uses the metaphors of light and darkness and of the Word to tell the reader that he will be writing more about good and evil and about what God wants to tell people through Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In the beginning" ##### +##### "In the beginning" Some languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But "very long ago" is different from "in the beginning," and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly. -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 1:51](../../jhn/01/51.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[John intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/02/intro.md b/jhn/02/intro.md index 17eb6afd9e..6ca9a1824c 100644 --- a/jhn/02/intro.md +++ b/jhn/02/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# John 02 General Notes # +# John 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wine ##### +##### Wine The Jews drank wine at many meals and especially when they were celebrating special events. They did not believe that it was a sin to drink wine. -##### Driving out the money changers ##### +##### Driving out the money changers When Jesus drove the money changers out of the temple, he showed that he had authority over the temple and over all of Israel. -##### "He knew what was in man" ##### +##### "He knew what was in man" Jesus knew what other people were thinking only because he was and is the Son of Man and the Son of God. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "His disciples remembered" ##### +##### "His disciples remembered" John used this phrase to stop telling the main history and to tell about something that happened much later. It was right after he scolded the pigeon sellers ([John 2:16](../../jhn/02/16.md)) that the Jewish authorities spoke to him. It was after Jesus became alive again that his disciples remembered what the prophet had written long before and that Jesus had talkid about the temple of his body ([John 2:17](../../jhn/02/17.md) and [John 2:22](../../jhn/02/22.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/03/intro.md b/jhn/03/intro.md index b55e8e0e3f..47212e88c5 100644 --- a/jhn/03/intro.md +++ b/jhn/03/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# John 03 General Notes # +# John 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 3:13](../../jhn/03/13.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/04/intro.md b/jhn/04/intro.md index e12cbbf097..c3e8ac8c6a 100644 --- a/jhn/04/intro.md +++ b/jhn/04/intro.md @@ -1,38 +1,38 @@ -# John 04 General Notes # +# John 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting John 4:4-38 forms one story centered on the teaching of Jesus as the "living water," the one who gives eternal life to all who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "It was necessary for him to pass through Samaria" ##### +##### "It was necessary for him to pass through Samaria" Jews avoided traveling through the region of Samaria because the Samaritans were descendants of ungodly people. So Jesus had to do what most Jews did not want to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]]) -##### "The hour is coming" ##### +##### "The hour is coming" Jesus used these words to begin prophecies about times that could be shorter or longer than sixty minutes. "The hour" in which true worshipers will worship in spirit and truth is longer than sixty minutes. -##### The proper place of worship ##### +##### The proper place of worship Long before Jesus lived, the Samaritan people had broken the law of Moses by setting up a false temple in their land ([John 4:20](../../jhn/04/20.md)). Jesus explained to the woman that it was no longer important where people worshiped ([John 4:21-24](./21.md)). -##### Harvest ##### +##### Harvest Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can bring it to their houses and eat it. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about Jesus so those people can be part of God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### "The Samaritan woman" ##### +##### "The Samaritan woman" John probably told this story to show the difference between the Samaritan woman, who believed, and the Jews, who did not believe and later killed Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "In spirit and truth" ##### +##### "In spirit and truth" The people who truly know who God is and enjoy worshiping him and love him for who he is are the ones who truly please him. Where they worship is not important. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/05/intro.md b/jhn/05/intro.md index ef5328d084..618758f6cb 100644 --- a/jhn/05/intro.md +++ b/jhn/05/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# John 05 General Notes # +# John 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Healing water ##### +##### Healing water Many of the Jews believed that God would heal people who got into some of the pools in Jerusalem when the waters were "stirred up." -##### Testimony ##### +##### Testimony Testimony is what one person says about another person. What a person says about himself is not as important as what other people say about that person. Jesus told the Jews that God had told them who Jesus was, so he did not need to tell them who he was. This was because God had told the writers of the Old Testament what his Messiah would do, and Jesus had done everything they had written that he would do. -##### The resurrection of life and the resurrection of judgment ##### +##### The resurrection of life and the resurrection of judgment God will make some people alive again and because he gives them his grace, they will live with him forever. But he will make some people alive again and because he will treat them justly, they will live apart from him forever. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The Son, the Son of God, and the Son of Man ##### +##### The Son, the Son of God, and the Son of Man Jesus refers to himself in this chapter as the "Son" ([John 5:19](../../jhn/05/19.md)), the "Son of God" ([John 5:25](../../jhn/05/25.md)), and the "Son of Man" ([John 5:27](../../jhn/05/27.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/06/intro.md b/jhn/06/intro.md index fdd0b3ccf4..b193e1fdb1 100644 --- a/jhn/06/intro.md +++ b/jhn/06/intro.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# John 06 General Notes # +# John 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King ##### +##### King The king of any nation was the richest and most powerful person in that nation. The people wanted Jesus to be their king because he gave them food and so they thought he would make the Jews into the richest and most powerful nation in the world. They did not understand that Jesus came to die so God could forgive his people's sins and that the world would persecute his people. -#### Important metaphors in this chapter #### +#### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Bread ##### +##### Bread Bread was the most common and important food in Jesus' day, and so the word "bread" was their general word for "food." It is often difficult to translate the word "bread" into the languages of people who do not eat bread because the general word for food in some languages refers to food that did not exist in Jesus' culture. Jesus used the word "bread" to refer to himself. He wanted them to understand that they need him so they can have eternal life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -##### Eating the flesh and drinking the blood ##### +##### Eating the flesh and drinking the blood When Jesus said, "Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you will not have life in yourselves," he knew that before he died he would tell his followers to do this by eating bread and drinking wine. In the event this chapter describes, he expected that his hearers would understand that he was using a metaphor but would not understand what the metaphor referred to. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Parenthetical Ideas ##### +##### Parenthetical Ideas Several times in this passage, John explains something or gives the reader some context to better understand the story. These explanation are intended to give the reader some additional knowledge without interrupting the flow of the narrative. The information is placed inside parentheses. -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 6;26](./26.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/07/intro.md b/jhn/07/intro.md index 89eb34040e..e8ea10fed2 100644 --- a/jhn/07/intro.md +++ b/jhn/07/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# John 07 General Notes # +# John 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This whole chapter concerns the concept of believing Jesus to be the Messiah. Some people believed this to be true while others rejected it. Some were willing to recognize his power and even the possibility that he was a prophet, but most were unwilling to believe that he was the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Translators may wish to include a note at verse 53 to explain to the reader why they have chosen or chosen not to translate verses 7:53-8:11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "My time has not yet come" ##### +##### "My time has not yet come" This phrase and "his hour had not yet come" are used in this chapter to indicate that Jesus is in control of the events unfolding in his life. -##### "Living water" ##### +##### "Living water" This is an important image used in the New Testament. It is a metaphor. Because this metaphor is given in a desert environment, it probably emphasizes that Jesus is able to give life sustaining nourishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy Jesus gives a prophecy about his life without an explicit statement in [John 7:33-34](./33.md). -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony Nicodemus explains to the other Pharisees that the Law requires him to hear directly from a person before making a judgment about them. The Pharisees in turn made a judgment about Jesus without speaking to Jesus. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Did not believe in him" ##### +##### "Did not believe in him" Jesus' brothers did not believe Jesus was the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### "The Jews" ##### +##### "The Jews" This term is used in two different ways in this passage. It is used specifically in reference to the Jewish leaders who were trying to kill him ([John 7:1](../../jhn/07/01.md)). It is also used in reference to the people of Judea in general who had a positive opinion of Jesus ([John 7:13](../../jhn/07/13.md)). The translator may wish to use the terms "Jewish leaders" and "Jewish people" or "Jews (leaders)" and "Jews (in general)." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/08/intro.md b/jhn/08/intro.md index 906999cc77..d8dba67642 100644 --- a/jhn/08/intro.md +++ b/jhn/08/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# John 08 General Notes # +# John 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Translators may wish to include a note at verse 1 to explain to the reader why they have chosen to translate or to not translate verses 8:1-11. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A light and darkness ##### +##### A light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/light]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/darkness]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### I AM ##### +##### I AM John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, three times in this chapter. They stand alone as a complete sentence, and they literally translate the Hebrew word for "I AM," by which Yahweh identified himself to Moses. For these reasons, many people believe that when Jesus said these words he was claiming to be Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]). -##### The Scribes and Pharisees' trap ##### +##### The Scribes and Pharisees' trap The Scribes and Pharisees wanted to trick Jesus. They wanted him to say either that they should keep the law of Moses by killing a woman whom they had found committing adultery or that they should disobey the law of Moses and forgive her sin. Jesus knew that they were trying to trick him and that they did not really want to keep the law of Moses. He knew this because the law said that both the woman and the man should die, but they did not bring the man to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 8:28](../../jhn/08/28.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/09/intro.md b/jhn/09/intro.md index 415e8a77d5..3dfc0f96f2 100644 --- a/jhn/09/intro.md +++ b/jhn/09/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# John 09 General Notes # +# John 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Who sinned?" ##### +##### "Who sinned?" Many of the Jews of Jesus' time believed that if a person was blind or deaf or crippled, it was because he or his parents or someone in his family had sinned. This was not the teaching of the law of Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### "He does not keep the Sabbath" ##### +##### "He does not keep the Sabbath" The Pharisees thought that Jesus was working, and so breaking the Sabbath, by making mud. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -#### Important metaphors in this chapter #### +#### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Seeing and being blind ##### +##### Seeing and being blind Jesus calls the Pharisees blind because they see that Jesus is able to heal blind people but they still do not believe that God sent him ([John 9:39-40](./39.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 9:35](../../jhn/09/35.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/10/intro.md b/jhn/10/intro.md index 624e1487e5..8222744e18 100644 --- a/jhn/10/intro.md +++ b/jhn/10/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# John 10 General Notes # +# John 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blasphemy ##### +##### Blasphemy When a person claims that he is God or that God has told him to speak when God has not told him to speak, this is called blasphemy. The law of Moses commanded the Israelites to kill blasphemers by stoning them to death. When Jesus said, "I and the Father are one," the Jews thought he was blaspheming, so they took up stones to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important metaphors in this chapter #### +#### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Sheep ##### +##### Sheep Jesus spoke of people as sheep because sheep do not see well, they do not think well, they often walk away from those who care for them, and they cannot defend themselves when other animals attack them. God's people also rebel against him and do not know when they are doing wrong. -##### Sheep pen ##### +##### Sheep pen A sheep pen was a space with a stone wall around it in which shepherds would keep their sheep. Once they were inside the sheep pen, the sheep could not run away, and animals and thieves could not easily get inside to kill or steal them. -##### Laying down and taking up life ##### +##### Laying down and taking up life Jesus speaks of his life as if it were a physical object that he could lay down on the ground, a metaphor for dying, or pick up again, a metaphor for becoming alive again. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/11/intro.md b/jhn/11/intro.md index 134909c9b2..6bc5abc0b5 100644 --- a/jhn/11/intro.md +++ b/jhn/11/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# John 11 General Notes # +# John 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Passover ##### +##### Passover After Jesus made Lazarus become alive again, the Jewish leaders were trying hard to kill him, so he started traveling from place to place in secret. Now the Pharisees knew that he would probably come to Jerusalem for the Passover because God had commanded all Jewish men to celebrate the Passover in Jerusalem, so they planned to catch him and kill him then. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "One man dies for the people" ##### +##### "One man dies for the people" The law of Moses commanded the priests to kill animals so that God would forgive the people's sins. The high priest Caiaphas said, "It is better for you that one man dies for the people than that the whole nation perishes" ([John 11:50](../../jhn/11/50.md)). He said this because he loved his "place" and "nation" ([John 11:48](../../jhn/11/48.md)) more than he loved the God who had made Lazarus become alive again. He wanted Jesus to die so that the Romans would not destroy the temple and Jerusalem, but God wanted Jesus to die so that he could forgive all of his people's sins. -##### Condition that is contrary to fact ##### +##### Condition that is contrary to fact When Martha said, "If you had been here, my brother would not have died," she was speaking of a situation that could have happened but did not happen. Jesus had not come sooner, and her brother died. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/12/intro.md b/jhn/12/intro.md index 55ed8a5f28..9690ee2535 100644 --- a/jhn/12/intro.md +++ b/jhn/12/intro.md @@ -1,40 +1,40 @@ -# John 12 General Notes # +# John 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:38 and 40, which are words from the Old Testament. Verse 16 is a commentary on these events. It is possible to put this entire verse in parentheses in order to set it apart from the narrative of the story. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mary anointed Jesus' feet ##### +##### Mary anointed Jesus' feet The Jews would put oil on a person's head to make that person feel welcome and comfortable. They would also put oil on a person's body after the person had died but before they buried the body. But they would never think to put oil on a person's feet, because they thought that feet were dirty. -##### The donkey and the colt ##### +##### The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULB without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md)) -##### Glory ##### +##### Glory Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. In this chapter John says that the glory of Jesus is his resurrection ([John 12:16](../../jhn/12/16.md)). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The metaphors of light and darkness ##### +##### The metaphors of light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in 12:25: "He who loves his life will lose it; but he who hates his life in this world will keep it for eternal life." But in 12:26 Jesus explains what it means to keep one's life for eternal life. ([John 12:25-26](./25.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/13/intro.md b/jhn/13/intro.md index fa197ae1ca..d966157143 100644 --- a/jhn/13/intro.md +++ b/jhn/13/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# John 13 General Notes # +# John 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The events of this chapter are commonly referred to as the last supper or the Lord's supper. This Passover feast in many ways parallels Jesus' sacrifice as the lamb of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The washing of feet ##### +##### The washing of feet People in the ancient Near East thought that feet were very dirty. Only servants would wash people's feet. The disciples did not want Jesus to wash their feet because they considered him their master and themselves his servants, but he wanted to show them that they needed to serve each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -##### I AM ##### +##### I AM John records Jesus as saying these words four times in this book, once in this chapter. They stand alone as a complete sentence, and they literally translate the Hebrew word for "I AM," by which Yahweh identified himself to Moses. For these reasons, many people believe that when Jesus said these words he was claiming to be Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]]). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([John 13:31](../../jhn/13/31.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/14/intro.md b/jhn/14/intro.md index a8939f7ebd..e1c4789164 100644 --- a/jhn/14/intro.md +++ b/jhn/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# John 14 General Notes # +# John 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "My Father's house" ##### +##### "My Father's house" Jesus used these words to speak of heaven, where God lives, not of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### The Holy Spirit ##### +##### The Holy Spirit Jesus told his disciples that he would send the Holy Spirit to them. The Holy Spirit is the Comforter ([John 14:16](../../jhn/14/16.md)) who is always with God's people to help them and to speak to God for them. He is also the Spirit of truth ([John 14:17](../../jhn/14/17.md)) who tells God's people what is true about God so they know him better and serve him well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/15/intro.md b/jhn/15/intro.md index 442f8d57cd..8a5a4e3181 100644 --- a/jhn/15/intro.md +++ b/jhn/15/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# John 15 General Notes # +# John 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vine ##### +##### Vine Jesus used the vine as a metaphor for himself. This is because the vine of the grape plant is what takes water and minerals from the ground to the leaves and grapes. Without the vine, the grapes and leaves die. He wanted his followers to know that unless they loved and obeyed him, they would be unable to do anything that pleased God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/16/intro.md b/jhn/16/intro.md index f0e5e0f08f..5a038cc273 100644 --- a/jhn/16/intro.md +++ b/jhn/16/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# John 16 General Notes # +# John 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Holy Spirit ##### +##### The Holy Spirit Jesus told his disciples that he would send the Holy Spirit to them. The Holy Spirit is the Comforter ([John 14:16](../../jhn/14/16.md)) who is always with God's people to help them and to speak to God for them. He is also the Spirit of truth ([John 14:17](../../jhn/14/17.md)) who tells God's people what is true about God so they know him better and serve him well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -##### "The hour is coming" ##### +##### "The hour is coming" Jesus used these words to begin prophecies about times that could be shorter or longer than sixty minutes. "The hour" in which people would persecute his followers ([John 16:2](../../jhn/16/02.md)) was days, weeks, and years long, but "the hour" in which his disciples would scatter and leave him alone ([John 16:32](../../jhn/16/32.md)) was less than sixty minutes long. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile Jesus said that just as a woman is in pain as she gives birth to a baby and his followers would be sad when he died. But the woman is glad after the baby is born, and his followers would be happy when he became alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/17/intro.md b/jhn/17/intro.md index a0362de753..d8fd9a37aa 100644 --- a/jhn/17/intro.md +++ b/jhn/17/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# John 17 General Notes # +# John 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter forms one long prayer. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Glory ##### +##### Glory Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. In this chapter Jesus asks God to show his followers his true glory ([John 17:1](../../jhn/17/01.md)). -##### Jesus is eternal ##### +##### Jesus is eternal Jesus existed before God created the world ([John 17:5](../../jhn/17/05.md)). John wrote about this in [John 1:1](../../jhn/01/01.md). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prayer ##### +##### Prayer Jesus is God's one and only Son ([John 3:16](../../jhn/03/16.md)), so he could pray differently from the way other people pray. He used many words that sounded like commands. Your translation should make Jesus sound like a son speaking with love and respect to his father and telling him what the father needs to do so that the father will be happy. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/18/intro.md b/jhn/18/intro.md index a45d3d2b2f..b82ef7c35f 100644 --- a/jhn/18/intro.md +++ b/jhn/18/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# John 18 General Notes # +# John 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Verse 14 says, "Now Caiaphas was the one who had given the advice to the Jews that it would be better that one man die for the people." The author says this to help the reader understand why it was to Caiaphas that they took Jesus. You might want to put these words in parentheses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "It is not lawful for us to put any man to death" ##### +##### "It is not lawful for us to put any man to death" The Roman government did not allow the Jews to kill criminals, so the Jews needed to ask Pilate, the governor, to kill him ([John 18:31](../../jhn/18/31.md)). -##### Jesus' kingdom ##### +##### Jesus' kingdom No one knows for sure what Jesus meant when he told Pilate that his kingdom was not "of this world" ([John 18:36](../../jhn/18/36.md)). Some people think that Jesus means that his kingdom is only spiritual and that he has no visible kingdom on this earth, Other people think that Jesus meant that he would not build and rule his kingdom by force, the way other kings build theirs. It is possible to translate the words "is not of this world" as "is not from this place" or "comes from another place." -##### King of the Jews ##### +##### King of the Jews Pilate asked Jesus if he were the King of the Jews ([John 18:33](../../jhn/18/33.md)) to see if Jesus were claiming to be like King Herod, whom the Romans were permitting to rule Judea. When he asked the crowd if he should release the King of the Jews ([John 18:39](../../jhn/18/39.md)), he was mocking the Jews because the Romans and Jews hated each other. He was also mocking Jesus, because he did not think that Jesus was a king at all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/19/intro.md b/jhn/19/intro.md index c48af89ac0..5c75309ebe 100644 --- a/jhn/19/intro.md +++ b/jhn/19/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# John 19 General Notes # +# John 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 19:24, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Purple garment" ##### +##### "Purple garment" Purple is a color like red or blue. The people were mocking Jesus, so they put him in a purple garment. This was because kings wore purple garments. They spoke and acted like they were giving honor to a king, but everyone knew that they were doing it because they hated Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -##### "You are not Caesar's friend" ##### +##### "You are not Caesar's friend" Pilate knew that Jesus was not a criminal, so he did not want to have his soldiers kill him. But the Jews told him that Jesus was claiming to be a king, and anyone who did that was breaking Caesar's laws ([John 19:12](../../jhn/19/12.md)). -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 19:41](../../jhn/19/41.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they placed the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they rolled a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Sarcasm ##### +##### Sarcasm The soldiers were insulting Jesus when they said, "Hail, King of the Jews." Pilate was insulting the Jews when he asked, "Should I crucify your king?" He was probably also insulting both Jesus and the Jews when he wrote, "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Gabbatha, Golgotha ##### +##### Gabbatha, Golgotha These are two Hebrew words. After translating the meanings of these words ("The Pavement" and "The Place of a Skull"), the author transliterates their sounds by writing them with Greek letters. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/20/intro.md b/jhn/20/intro.md index ad6c00fb6c..9fab2c8121 100644 --- a/jhn/20/intro.md +++ b/jhn/20/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# John 20 General Notes # +# John 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([John 20:1](../../jhn/20/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -##### "Receive the Holy Spirit" ##### +##### "Receive the Holy Spirit" If your language uses the same word for "breath" and "spirit," be sure that the reader understands that Jesus was performing a symbolic action by breathing, and that what the disciples received was the Holy Spirit, not Jesus' breath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Rabboni ##### +##### Rabboni John used Greek letters to describe the sound of the word, and then he explained that it means "Teacher." You should do the same, using the letters of your language. -##### Jesus' resurrection body ##### +##### Jesus' resurrection body No one is sure what Jesus' body looked like after he became alive again. His disciples knew it was Jesus because they could see his face and touch the places where the soldiers had put the nails through his hands and feet, But he could also walk through solid walls and doors. It is best not to try to say more than what the ULB says. -##### Two angels in white ##### +##### Two angels in white Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/21/intro.md b/jhn/21/intro.md index 79c798094b..1fd6760aa4 100644 --- a/jhn/21/intro.md +++ b/jhn/21/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# John 21 General Notes # +# John 21 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The metaphor of sheep ##### +##### The metaphor of sheep Before Jesus died, he spoke of himself taking care of his people as if he were a good shepherd taking care of sheep ([John 10:11](../../jhn/10/11.md)). After he became alive again, he told Peter that Peter would be the one who would take care of Jesus' sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[John 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jhn/front/intro.md b/jhn/front/intro.md index b31af23db4..2f001a7c6c 100644 --- a/jhn/front/intro.md +++ b/jhn/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to the Gospel of John # +# Introduction to the Gospel of John -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Gospel of John #### +#### Outline of the Gospel of John 1. Introduction about who Jesus is (1:1-18) 1. Jesus is baptized, and he chooses twelve disciples (1:19-51) @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ 1. John says why he wrote his gospel (20:30-31) 1. Jesus meets with the disciples (21) -#### What is the Gospel of John about? #### +#### What is the Gospel of John about? The Gospel of John is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. John said that he wrote his gospel "so that people might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of the living God" (20:31). @@ -27,22 +27,22 @@ John's Gospel is very different from the other three Gospels. John does not incl John wrote much about the signs Jesus did to prove that what Jesus said about himself was true. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of John" or "The Gospel According to John." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as, "The Good News About Jesus That John Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Gospel of John? #### +#### Who wrote the Gospel of John? This book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the Apostle John was the author. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why does John write so much about the final week of Jesus' life? #### +#### Why does John write so much about the final week of Jesus' life? John wrote much about Jesus' final week. He wanted his readers to think deeply about Jesus' final week and his death on the cross. He wanted people to understand that Jesus willingly died on the cross so that God could forgive them for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in the Gospel of John? #### +#### What do the words "remain," "reside," and "abide" mean in the Gospel of John? John often used the words "remain," "reside", and "abide" as metaphors. John spoke of a believer becoming more faithful to Jesus and knowing Jesus better as if Jesus' word "remained" in the believer. Also, John spoke of someone being spiritually joined to someone else as if the person "remained" in the other person. Christians are said to "remain" in Christ and in God. The Father is said to "remain" in the Son, and the Son is said to "remain" in the Father. The Son is said to "remain" in believers. The Holy Spirit is also said to "remain" in the believers. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Many translators will find it impossible to represent these ideas in their langu In the passage, "If my words remain in you" (John 15:7), the UDB expresses this idea as, "If you live by my message." Translators may find it possible to use this translation as a model. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Gospel of John? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Gospel of John? The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to translate these verses. However, if the translators work in regions where there are older versions of the Bible that include these verses, the translators can include them. If they are translated, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to John's Gospel. diff --git a/job/01/intro.md b/job/01/intro.md index bc0e8dcd6b..cd8d45cda3 100644 --- a/job/01/intro.md +++ b/job/01/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Job 01 General Notes # +# Job 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter introduces a story about a man named Job who lives during a time long before the author. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wealth ##### +##### Wealth Job is very rich. During his time, a man's wealth is measured by the number of animals he owns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Feasts ##### +##### Feasts Job is a very godly man and celebrates Yahweh's provision by having feasts. It must be remembered that Job lives prior to the law of Moses, so his religious practices are different than the Hebrew people after Moses. The events of this book occur about the same time as the life of Abraham. Therefore, this book corresponds more with Genesis 12-50 than the rest of the Old Testament. (See:[[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Job's faith ##### +##### Job's faith Satan believes that Job's faith is based on Yahweh's blessings. He challenges Yahweh to remove these blessings from Job's life because he thinks that Job will no longer trust in Yahweh if this happens. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Job intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/job/02/intro.md b/job/02/intro.md index 67b5a09460..b6d13aa4b8 100644 --- a/job/02/intro.md +++ b/job/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Job 02 General Notes # +# Job 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter repeats the concepts of the previous chapter, but this time it is more severe. After losing his wealth, Job's health is taken from him. His wife also begins to encourage Job to sin by cursing Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/03/intro.md b/job/03/intro.md index 74a3981380..13c7f3c7e3 100644 --- a/job/03/intro.md +++ b/job/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Job 03 General Notes # +# Job 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to show Job's earnest desire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/04/intro.md b/job/04/intro.md index ad81e1eef9..1737e6280e 100644 --- a/job/04/intro.md +++ b/job/04/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 04 General Notes # +# Job 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job's friend, Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eliphaz's advice ##### +##### Eliphaz's advice Eliphaz tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Eliphaz gives to Job is bad advice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to form Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/05/intro.md b/job/05/intro.md index 9d0a795a7e..bb13aeefd1 100644 --- a/job/05/intro.md +++ b/job/05/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Job 05 General Notes # +# Job 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job's friend, Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eliphaz's advice ##### +##### Eliphaz's advice Eliphaz tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Eliphaz gives to Job is bad advice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -##### Sickness and sin ##### +##### Sickness and sin In the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person's illness was caused by sin. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While Yahweh may punish people because of their sin, not all sicknesses are caused by sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/06/intro.md b/job/06/intro.md index f7da97e187..420f95d755 100644 --- a/job/06/intro.md +++ b/job/06/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Job 06 General Notes # +# Job 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness ##### +##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, and desiring his own death, Job does not curse God. He would rather have God end his life than to curse him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He also is upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/07/intro.md b/job/07/intro.md index 44706e5a74..14eba00aa1 100644 --- a/job/07/intro.md +++ b/job/07/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Job 07 General Notes # +# Job 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness ##### +##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, and desiring his own death, Job does not curse God. He would rather have God end his life than to curse him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He also is upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/08/intro.md b/job/08/intro.md index ed2fc954d4..9c21d317bb 100644 --- a/job/08/intro.md +++ b/job/08/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 08 General Notes # +# Job 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job's friend, Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bildad's advice ##### +##### Bildad's advice Bildad tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Bildad gives to Job is bad advice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Bildad uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Bildad's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/09/intro.md b/job/09/intro.md index a347c02371..199dde4ce7 100644 --- a/job/09/intro.md +++ b/job/09/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Job 09 General Notes # +# Job 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness and Yahweh's power ##### +##### Job's righteousness and Yahweh's power Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Job does not think that he can make a claim against Yahweh because only God is perfectly wise and just. Yahweh is truly powerful and Job understands this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express himself or to describe Yahweh's power. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Bildad that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/10/intro.md b/job/10/intro.md index 9a53bb5259..e1dd898958 100644 --- a/job/10/intro.md +++ b/job/10/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 10 General Notes # +# Job 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness ##### +##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse Yahweh. Instead, he defends himself to Yahweh, while trusting in his decision. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to defend himself. He does not believe that he committed a sin deserving severe punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/11/intro.md b/job/11/intro.md index 12791d2eca..95fe628198 100644 --- a/job/11/intro.md +++ b/job/11/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Job 11 General Notes # +# Job 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job's friend, Zophar. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Zophar's advice ##### +##### Zophar's advice Zophar tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Zophar gives to Job is bad advice. He even questions the character of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Zophar uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Zophar's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/12/intro.md b/job/12/intro.md index f8158937db..5ccb71e0f5 100644 --- a/job/12/intro.md +++ b/job/12/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Job 12 General Notes # +# Job 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Zophar. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness ##### +##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job's case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh's authority. These three friends therefore try to take God's place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Job uses many different metaphors in this chapter to express his pain or despair. He is also upset with the advice of his friends, who are supposed to help him during difficult times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/13/intro.md b/job/13/intro.md index eac2cc2c6e..564eea9377 100644 --- a/job/13/intro.md +++ b/job/13/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 13 General Notes # +# Job 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Zophar. It also contains Job's claim of righteousness to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness ##### +##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. His friends, on the other hand, judge Job's case, which Job recognizes to be Yahweh's authority. These three friends therefore try to take God's place. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/14/intro.md b/job/14/intro.md index 4d7d87cdbe..54cf5fca57 100644 --- a/job/14/intro.md +++ b/job/14/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 14 General Notes # +# Job 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's claim of righteousness being presented to Yahweh. It also has an abrupt shift in tone. Rather than being hopeful, Job laments. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Resurrection ##### +##### Resurrection The events of Job occurred long before the Old Testament was written. Therefore, he likely had very little direct revelation about Yahweh. The resurrection of the dead was apparently not well-known during Job's day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in his appeal to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/15/intro.md b/job/15/intro.md index da58e08b89..f53c6d21bf 100644 --- a/job/15/intro.md +++ b/job/15/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 15 General Notes # +# Job 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job's friend, Eliphaz. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eliphaz's advice ##### +##### Eliphaz's advice Eliphaz tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Eliphaz gives to Job is bad advice. He tries to convince Job that he is sinning and has been punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/16/intro.md b/job/16/intro.md index 44527e93a8..2ddb5c67cd 100644 --- a/job/16/intro.md +++ b/job/16/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Job 16 General Notes # +# Job 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's response ##### +##### Job's response Job expresses shock and disgust at the advice Eliphaz gives to him. He even mocks Eliphaz. He describes the difficulties of his circumstances but never curses Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -##### Advocate ##### +##### Advocate Job describes the need for someone to intercede for him in heaven. This person would be his advocate and provide a witness for him. Although this is probably not intended as a prophecy, it closely parallels the way Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/17/intro.md b/job/17/intro.md index 4d9c881215..36dfbbdcfe 100644 --- a/job/17/intro.md +++ b/job/17/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Job 17 General Notes # +# Job 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Eliphaz, but it is more directly addressed to Yahweh. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's grief ##### +##### Job's grief Job expresses grief or great sadness in this chapter. He awaits the justice and intercession of Yahweh as he awaits his own death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/intercede]]) -##### Advocate ##### +##### Advocate Job describes the need for someone to intercede for him in heaven. This person would be his advocate and provide a witness for him. Although this is probably not intended as a prophecy, it closely parallels the way Jesus intercedes for people in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/18/intro.md b/job/18/intro.md index 4cd55c5f5e..ba0ce20657 100644 --- a/job/18/intro.md +++ b/job/18/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Job 18 General Notes # +# Job 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job's friend, Bildad. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke, and he is even angry at Job. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bildad's advice ##### +##### Bildad's advice Bildad tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Bildad gives to Job is bad advice. He tries to convince Job that he is sinning and has been punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/19/intro.md b/job/19/intro.md index 8f598f6551..2432354516 100644 --- a/job/19/intro.md +++ b/job/19/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Job 19 General Notes # +# Job 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Bildad. Verses 25-27 are very important to this book. They show the great depth of Job's faith in Yahweh after his most difficult time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/20/intro.md b/job/20/intro.md index ca227e7bd1..195a3ea59b 100644 --- a/job/20/intro.md +++ b/job/20/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 20 General Notes # +# Job 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is the advice of Job's friend, Zophar. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke, and he is even angry at Job. He claims that Job took advantage of the poor and is being punished for it. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Zophar's advice ##### +##### Zophar's advice Zophar tells Job to curse Yahweh. The advice Zophar gives to Job is bad advice. He tries to convince Job that he is sinning and has been punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors There are many metaphors used in this chapter. Zophar uses them to explain the temporary nature of life and riches. He also uses them to describe God's punishment of Job. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/21/intro.md b/job/21/intro.md index 176431f1c3..b504e7d82b 100644 --- a/job/21/intro.md +++ b/job/21/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 21 General Notes # +# Job 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Zophar. It is also a response to all three of his friends in general. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ancestor's sin ##### +##### Ancestor's sin In the ancient Near East, it was common to believe that a person could be punished because of the sins of their fathers and ancestors. It was seen as the punishment of a god. While a father's sin may have consequences for their children, Yahweh does not punish people because of their father's sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Zophar that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/22/intro.md b/job/22/intro.md index da495f7cb5..c83896fe0c 100644 --- a/job/22/intro.md +++ b/job/22/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 22 General Notes # +# Job 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job's friend, Eliphaz. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance Eliphaz tries to get Job to repent in this chapter. Eliphaz assumes that he is righteous, while assuming Job is not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Eliphaz uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Eliphaz's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/23/intro.md b/job/23/intro.md index f1a6c7911f..8f9b91dd05 100644 --- a/job/23/intro.md +++ b/job/23/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Job 23 General Notes # +# Job 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Court ##### +##### Court This chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job's "case," which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/24/intro.md b/job/24/intro.md index 25bde8436f..d898ee981c 100644 --- a/job/24/intro.md +++ b/job/24/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 24 General Notes # +# Job 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Eliphaz. It is a continuation of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Court ##### +##### Court This chapter uses an extended metaphor of a court case to describe Job's "case," which he seeks to bring to Yahweh, who is a judge. Cultures without a legal system will have difficulty translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Job uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Eliphaz that he is wrong. These questions help to build Job's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/25/intro.md b/job/25/intro.md index c82f65571c..66d470adab 100644 --- a/job/25/intro.md +++ b/job/25/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 25 General Notes # +# Job 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of the advice of Job's friend, Bildad. His words in this chapter are much stronger than when he previously spoke. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's holiness and man's sin ##### +##### God's holiness and man's sin Bildad describes the holiness of Yahweh and the universal nature of man's sinfulness. While his points are accurate, they are not convincing for Job because he has been righteous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Bildad uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job that he is wrong. These questions help to build Bildad's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/26/intro.md b/job/26/intro.md index a11ba9aff2..aa878e910d 100644 --- a/job/26/intro.md +++ b/job/26/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Job 26 General Notes # +# Job 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is Job's response to Bildad. This chapter begins a section continuing through chapter 31. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power While Bildad describes Yahweh's power as being so much greater than Job's, Job understands the true extent of Yahweh's power. It is not just over Job's life, but over all of creation. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Sarcasm ##### +##### Sarcasm Job uses sarcasm in this chapter. This is the use of irony to insult Bildad. (See: [Job 1-4](./01.md) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/27/intro.md b/job/27/intro.md index 2d9f627847..60aeb99189 100644 --- a/job/27/intro.md +++ b/job/27/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Job 27 General Notes # +# Job 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness ##### +##### Job's righteousness Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Instead, he recognizes Yahweh's authority. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/28/intro.md b/job/28/intro.md index c1d346ecf2..ef0f25413c 100644 --- a/job/28/intro.md +++ b/job/28/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Job 28 General Notes # +# Job 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's response to Bildad. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's wisdom ##### +##### Yahweh's wisdom Despite being upset about his circumstances, Job does not curse God. Instead, he recognizes Yahweh's wisdom and authority. This chapter especially focuses on Yahweh's wisdom as he controls the circumstances of Job's life. Men cannot understand because they do not have Yahweh's wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/29/intro.md b/job/29/intro.md index 6bb8b9e367..73e4e9cb01 100644 --- a/job/29/intro.md +++ b/job/29/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Job 29 General Notes # +# Job 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh. In this chapter, Job recalls the days before Yahweh's blessings were taken from him. This is only one part of Job's argument that continues for the next 3 chapters. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/30/intro.md b/job/30/intro.md index e4b34086ed..27b585eff4 100644 --- a/job/30/intro.md +++ b/job/30/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Job 30 General Notes # +# Job 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's statement, but now it is directly addressed to Yahweh. In this chapter, Job laments his current condition as others insult him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/31/intro.md b/job/31/intro.md index 9085eca33c..2c316fef4c 100644 --- a/job/31/intro.md +++ b/job/31/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Job 31 General Notes # +# Job 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This chapter is a continuation of Job's statement and it is directly addressed to Yahweh. In this chapter, Job presents his case to Yahweh that he is upright and not guilty of the sins he is being accused of. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/32/intro.md b/job/32/intro.md index 4278e213a3..320a7dfb1c 100644 --- a/job/32/intro.md +++ b/job/32/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Job 32 General Notes # +# Job 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Job's friends give up on trying to convince him that he is being punished for sinning. This chapter introduces Elihu who was a witness to these interactions between Job and his friends. According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the first of Elihu's four statements. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 32:6-22, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. This quotation continues through the next chapter. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/33/intro.md b/job/33/intro.md index a8bc491093..bce51cd402 100644 --- a/job/33/intro.md +++ b/job/33/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Job 33 General Notes # +# Job 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the first of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. This quotation is a continuation of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's mercy ##### +##### God's mercy While Job has been complaining about the lack of justice and response from Yahweh, Elihu shows Job that Yahweh has shown him great mercy along the way. He is still alive because of Yahweh's mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/34/intro.md b/job/34/intro.md index 6b869bea02..895bc1ec34 100644 --- a/job/34/intro.md +++ b/job/34/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Job 34 General Notes # +# Job 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the second of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Elihu uses many of Job's statements against him. His attitude is not too different from Job's friends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice ##### +##### Yahweh's justice Elihu defends the justice of Yahweh after Job claimed that Yahweh was being unjust. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/35/intro.md b/job/35/intro.md index 67dd95f73f..a7333ad2e6 100644 --- a/job/35/intro.md +++ b/job/35/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Job 35 General Notes # +# Job 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the third of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Elihu uses many of Job's statements against him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Elihu uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to try to convince Job. These questions help to build Elihu's argument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Ironic situation ##### +##### Ironic situation Elihu explains the irony of Job's claim. He claimed to be righteous and desired Yahweh to intervene. In this chapter, Elihu explains to Job that his claims of righteousness are prideful. This makes him unrighteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/36/intro.md b/job/36/intro.md index 1ade3131a7..c2dabf0765 100644 --- a/job/36/intro.md +++ b/job/36/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Job 36 General Notes # +# Job 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is the last of Elihu's four statements and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. His attitude is not too different from Job's friends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice ##### +##### Yahweh's justice This chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won't always come in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/37/intro.md b/job/37/intro.md index d3e2dbf22c..5c0fb97eae 100644 --- a/job/37/intro.md +++ b/job/37/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Job 37 General Notes # +# Job 37 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting According to Elihu, instead of being punished for his sins, Job is sinning in the midst of these difficulties. This is a continuation of the previous chapter and the last of Elihu's four statements, and it is addressed first to Job's friends and then to Job. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. His attitude is not too different from Job's friends. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice ##### +##### Yahweh's justice This chapter focuses on the justice of Yahweh. It is important to remember that justice won't always come in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 37:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/38/intro.md b/job/38/intro.md index de5d45cd39..f5e29661e4 100644 --- a/job/38/intro.md +++ b/job/38/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 38 General Notes # +# Job 38 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Yahweh finally speaks in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's greatness ##### +##### Yahweh's greatness Yahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 38:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/39/intro.md b/job/39/intro.md index 0751360ef1..02c483d980 100644 --- a/job/39/intro.md +++ b/job/39/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Job 39 General Notes # +# Job 39 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines of this chapter farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is a poem. Yahweh continues to speak in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's greatness ##### +##### Yahweh's greatness Yahweh is far greater than any man. He is the creator of the earth, and his ways will not always be understood by men because their knowledge is always limited. Since Job cannot understand creation, he cannot truly understand Yahweh. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character. Many of these questions focus on nature because Yahweh is the creator of the heavens and the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 39:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/40/intro.md b/job/40/intro.md index 416316d2a2..3b3e056513 100644 --- a/job/40/intro.md +++ b/job/40/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Job 40 General Notes # +# Job 40 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 40:1-2, 4-5, 7-24, which are extended quotations of Job and Yahweh, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Job's righteousness ##### +##### Job's righteousness In seeking to defend his own righteousness, Job accuses Yahweh of being unjust. Yahweh asks a very important question: "Will you condemn me so you may claim you are right?" This is the essence of Job's error. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony Yahweh states, "He who argues with God, let him answer." Job immediately answers him. This is irony. While Job is forced to acknowledge the power of Yahweh, he does not repent of his former statements. Because of this, Yahweh asks him more questions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Animals ##### +##### Animals There are several animals mentioned in this chapter that do not exist and may never have existed. It may be necessary to leave these names untranslated or to translate their names as adjectives. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 40:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/41/intro.md b/job/41/intro.md index f0b444032a..9a6b6ac205 100644 --- a/job/41/intro.md +++ b/job/41/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Job 41 General Notes # +# Job 41 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is an extended quotation of Yahweh, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. It is a continuation of the previous chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Yahweh uses a series of rhetorical questions in this chapter in order to defend his character and to convince Job to repent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Animals ##### +##### Animals There are several animals mentioned in this chapter that do not exist and may never have existed. It may be necessary to leave these names untranslated or to translate their names as adjectives. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 41:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/42/intro.md b/job/42/intro.md index ccb1912392..cca2852383 100644 --- a/job/42/intro.md +++ b/job/42/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Job 42 General Notes # +# Job 42 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers, or songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 42:1-6, which is an extended quotation of Job, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Having faced the temptation to curse Yahweh, and after being rebuked by him, in the end Job shows his complete trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice ##### +##### Justice Yahweh enacts justice at the end of this book. He punishes Job's friends and restores Job's blessings. Yahweh's blessing was not dependent upon Job's repentance, but upon Yahweh's grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Job 42:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/job/front/intro.md b/job/front/intro.md index 6c773d37b5..89d9e3f2cd 100644 --- a/job/front/intro.md +++ b/job/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Job # +# Introduction to Job -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Job #### +#### Outline of Job 1. Job is introduced (1:1–2:13) - Job is blameless and wealthy (1:1–5) @@ -22,38 +22,38 @@ 1. Yahweh rebukes Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (42:7–9) 1. Yahweh prospers Job again (42:10–17) -#### What is the Book of Job about? #### +#### What is the Book of Job about? The Book of Job is about a man named Job who experienced disaster even though he was faithful to Yahweh. Job speaks with three friends and asks why Yahweh lets him experience trials and losses. The book teaches that we cannot understand all of Yahweh's ways, and when we suffer, it is more important to trust Yahweh than it is to understand the reason for the suffering. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The Book of Job is named for Job, the main character in the book. His name is not related to the English word "job." Translators might use the traditional title of "The Book of Job" or just "Job." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Book About Job" or "The Book About a Man Named Job." -#### Who wrote the Book of Job? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Job? We do not know who wrote the Book of Job. Many people suggest that Moses composed or compiled the book, but it may have been written after the time of Moses. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Does sin cause suffering? #### +#### Does sin cause suffering? When a person sins against Yahweh, it can cause the person to experience suffering. People in the ancient Near East generally believed that a person suffered because they or their ancestors sinned against God. This is what many religions teach. However, the Book of Job shows that a person may suffer even if he or she has not sinned. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job's friends? #### +#### Were Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar really Job's friends? Job 2:11 refers to Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar as the friends of Job. But they did not comfort Job. Instead, they tried to persuade Job to say something about God that Job believed was not true. So we might wonder if it is right to translate the word as "friends." They did care about Job and they wanted to help him. However, what they said did not help Job because they did not understand the truth about God. -#### When did the events in the Book of Job take place? #### +#### When did the events in the Book of Job take place? We do not know when the events in the Book of Job took place. It seems to be set around the time of Abraham and Isaac in the Book of Genesis. However, some verses are similar to ones in the Books of Proverbs and Isaiah, which are set much later. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What style of writing is in the Book of Job? #### +#### What style of writing is in the Book of Job? The writer starts and ends the Book of Job by telling what happened to Job in narrative form. He wrote the other parts in poetry form. In the ancient Near East, writers often used poetry to discuss matters of wisdom. -#### Is the Book of Job difficult to translate? #### +#### Is the Book of Job difficult to translate? The Book of Job has many uncommon words and phrases, making parts of it hard to understand translate. For this reason, translators may decide to translate this book after they have translated other books of the Bible. However, since the writer did not connect Job with a specific time or place in history, the translator may decide to translate this book before other Old Testament books. diff --git a/jol/01/intro.md b/jol/01/intro.md index 95fe6f0419..4b9df35cf0 100644 --- a/jol/01/intro.md +++ b/jol/01/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Joel 01 General Notes # +# Joel 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULB is written in poetic form, but the UDB has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Locusts ##### +##### Locusts This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel. It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joel 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Joel intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/jol/02/intro.md b/jol/02/intro.md index ab33758ea4..e2e2e5941a 100644 --- a/jol/02/intro.md +++ b/jol/02/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Joel 02 General Notes # +# Joel 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Locusts ##### +##### Locusts This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joel 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jol/03/intro.md b/jol/03/intro.md index 5011740924..e8d8de2c43 100644 --- a/jol/03/intro.md +++ b/jol/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Joel 03 General Notes # +# Joel 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joel 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jol/front/intro.md b/jol/front/intro.md index 04b8dcbe6d..0f345b2adc 100644 --- a/jol/front/intro.md +++ b/jol/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Joel # +# Introduction to Joel -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Joel #### +#### Outline of the Book of Joel 1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11) - Locusts and drought (1:1–20) @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ - Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16) - Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21) -#### What is the Book of Joel about? #### +#### What is the Book of Joel about? The main idea in the Book of Joel is "the day of Yahweh." This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14). @@ -22,17 +22,17 @@ The people of Israel looked forward to "the day of Yahweh" as a day that Yahweh Joel's message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, "I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh" and "everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved" (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21). -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Joel" or just "Joel." Translators may also call it the "The Book about Joel" or "The Sayings of Joel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Joel? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Joel? This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2? #### +#### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2? Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people. @@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of ra Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings. -#### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God's people? #### +#### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God's people? Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel's enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel? #### +#### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel? All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULB presents it in this way. The UDB, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) diff --git a/jon/01/intro.md b/jon/01/intro.md index ea022ad9bb..ee0c81b560 100644 --- a/jon/01/intro.md +++ b/jon/01/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# Jonah 01 General Notes # +# Jonah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracle ##### +##### Miracle In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of "a great fish." It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole and who then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Situational irony ##### +##### Situational irony There is an ironic situation in this chapter. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God's will. Instead, he is running away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to a "certain death" by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Sea ##### +##### Sea People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah's people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah's fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from going into a ship and sailing to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted by the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jonah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Jonah intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/jon/02/intro.md b/jon/02/intro.md index 0deb1bd536..d3880b98fb 100644 --- a/jon/02/intro.md +++ b/jon/02/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Jonah 02 General Notes # +# Jonah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sea ##### +##### Sea This chapter contains many terms from the sea. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Poetry ##### +##### Poetry Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about the at the "base of the mountains" and in the "belly of Sheol." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance Scholars are divided over whether Jonah's repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain if he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid making a definitive stance on whether Jonah's repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jonah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jon/03/intro.md b/jon/03/intro.md index 589afa2966..381b250a94 100644 --- a/jon/03/intro.md +++ b/jon/03/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Jonah 03 General Notes # +# Jonah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah's life. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Animals ##### +##### Animals According to the king's proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Size of Nineveh ##### +##### Size of Nineveh When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase "three days' journey" is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah's day, cities were not as big as they are today. So although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities. -##### God repenting or relenting ##### +##### God repenting or relenting The last verse of this chapter says, "So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it." This concept of God changing his mind may be troubling for some translators and people may struggle to understand it. God's character is consistent. This whole book is written from a human viewpoint and so it is hard to understand the mind of God. Yahweh is just and merciful so even though God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, God's plan is always to punish evil. Later in history this nation did fall and was destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jonah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jon/04/intro.md b/jon/04/intro.md index e08e941071..bd78b92f7b 100644 --- a/jon/04/intro.md +++ b/jon/04/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# Jonah 04 General Notes # +# Jonah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God's desire to be merciful on anyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jonah's anger ##### +##### Jonah's anger It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. Aprophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death. When Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, he was certain it was going to happen. When it did not happen, Jonah was angry with God because he hated the people of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Parallel to Mount Sinai ##### +##### Parallel to Mount Sinai In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### God's grace ##### +##### God's grace When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Jonah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jon/front/intro.md b/jon/front/intro.md index 0cf8b54120..e944c27399 100644 --- a/jon/front/intro.md +++ b/jon/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Jonah # +# Introduction to Jonah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Jonah #### +#### Outline of the Book of Jonah 1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh (1:1-2:10) - Jonah disobeys Yahweh's first call to go to Nineveh (1:1–3) @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ - Jonah is very angry with Yahweh (4:1–3) - Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy (4:4–11) -#### What is the Book of Jonah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Jonah about? Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) @@ -24,24 +24,24 @@ Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally titled "The Book of Jonah" or just "Jonah." Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as "The Book about Jonah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Jonah? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Jonah? Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it. Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C. during the reign of King Jeroboam II. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the nation of Assyria? #### +#### What was the nation of Assyria? During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria. Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did. -#### Did Assyria convert to Judaism? #### +#### Did Assyria convert to Judaism? Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) diff --git a/jos/01/intro.md b/jos/01/intro.md index 04dd67d8e9..bf281f1826 100644 --- a/jos/01/intro.md +++ b/jos/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Joshua 01 General Notes # +# Joshua 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Be strong and Courageous ##### +##### Be strong and Courageous Joshua is often told, "Be strong and courageous." This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Joshua intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/jos/02/intro.md b/jos/02/intro.md index 10b8ee7c59..e32a53b4c4 100644 --- a/jos/02/intro.md +++ b/jos/02/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Joshua 02 General Notes # +# Joshua 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rahab's faith ##### +##### Rahab's faith Rahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement "for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below" is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: "... melting away because of us." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/03/intro.md b/jos/03/intro.md index 66f59e18ef..3c1662e8ce 100644 --- a/jos/03/intro.md +++ b/jos/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Joshua 03 General Notes # +# Joshua 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God dries the Jordan River ##### +##### God dries the Jordan River Joshua told the people "Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you." The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/04/intro.md b/jos/04/intro.md index 364f4f284f..8db4781b37 100644 --- a/jos/04/intro.md +++ b/jos/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Joshua 04 General Notes # +# Joshua 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's war ##### +##### God's war The conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God's war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh's power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/05/intro.md b/jos/05/intro.md index fac2f86b50..318167cfed 100644 --- a/jos/05/intro.md +++ b/jos/05/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Joshua 05 General Notes # +# Joshua 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Circumcision ##### +##### Circumcision It would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]]) -##### Manna ##### +##### Manna Yahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahweh's care and provision will stop. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/06/intro.md b/jos/06/intro.md index 5fe3acc46e..bb7a9e86b9 100644 --- a/jos/06/intro.md +++ b/jos/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Joshua 06 General Notes # +# Joshua 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh conquers ##### +##### Yahweh conquers It was God, not the army, who gave them victory. It is said, "Shout! For Yahweh has given you the city." The circumstances of Israel's victory in the battle for Jericho were very unusual. It was never common to march around a city or to shout in order to win a military battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/07/intro.md b/jos/07/intro.md index 9d887c8523..fa442098c9 100644 --- a/jos/07/intro.md +++ b/jos/07/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Joshua 07 General Notes # +# Joshua 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sin brought defeat ##### +##### Sin brought defeat It was a great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/08/intro.md b/jos/08/intro.md index 8e4fbaf2c9..62298455a4 100644 --- a/jos/08/intro.md +++ b/jos/08/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Joshua 08 General Notes # +# Joshua 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sin brought defeat ##### +##### Sin brought defeat It was a great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -##### Built an altar ##### +##### Built an altar Altars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/09/intro.md b/jos/09/intro.md index 7e0f0645c7..272988ff78 100644 --- a/jos/09/intro.md +++ b/jos/09/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Joshua 09 General Notes # +# Joshua 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's mistake ##### +##### Israel's mistake Israel was deceived because "they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance." Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/10/intro.md b/jos/10/intro.md index 0b65704fb7..1755b5a03f 100644 --- a/jos/10/intro.md +++ b/jos/10/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Joshua 10 General Notes # +# Joshua 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel" ##### +##### "For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel" Israel's conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh's war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel's war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom The people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: "Do not withdraw your hands," meaning "do not stop protecting." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/11/intro.md b/jos/11/intro.md index 17e9267821..5ef232f51b 100644 --- a/jos/11/intro.md +++ b/jos/11/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Joshua 11 General Notes # +# Joshua 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms ##### +##### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms Yahweh said to Joshua, "Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men." Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### "Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel" ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### "Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel" This phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel's victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/12/intro.md b/jos/12/intro.md index 55de8160c2..bcedb3573d 100644 --- a/jos/12/intro.md +++ b/jos/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Joshua 12 General Notes # +# Joshua 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 12:2-5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/13/intro.md b/jos/13/intro.md index 4225968a9f..2c52fd43e3 100644 --- a/jos/13/intro.md +++ b/jos/13/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Joshua 13 General Notes # +# Joshua 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Division of the land ##### +##### Division of the land There was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32. -##### Driving out the people ##### +##### Driving out the people While Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel's success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/14/intro.md b/jos/14/intro.md index fb1f05bdde..ed1f0e6b1b 100644 --- a/jos/14/intro.md +++ b/jos/14/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Joshua 14 General Notes # +# Joshua 14 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Drive them out ##### +##### Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/15/intro.md b/jos/15/intro.md index a6e02abfec..ecac882716 100644 --- a/jos/15/intro.md +++ b/jos/15/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Joshua 15 General Notes # +# Joshua 15 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Judah. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/16/intro.md b/jos/16/intro.md index f8243ee0b5..8a24a3a6e4 100644 --- a/jos/16/intro.md +++ b/jos/16/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Joshua 16 General Notes # +# Joshua 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Drive them out ##### +##### Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/17/intro.md b/jos/17/intro.md index a07a199eec..c7e4f41f6f 100644 --- a/jos/17/intro.md +++ b/jos/17/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Joshua 17 General Notes # +# Joshua 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Manasseh's lack of faith ##### +##### Manasseh's lack of faith Even though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph's sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/18/intro.md b/jos/18/intro.md index 00d8b50b63..b712476a5b 100644 --- a/jos/18/intro.md +++ b/jos/18/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Joshua 18 General Notes # +# Joshua 18 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/19/intro.md b/jos/19/intro.md index 070600a55c..b835cca9aa 100644 --- a/jos/19/intro.md +++ b/jos/19/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Joshua 19 General Notes # +# Joshua 19 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/20/intro.md b/jos/20/intro.md index 39b5cbdae0..a28df5e84e 100644 --- a/jos/20/intro.md +++ b/jos/20/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Joshua 20 General Notes # +# Joshua 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cities of Refuge ##### +##### Cities of Refuge If a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: "Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/21/intro.md b/jos/21/intro.md index a4d36e13a6..0e7fda9f12 100644 --- a/jos/21/intro.md +++ b/jos/21/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Joshua 21 General Notes # +# Joshua 21 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/22/intro.md b/jos/22/intro.md index 6dea4a1ef0..b19c3ecfd0 100644 --- a/jos/22/intro.md +++ b/jos/22/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Joshua 22 General Notes # +# Joshua 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument ##### +##### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument The tribes east of the Jordan River said, "Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, 'You have no share in Yahweh.'" They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/23/intro.md b/jos/23/intro.md index 1694007cf9..65314a27bb 100644 --- a/jos/23/intro.md +++ b/jos/23/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Joshua 23 General Notes # +# Joshua 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Joshua's final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24) ##### +##### Joshua's final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24) "Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out." -##### Drive them out ##### +##### Drive them out The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/24/intro.md b/jos/24/intro.md index fe7ec4c790..cef4705014 100644 --- a/jos/24/intro.md +++ b/jos/24/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Joshua 24 General Notes # +# Joshua 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Joshua's instructions ##### +##### Joshua's instructions In this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua's instructions. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Joshua 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/jos/front/intro.md b/jos/front/intro.md index 9743923f6d..9dc93b6cb6 100644 --- a/jos/front/intro.md +++ b/jos/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Joshua # +# Introduction to Joshua -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Joshua #### +#### Outline of the Book of Joshua 1. Conquest of the land of Canaan (1:1–12:24) - Preparation for conquest; spies; crossing the Jordan River (1:1–5:1) @@ -12,34 +12,34 @@ 1. Settlement in the Promised Land; division of the land (13:1–22:34) 1. Joshua's final days (23:1–24:33) -#### What is the Book of Joshua about? #### +#### What is the Book of Joshua about? The Book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the Promised Land. Joshua was the leader that replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought the people living in the Promised Land. This book also tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has the title "Joshua" because Joshua leads the people of Israel after Moses dies. Translators may create a title such as "The Book About When Joshua Led Israel." Translators should avoid a title that suggests Joshua as the writer of the book. -#### Who wrote the Book of Joshua? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Joshua? The book does not tell who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, Jews have thought that Joshua wrote most of the book. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events? #### +#### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events? In the ancient Near East, people assumed that gods caused world events to happen in a certain way. The Book of Joshua has some similarities with this view, but there are important differences. The events in the Book of Joshua occurred because Yahweh promised the Israelites that he would give them the Promised Land. What happened also depended on whether or not the Israelites obeyed Yahweh. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? #### +#### What does the phrase "to this day" mean? This phrase was used by the writer to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression to readers that "to this day" means "to the present day." The translator might decide to say "to this day, at the time when this was being written," or "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9; 6:25; 7:26; 8:28, 29; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10. -#### What does the phrase "all Israel" mean? #### +#### What does the phrase "all Israel" mean? This phrase appears many times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every person in the nation of Israel. At times it means the Israelite army. At other times it means the representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel. -#### When should Joshua be translated? #### +#### When should Joshua be translated? The Book of Joshua should probably not be translated before Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events of Joshua will not be understood without the information in these previous books. diff --git a/jud/front/intro.md b/jud/front/intro.md index e5334473b4..11a7a0b840 100644 --- a/jud/front/intro.md +++ b/jud/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Jude # +# Introduction to Jude -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Jude #### +#### Outline of the Book of Jude 1. Introduction (1:1-2) 1. Warning against false teachers (1:3-4) @@ -10,20 +10,20 @@ 1. Proper response (1:17-23) 1. Praises to God (1:24-25) -#### Who wrote the Book of Jude? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Jude? The author identified himself as Jude the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church. -#### What is the Book of Jude about? #### +#### What is the Book of Jude about? Jude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Petter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Jude." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Letter from Jude" or "The Letter Jude Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who were the people Jude spoke against? #### +#### Who were the people Jude spoke against? It is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same. diff --git a/lam/01/intro.md b/lam/01/intro.md index e8014a47b3..0a9e409396 100644 --- a/lam/01/intro.md +++ b/lam/01/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Lamentations 01 General Notes # +# Lamentations 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Judah destroyed for her sin ##### +##### Judah destroyed for her sin Judah used to be great, but is now a slave. The temple is stripped of all its valuables. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Lamentations 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Lamentations intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/lam/02/intro.md b/lam/02/intro.md index 511694d1ba..29107107b1 100644 --- a/lam/02/intro.md +++ b/lam/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Lamentations 02 General Notes # +# Lamentations 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting God has become Judah's enemy. He is determined to destroy them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Lamentations 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lam/03/intro.md b/lam/03/intro.md index f797673237..e825ddf05e 100644 --- a/lam/03/intro.md +++ b/lam/03/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Lamentations 03 General Notes # +# Lamentations 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Troubles ##### +##### Troubles Here the author speaks of the suffering experienced by the people of Jerusalem during the Babylonian siege and after the city's fall. He speaks of these sufferings as if they had been directed against him personally, as if God had personally attacked him. However, we should understand the writer's feelings as having been shared by everyone in the city. @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ In verse 43, the writer speaks again about the suffering that God has caused to In verse 52, the writer begins to think about his personal enemies in Jerusalem, those who persecuted him for bringing Yahweh's messages to the city. He asks for God to show his enemies that he was doing right, and to take revenge on them for their crimes against him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Lamentations 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lam/04/intro.md b/lam/04/intro.md index d676596840..4c00da1fc4 100644 --- a/lam/04/intro.md +++ b/lam/04/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Lamentations 04 General Notes # +# Lamentations 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Judah being destroyed continues in this chapter. Famine destroyed the rulers and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Lamentations 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lam/05/intro.md b/lam/05/intro.md index 962659fc37..a091ef8f92 100644 --- a/lam/05/intro.md +++ b/lam/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Lamentations 05 General Notes # +# Lamentations 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Judah was destroyed for her sin. As slaves, life was very hard. The author wondered if God would be angry forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Lamentations 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lam/front/intro.md b/lam/front/intro.md index 73caa20942..65b28c6c76 100644 --- a/lam/front/intro.md +++ b/lam/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Lamentations # +# Introduction to Lamentations -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Lamentations #### +#### Outline of the Book of Lamentations 1. First lament: Yahweh and his people have abandoned Jerusalem (1:1–22) 1. Second lament: Yahweh was angry with Jerusalem and caused it to be destroyed (2:1–22) @@ -17,39 +17,39 @@ - Edom will be punished also (4:22b) 1. Fifth lament: The broken nation cries out to Yahweh (5:1–22) -#### What is the Book of Lamentations about? #### +#### What is the Book of Lamentations about? The Babylonians captured the city of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. In the Book of Lamentations, the writer grieves over Jerusalem being destroyed. The Book of Lamentations is organized into five poems. The writer describes how God allowed Jerusalem to be destroyed because the people sinned against him. However, the writer also states that God is always loving and faithful to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Lamentations? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Lamentations? The text of Lamentations does not give the name of the author. The traditional view is that Jeremiah wrote it. The writer seems to have personally seen Jerusalem destroyed. The serious and grieving words in the Book of Jeremiah are similar to those in the Book of Lamentations. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may use the traditional title of "Lamentations." Or they may call the book "Poems of Sadness." If translators want to take the view that the prophet Jeremiah wrote this book, they might decide on a title such as "The Sad Sayings of Jeremiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did God abandon Israel? #### +#### Did God abandon Israel? The author of Lamentations often speaks of God abandoning Israel. But this did not mean that God had completely given up on Israel. He rejected Israel for a period of time as the special place where he would be present. However, God remained faithful to what he promised Israel in his covenant. While it was common in the ancient Near East to think that a god might leave its city, it usually did so because it was too weak to defend the city. In Lamentations, Yahweh abandons Jerusalem because the people sinned against him, not because he was too weak to defend the city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### What is a funeral song? #### +#### What is a funeral song? People groups commonly sing songs after someone dies or during a funeral. Depending on the culture, these songs can sound either happy or sad. The Book of Lamentations is like a sad song, called a "lament," sung at a funeral. Some scholars think the rhythm of the laments in Hebrew makes them sound slow like a funeral procession. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What style of writing is Lamentations? #### +#### What style of writing is Lamentations? Lamentations is a collection of five poems. The Jewish exiles living in captivity in Babylon may have sung or chanted these laments. The Jews who remained in Jerusalem after the Babylonians conquered it may also have sung them. In Chapters 1, 2, and 4, each line of the poem begins with a different Hebrew letter, in the order of the Hebrew alphabet. The third chapter repeats three lines starting with the same letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The next three lines begin with next letter in the Hebrew alphabet. -#### Who are the woman and the man in Lamentations? #### +#### Who are the woman and the man in Lamentations? The author uses the image of an abandoned woman and a persecuted man to represent Judah and Jerusalem. He uses this type of personification to help readers understand the pain and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/lev/01/intro.md b/lev/01/intro.md index f3aa1f61fc..a0cbab2a0a 100644 --- a/lev/01/intro.md +++ b/lev/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 01 General Notes # +# Leviticus 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In Hebrew, this chapter begins with the word "and" indicating a connection with the previous book (Exodus). The first five books of the Bible should be seen as a single unit. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Atonement ##### +##### Atonement In order to offer a sacrifice for the people, the priest first had to make an atonement for himself, in order to make himself clean. Only then would he be clean and be allowed to perform a sacrifice. These sacrificed animals had to be perfect, the best of all of the animals. A person was not allowed to bring an inferior animal to be sacrificed to Yahweh. These sacrifices also had to be offered in a very specific way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Leviticus intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/lev/02/intro.md b/lev/02/intro.md index 2d80764415..2640a8dfea 100644 --- a/lev/02/intro.md +++ b/lev/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 02 General Notes # +# Leviticus 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions about how to make a grain offering. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yeast ##### +##### Yeast Yeast is connected to the events of the Passover. Any prohibition of yeast may be connected to the original Passover. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/03/intro.md b/lev/03/intro.md index 5f59d5d7d4..533a8ca436 100644 --- a/lev/03/intro.md +++ b/lev/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 03 General Notes # +# Leviticus 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a fellowship offering. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fat ##### +##### Fat The fat of the animal was considered the best part of the animal to eat. Therefore, this belonged to Yahweh. This is why the Israelites were not allowed to consume it. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/04/intro.md b/lev/04/intro.md index 5cb45bc359..c0a4c9b6d9 100644 --- a/lev/04/intro.md +++ b/lev/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 04 General Notes # +# Leviticus 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions on how to offer a sacrifice for unintentional sins. This is known as a sin offering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Unintentional sins ##### +##### Unintentional sins Many scholars have taken special note that all of the sacrifices concern sins that are unintentional and that no provision is offered for sins intentionally committed. Many have suggested that it is only the sacrifice of Jesus' life that can be offered for these sins. Many also believe that this offering parallels the sacrifice of Jesus. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/05/intro.md b/lev/05/intro.md index c48ef6396b..db7c7a47ab 100644 --- a/lev/05/intro.md +++ b/lev/05/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Leviticus 05 General Notes # +# Leviticus 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions about how to offer a specific type of sacrifice. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Not testifying ##### +##### Not testifying If a person saw a crime, or a wrong being done, they were required to be a witness about what they saw or heard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) -##### Sacrifices for the poor ##### +##### Sacrifices for the poor This chapter explains that poor people were allowed to offer less expensive sacrifices if they could not afford more costly sacrifices. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/06/intro.md b/lev/06/intro.md index 61597e8829..456bf1c3a4 100644 --- a/lev/06/intro.md +++ b/lev/06/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 06 General Notes # +# Leviticus 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, burnt offerings, and grain offerings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Eating sacrifices ##### +##### Eating sacrifices The Levites were allowed to eat some of the leftover parts of the sacrifice, while they were not allowed to eat other sacrifices. The reasons for this is unknown. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/07/intro.md b/lev/07/intro.md index 2bf1d63686..182b37d2b9 100644 --- a/lev/07/intro.md +++ b/lev/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 07 General Notes # +# Leviticus 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives instructions on how to offer guilt offerings, peace offerings and freewill offerings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blood ##### +##### Blood The people were not allowed to eat or drink the blood of the sacrificed meat because life was considered to be in the blood of the animal. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [Leviticus 17:11](../../lev/17/11.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/08/intro.md b/lev/08/intro.md index c925c2607d..38c1172f6e 100644 --- a/lev/08/intro.md +++ b/lev/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Leviticus 08 General Notes # +# Leviticus 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Moses set apart, or consecrated, the sons of Aaron to be priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/09/intro.md b/lev/09/intro.md index 0fdce920fb..23c42b529b 100644 --- a/lev/09/intro.md +++ b/lev/09/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Leviticus 09 General Notes # +# Leviticus 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Aaron begins to function as the high priest in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Following Yahweh's instructions ##### +##### Following Yahweh's instructions Great care is taken to show that Aaron perfectly followed Yahweh's instructions. Moses records every detail to show how Aaron correctly followed Yahweh. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Fire came out from Yahweh" ##### +##### "Fire came out from Yahweh" Aaron did not create the fire that consumed his sacrifice. Instead, Yahweh miraculously began the fire which consumed the sacrifice. This showed that the sacrifice was acceptable to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/10/intro.md b/lev/10/intro.md index ac47f52b06..c88a948fc4 100644 --- a/lev/10/intro.md +++ b/lev/10/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Leviticus 10 General Notes # +# Leviticus 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 10:3. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Mourning ##### +##### Mourning Aaron was told that he and his remaining sons should not mourn Aaron's sons who were killed. As priests, they must put priestly work first, before their mourning and personal problems. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Unapproved fire" ##### +##### "Unapproved fire" The phrase "unapproved fire " indicates that Aaron's son offered an unacceptable sacrifice. Because of Yahweh's holiness, this was a serious sin. They may have offered a sacrifice at the wrong time or in the wrong way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/11/intro.md b/lev/11/intro.md index 549c5461db..c52d4ca1c3 100644 --- a/lev/11/intro.md +++ b/lev/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 11 General Notes # +# Leviticus 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Laws about food ##### +##### Laws about food This chapter contains a list of the animals the Israelites were not allowed to eat. Further research may be needed to determine the exact location of different parts of an animal. Many of these foods are not consumed to this day because they cause diseases, but it is unclear why the other foods are prohibited. -=##### Special concepts in this chapter ##### +=##### Special concepts in this chapter Eating unclean foods made a person unclean. The process of consuming these types of foods spread the uncleanliness to a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/12/intro.md b/lev/12/intro.md index 857db18797..c9aea2c85f 100644 --- a/lev/12/intro.md +++ b/lev/12/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 12 General Notes # +# Leviticus 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Menstruation ##### +##### Menstruation A woman was considered to be unclean after she began to bleed from her womb every month and after having a baby. This was because all blood was considered to be unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/13/intro.md b/lev/13/intro.md index 435e26b59f..4f2a3109bc 100644 --- a/lev/13/intro.md +++ b/lev/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 13 General Notes # +# Leviticus 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Skin disease ##### +##### Skin disease This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This is also true concerning things growing on clothing or things that touch a person's skin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/14/intro.md b/lev/14/intro.md index 1b41fdbf9a..c3f19666a4 100644 --- a/lev/14/intro.md +++ b/lev/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Leviticus 14 General Notes # +# Leviticus 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Skin disease and mildew ##### +##### Skin disease and mildew This chapter addresses the ways a priest was to decide if a person had a skin disease, which would make a person unclean. This was important because these diseases could have easily spread among the people in the ancient Near East. This was also true for the things which could have touched a person's skin. This chapter explains how the priest was to treat the person suffering with a skin disease. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/15/intro.md b/lev/15/intro.md index b20cf4eecb..2f253e19e9 100644 --- a/lev/15/intro.md +++ b/lev/15/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Leviticus 15 General Notes # +# Leviticus 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bodily fluid ##### +##### Bodily fluid This chapter discusses fluids that come out of the body. These fluids caused a person to be unclean because of their potential to cause diseases. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Cleanliness ##### +##### Cleanliness While these rules about cleanliness are intended to benefit the Israelites and promote their health, they also were about making Israel into a separate and holy nation, different from the rest of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/16/intro.md b/lev/16/intro.md index 6bc38c465b..9c47e77f4c 100644 --- a/lev/16/intro.md +++ b/lev/16/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Leviticus 16 General Notes # +# Leviticus 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Holiness ##### +##### Holiness Because Yahweh is holy, he can only be approached in a certain way. This could only happen on a specific day, by a specific person, and only after they offered the proper sacrifice to make themselves clean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Day of Atonement ##### +##### Day of Atonement This chapter gives rules for what the high priest had to do on the Day of Atonement. This was the most important day in Judaism. This is when he interceded for the sins of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/17/intro.md b/lev/17/intro.md index 30b170728b..6dda36b58c 100644 --- a/lev/17/intro.md +++ b/lev/17/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Leviticus 17 General Notes # +# Leviticus 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifices ##### +##### Sacrifices Sacrifices could only be offered by the priests at the temple. Any other sacrifice was strictly prohibited. This was probably intended to ensure that the people were only offering sacrifices to Yahweh and not to another god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The life of each creature is its blood" ##### +##### "The life of each creature is its blood" It is unclear why the life is described as being in the blood. It is possible that diseases were more common in the blood and this is why it was prohibited. Blood is also necessary for life to continue in a creature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/18/intro.md b/lev/18/intro.md index 711389b828..4ea15ba32c 100644 --- a/lev/18/intro.md +++ b/lev/18/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 18 General Notes # +# Leviticus 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Uncovering nakedness ##### +##### Uncovering nakedness To "uncover nakedness" is a euphemism for having sexual relations with someone. This chapter gives many examples of people with whom Israelites were not to have sexual relations. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/19/intro.md b/lev/19/intro.md index 7933470dc2..d99fbfba02 100644 --- a/lev/19/intro.md +++ b/lev/19/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 19 General Notes # +# Leviticus 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obeying Yahweh ##### +##### Obeying Yahweh Being holy meant obeying Yahweh in all matters of a person's life. It is not limited to offering correct sacrifices. The law helped to establish righteousness in a person's life, as well as justice in Israel. In Israel, these concepts are closely related. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/20/intro.md b/lev/20/intro.md index 6d43a02384..a21ae6aac4 100644 --- a/lev/20/intro.md +++ b/lev/20/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Leviticus 20 General Notes # +# Leviticus 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Punishments for serious sins ##### +##### Punishments for serious sins This chapter compiles a list of serious sins. The most serious sins are punished by death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Euphemism ##### +##### Euphemism "To see someone's nakedness" means to live as husband wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The phrase "you must carry your own guilt" is a metaphor. It is unknown what this means, but it is possible it indicates a penalty of death. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/21/intro.md b/lev/21/intro.md index 46016153bf..cafda87b60 100644 --- a/lev/21/intro.md +++ b/lev/21/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 21 General Notes # +# Leviticus 21 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Priests must be holy ##### +##### Priests must be holy Priests must be separate from the rest of the world. Priests should not do anything that would be unclean. They also cannot be unclean because of a birth defect, and they must not marry an unclean woman. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/22/intro.md b/lev/22/intro.md index 065f747454..1152b3d678 100644 --- a/lev/22/intro.md +++ b/lev/22/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 22 General Notes # +# Leviticus 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Holy things ##### +##### Holy things Priests who are unclean must not touch any holy thing. The things in the temple and involved in sacrifices must remain clean. An unclean priest would cause anything he touched to become unclean. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/23/intro.md b/lev/23/intro.md index 7b136e2caa..5db00630d1 100644 --- a/lev/23/intro.md +++ b/lev/23/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Leviticus 23 General Notes # +# Leviticus 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### The feasts ##### +##### The feasts The people should celebrate the Sabbath, the Passover, the Feast of First Fruits, the Feast of Weeks, the Feast of Trumpets, the Day of Atonement and the Feast of Booths. These feasts were important for the religious life of Israel. They were a part of proper worship of Yahweh and the identity of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/24/intro.md b/lev/24/intro.md index 661b576add..124af98aac 100644 --- a/lev/24/intro.md +++ b/lev/24/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 24 General Notes # +# Leviticus 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cursing God ##### +##### Cursing God The punishment for someone who curses God is to have stones thrown at him until he is dead. This was acceptable in ancient Israel, but it is no longer considered acceptable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/25/intro.md b/lev/25/intro.md index 91f5611b15..a30bff5eab 100644 --- a/lev/25/intro.md +++ b/lev/25/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Leviticus 25 General Notes # +# Leviticus 25 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Over-farming ##### +##### Over-farming There is a provision made in this chapter to prevent over-farming of the land. If a land is farmed every year with the same crops, it will quickly become unable to grow anything. -##### Sabbath and Jubilee Years ##### +##### Sabbath and Jubilee Years Every seventh year, the land should not be planted. Every fiftieth year Israelite slaves must be freed and all land that has been bought returned to its original owners. This prevented people from getting trapped by their poverty. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/26/intro.md b/lev/26/intro.md index bf059665dc..f031a4fd7d 100644 --- a/lev/26/intro.md +++ b/lev/26/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 26 General Notes # +# Leviticus 26 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worship only Yahweh ##### +##### Worship only Yahweh If people obey God and worship only him, he will bless and protect them. If people disobey his law and if they worship other gods, then he will severely punish them to help them to repent and begin obeying him. This takes the form of a promise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/27/intro.md b/lev/27/intro.md index 0b560a7aec..6fe3a1e4c6 100644 --- a/lev/27/intro.md +++ b/lev/27/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Leviticus 27 General Notes # +# Leviticus 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dedicated to Yahweh ##### +##### Dedicated to Yahweh This chapter records the manner in which people make vows of dedication to Yahweh. There are many reasons why a person would dedicate something to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Leviticus 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/lev/front/intro.md b/lev/front/intro.md index ad4a62aab1..9de7a96498 100644 --- a/lev/front/intro.md +++ b/lev/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Leviticus # +# Introduction to Leviticus -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Leviticus #### +#### Outline of Leviticus 1. Instructions to the Israelites about offerings (1:1–6:7) - Burnt offerings (1:1–17) @@ -34,19 +34,19 @@ 1. Blessing for obeying and curses for not obeying (26:1–46) 1. Gifts to God (27:1–34) -#### What is the book of Leviticus about? #### +#### What is the book of Leviticus about? In the Book of Leviticus, God continues to give laws through Moses to the people of Israel. The people were to obey all of these laws to honor their covenant with God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? "Leviticus" means "about the Levites." The Levites were the tribe of Israel that provided priests and other workers in the tabernacle. If the people in the project language do not understand the term "Levites," you can call it "The Book about the Priests" or "The Book about the Tabernacle Workers." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the book of Leviticus? #### +#### Who wrote the book of Leviticus? The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Leviticus. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. -#### What is the meaning of "holy" and "holiness" in the book of Leviticus? #### +#### What is the meaning of "holy" and "holiness" in the book of Leviticus? These terms concern separating someone or something from the rest of the people, from the world, or from ordinary use. God separated these people or things so they would belong only to him. The people were to consider the places for worshiping God or for honoring him in any way as separate. The people could not use them for anything else. God required the Israelites to live in a certain way in order to live as a nation belonging to him alone. @@ -60,30 +60,30 @@ It is important to know that not all unclean things or conditions were sinful. F Because God does not sin, the terms "holy" and "holiness" often suggest this same idea. Something belonging to God is holy. Because people must respect God, they must respect the things that belong to him. -#### What are the important narrative features of Leviticus? #### +#### What are the important narrative features of Leviticus? On seventeen occasions, the phrase "The Lord said to Moses" (and sometimes Aaron) is often used to begin paragraphs. God and Moses frequently spoke to others. The verb "speak" is used thirty-eight times. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why did the Israelites need so many rules about sacrificing animals? #### +#### Why did the Israelites need so many rules about sacrificing animals? Leviticus shows that God is holy. That means God is very different from humanity and the rest of the created world. God does not sin. Because of this, it is impossible to be acceptable to him without being "cleansed." The many kinds of sacrifices were meant to make people and things acceptable to God. However, the people had to continue making animal sacrifices so that they would continue to be acceptable to God. This was a sign that pointed to a need for a better sacrifice. They needed a sacrifice that would cause them to be acceptable to God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Why was the priesthood important in the book of Leviticus? #### +#### Why was the priesthood important in the book of Leviticus? Priests were individuals who went to God on behalf of the people. God authorized the priests to bring the Israelite's sacrifices to himself. -#### How did the Israelite's rules for worshiping God and sacrificing animals differ from the other nations at that time? #### +#### How did the Israelite's rules for worshiping God and sacrificing animals differ from the other nations at that time? It was common for other nations to sacrifice animals to their idols. But, the other nations did other things to worship their false gods. For instance, people would sleep with prostitutes at the temple of their gods. They did this to try to persuade their gods to bless their land with the ability to grow crops. Also, people of other nations would sometimes offer human sacrifices to their gods. The God of Israel did not allow his people to do these kinds of things. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What important symbols are introduced in Leviticus? #### +#### What important symbols are introduced in Leviticus? Oil was poured on someone or something meant to be set apart for Yahweh. Water was used to symbolize the cleansing of someone or something so God could accept them. Blood was also used to cleanse and purify people and things. This is because blood represented life that needed to be shed in order for God to forgive people for sinning. -#### Why do many sections begin with the phrase "Yahweh said to Moses?" #### +#### Why do many sections begin with the phrase "Yahweh said to Moses?" This phrase shows the reader that these rules come from God and must be obeyed. You could also translate this as "God told Moses." diff --git a/luk/01/intro.md b/luk/01/intro.md index 307881c7a5..b1dababd26 100644 --- a/luk/01/intro.md +++ b/luk/01/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Luke 01 General Notes # +# Luke 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:46-55, 68-79. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "He will be called John" ##### +##### "He will be called John" Most people in the ancient Near East would give a child the same name as someone in their family. People were surprised that Elizabeth and Zechariah named their son John, because there was no one else in their family with that name. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter Luke's language is simple and straightforward. He does not use many figures of speech. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Luke intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/luk/02/intro.md b/luk/02/intro.md index 50983072f7..fdb029c026 100644 --- a/luk/02/intro.md +++ b/luk/02/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Luke 02 General Notes # +# Luke 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:14, 29-32. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/03/intro.md b/luk/03/intro.md index 983f70a790..db838139a8 100644 --- a/luk/03/intro.md +++ b/luk/03/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# Luke 03 General Notes # +# Luke 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:4-6, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice ##### +##### Justice John's instructions to the soldiers and tax collectors in this chapter are not complicated. They are things that should have been obvious to them. He instructed them to live justly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [Luke 3:12-15](./12.md)) -##### Genealogy ##### +##### Genealogy A genealogy is a list which records a person's ancestors or descendants. Such lists were very important in determining who had the right be king, because the king's authority was usually passed down or inherited from his father. It was also common for other important people to have a recorded genealogy. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Prophecy often involves the use of metaphors to express its meaning. Spiritual discernment is needed for proper interpretation of the prophecy. The prophecy of Isaiah is an extended metaphor describing the ministry of John the Baptist ([Luke 3:4-6](./04.md)). Translation is difficult. It is suggested that the translator treat each line of the ULB as a separate metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "(Herod) had John locked up in prison" ##### +##### "(Herod) had John locked up in prison" This event can cause confusion because the author says John was imprisoned and then says he was baptizing Jesus. The author probably uses this phrase in anticipation of Herod's imprisonment of John. This would mean that this statement is still in the future at the time of the narrative. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/04/intro.md b/luk/04/intro.md index bb45b53508..799eae526c 100644 --- a/luk/04/intro.md +++ b/luk/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Luke 04 General Notes # +# Luke 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:10-11, 18-19, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Jesus was tempted by the devil ##### +##### Jesus was tempted by the devil While it is true that the devil sincerely believed that he could persuade Jesus to obey him, it is important not to imply that Jesus actually ever really wanted to obey him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/05/intro.md b/luk/05/intro.md index 56768cade2..44b9fa4876 100644 --- a/luk/05/intro.md +++ b/luk/05/intro.md @@ -1,40 +1,40 @@ -# Luke 05 General Notes # +# Luke 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "You will catch men" ##### +##### "You will catch men" Peter, James, and John were fishermen. When Jesus told them that they would catch men, he was using a metaphor to tell them he wanted them to help people believe the good news about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Sinners ##### +##### Sinners When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Fasting and Feasting ##### +##### Fasting and Feasting People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Irony ##### +##### Irony Jesus uses irony to condemn the Pharisees. This passage includes "people in good health" and "righteous people." This does not mean that there are people who do not need Jesus. There are no "righteous people." Everybody needs Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [Luke 5:31-32](./31.md)) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information In several parts of this chapter the author left out some implicit information that his original readers would have understood and thought about. Modern readers might not know some of those things, so they might have trouble understanding all that the author was communicating. The UDB often shows how that information can be presented so that modern readers will be able to understand those passages. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Past Events ##### +##### Past Events Parts of this chapter are sequences of events that have already happened. In a given passage, Luke sometimes writes as if the events have already happened while other events are still in progress (even though they are complete at the time he writes). This can cause difficulty in translation by creating an illogical order of events. It may be necessary to make these consistent by writing as if all the events have already happened. -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 5:24](../../luk/05/24.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/06/intro.md b/luk/06/intro.md index aad7c39aca..b9d1a99329 100644 --- a/luk/06/intro.md +++ b/luk/06/intro.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ -# Luke 06 General Notes # +# Luke 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Luke 6:20-49 contains many blessings and woes that appear to correspond to Matthew 5-7. This part of Matthew has traditionally been called the "Sermon on the Mount." In Luke, they are not as connected to a teaching on the kingdom of God as they are in Matthew's gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Eating the grain" ##### +##### "Eating the grain" When the disciples plucked and ate the grain in a field they were walking through on the Sabbath ([Luke 6:1](../../luk/06/01.md)), the Pharisees said that they were breaking the law of Moses. The Pharisees said that the disciples were doing work by picking the grain and so disobeying God's command to rest and not work on the Sabbath. The Pharisees did not think the disciples were stealing. That is because the law of Moses required farmers to allow travelers to pluck and eat small amounts of grain from plants in fields they traveled through or near. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible truths. Jesus used a metaphor of a generous grain merchant to teach his people to be generous ([Luke 6:38](../../luk/06/38.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Rhetorical questions are questions to which the speaker already knows the answer. The Pharisees scolded Jesus by asking him a rhetorical question when they thought he was breaking the Sabbath ([Luke 6:2](../../luk/06/02.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When Luke wrote that the disciples were rubbing the heads of grain between their hands, he expected his reader to know that they were separating the part they would eat from what they would throw away ([Luke 6:1](../../luk/06/01.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### The twelve disciples ##### +##### The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/07/intro.md b/luk/07/intro.md index 47d482eb09..e3f2c35a4b 100644 --- a/luk/07/intro.md +++ b/luk/07/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# Luke 07 General Notes # +# Luke 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 7:27. Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. You should not try to make these rough changes smooth. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Centurion ##### +##### Centurion The centurion who asked Jesus to heal his slave ([Luke 7:2](../../luk/07/02.md) was doing many unusual things. A Roman soldier would almost never go to a Jew for anything, and most wealthy people did not love or care for their slaves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/centurion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### John's Baptism ##### +##### John's Baptism John baptized people to show that those he was baptizing knew they were sinners and were sorry for their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### "Sinners" ##### +##### "Sinners" Luke refers to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders considered these people to be hopelessly ignorant of the law of Moses, and so called them "sinners." In reality, the leaders were sinful. This situation can be taken as irony. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -##### "Feet" ##### +##### "Feet" The feet of the people in the ancient Near East were very dirty because they wore sandals and the roads and trails were dusty and muddy. Only slaves washed other people's feet. The woman who washed Jesus' feet was showing him great honor. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 7:34](../../luk/07/34.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/08/intro.md b/luk/08/intro.md index 2cbab928fb..a2b35b51ce 100644 --- a/luk/08/intro.md +++ b/luk/08/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Luke 08 General Notes # +# Luke 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Several times in this chapter Luke changes his topic without marking the change. You should not try to make these rough changes smooth. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracles ##### +##### Miracles Jesus made a storm stop by speaking to it, he made a dead girl alive by speaking to her, and he made evil spirits leave a man by speaking to them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Parables ##### +##### Parables The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth ([Luke 8:4-15](./04.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/09/intro.md b/luk/09/intro.md index b08e2269ad..6eb985fdd8 100644 --- a/luk/09/intro.md +++ b/luk/09/intro.md @@ -1,38 +1,38 @@ -# Luke 09 General Notes # +# Luke 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "To preach the kingdom of God" ##### +##### "To preach the kingdom of God" No one knows for sure what the words "kingdom of God" here refer to. Some say it refers to the reign of God on earth, and others say it refers to the gospel message that Jesus died to pay for his people's sins. It is best to translate this as "to preach about the kingdom of God" or "to teach them about how God was going to show himself as king." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Elijah ##### +##### Elijah God had promised the Jews that the prophet Elijah would return before the Messiah came, so some people who saw Jesus do miracles thought Jesus was Elijah ([Luke 9:9](../../luk/09/09.md), [Luke 9:19](../../luk/09/19.md)). However, Elijah did come to earth to speak with Jesus ([Luke 9:30](../../luk/09/30.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/elijah]]) -##### "Kingdom of God" ##### +##### "Kingdom of God" The term "kingdom of God" is used in this chapter to refer to a kingdom that was still in the future when the words were spoken. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]]) -##### Glory ##### +##### Glory Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Luke says in this chapter that Jesus' clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. An example in this chapter is: "Whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake will save it." ([Luke 9:24](../../luk/09/24.md)). -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 9:22](../../luk/09/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -##### "Receiving" ##### +##### "Receiving" This word appears several times in this chapter and means different things. When Jesus says, "If someone receives a little child like this in my name, he also is receiving me, and if someone receives me, he is also receiving the one who sent me" ([Luke 9:48](../../luk/09/48.md)), he is speaking of people serving the child. When Luke says, "the people there did not receive him" ([Luke 9:53](../../luk/09/53.md)), he means that the people did not believe in or accept Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/10/intro.md b/luk/10/intro.md index f82de330aa..4b7a00c180 100644 --- a/luk/10/intro.md +++ b/luk/10/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Luke 10 General Notes # +# Luke 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Harvest ##### +##### Harvest Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can bring it to their houses and eat it. Harvest can also refer to the food that is gathered. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about Jesus so those people can be part of God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/harvest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Neighbor ##### +##### Neighbor A neighbor is anyone who lives nearby. The Jews helped their Jewish neighbors who needed help, and they expected their Jewish neighbors to help them. Jesus wanted them to understand that people who were not Jews were also their neighbors, so he told them a parable ([Luke 10:29-36](./29.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/11/intro.md b/luk/11/intro.md index 090656790a..8a7eda766f 100644 --- a/luk/11/intro.md +++ b/luk/11/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# Luke 11 General Notes # +# Luke 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 11:2-4 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a special prayer. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Lord's Prayer ##### +##### The Lord's Prayer When Jesus' followers asked him to teach them how to pray, he taught them this prayer. He did not expect them to use the same words every time they prayed, but he did want them to know what God wanted them to pray about. -##### Jonah ##### +##### Jonah Jonah was an Old Testament prophet who was sent to the Gentile city of Nineveh to tell them to repent. When he told them to repent, they repented. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -##### Light and darkness ##### +##### Light and darkness The Bible often speaks of unrighteous people, people who do not do what pleases God, as if they were walking around in darkness. It speaks of light as if it were what enables those sinful people to become righteous, to understand what they are doing wrong and begin to obey God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Washing ##### +##### Washing The Pharisees would wash themselves and the things they ate with. They would even wash things that were not dirty. The law of Moses did not tell them to wash these things, but they would wash them anyway. This was because they thought that if they obeyed both the rules that God had made and some rules that God had not made, God would think that they were better people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/12/intro.md b/luk/12/intro.md index 115dde54ce..ac1b89dcd2 100644 --- a/luk/12/intro.md +++ b/luk/12/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Luke 12 General Notes # +# Luke 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" ##### +##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -##### Servants ##### +##### Servants God expects his people to remember that everything in the world belongs to God. God gives his people things so they can serve him. He wants them to please him by doing what he wants them to do with everything he has given them. One day Jesus will ask his servants what they have done with everything he gave them to use. He will give a reward to those who have done what he wanted them to do, and he will punish those who have not. -##### Division ##### +##### Division Jesus knew that those who did not choose to follow him would hate those who did choose to follow him. He also knew that most people love their families more than they love anyone else. So he wanted his followers to understand that following and pleasing him had to be more important to them than having their family love them ([Luke 12:51-56](./51.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 12;8](./08.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/13/intro.md b/luk/13/intro.md index 4bdfbb2b18..9d21134f0c 100644 --- a/luk/13/intro.md +++ b/luk/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Luke 13 General Notes # +# Luke 13 General Notes -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Unknown events ##### +##### Unknown events The people and Jesus speak about two events that they knew about but about which no one today knows anything except what Luke has written ([Luke 13:1-5](./01.md)). Your translation should tell only what Luke tells. -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "those who are least important will be first, and those who are most important will be last" ([Luke 13:30](../../luk/13/30.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/14/intro.md b/luk/14/intro.md index 5d81858a14..6667cc5440 100644 --- a/luk/14/intro.md +++ b/luk/14/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Luke 14 General Notes # +# Luke 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Verse 3 says, "Jesus asked the experts in the Jewish law and the Pharisees, 'Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not?'" Many times, the Pharisees got angry with Jesus for healing on the Sabbath. In this passage, Jesus dumbfounds the Pharisees. It was normally the Pharisees who tried to trap Jesus. -##### Changes of subject ##### +##### Changes of subject Many times in this chapter Luke changes from one subject to another without marking the changes. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Parable ##### +##### Parable Jesus told the parable in [Luke 14:15-24](./15.md) to teach that the kingdom of God will be something that everyone can enjoy. But people will refuse to be part of it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "for everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted" ([Luke 14:11](../../luk/14/11.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/15/intro.md b/luk/15/intro.md index 8d503e0528..5a45fac1d6 100644 --- a/luk/15/intro.md +++ b/luk/15/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Luke 15 General Notes # +# Luke 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### The parable of the prodigal son ##### +##### The parable of the prodigal son [Luke 15:11-32](./11.md) is the parable of the prodigal son. Most people think that the father in the story represents God (the Father), the sinful younger son represents those who repent and come to faith in Jesus, and the self-righteous older son represents the Pharisees. In the story the older son becomes angry at the father because the father has forgiven the younger son's sins, and he will not go into the party the father has thrown because the younger son has repented. Jesus includes the part of the story about the older brother because he knows that the Pharisees want God to think only they are good and to not forgive other people's sins. He is teaching them that they will never be part of God's kingdom because they think that way. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sinners ##### +##### Sinners When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. But Jesus told three parables ([Luke 15:4-7](./04.md), [Luke 15:8-10](./08.md), and [Luke 15:11-32](./11.md)) to teach that the people who believe they are sinners and who repent are the people who truly please God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/16/intro.md b/luk/16/intro.md index a3eb27c305..4a9518aefc 100644 --- a/luk/16/intro.md +++ b/luk/16/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Luke 16 General Notes # +# Luke 16 General Notes -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/17/intro.md b/luk/17/intro.md index 98af7ea4c1..a2849d2f6d 100644 --- a/luk/17/intro.md +++ b/luk/17/intro.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# Luke 17 General Notes # +# Luke 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Old Testament Examples ##### +##### Old Testament Examples Jesus used the lives of Noah and of Lot to teach his followers. Noah was ready for the flood when it came, and they needed to be ready for him to return, because he would not warn them when he came. Lot's wife loved the evil city she had been living in so much that God also punished her when he destroyed it, and they needed to love Jesus more than anything else, Those who read your translation may need help so they can understand what Jesus was teaching here. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Jesus asked his disciples three questions ([Luke 17:7-9](./07.md)) to teach them that even those who serve him well are righteous only because of his grace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 17:22](../../luk/17/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. A paradox occurs in this chapter: "Whoever seeks to gain his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life will save it" ([Luke 17:33](../../luk/17/33.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/18/intro.md b/luk/18/intro.md index 6ae910714c..53dabdd516 100644 --- a/luk/18/intro.md +++ b/luk/18/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Luke 18 General Notes # +# Luke 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Jesus told two parables ([Luke 18:1-8](./01.md) and [Luke 18:9-14](./09.md)) and then taught that his followers were to be humble ([Luke 18:15-17](./15.md)), to use everything they owned to help the poor ([Luke 18:18-30](./18.md)), and to expect him to die soon ([Luke 18:31-34](./31.md)). Then they all began to walk to Jerusalem, and Jesus healed a blind man ([Luke 18:35-43](./35.md)). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Judges ##### +##### Judges People expected judges always to do what God said was right and to make sure that other people did what was right. But some judges did not care about doing right or making sure others did right. Jesus called this kind of judge unjust. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### Pharisees and tax collectors ##### +##### Pharisees and tax collectors The Pharisees thought that they themselves were the best examples of righteous good people, and they thought that tax collectors were the most unrighteous sinners. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 18:8](../../luk/18/08.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/19/intro.md b/luk/19/intro.md index 0e57d66fc0..ab05baa8f5 100644 --- a/luk/19/intro.md +++ b/luk/19/intro.md @@ -1,33 +1,33 @@ -# Luke 19 General Notes # +# Luke 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting After Jesus helped a man named Zacchaeus repent of his sins ([Luke 19:1-10](./01.md)), he taught his followers that when he would begin to rule as king they would need to tell them what they had done with the things he had given them to take care of ([Luke 19:11-27](./11.md)). He did this by telling them a parable. After that, he rode into Jerusalem on a colt ([Luke 19:28-48](./28.md)). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/kingdomofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Sinner" ##### +##### "Sinner" The Pharisees referred to a group of people as "sinners." The Jewish leaders thought these people were sinful, but in reality the leaders were also sinful. This can be taken as irony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -##### Servants ##### +##### Servants God expects his people to remember that everything in the world belongs to God. God gives his people things so they can serve him. He wants them to please him by doing what he wants them to do with everything he has given them. One day Jesus will ask his servants what they have done with everything he gave them to use. He will give a reward to those who have done what he wanted them to do, and he will punish those who have not. -##### The donkey and the colt ##### +##### The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULB without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md)) -##### Spreading garments and branches ##### +##### Spreading garments and branches When a king would enter one of the cities he ruled, people would cut branches from trees and would take off the clothes that they wore to stay warm in cold weather and spread them all on the road so the king would ride over them. They did this to honor the king and show that they loved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/honor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -##### The merchants in the temple ##### +##### The merchants in the temple Jesus forced the people who were selling animals in the temple to leave. He did this to show everyone that he had authority over the temple and that only those who were righteous, who did what God said was good, could be in it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/20/intro.md b/luk/20/intro.md index 01435270f5..c4b9d522cb 100644 --- a/luk/20/intro.md +++ b/luk/20/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Luke 20 General Notes # +# Luke 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 20:17, 42-43, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Using questions to trap people ##### +##### Using questions to trap people When Jesus asked the Pharisees who gave John the authority to baptize ([Luke 20:4](../../luk/20/04.md)), they could not answer because any answer they gave would give someone a reason to say that they were wrong ([Luke 20:5-6](./05.md)). They thought that they would be able to say that Jesus was wrong when they asked him if people should pay taxes to Caesar ([Luke 20:22](../../luk/20/22.md)), but Jesus gave them an answer that they had not thought of. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. In this chapter, Jesus quotes a psalm that records David calling his son "Lord," that is, "master." However, to the Jews, ancestors were greater than their descendants. In this passage, Jesus is trying to lead his hearers to the true understanding that the Messiah will himself be divine, and that he himself is the Messiah. ([Luke 20:41-44](./41.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/21/intro.md b/luk/21/intro.md index 33771f462e..ee4f072303 100644 --- a/luk/21/intro.md +++ b/luk/21/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Luke 21 General Notes # +# Luke 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Jesus told his disciples much about what would happen before he returned. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "For many will come in my name, saying, 'I am he,'" ##### +##### "For many will come in my name, saying, 'I am he,'" Jesus taught that before he returned many people would falsely claim to be him returning. It will also be a time when many people will hate Jesus' followers and even want to kill them. -##### "Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled" ##### +##### "Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled" The Jews spoke of the time between when the Babylonians forced their ancestors to go to Babylon and the time when the Messiah would come as "the times of the Gentiles," the time when the Gentiles would rule over the Jews. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 21:27](../../luk/21/27.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/22/intro.md b/luk/22/intro.md index 128d7b607b..e2ecd5408c 100644 --- a/luk/22/intro.md +++ b/luk/22/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Luke 22 General Notes # +# Luke 22 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The eating of the body and blood ##### +##### The eating of the body and blood [Luke 22:19-20](./19.md) describes Jesus' last meal with his followers. At that time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist," or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. -##### The new covenant ##### +##### The new covenant Some people think that Jesus established the new covenant during the supper. Others think he established it after he went up to heaven. Others think it will not be established until Jesus comes again. Your translation should say no more about this than the ULB does. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 22:22](../../luk/22/22.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/23/intro.md b/luk/23/intro.md index 0b19c80271..d924f8d498 100644 --- a/luk/23/intro.md +++ b/luk/23/intro.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -# Luke 23 General Notes # +# Luke 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the last line of this chapter apart because it is more connected with chapter 24 than with chapter 23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Accuse ##### +##### Accuse The chief priests and scribes accused Jesus of doing evil because they wanted Pilate to kill Jesus. But they were accusing him falsely, because Jesus had never done what they accused him of doing. -##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two" ##### +##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two" The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus' people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins. -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Luke 23:53](../../luk/23/53.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I find no fault in this man" ##### +##### "I find no fault in this man" Pilate was saying that he did not know of any reason why he should punish Jesus: Jesus had not broken any laws. Pilate was not saying that Jesus was perfect. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/24/intro.md b/luk/24/intro.md index b096d51e2d..9de3fb5e89 100644 --- a/luk/24/intro.md +++ b/luk/24/intro.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ -# Luke 24 General Notes # +# Luke 24 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Luke 24:1](../../luk/24/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -##### The faith of the women ##### +##### The faith of the women Most of Luke's original readers would have thought of women as less important than men, but Luke carefully shows that some women loved Jesus very much and had more faith than the twelve disciples had. -##### Resurrection ##### +##### Resurrection Luke wants his readers to understand that Jesus came alive again in a physical body ([Luke 24:38-43](./38.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Luke 24:7](../../luk/24/07.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -##### "On the third day" ##### +##### "On the third day" Jesus told his followers that he would become alive again "on the third day" ([Luke 18:33](../../luk/18/33.md)). He died on a Friday afternoon (before sunset) and became alive again on a Sunday, so he became alive again "on the third day" because the Jews said that the day began and ended at sunset, and they counted any part of the day as a day. Friday was the first day, Saturday was the second day, and Sunday was the third day. -##### Two men in bright shining robes ##### +##### Two men in bright shining robes Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Luke 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/luk/front/intro.md b/luk/front/intro.md index 22cf6e5e3f..a7ea3581b6 100644 --- a/luk/front/intro.md +++ b/luk/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to the Gospel of Luke # +# Introduction to the Gospel of Luke -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Luke #### +#### Outline of the Book of Luke 1. Introduction and purpose for writing (1:1-–4) 1. Birth of Jesus and his preparation for his ministry (1:5-–4:13) @@ -17,39 +17,39 @@ 1. Jesus' teaching about his second coming (21:5–-36) 1. Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection (22:1–-24:53) -#### What is the Gospel of Luke about? #### +#### What is the Gospel of Luke about? The Gospel of Luke is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Luke wrote his gospel for a person named Theophilus. Luke wrote an accurate description of the life of Jesus so that Theophilus would be certain of what is true. However, Luke expected the gospel to encourage all believers, not just Theophilus. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Luke" or "The Gospel according to Luke." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, for example, "The Good News about Jesus that Luke wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Luke? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Luke? This book does not give the name of the author. The same person who wrote this book also wrote the Book of Acts. In parts of the Book of Acts, the author uses the word "we." This indicates that the author traveled with Paul. Most scholars think that Luke was this person traveling with Paul. Therefore, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought Luke was the author of both the Book of Luke and the Book of Acts. Luke was a medical doctor. His way of writing shows that he was an educated man. He was probably a Gentile. Luke himself probably did not witness what Jesus said and did. But he said that he talked to many people who did. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are the roles of women in the Gospel of Luke? #### +#### What are the roles of women in the Gospel of Luke? Luke described women in a very positive way in his gospel. For example, he often showed women being more faithful to God than most men. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Why does Luke write so much about the final week of Jesus' life? #### +#### Why does Luke write so much about the final week of Jesus' life? Luke wrote much about Jesus' final week. He wanted his readers to think deeply about Jesus' final week and his death on the cross. He wanted people to understand that Jesus willingly died on the cross so that God could forgive them for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? #### +#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together." The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible. -#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? #### +#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? In the gospels, Jesus called himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Jews of Jesus' time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, J Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Luke? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Luke? The following verses are not in the earliest manuscripts. The ULB and UDB include these verses, but some other versions do not. diff --git a/mal/01/intro.md b/mal/01/intro.md index 10fb9e1840..8db1f31cd0 100644 --- a/mal/01/intro.md +++ b/mal/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Malachi 01 General Notes # +# Malachi 01 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh of hosts ##### +##### Yahweh of hosts This is an important title used in this chapter. It reminds the reader of the great power Yahweh has to punish the nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. They all have a rather dramatic effect. They increase the emotional connotations of what is being said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Malachi 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Malachi intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mal/02/intro.md b/mal/02/intro.md index 55c888d9ef..4010762ab5 100644 --- a/mal/02/intro.md +++ b/mal/02/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Malachi 02 General Notes # +# Malachi 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Levites ##### +##### Levites The priests are given a strong warning in this chapter. They have not followed the law of Moses and have led the people in the wrong direction. Yahweh has not accepted their sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Marital unfaithfulness ##### +##### Marital unfaithfulness Because the Jews lived under a covenantal arrangement with Yahweh, their relationship is described using the imagery of a marriage. Marital unfaithfulness indicates a person's unfaithfulness to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Malachi 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mal/03/intro.md b/mal/03/intro.md index d2c4e19b4e..7f96f66111 100644 --- a/mal/03/intro.md +++ b/mal/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Malachi 03 General Notes # +# Malachi 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah ##### +##### Messiah There are several prophecies in this chapter concerning the Messiah and the one who comes before the Messiah. At times, this chapter switches between prophesying about the first coming of the Messiah and the second coming of the Messiah without formal divisions between them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Several rhetorical questions are used in this chapter to convince the reader of the truth of what he is saying and of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Malachi 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mal/04/intro.md b/mal/04/intro.md index 6313cea8ee..e36b26f7a9 100644 --- a/mal/04/intro.md +++ b/mal/04/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Malachi 04 General Notes # +# Malachi 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Last days ##### +##### Last days Although the Jews may have hoped these prophecies referenced a time in the near future to them, the prophecies of this chapter exclusively relate to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Malachi 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mal/front/intro.md b/mal/front/intro.md index 51c72806ff..609067ab15 100644 --- a/mal/front/intro.md +++ b/mal/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Malachi # +# Introduction to Malachi -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Malachi #### +#### Outline of Malachi 1. The word of Yahweh comes to Israel (1:1) 1. Yahweh loves Israel and rejects Esau (Edom) (1:2–5) @@ -13,20 +13,20 @@ 1. A message about those who others treated shamefully, but who were faithful to Yahweh (3:13–18) 1. Yahweh will punish the wicked and send Elijah before the "great and terrible day of Yahweh" (4:5–6) -#### What is the Book of Malachi about? #### +#### What is the Book of Malachi about? The Book of Malachi is about the prophecies that Malachi spoke to the Jews who had returned from Babylon to Judah. At that time, the Jews were discouraged even though they had finished building a new temple. The wonderful things that previous prophets had promised for Judah had not yet happened. And the Persian Empire still ruled over them. As a result, they no longer were concerned about the law or worshiping Yahweh. Malachi rebuked them for not trusting in Yahweh. But he also promised them that Yahweh would do everything that he promised to do. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has been titled "Malachi" or "The Book of Malachi." Translators may decide to call it "The Book about Malachi" or "The Sayings of Malachi." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Malachi? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Malachi? The prophet Malachi wrote these messages from Yahweh to the Jews. However, since "Malachi" means "my messenger," it is possible that this was a title for this prophet. If so, we do not know his real name. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was meant by the day of Yahweh? #### +#### What was meant by the day of Yahweh? Malachi spoke about "the day" several times. This is the same as "the day of Yahweh." In the Book of Malachi, this is the time when Yahweh would judge his people. He would remove those who wickedly sin and bless those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) diff --git a/mat/01/intro.md b/mat/01/intro.md index f8575bb131..6d2840d245 100644 --- a/mat/01/intro.md +++ b/mat/01/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Matthew 01 General Notes # +# Matthew 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set a quotation from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this for the quoted material in 1:23. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogy ##### +##### Genealogy A genealogy is a list that records a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could become king. Most important people had records of their genealogies. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Use of the passive voice ##### +##### Use of the passive voice Matthew uses the passive voice very purposefully in this chapter to indicate that Mary did not have a sexual relationship with anyone. She became pregnant with Jesus because the Holy Spirit performed a miracle. Many languages do not have a passive voice, so translators in those languages must find other ways to present the same truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 1:1](../../mat/01/01.md)__ * __[Matthew intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/02/intro.md b/mat/02/intro.md index c1955d853b..8a826807a0 100644 --- a/mat/02/intro.md +++ b/mat/02/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Matthew 02 General Notes # +# Matthew 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 6 and 18, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "His star" ##### +##### "His star" These words probably refer to a star that the learned men believed to be the sign of a new king of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Learned men" ##### +##### "Learned men" English translations use many different words to translate this phrase. These words include "magi" and "wise men." These men could have been scientists or astrologers. If you can, you should translate this with the general words "learned men." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/03/intro.md b/mat/03/intro.md index 7e2f5d4ccd..661b8295b6 100644 --- a/mat/03/intro.md +++ b/mat/03/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Matthew 03 General Notes # +# Matthew 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in verse 3. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Bear fruit worthy of repentance" ##### +##### "Bear fruit worthy of repentance" Fruit is a common picture word in the scriptures. Writers use it to describe the results of either good or bad behavior. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" ##### +##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/04/intro.md b/mat/04/intro.md index 12ddc24c36..91d94161c3 100644 --- a/mat/04/intro.md +++ b/mat/04/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Matthew 04 General Notes # +# Matthew 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 6, 15 and 16, which are words from the Old Testament. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quotation in verse 10. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "the kingdom of heaven has come near" ##### +##### "the kingdom of heaven has come near" No one knows for use whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when Jesus spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phase "is coming near" and "has come near." -##### "If you are the Son of God" ##### +##### "If you are the Son of God" The reader should not understand these words in verses 3 and 6 to mean that Satan did not know whether Jesus was the Son of God. God had already said that Jesus was his Son ([Matthew 3:17](../../mat/03/17.md)), so Satan knew who Jesus was. He also knew that Jesus could make stones become bread and could throw himself off of high places and not be hurt. He was trying to make Jesus do these things and so disobey God and obey Satan. These words can be translated as "Show me your power if you are the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/05/intro.md b/mat/05/intro.md index ef9ac5e79e..a2985e6ee9 100644 --- a/mat/05/intro.md +++ b/mat/05/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Matthew 05 General Notes # +# Matthew 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Many people call the words in Matthew 5-7 the Sermon on the Mount. This is one long lesson that Jesus taught. Bibles divide this lesson into three chapters, but this can sometimes confuse the reader. If your translation divides the text into sections, be sure that the reader understands that the whole sermon is one large section. @@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Matthew 5:3-10, known as The Beatitudes or as The Blessings, has been set apart Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "His disciples" ##### +##### "His disciples" It is possible to refer to anyone who followed Jesus as a follower or disciple. Jesus selected twelve of his followers to become his closest disciples, "the twelve disciples." They would later become known as the apostles. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/06/intro.md b/mat/06/intro.md index 4071619a12..4f9838e1df 100644 --- a/mat/06/intro.md +++ b/mat/06/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Matthew 06 General Notes # +# Matthew 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Matthew 6 continues Jesus' extended teaching known as "The Sermon on the Mount." @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ You may wish to set apart the prayer in 6:9-11 by placing it farther to the righ Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/07/intro.md b/mat/07/intro.md index 68278c6050..b4056e8f01 100644 --- a/mat/07/intro.md +++ b/mat/07/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Matthew 07 General Notes # +# Matthew 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Matthew 5-7 ##### +##### Matthew 5-7 Many people call the words in Matthew 5-7 the Sermon on the Mount. This is one long lesson that Jesus taught. Bibles divide this lesson into three chapters, but this can sometimes confuse the reader. If your translation divides the text into sections, be sure that the reader understands that the whole sermon is one large section. -##### "By their fruits you will know them" ##### +##### "By their fruits you will know them" Fruit is a common image in the scriptures. It is used to describe the results of either good or bad actions. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/08/intro.md b/mat/08/intro.md index 0084a66e86..037b0fec67 100644 --- a/mat/08/intro.md +++ b/mat/08/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Matthew 08 General Notes # +# Matthew 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins a new section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracles ##### +##### Miracles Jesus performed miracles to show that he could control things that no other people could control. He also showed that it is proper to worship him because he performed miracles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/09/intro.md b/mat/09/intro.md index 01eafb87a0..7297b32c6f 100644 --- a/mat/09/intro.md +++ b/mat/09/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Matthew 09 General Notes # +# Matthew 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Sinners" ##### +##### "Sinners" When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Passive voice ##### +##### Passive voice Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Speakers in this chapter asked questions to which they already knew the answer. They asked the questions to show that they were not happy with the hearers or to teach them or to get them to think. Your language may have another way of doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -##### Proverbs ##### +##### Proverbs Proverbs are very short sentences that use words that are easy to remember. They teach about something that is generally true. People who understand proverbs usually have to know much about the language and culture of the speaker. When you translate the proverbs in this chapter, you may have to use many more words than the speakers used so that you can add information that the hearers knew but your readers do not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/10/intro.md b/mat/10/intro.md index 018b7b3ce1..4ce10c910b 100644 --- a/mat/10/intro.md +++ b/mat/10/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Matthew 10 General Notes # +# Matthew 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The sending of the twelve disciples ##### +##### The sending of the twelve disciples Many verses in this chapter describe how Jesus sent the twelve disciples out. He sent them to tell his message about the kingdom of heaven. They were to tell his message only in Israel and not to share it with the Gentiles. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The twelve disciples ##### +##### The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: @@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James. -##### "The kingdom of heaven has come near" ##### +##### "The kingdom of heaven has come near" No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when Jesus spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/11/intro.md b/mat/11/intro.md index 137d829eb3..a542339ef1 100644 --- a/mat/11/intro.md +++ b/mat/11/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Matthew 11 General Notes # +# Matthew 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 11:10. Some scholars believe that [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md) begins a new stage in the ministry of Christ because of Israel's rejection of him. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hidden revelation ##### +##### Hidden revelation After [Matthew 11:20](../../mat/11/20.md) Jesus begins to reveal information about himself and about the plans of God the Father, while hiding this information from those who reject him ([Matthew 11:25](../../mat/11/25.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" ##### +##### "The kingdom of heaven is near" No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/12/intro.md b/mat/12/intro.md index eaf64e026b..52b3422e25 100644 --- a/mat/12/intro.md +++ b/mat/12/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Matthew 12 General Notes # +# Matthew 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:18-21, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Sabbath ##### +##### The Sabbath This chapter has much to say about how God's people are to obey the Sabbath. Jesus said that the rules that the Pharisees made up did not help people obey the Sabbath the way God wanted them to. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" ##### +##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/13/intro.md b/mat/13/intro.md index 60d1e2bd55..f23251955b 100644 --- a/mat/13/intro.md +++ b/mat/13/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# Matthew 13 General Notes # +# Matthew 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:14-15, which are words from the Old Testament. This chapter begins a new section. It contains some of Jesus' parables about the kingdom of heaven. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy ##### +##### Metonymy Jesus often says the word "heaven" when he wants his hearers to think of God, who lives in heaven ([Matthew 13:11](../../mat/13/11.md)). -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When Matthew wrote that Jesus "sat beside the sea" ([Matthew 13:1](../../mat/13/01.md)), he probably expected his hearers to know that Jesus was about to teach the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Speakers often use words for things that can be touched to speak of things that cannot be touched. Jesus spoke of a bird eating a seed to describe how Satan kept people from understanding Jesus' message ([Matthew 13:19](../../mat/13/19.md)). -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Passive voice ##### +##### Passive voice Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. For example, "they were scorched" ([Matthew 13:6](../../mat/13/06.md)). You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -##### Parables ##### +##### Parables The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth ([Matthew 13:11-13](./11.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/14/intro.md b/mat/14/intro.md index 428f1c6877..0a84c4176d 100644 --- a/mat/14/intro.md +++ b/mat/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Matthew 14 General Notes # +# Matthew 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Verses 1 and 2 continue the account from chapter 13. Verses 3-12 stop the account and speak of things that happened earlier, possibly soon after Satan tempted Jesus (see [Matthew 4:12](../../mat/04/12.md)). Verse 13 continues the account from verse 2. Be sure to have words in verses 3-12 that tell the reader that Matthew has stopped his account to give new information before he continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Passive voice ##### +##### Passive voice Many sentences in this chapter tell that a person had something happen to him without saying who caused that something to happen. For example, the writer does not tell who brought John's head to Herodias's daughter ([Matthew 14:11](../../mat/14/11.md)). You may have to translate the sentence so that it tells the reader who performed the action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../13/intro.md) | [>>](../15/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/15/intro.md b/mat/15/intro.md index 676107e3d6..cff09d0cbc 100644 --- a/mat/15/intro.md +++ b/mat/15/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Matthew 15 General Notes # +# Matthew 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:8-9, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The "traditions of the elders" ##### +##### The "traditions of the elders" The "traditions of the elders" were oral laws that the Jewish religious leaders developed because they wanted to make sure that everyone obeyed the law of Moses. However, they often worked harder to obey these rules than to obey the law of Moses itself. Jesus rebuked the religious leaders for this, and they became angry as a result. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Jews and Gentiles ##### +##### Jews and Gentiles The Jews of Jesus' time thought that only Jews could please God by the way they lived. Jesus healed a Canaanite Gentile woman's daughter to show his followers that he would accept both Jews and Gentiles as his people. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Sheep ##### +##### Sheep The Bible often speaks of people as if they were sheep because sheep need someone to take care of them. This is because they do not see well and they often go to where other animals can kill them easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../14/intro.md) | [>>](../16/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/16/intro.md b/mat/16/intro.md index 425dbed591..ecfd24d4ac 100644 --- a/mat/16/intro.md +++ b/mat/16/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# Matthew 16 General Notes # +# Matthew 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yeast ##### +##### Yeast Jesus spoke of the way people thought about God as if it were bread, and he spoke of what people taught about God as if it were the yeast that makes bread dough become larger and the baked bread taste good. He did not want his followers to listen to what the Pharisees and Sadducees taught. This was because if they did listen, they would not understand who God is and how he wants his people to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Jesus told his people to obey his commands. He did this by telling them to "follow" him. It is as if he were walking on a path and they were walking after him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Background information ##### +##### Background information Matthew continues his account from chapter 15 in verses 1-20. The account stops in verse 21 so Matthew can tell the reader that Jesus told his disciples again and again that people would kill him after he arrived in Jerusalem. Then the account continues in verses 22-27 with what happened the first time Jesus told the disciples that he would die. -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "Whoever wants to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it" ([Matthew 16:25](../../mat/16/25.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../15/intro.md) | [>>](../17/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/17/intro.md b/mat/17/intro.md index c40f529fbb..29a5d6a929 100644 --- a/mat/17/intro.md +++ b/mat/17/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Matthew 17 General Notes # +# Matthew 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elijah ##### +##### Elijah The Old Testament prophet Malachi lived many years before Jesus was born. Malachi had said that before the Messiah came a prophet named Elijah would return. Jesus explained that Malachi had been talking about John the Baptist. Jesus said this because John the Baptist had done what Malachi had said that Elijah would do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -##### "transfigured" ##### +##### "transfigured" Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Matthew says in this chapter that Jesus' body shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../16/intro.md) | [>>](../18/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/18/intro.md b/mat/18/intro.md index 6dbfd8286d..07f3afacda 100644 --- a/mat/18/intro.md +++ b/mat/18/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Matthew 18 General Notes # +# Matthew 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### What should Jesus' followers do when other followers sin against them? ##### +##### What should Jesus' followers do when other followers sin against them? Jesus taught that his followers must treat each other well and not be angry with each other. They should forgive anyone who is sorry for his sin, even if he has committed the same sin before. If he is not sorry for his sin, Jesus' followers should speak with him alone or in a small group. If he is still not sorry after that, then Jesus' followers can treat him as guilty. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../17/intro.md) | [>>](../19/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/19/intro.md b/mat/19/intro.md index 16044f548e..ee90b46a05 100644 --- a/mat/19/intro.md +++ b/mat/19/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Matthew 19 General Notes # +# Matthew 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Divorce ##### +##### Divorce Jesus taught about divorce because the Pharisees wanted people to think Jesus' teachings about divorce were wrong ([Matthew 19:3-12](./03.md)). Jesus talked about what God had first said about marriage when he created it. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy ##### +##### Metonymy Jesus often says the word "heaven" when he wants his hearers to think of God, who lives in heaven ([Matthew 1:12](../../mat/01/12.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../18/intro.md) | [>>](../20/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/20/intro.md b/mat/20/intro.md index 493fb2ed58..8cd6a2f4fb 100644 --- a/mat/20/intro.md +++ b/mat/20/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Matthew 20 General Notes # +# Matthew 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The parable of the landowner and his vineyard ##### +##### The parable of the landowner and his vineyard Jesus tells this parable ([Matthew 20:1-16](./01.md)) to teach his disciples that what God says is right is different from what people say is right. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../19/intro.md) | [>>](../21/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/21/intro.md b/mat/21/intro.md index 8e9de0bcc9..6a7b1fe3f4 100644 --- a/mat/21/intro.md +++ b/mat/21/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# Matthew 21 General Notes # +# Matthew 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:5,16 and 42, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The donkey and the colt ##### +##### The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULB without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md)) -##### Hosanna ##### +##### Hosanna This is what the people shouted to welcome Jesus into Jerusalem. This word means "save us," but people used it to praise God. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The kingdom of God will be taken away from you" ##### +##### "The kingdom of God will be taken away from you" No one knows for sure what this phrase means. No one knows if Jesus meant that God would someday give the kingdom back or not. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ __[<<](../20/intro.md) | [>>](../22/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mat/22/intro.md b/mat/22/intro.md index 0a3a04ebe2..0bf947fe22 100644 --- a/mat/22/intro.md +++ b/mat/22/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Matthew 22 General Notes # +# Matthew 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 44, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wedding Feast ##### +##### Wedding Feast In the parable of the wedding feast ([Matthew 22:1-14](./01.md)), Jesus taught that when God offers to save a person, that person needs to accept the offer. Jesus spoke of life with God as a feast that a king prepares for his son, who has just gotten married. In addition, Jesus emphasized that not everyone whom God invites will properly prepare themselves to come to the feast. God will throw these people out from the feast. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Implicit information ##### +##### Implicit information Speakers usually do not say things that they think their hearers already understand. When the king in the parable said, "My oxen and fattened calves have been killed" ([Matthew 22:4](../../mat/22/04.md)), he assumed that the hearers would understand that those who had killed the animals had also cooked them. -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. To the Jews, the ancestors were the masters of the descendants, but in one psalm David calls one of his descendants "Lord." Jesus tells the Jewish leaders that this is a paradox, saying, "If David then calls the Christ 'Lord,' how is he David's son?" ([Matthew 22:45](../../mat/22/45.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mat/23/intro.md b/mat/23/intro.md index 8d1fd29f18..ffbfd51161 100644 --- a/mat/23/intro.md +++ b/mat/23/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Matthew 23 General Notes # +# Matthew 23 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hypocrites ##### +##### Hypocrites Jesus calls the Pharisees hypocrites many times ([Matthew 23:13](../../mat/23/13.md), [15](../../mat/23/15.md), [23](../../mat/23/23.md), [25](../../mat/23/25.md), [27](../../mat/23/27.md), [29](../../mat/23/29.md)) and carefully tells what he means by doing that. The Pharisees made rules that no one could actually obey, and then they persuaded the ordinary people that they were guilty because they could not obey the rules. Also, the Pharisees obeyed their own rules instead of obeying God's original commands in the law of Moses. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Name calling ##### +##### Name calling In most cultures, it is wrong to insult people. The Pharisees took many of the words in this chapter as insults. Jesus called them "hypocrites," "blind guides," "fools," and "serpents" ([Matthew 23:16-17](./16.md)). Jesus uses these words to say that God would surely punish them because they were doing wrong. -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "He who is greatest among you will be your servant" ([Matthew 23:11-12](./11.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mat/24/intro.md b/mat/24/intro.md index bdf4d1a5b7..9534341ed7 100644 --- a/mat/24/intro.md +++ b/mat/24/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Matthew 24 General Notes # +# Matthew 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Jesus begins to prophesy about the future from that time until he returns as king of everything. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The end of the age" ##### +##### "The end of the age" In this chapter, Jesus gives an answer to his disciples when they ask how they will know when he will come again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### The example of Noah ##### +##### The example of Noah In the time of Noah, God sent a great flood to punish people for their sins. He warned them many times about this coming flood, but it actually began suddenly. In this chapter, Jesus draws a comparison between that flood and the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Let" ##### +##### "Let" The ULB uses this word to begin several commands of Jesus, such as "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains" (24:16), "let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house" (24:17), and "let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak" (24:18). There are many different ways to form a command. Translators must select the most natural ways in their own languages. Note that this word does not mean "permit." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mat/25/intro.md b/mat/25/intro.md index e76ec6ec4b..a8fae83986 100644 --- a/mat/25/intro.md +++ b/mat/25/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Matthew 25 General Notes # +# Matthew 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the teaching of the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The parable of the ten virgins ##### +##### The parable of the ten virgins Jesus told the parable of the ten virgins ([Matthew 25:1-13](./01.md)) to tell his followers to be ready for him to return. His hearers could understand the parable because they knew Jewish wedding customs. When the Jews arranged marriages, they would plan for the wedding to take place weeks or months later. At the proper time, the young man would go to his bride's house, where she would be waiting for him. The wedding ceremony would take place, and then the man and his bride would travel to his home, where there would be a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mat/26/intro.md b/mat/26/intro.md index a5ce4b4cc3..0e82f97817 100644 --- a/mat/26/intro.md +++ b/mat/26/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# Matthew 26 General Notes # +# Matthew 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 26:31, which is words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sheep ##### +##### Sheep Sheep are a common image used in Scripture to refer to the people of Israel. In [Matthew 26:31](../../mat/26/31.md), however, Jesus used the words "the sheep" to refer to his disciples and to say that they would run away when he was arrested. -##### Passover ##### +##### Passover The Passover festival was when the Jews would celebrate the day God killed the firstborn sons of the Egyptians but "passed over" the Israelites and let them live. -##### The eating of the body and blood ##### +##### The eating of the body and blood [Matthew 26:26-28](./26.md) describes Jesus' last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist", or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Judas' kiss for Jesus ##### +##### Judas' kiss for Jesus [Matthew 26:49](../../mat/26/49.md) describes how Judas kissed Jesus so the soldiers would know whom to arrest. The Jews would kiss each other when they greeted each other. -##### "I am able to destroy the temple of God" ##### +##### "I am able to destroy the temple of God" Two men accused Jesus of saying that he could destroy the temple in Jerusalem and then rebuild it "in three days" ([Matthew 26:61](../../mat/26/61.md)). They were accusing him of insulting God by claiming that God had given him the authority to destroy the temple and the power to rebuild it. What Jesus actually said was that if the Jewish authorities were to destroy this temple, he would certainly raise it up in three days ([John 2:19](../../jhn/02/19.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mat/27/intro.md b/mat/27/intro.md index d7c046c11a..65b2938cba 100644 --- a/mat/27/intro.md +++ b/mat/27/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Matthew 27 General Notes # +# Matthew 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Delivered him to Pilate the governor" ##### +##### "Delivered him to Pilate the governor" The Jewish leaders needed to get permission from Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, before they could kill Jesus. This was because Roman law did not allow them to kill Jesus themselves. Pilate was going to set one prisoner free, and he wanted to set Jesus free, but they wanted him to free a very bad prisoner named Barabbas instead. -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 27:60](../../mat/27/60.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Sarcasm ##### +##### Sarcasm The soldiers said, "Hail, King of the Jews!" ([Matthew 27:29](../../mat/27/29.md)) to mock Jesus. They did not think that he was the king of the Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mat/28/intro.md b/mat/28/intro.md index c7fe8ecedf..9395f23ca2 100644 --- a/mat/28/intro.md +++ b/mat/28/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Matthew 28 General Notes # +# Matthew 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Matthew 28:1](../../mat/28/01.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -##### "Make disciples" ##### +##### "Make disciples" The last two verses ([Matthew 28:19-20](./19.md)) are commonly known as "The Great Commission" because they contain a very important command given to all Christians. Christians are to "make disciples" by going to people, sharing the gospel with them and training them to live as Christians. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### An angel of the Lord ##### +##### An angel of the Lord Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels looked human. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Matthew 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mat/front/intro.md b/mat/front/intro.md index 753508f9b3..f23c9940a4 100644 --- a/mat/front/intro.md +++ b/mat/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew # +# Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Matthew #### +#### Outline of the Book of Matthew 1. The birth of Jesus Christ and the beginning of his ministry (1:1––4:25) 1. Jesus' Sermon on the Mount (5:1––7:28) @@ -16,37 +16,37 @@ 1. Jesus' teaching about the final judgment and salvation (23:1––25:46) 1. The crucifixion of Jesus, his death and resurrection (26:1––28:19) -#### What is the book of Matthew about? #### +#### What is the book of Matthew about? The Gospel of Matthew is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Matthew showed that Jesus was the Messiah and that God would save Israel through him. Matthew often explained that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. This may indicate that he expected most of his first readers to be Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Matthew" or "The Gospel according to Matthew." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as "The Good News about Jesus that Matthew wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Matthew? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Matthew? The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times most Christians have thought that the author was the Apostle Matthew. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the "kingdom of heaven?" #### +#### What is the "kingdom of heaven?" Matthew spoke of the kingdom of heaven in the same way that other gospel writers spoke of the kingdom of God. The kingdom of heaven represents God ruling over all people and all creation everywhere. Those whom God accepts into his kingdom will be blessed. They will live with God forever. -#### What were Jesus' teaching methods? #### +#### What were Jesus' teaching methods? The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God's law. Jesus taught in ways similiar to other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? #### +#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together." The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible. -#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? #### +#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Jews of Jesus' time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, J Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Matthew? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Matthew? The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions: diff --git a/mic/01/intro.md b/mic/01/intro.md index 33d17bbb93..b22fef6a54 100644 --- a/mic/01/intro.md +++ b/mic/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Micah 01 General Notes # +# Micah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Micah is written mainly in a poetic form. Most of the prophets wrote to either the Northern Kingdom or the Southern Kingdom. Micah wrote to both of them at times without clear distinction, as he did in this chapter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### City Names ##### +##### City Names This passage sounds unusual in English because of its construction in Hebrew. It contains several "puns" or "plays on words." The names of the cities are used to describe their destruction. "Lachish will be lashed" is an example of this type of construction. This poetic element might metaphors describing the actual way they will be punished. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Micah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Micah intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mic/02/intro.md b/mic/02/intro.md index 915d3d4631..900aac9b41 100644 --- a/mic/02/intro.md +++ b/mic/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Micah 02 General Notes # +# Micah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues using poetic forms in communicating that people who take advantage of others are guilty of sin and injustice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Context ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Context Micah does not frequently explain the historical context of his prophecies. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information. Additional research may be needed regarding the time period of Micah's ministry. Therefore, translators have a good understanding of the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Micah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mic/03/intro.md b/mic/03/intro.md index 448a304dfb..be7073ee5d 100644 --- a/mic/03/intro.md +++ b/mic/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Micah 03 General Notes # +# Micah 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Justice ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Justice An unjust society was considered sinful. It was considered to be against the law of Moses. If these kingdoms did not have justice, they were not obedient to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors There are vivid pictures used in this chapter which show how the leaders of the people were treating the Israelites. These situations are absurd unless taken as a metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Micah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mic/04/intro.md b/mic/04/intro.md index 848c0085b5..569ee09637 100644 --- a/mic/04/intro.md +++ b/mic/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Micah 04 General Notes # +# Micah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the poetic form to communicate that God will one day restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Remanant ##### +##### Remanant Micah speaks about a future hope and a remnant who will return to their homeland. Verses 1-8 are a vision of the future when God will restore Israel to its former glory. These verses will give hope to those about to be removed from their homeland. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Micah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mic/05/intro.md b/mic/05/intro.md index baab0b9cde..6d3aa61410 100644 --- a/mic/05/intro.md +++ b/mic/05/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Micah 05 General Notes # +# Micah 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah ##### +##### Messiah This chapter contains a prophecy explaining that the Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem. This meaning is made clear in the New Testament. (See: [Micah 5:2](../../mic/05/02.md), [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Change in Personal Pronouns ##### +##### Change in Personal Pronouns Extra care must be taken in translating pronouns in this chapter. Sometimes "I" is a reference to the author and other times it is a reference to Yahweh. There is also a noticable shift where the author stops speaking about the people as "you" and begins speaking about them as "we" or "us." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Micah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mic/06/intro.md b/mic/06/intro.md index 2d8fa19b5a..e5c7871bc3 100644 --- a/mic/06/intro.md +++ b/mic/06/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Micah 06 General Notes # +# Micah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written as a court case or lawsuit by Yahweh against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Names in Lawsuit ##### +##### Names in Lawsuit Moses, Aaron and Miriam are mentioned as witnesses for Yahweh and against Israel. Ahab and Omri are mentioned as kings who were evil and did not follow Yahweh. Obedience to the law of Moses is contrasted with disobedience to the law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Micah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mic/07/intro.md b/mic/07/intro.md index 721cf52d17..1ba4bc2b42 100644 --- a/mic/07/intro.md +++ b/mic/07/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Micah 07 General Notes # +# Micah 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Last days ##### +##### Last days This chapter looks forward to the hope of the coming savior for the faithful remnant. This is the future restoration of Israel when true peace will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/savior]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -##### Prophet ##### +##### Prophet The prophet was able to speak to God on behalf of the people. Often in this chapter, the prophet speaks in Israel's place and offers repentance to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Micah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mic/front/intro.md b/mic/front/intro.md index ece1cd4524..c5ca71bf17 100644 --- a/mic/front/intro.md +++ b/mic/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Micah # +# Introduction to Micah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Micah #### +#### Outline of the Book of Micah 1. God promises to punish the northern and southern kingdoms (1:1–16) 1. Those who take advantage of others are guilty (2:1-3:12) @@ -22,44 +22,44 @@ - Israel will rise again (7:8–13) - Yahweh restores and gives grace (7:14–20) -#### What is the Book of Micah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Micah about? This book contains many of Micah's prophecies. Micah repeated many similar prophecies as found in Isaiah. Micah warned the kingdoms of Israel and Judah that the Assyrians would soon attack them. Micah condemned those who acted unjustly and immorally. He spoke against those who did not work for a living. He also spoke against the false prophets in Israel and Judah. These false prophets were telling the people that Yahweh would never let a foreign kingdom harm or conquer them. Micah called the people to please Yahweh by living righteous and holy lives. However, the sinful way they lived and the unjust way they treated their fellow countrymen proved that they no longer wanted to obey and honor Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may decide to translate the traditional title "The Book of Micah" or just "Micah" in a way that is clearer to the readers. They may decide to call it "The Sayings of Micah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote Micah? #### +#### Who wrote Micah? The prophet Micah probably wrote this book. Micah lived at the same time as Isaiah and Hosea. This was sometime between 750 and 700 B.C., during the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. He began prophesying when he lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. Then he moved to the kingdom of Judah. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Who is the deliverer Micah mentions? #### +#### Who is the deliverer Micah mentions? Micah frequently mentioned a king who would deliver the people. It is clear that Micah meant the Messiah, the descendant of David who would rule forever, though he never referred to him as the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Were the Israelites required to offer sacrifices or live holy lives to please Yahweh? #### +#### Were the Israelites required to offer sacrifices or live holy lives to please Yahweh? Many of the Old Testament writers were concerned with offering sacrifices according to the law of Moses. However, Micah explained to the people that Yahweh was pleased only when they offered these sacrifices in faith. Without faith, the sacrifices had no meaning. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why does Micah 1:10-16 sound unusual? #### +#### Why does Micah 1:10-16 sound unusual? This passage sounds unusual because of how it is constructed in Hebrew. It includes what is called a play on words. The names of the cities were used to describe how they would be destroyed. For example, in Hebrew "Lachish" sounds like "to the chariots." This is a poetic form that might not be the actual way they would be punished. -#### What does a translator need to know before translating Micah? #### +#### What does a translator need to know before translating Micah? Micah did not often explain how his prophecies were historically situated. This may result in the translator failing to understand implicit information unless they understand Micah's time. It is therefore suggested that translators understand well the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -#### How do I translate passages where the speaker or addressee is not mentioned explicitly? #### +#### How do I translate passages where the speaker or addressee is not mentioned explicitly? Micah did not usually say who was speaking or who was being addressed. Reading the verses before and after the quote will often help the reader to understand who is speaking or being addressed. It is acceptable to make this information explicit so the reader can more easily understand it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### How should the text of Micah be formatted? #### +#### How should the text of Micah be formatted? The ULB uses a poetic language style like the Hebrew text. Many languages can do this but some languages will not be able to do this. The ULB also sets apart the poetic portions of the text by setting the poetic lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. With the exception of the first verse, the entire book is indented because the prophecies were written as a series of poems. diff --git a/mrk/01/intro.md b/mrk/01/intro.md index 9647271a63..7a747ac809 100644 --- a/mrk/01/intro.md +++ b/mrk/01/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Mark 01 General Notes # +# Mark 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-3, which is a quotation from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "You can make me clean" ##### +##### "You can make me clean" Leprosy was a disease of the skin that made a person unclean and unable to properly worship God. Jesus is capable of making people physically "clean" or healthy as well as spiritually "clean" or right with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### "The kingdom of God is near" ##### +##### "The kingdom of God is near" Scholars debate whether the "kingdom of God" was present at the time of Jesus or is something that would come later. English translations frequently use the phrase "at hand," but this can create difficulty for translators. Other versions use the phase "is coming" and "has come near." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Mark intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/02/intro.md b/mrk/02/intro.md index bc0397f7be..4a9e013f83 100644 --- a/mrk/02/intro.md +++ b/mrk/02/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Mark 02 General Notes # +# Mark 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Sinners" ##### +##### "Sinners" When the people of Jesus' time spoke of "sinners," they were talking about people who did not obey the law of Moses and instead committed sins like stealing or sexual sins. When Jesus said that he came to call "sinners," he meant that only people who believe that they are sinners can be his followers. This is true even if they are not what most people think of as "sinners." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Fasting and Feasting ##### +##### Fasting and Feasting People would fast, or not eat food for a long time, when they were sad or were showing God that they were sorry for their sins. When they were happy, like during weddings, they would have feasts, or meals where they would eat much food. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fast]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions The Jewish leaders used rhetorical questions to show that they were angry because of what Jesus said and did and that they did not believe that he was God's Son ([Mark 2:7](../../mrk/02/07.md)). Jesus used them to show the Jewish leaders that they were arrogant ([Mark 2:25-26](./25.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/03/intro.md b/mrk/03/intro.md index a7f08b2efc..94fa363620 100644 --- a/mrk/03/intro.md +++ b/mrk/03/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Mark 03 General Notes # +# Mark 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sabbath ##### +##### Sabbath It was against the law of Moses to do work on the Sabbath. The Pharisees believed healing a sick person on the Sabbath was "work," so they said that Jesus did wrong when he healed a person on the Sabbath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" ##### +##### "Blasphemy against the Spirit" No one knows for sure what actions people perform or what words they say when they commit this sin. However, they probably insult the Holy Spirit and his work. Part of the Holy Spirit's work is to make people understand that they are sinners and that they need to have God forgive them. Therefore, anyone who does not try to stop sinning is probably committing blasphemy against the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The twelve disciples ##### +##### The twelve disciples The following are the lists of the twelve disciples: @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Simon (Peter), Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Thaddaeus is probably the same person as Jude, the son of James. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/04/intro.md b/mrk/04/intro.md index a02e326f64..2c302e4381 100644 --- a/mrk/04/intro.md +++ b/mrk/04/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Mark 04 General Notes # +# Mark 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Mark 4:3-10 forms one parable. The parable is explained in 4:14-23. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:12, which is a quotation from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Parables ##### +##### Parables The parables were short stories that Jesus told so that people would easily understand the lesson he was trying to teach them. He also told the stories so that those who did not want to believe in him would not understand the truth. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/05/intro.md b/mrk/05/intro.md index 2ccbe5dfb7..10638741bb 100644 --- a/mrk/05/intro.md +++ b/mrk/05/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Mark 05 General Notes # +# Mark 05 General Notes -#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Talitha, koum" ##### +##### "Talitha, koum" The words "Talitha, koum" ([Mark 5:41](../../mrk/05/41.md)) are from the Aramaic language. Mark writes them the way they sound and then translates them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/06/intro.md b/mrk/06/intro.md index 0ff4dd6adf..1626f7fbe2 100644 --- a/mrk/06/intro.md +++ b/mrk/06/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Mark 06 General Notes # +# Mark 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Anointed with oil" ##### +##### "Anointed with oil" In the ancient Near East, people would try to heal sick people by putting olive oil on them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/07/intro.md b/mrk/07/intro.md index d1fd82da76..cf9da0ed5f 100644 --- a/mrk/07/intro.md +++ b/mrk/07/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Mark 07 General Notes # +# Mark 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:6-7, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Hand washing ##### +##### Hand washing The Pharisees washed many things that were not dirty because they were trying to make God think that they were good. They washed their hands before they ate, even when their hands were not dirty, though the law of Moses did not say that they had to do it. Jesus told them that they were wrong and that people make God happy by thinking and doing the right things. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Ephphatha" ##### +##### "Ephphatha" This is an Aramaic word. Mark wrote it the way it sounds using Greek letters and then explained what it means. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/08/intro.md b/mrk/08/intro.md index 786af2a0a8..c942441c9f 100644 --- a/mrk/08/intro.md +++ b/mrk/08/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# Mark 08 General Notes # +# Mark 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Bread ##### +##### Bread When Jesus worked a miracle and provided bread for a large crowd of people, they probably thought about when God miraculously provided food for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. Yeast is the ingredient that causes bread to become larger before it is baked. In this chapter, Jesus uses yeast as a metaphor for things that change the way people think, speak, and act. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### "Adulterous generation" ##### +##### "Adulterous generation" When Jesus called the people an "adulterous generation," he was telling them that they were not faithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Jesus used many rhetorical questions as a way of both teaching the disciples ([Mark 8:17-21](./17.md)) and scolding the people ([Mark 8:12](../../mrk/08/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus uses a paradox when he says, "Whoever wants to save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it" ([Mark 8:35-37](./35.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/09/intro.md b/mrk/09/intro.md index e903505890..15d2b89ce2 100644 --- a/mrk/09/intro.md +++ b/mrk/09/intro.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ -# Mark 09 General Notes # +# Mark 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "transfigured" ##### +##### "transfigured" Scripture often speaks of God's glory as a great, brilliant light. When people see this light, they are afraid. Mark says in this chapter that Jesus' clothing shone with this glorious light so that his followers could see that Jesus truly was God's Son. At the same time, God told them that Jesus was his Son. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Hyperbole ##### +##### Hyperbole Jesus said things that he did not expect his followers to understand literally. When he said, "If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off" ([Mark 9:43](../../mrk/09/43.md)), he was exaggerating so they would know that they should stay away from anything that caused them to sin, even if it was something they loved or thought they needed. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Elijah and Moses ##### +##### Elijah and Moses Elijah and Moses suddenly appeared to Jesus, James, John, and Peter, and then they disappeared. All four of them saw Elijah and Moses, and because Elijah and Moses spoke with Jesus, the reader should understand that Elijah and Moses appeared physically. -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus referred to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Mark 9:31](../../mrk/09/31.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus used a paradox when he said, "If anyone wants to be first, he must be last of all and servant of all" ([Mark 9:35](../../mrk/09/35.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/10/intro.md b/mrk/10/intro.md index f661fac230..00a8219952 100644 --- a/mrk/10/intro.md +++ b/mrk/10/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# Mark 10 General Notes # +# Mark 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in 10:7-8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jesus' teaching about divorce ##### +##### Jesus' teaching about divorce The Pharisees wanted to find a way to make Jesus say that it is good to break the law of Moses, so they asked him about divorce. Jesus tells how God originally designed marriage to show that the Pharisees taught wrongly about divorce. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Metaphors are pictures of visible objects that speakers use to explain invisible truths. When Jesus spoke of "the cup which I will drink," he was speaking of the pain he would suffer on the cross as if it were a bitter, poisonous liquid in a cup. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Jesus used a paradox when he said, "Whoever wishes to become great among you must be your servant" ([Mark 10:43](../../mrk/10/43.md)). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/11/intro.md b/mrk/11/intro.md index c63d1dd1ec..154146f86b 100644 --- a/mrk/11/intro.md +++ b/mrk/11/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Mark 11 General Notes # +# Mark 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 11:9-10, 17, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The donkey and the colt ##### +##### The donkey and the colt Jesus rode into Jerusalem on an animal. In this way he was like a king who came into a city after he had won an important battle. Also, the kings of Israel in the Old Testament rode on a donkeys. Other kings rode on horses. So Jesus was showing that he was the king of Israel and that he was not like other kings. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about this event. Matthew and Mark wrote that the disciples brought Jesus a donkey. John wrote that Jesus found a donkey. Luke wrote that they brought him a colt. Only Matthew wrote that there were both a donkey had a colt. No one knows for sure whether Jesus rode the donkey or the colt. It is best to translate each of these accounts as it appears in the ULB without trying to make them all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 21:1-7](../../mat/21/01.md) and [Mark 11:1-7](../../mrk/11/01.md) and [Luke 19:29-36](../../luk/19/29.md) and [John 12:14-15](../../jhn/12/14.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/12/intro.md b/mrk/12/intro.md index 3491014f31..4b4f1e108a 100644 --- a/mrk/12/intro.md +++ b/mrk/12/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Mark 12 General Notes # +# Mark 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:10-11, 36, which are words from the Old Testament. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/13/intro.md b/mrk/13/intro.md index 373dd75b5c..33fb25aa45 100644 --- a/mrk/13/intro.md +++ b/mrk/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Mark 13 General Notes # +# Mark 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:24-25, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The return of Christ ##### +##### The return of Christ Jesus said much about what would happen before he returned ([Mark 13:6-37](./06.md)). He told his followers that bad things would happen to the world and bad things would happen to them before he returned, but they needed to be ready for him to return at any time. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/14/intro.md b/mrk/14/intro.md index 306682acaa..08cf5cb47e 100644 --- a/mrk/14/intro.md +++ b/mrk/14/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Mark 14 General Notes # +# Mark 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:27, 62, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The eating of the body and blood ##### +##### The eating of the body and blood [Mark 14:22-25](./22.md) describes Jesus' last meal with his followers. At this time, Jesus told them that what they were eating and drinking were his body and his blood. Nearly all Christian churches celebrate "the Lord's Supper," the "Eucharist," or "Holy Communion" to remember this meal. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Abba, Father ##### +##### Abba, Father "Abba" is an Aramaic word that the Jews used to speak to their fathers. Mark writes it as it sounds and then translates it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -##### "Son of Man" ##### +##### "Son of Man" Jesus refers to himself as the "Son of Man" in this chapter ([Mark 14:20](../../mrk/14/20.md)). Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking about someone else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/15/intro.md b/mrk/15/intro.md index bd29e3e4cb..bbf5547d84 100644 --- a/mrk/15/intro.md +++ b/mrk/15/intro.md @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ -# Mark 15 General Notes # +# Mark 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two" ##### +##### "The curtain of the temple was split in two" The curtain in the temple was an important symbol that showed that people needed to have someone speak to God for them. They could not speak to God directly because all people are sinful and God hates sin. God split the curtain to show that Jesus' people can now speak to God directly because Jesus has paid for their sins. -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Sarcasm ##### +##### Sarcasm Both by pretending to worship Jesus ([Mark 15:19](../../mrk/15/19.md)) and by pretending to speak to a king ([Mark 15:18](../../mrk/15/18.md)), the soldiers and the Jews showed that they hated Jesus and did not believe that he was the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/mock]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? ##### +##### Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? This is a phrase in Aramaic. Mark transliterates its sounds by writing them using Greek letters. He then explains its meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/16/intro.md b/mrk/16/intro.md index e19a87e50d..1269fc969d 100644 --- a/mrk/16/intro.md +++ b/mrk/16/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Mark 16 General Notes # +# Mark 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The tomb ##### +##### The tomb The tomb in which Jesus was buried ([Mark 15:46](../../mrk/15/46.md)) was the kind of tomb in which wealthy Jewish families buried their dead. It was an actual room cut into a rock. It had a flat place on one side where they could place the body after they had put oil and spices on it and wrapped it in cloth. Then they would roll a large rock in front of the tomb so no one could see inside or enter. -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ### +### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### A young man dressed in a white robe ##### +##### A young man dressed in a white robe Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John all wrote about angels in white clothing with the women at Jesus' tomb. Two of the authors called them men, but that is only because the angels were in human form. Two of the authors wrote about two angels, but the other two authors wrote about only one of them. It is best to translate each of these passages as it appears in the ULB without trying to make the passages all say exactly the same thing. (See: [Matthew 28:1-2](../../mat/28/01.md) and [Mark 16:5](../../mrk/16/05.md) and [Luke 24:4](../../luk/24/04.md) and [John 20:12](../../jhn/20/12.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Mark 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/mrk/front/intro.md b/mrk/front/intro.md index 43737bca91..e2d24ec08c 100644 --- a/mrk/front/intro.md +++ b/mrk/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to the Gospel of Mark # +# Introduction to the Gospel of Mark -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Mark #### +#### Outline of the Book of Mark 1. Introduction (1:1––13) 1. The ministry of Jesus in Galilee @@ -13,33 +13,33 @@ 1. Last days of ministry and preparation for final conflict in Jerusalem (11:1––13:37) 1. The death of Christ and the empty tomb (14:1––16:8) -#### What is the Book of Mark about? #### +#### What is the Book of Mark about? The Gospel of Mark is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Mark wrote much about how Jesus suffered and died on the cross. He did this to encourage his readers who were being persecuted. Mark also explained Jewish customs and some Aramaic words. This may indicate that Mark expected most of his first readers to be Gentiles. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Mark" or "The Gospel according to Mark." They may also choose a title that may be clearer, such as "The Good News about Jesus that Mark wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Mark? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Mark? The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times, most Christians have thought that the author was Mark. Mark was also known as John Mark. He was a close friend of Peter. Mark may not have witnessed what Jesus said and did. But many scholars think that Mark wrote in his gospel what Peter told him about Jesus. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What were Jesus' teaching methods? #### +#### What were Jesus' teaching methods? The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God's law. Jesus taught in ways similar to those of other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? #### +#### What are the Synoptic Gospels? The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together." The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible. -#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? #### +#### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever. @@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ Jews of Jesus' time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, J Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title. -#### Why does Mark frequently use terms indicating short periods of time? #### +#### Why does Mark frequently use terms indicating short periods of time? The Gospel of Mark uses the word "immediately" forty-two times. Mark does this to make the events more exciting and vivid. It moves the reader quickly from one event to the next. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Mark? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Mark? The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions. Translators are advised not to include these verses. However, if in the translators' region there are older versions of the Bible that include one or more of these verses, the translators can include them. If they are included, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to Mark's Gospel. diff --git a/nam/01/intro.md b/nam/01/intro.md index c5ca6a51c3..1df9506d69 100644 --- a/nam/01/intro.md +++ b/nam/01/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Nahum 01 General Notes # +# Nahum 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of this chapter) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Despite being divided into three chapters, this book consists of one long prophecy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's anger against Nineveh ##### +##### Yahweh's anger against Nineveh This prophecy should be read in reference to the book of Jonah. That book described how the people of Niniveh, Assyria's capital city, repented when Jonah warned them that Yahweh was angry at them. The book of Nahum, written a little over one hundred years later than when Jonah was set, indicates that the Ninevites would be punished by God, but only after he had used them for his own purposes. These actions of Yahweh, although described as vengeance or anger, do not have the same sinful quality as they usually do with humans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Complete destruction ##### +##### Complete destruction At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true very suddenly. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nahum 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Nahum intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/nam/02/intro.md b/nam/02/intro.md index 635f441f44..79c76e40ff 100644 --- a/nam/02/intro.md +++ b/nam/02/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Nahum 02 General Notes # +# Nahum 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Despite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Complete destruction ##### +##### Complete destruction At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true and did so very suddenly. At times, this chapter is very violent in describing the destruction of Assyria, and this violence should not be toned down through the use of euphemism. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nahum 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/nam/03/intro.md b/nam/03/intro.md index 390a208303..15a1a3acf2 100644 --- a/nam/03/intro.md +++ b/nam/03/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Nahum 03 General Notes # +# Nahum 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) Despite being divided into three chapters, the book contains one long prophecy. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Euphemism ##### +##### Euphemism This chapter speaks about the evils of the Assyrians in violent ways. It is important to avoiding toning down this language through the use of euphemism, if at all possible. Although there is some hyperbole, the reader should not assume that the author intends this writing to be taken as completely hyperbolic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nahum 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/nam/front/intro.md b/nam/front/intro.md index 4dcae4b37c..b029f7f1b6 100644 --- a/nam/front/intro.md +++ b/nam/front/intro.md @@ -1,40 +1,40 @@ -# Introduction to Nahum # +# Introduction to Nahum -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Nahum #### +#### Outline of the Book of Nahum 1. Nahum introduces this book (1:1) 1. Yahweh will destroy his enemies (1:2-15) 1. Nahum describes how Nineveh will fall (2:1–3:19) -#### What is the Book of Nahum about? #### +#### What is the Book of Nahum about? The Book of Nahum contains prophecies about how Yahweh would judge and punish Nineveh. Nineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. They were threatening the southern kingdom of Judah. The book gave Judah hope that the Assyrians would be defeated. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? "The Book of Nahum" or just "Nahum" is the traditional title of this book. Translators may choose to call it "The Sayings of Nahum." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Nahum? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Nahum? The prophet Nahum probably wrote this book. He was a prophet from Elkosh, an unknown city probably in Judah. Nahum wrote before Nineveh fell in about 612 B.C. Nahum also mentions the destruction of Thebes, a city in Egypt, which happened about 663 B.C. Therefore, the Book of Nahum was written sometime between 663 and 612 B.C. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17? #### +#### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17? Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. The original language of the Old Testament used various names for locusts. It is uncertain whether these names refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What emotions were present in the various speakers in the Book of Nahum? #### +#### What emotions were present in the various speakers in the Book of Nahum? When Nahum spoke to the Israelites, he wanted to comfort them. diff --git a/neh/01/intro.md b/neh/01/intro.md index dda6453d5c..d990469359 100644 --- a/neh/01/intro.md +++ b/neh/01/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Nehemiah 01 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### "The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah:" ##### +##### "The words of Nehemiah son of Hacaliah:" This phrase serves as an introduction to this entire book. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance This chapter is a single long record of Nehemiah's repentance on behalf of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### I ##### +##### I While the author of this book is probably Ezra, the word "I" always refers to Nehemiah. -##### Israel ##### +##### Israel It is uncertain to whom "Israel" refers. It probably does not refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Neither does it likely refer to the twelve tribes of Israel. Instead, it is probably a reference to Israel in the sense of the surviving people group. At Nehemiah's time, this people group exclusively comprised the tribe of Judah because the other tribes had already been scattered throughout the entire Near East, where they lost their identity, for the most part. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Nehemiah intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/neh/02/intro.md b/neh/02/intro.md index 6997859d93..589f7c747a 100644 --- a/neh/02/intro.md +++ b/neh/02/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Nehemiah 02 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins the account of the construction of the wall. Many scholars believe these chapters teach valuable lessons on leadership ([Nehemiah 2-6](./01.md)). -##### Special concepts in this chapter ##### +##### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Nehemiah's character ##### +##### Nehemiah's character Apparently, Nehemiah's character made an impression on the king. It was very unusual for a king to be so concerned with one of his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Cultural Customs ##### +##### Cultural Customs In ancient Persia, they thought it was important for their conquered peoples to practice their own cultural customs. It was thought that this independence promoted peace in their vast kingdom. The rebuilding of Jerusalem may have been seen as a way to allow for the Jewish cultural practices. -##### Yahweh's control ##### +##### Yahweh's control Yahweh is seen as very powerful. He is able to provide for his people, even through a foreign king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/03/intro.md b/neh/03/intro.md index 39941e94f4..934cb088ae 100644 --- a/neh/03/intro.md +++ b/neh/03/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Nehemiah 03 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Priests ##### +##### Priests The priests worked on rebuilding the city. Normally, the priests were exempt from this type of work. Because they helped, it emphasizes that this is a holy work and something done for Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Cooperation ##### +##### Cooperation Everyone worked on this project. Many names are mentioned to emphasize the cooperation between the different families. Each was given a section of the wall to rebuild. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/04/intro.md b/neh/04/intro.md index 01d91134d8..6eeab62418 100644 --- a/neh/04/intro.md +++ b/neh/04/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Nehemiah 04 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dedication ##### +##### Dedication The people were so dedicated to rebuilding the walls that they worked with their weapons ready for battle right next to them. Even when they were threatened with an attack, they continued to trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Sanballat uses a series of rhetorical questions. These are intended to show his intense anger against the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/05/intro.md b/neh/05/intro.md index c01eea2c37..c7433e63f1 100644 --- a/neh/05/intro.md +++ b/neh/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Nehemiah 05 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Equality ##### +##### Equality The rich made money from the poor. The rich oppressed the poor by charging interest on loans. Because Nehemiah wanted to treat everyone fairly, he did not collect any taxes from them. This chapter also emphasizes that it was wrong to enslave a fellow Jew. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -##### Governor ##### +##### Governor Nehemiah was a governmental leader in Jerusalem, but he was not a king. Jerusalem had a great deal of independence, but it was under the authority of the Persian king. The term "governor" reflects this idea, but a different term may be used in translation. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/06/intro.md b/neh/06/intro.md index 92281d7d22..9b66f2ab17 100644 --- a/neh/06/intro.md +++ b/neh/06/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Nehemiah 06 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The building of the wall is completed in this chapter. The ULB sets the lines in 6:6-7 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Miracle ##### +##### Miracle Completing this city wall in only fifty-two days was considered proof that God had helped the Jews, especially given the opposition that they had experienced from the people in surrounding areas. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/07/intro.md b/neh/07/intro.md index 3b0fcd7e68..8df72252f4 100644 --- a/neh/07/intro.md +++ b/neh/07/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Nehemiah 07 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogy ##### +##### Genealogy The people who returned from Persia were counted according to their families. Nehemiah ensured that those who lived in Jerusalem had a completely Jewish ancestry. -##### Different lists ##### +##### Different lists This list is paralleled in [Ezra 2](../../ezr/02/01.md). The lists do contain some differences in numbers. This is probably due to the timing of their counting. They were likely counted at different times. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/08/intro.md b/neh/08/intro.md index 26428b9fa4..e2c7ade74d 100644 --- a/neh/08/intro.md +++ b/neh/08/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Nehemiah 08 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Reading of the law ##### +##### Reading of the law During the exile, the Hebrew language was no longer spoken. Only the priests and Levites still understood it. Ezra read the book of the law to the people in Hebrew and the Levites walked among the crowd translating it into Aramaic for the people to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Festival of Shelters ##### +##### Festival of Shelters After they heard Ezra read the law of Moses, the people obeyed it by making temporary shelters for themselves with tree branches. They did this to remember that their ancestors slept in shelters when they came out of slavery in Egypt. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/09/intro.md b/neh/09/intro.md index fd7ae98e21..c566d911a6 100644 --- a/neh/09/intro.md +++ b/neh/09/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Nehemiah 09 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter and the next one form a single section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prayer to God ##### +##### Prayer to God The people prayed and thanked God for his care for them and the blessings he gave to them. They also confessed their sin of disobeying him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Learning from their ancestor's mistakes ##### +##### Learning from their ancestor's mistakes This chapter teaches that the Jews learned from the mistakes of their ancestors. They became determined to worship Yahweh alone, to not intermarry with other peoples, and to worship Yahweh as the law of Moses instructed them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -##### Recalling the great power of God ##### +##### Recalling the great power of God It was common to recall the great things God did for Israel. This is a reminder to Israel of God's power. It is intended to bring the people to repentance and proper worship of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/10/intro.md b/neh/10/intro.md index fdcf696115..02580ef56a 100644 --- a/neh/10/intro.md +++ b/neh/10/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Nehemiah 10 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter concludes the passage beginning in chapter 9. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The vow ##### +##### The vow By signing this document, the people vowed or agreed to obey God, not to buy things on the Sabbath and to pay their temple tax. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/11/intro.md b/neh/11/intro.md index b259232fa2..b6a08a61b9 100644 --- a/neh/11/intro.md +++ b/neh/11/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Nehemiah 11 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The places where the Jews lived ##### +##### The places where the Jews lived Some people lived in Jerusalem, but most people lived in villages and towns away from Jerusalem. They lived there in order to farm the land raise their animals. The city with its walls was there to provide all of the people with protection if enemies attacked them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/12/intro.md b/neh/12/intro.md index e14926d67c..478cb1cb14 100644 --- a/neh/12/intro.md +++ b/neh/12/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Nehemiah 12 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 12 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dedication of the wall ##### +##### Dedication of the wall In the ancient Near East, it was common to dedicate an important structure to a god. When it was completed, the wall was dedicated to Yahweh. Long lists of people are present, indicating that "everyone" was present for this and praised Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/13/intro.md b/neh/13/intro.md index a113d43ff2..44ac89ec68 100644 --- a/neh/13/intro.md +++ b/neh/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Nehemiah 13 General Notes # +# Nehemiah 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem ##### +##### Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem Nehemiah was eager to make sure that the Jews kept their promise to obey the law. When he returned from Persia, he found many things wrong: one of the store rooms in the temple had been converted into a guest room for Tobiah, the Levites had not received their portions for working in the temple, people were working on the Sabbath, and many had married heathen wives. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Nehemiah 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/neh/front/intro.md b/neh/front/intro.md index d3f6d9f53b..2c3b08031d 100644 --- a/neh/front/intro.md +++ b/neh/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Nehemiah # +# Introduction to Nehemiah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Nehemiah #### +#### Outline of Nehemiah 1. Nehemiah returns to Jerusalem and inspects the walls (1:1-2:20) 1. The people rebuild the walls of Jerusalem (3:1-4:23) @@ -15,30 +15,30 @@ 1. The people dedicate the walls of Jerusalem (12:27–47) 1. Nehemiah corrects problems (13:1–31) -#### What is the Book of Nehemiah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Nehemiah about? A Jew named Nehemiah lived in Persia and worked for King Artaxerxes. Nehemiah received a report that the walls around Jerusalem were broken down. Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem to help rebuild the city walls. The walls around the city helped protect the city against armies and invaders. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The Book of Nehemiah is named for a Jewish leader named Nehemiah. Translators can use the traditional title "Nehemiah." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Book about Nehemiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? #### +#### Why were Israelites not allowed to marry people from other nations? Foreigners worshiped many false gods. Yahweh did not allow his people to marry foreigners. He knew this would cause the people of Israel to worship false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? #### +#### Did all of the people of Israel return to their homeland? Many of the Jews remained in Babylon instead of returning to the Promised Land. Many of them were successful in Babylon and desired to remain there. However, this meant that they were unable to worship Yahweh in Jerusalem as their ancestors had done. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the Book of Nehemiah use the term "Israel"? #### +#### How does the Book of Nehemiah use the term "Israel"? The Book of Nehemiah uses the term "Israel" to refer to the kingdom of Judah. It was mostly made up of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The other ten tribes had ended their loyalty to any kings descended from David. God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the other ten tribes and take them into exile. As a result, they mixed with other people groups and did not return to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]]) -#### Are the events in the Book of Nehemiah told in the order that they actually happened? #### +#### Are the events in the Book of Nehemiah told in the order that they actually happened? Some of the events in the Book of Nehemiah are not told in the order they actually happened. Translators should pay attention to notes that signal when events are probably out of order. diff --git a/num/01/intro.md b/num/01/intro.md index a74d8485e1..3ed7fe02a6 100644 --- a/num/01/intro.md +++ b/num/01/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Numbers 01 General Notes # +# Numbers 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 1:5-15 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. -##### Census ##### +##### Census They counted how many men of military age were in each tribe of Israel. These men would also become the heads of families. It is possible the numbers in this chapter are rounded to the nearest 100. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Numbers intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/num/02/intro.md b/num/02/intro.md index 9bd3e11231..16d8861dda 100644 --- a/num/02/intro.md +++ b/num/02/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 02 General Notes # +# Numbers 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Camping ##### +##### Camping Moses told each tribe where to camp. They were each given a specific area in which to stay. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/03/intro.md b/num/03/intro.md index c52dea75c2..b9c1fa87c8 100644 --- a/num/03/intro.md +++ b/num/03/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 03 General Notes # +# Numbers 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### The tribe of Levi ##### +##### The tribe of Levi The Levites were given a special function in Israel. They belonged to or were specially dedicated to serve Yahweh. They were to be priests and because of this were held to a higher standard than the rest of Israel. Only one of Aaron's sons survived because the others offered improper sacrifices. This tribe had a lot of responsibility during this time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/04/intro.md b/num/04/intro.md index 3cd64d697b..7ff09a3b54 100644 --- a/num/04/intro.md +++ b/num/04/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 04 General Notes # +# Numbers 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Counting the Levites by clans ##### +##### Counting the Levites by clans Moses gave special instructions for each of the families of the tribes of Levi. Each family was given a special role in the ministry of the tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/05/intro.md b/num/05/intro.md index 1e37586ba1..f8ce65a42c 100644 --- a/num/05/intro.md +++ b/num/05/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Numbers 05 General Notes # +# Numbers 05 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's camp ##### +##### Israel's camp Israel's entire camp was to be a "clean" place. This meant that people who could not be made acceptable to God were not allowed inside the camp. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -##### Vengeance ##### +##### Vengeance There are several laws in this chapter regarding restitution. These laws were meant to limit the ways in which people who had been wronged could seek to be compensated. These laws were intended to make it difficult for such people to avenge a wrong when they were angry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/06/intro.md b/num/06/intro.md index 97b738b4d1..0d4c224ac1 100644 --- a/num/06/intro.md +++ b/num/06/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Numbers 06 General Notes # +# Numbers 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Nazirite vow ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Nazirite vow The Nazirite vow was a special type of vow between a person and Yahweh. This chapter gives the rules for people to be consecrated to God as Nazirites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/07/intro.md b/num/07/intro.md index aaa091cb28..a04ef2baab 100644 --- a/num/07/intro.md +++ b/num/07/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 07 General Notes # +# Numbers 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Consecrating the altar ##### +##### Consecrating the altar When the tabernacle was completed, they consecrated the altar. Each tribe brought an offering to consecrate the altar. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/08/intro.md b/num/08/intro.md index 6d85a5a803..adbf048174 100644 --- a/num/08/intro.md +++ b/num/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Numbers 08 General Notes # +# Numbers 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The consecration of the tabernacle continues in this chapter. The people obeyed Yahweh's exact instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/consecrate]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/09/intro.md b/num/09/intro.md index 90290d84b8..8d8fdb27ab 100644 --- a/num/09/intro.md +++ b/num/09/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -# Numbers 09 General Notes # +# Numbers 09 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter ==Passover == This chapter records the celebration of the Passover for the first time since it began. The people kept the Passover as directed by the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/10/intro.md b/num/10/intro.md index 02386f5f2b..e5408ee844 100644 --- a/num/10/intro.md +++ b/num/10/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Numbers 10 General Notes # +# Numbers 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trumpets ##### +##### Trumpets In the ancient Near East, trumpets were used for many purposes. They were used to call people together. They were also used to lead people into battle. -##### Israel starts to move ##### +##### Israel starts to move Each tribe had its place in line as did the tabernacle. Their movements through the desert were very deliberate and ordered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/tabernacle]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/11/intro.md b/num/11/intro.md index f51b22ad58..a583707528 100644 --- a/num/11/intro.md +++ b/num/11/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Numbers 11 General Notes # +# Numbers 11 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Complaining ##### +##### Complaining Moses complained about having too much responsibility. Therefore, God gave seventy men the spirit of prophecy to help Moses. The people complained about food, even though Yahweh was miraculously providing them with their food. The people complained because they did not have meat or fish to eat. God sent them quail. He punished some of the people, but it does not say why God did this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/12/intro.md b/num/12/intro.md index 7701729a64..4eb6371004 100644 --- a/num/12/intro.md +++ b/num/12/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Numbers 12 General Notes # +# Numbers 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:6-8. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Idiom ##### +##### Idiom God used the idiom "mouth to mouth" meaning "speaking directly with both people present." This indicated that Moses was more than just a prophet and greater than other prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/13/intro.md b/num/13/intro.md index 0c28a0b1a9..e944fb989c 100644 --- a/num/13/intro.md +++ b/num/13/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 13 General Notes # +# Numbers 13 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Spies ##### +##### Spies Leaders from each of the tribes went to spy on the Promised Land in Canaan. Yahweh was not concerned with how many people were there, because he could defeat them. It appears that he is testing the faith of the people. The people were supposed to be excited to enter this wonderful land, instead they were afraid. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/14/intro.md b/num/14/intro.md index d86938d9c7..da088e3973 100644 --- a/num/14/intro.md +++ b/num/14/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Numbers 14 General Notes # +# Numbers 14 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +##### Rhetorical Questions The author uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions indicate that people did not have faith in Yahweh. Yahweh also uses rhetorical questions to show the people's lack of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/15/intro.md b/num/15/intro.md index 0e614d2334..6e189910e8 100644 --- a/num/15/intro.md +++ b/num/15/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Numbers 15 General Notes # +# Numbers 15 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Purifying the people ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Purifying the people As the people travel through the wilderness, Yahweh is purifying them. He is doing this so that they are able to enter into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Prostitution ##### +##### Prostitution The imagery of prostitution is commonly used in Scripture to indicate that Yahweh alone is to be worshiped. The people are compared to the prostitute because a husband is to only have a sexual relationship with his wife. Both the prostitute and the worship of other gods are violations of this exclusive relationship. Many cultures will struggle with this imagery because of a desire to use euphemisms. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/16/intro.md b/num/16/intro.md index a7959bcd7a..66e2c2a79b 100644 --- a/num/16/intro.md +++ b/num/16/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 16 General Notes # +# Numbers 16 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rebellion and punishment ##### +##### Rebellion and punishment A certain Levite and a few men from the tribe of Reuben claimed that they were just as good as Moses and Aaron, and they also could do the work of sacrificing animals at the sacred tent. So Moses told them to come to the sacred tent and burn incense to Yahweh. God then made the earth open and swallow up these leaders and their families. He also sent fire to destroy 250 other men who had joined with those leaders. These actions showed that only the Levites, those whom Yahweh appointed, could be priests. Also, it taught the people that to rebel against Yahweh's anointed was to rebel against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/17/intro.md b/num/17/intro.md index 1294e39f6f..38623c1eab 100644 --- a/num/17/intro.md +++ b/num/17/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 17 General Notes # +# Numbers 17 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Which tribe should be special workers for God? ##### +##### Which tribe should be special workers for God? God told Moses that each tribe should bring one wooden staff and leave it overnight at the temple. The next day Aaron's staff representing the tribe of Levi bloomed and produced ripe almond nuts. This showed that the tribe of Levi was still the tribe chosen to be Yahweh's priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/18/intro.md b/num/18/intro.md index ce3a55a26f..deb01b65ef 100644 --- a/num/18/intro.md +++ b/num/18/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 18 General Notes # +# Numbers 18 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tithes and offerings ##### +##### Tithes and offerings The tribes of Israel were required to bring a tithe to the Levites in order to free them to serve Yahweh as priests. There is a detailed description of what belonged to Yahweh in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/19/intro.md b/num/19/intro.md index 678b40d63f..9e48660fcd 100644 --- a/num/19/intro.md +++ b/num/19/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 19 General Notes # +# Numbers 19 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ritually clean ##### +##### Ritually clean This chapter talks about being clean. Some of these rituals were required to make a priest clean in order to set them apart to serve Yahweh. Other rituals were required because they prevented people from getting sick. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/20/intro.md b/num/20/intro.md index 830ccdea73..9d0c212c8e 100644 --- a/num/20/intro.md +++ b/num/20/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Numbers 20 General Notes # +# Numbers 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Moses' sin ##### +##### Moses' sin God told Moses to command water to come out of a rock for the people who were complaining that they had no water. Moses became angry with the people and hit the rock twice. God told him that he and Aaron would not be allowed to go into Canaan because he disobeyed by hitting the rock instead of just speaking to it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### -##### "It would have been better if we had died when our fellow Israelites died in front of Yahweh" ##### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +##### "It would have been better if we had died when our fellow Israelites died in front of Yahweh" It is possible that this statement should be taken as hyperbole, but it does not have to be taken this way. The translator should probably avoid treating this as hyperbole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### -##### Wilderness of Sin ##### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter +##### Wilderness of Sin Sin is the name of a place in this chapter. It is not a place that is known for its sin. The name is not related to the meaning of the word "sin." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/21/intro.md b/num/21/intro.md index 8565a6afe1..ae84f761d3 100644 --- a/num/21/intro.md +++ b/num/21/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Numbers 21 General Notes # +# Numbers 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:14-15, 17-18, 27-30. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ungrateful ##### +##### Ungrateful The Israelites said, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread, no water, and we hate this miserable food." After all Yahweh had done, they were very ungrateful. This showed their lack of faith and trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/22/intro.md b/num/22/intro.md index 4f30699c8c..46b0d92425 100644 --- a/num/22/intro.md +++ b/num/22/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# Numbers 22 General Notes # +# Numbers 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The chapter begins a section on Balaam. The king of Moab wanted the prophet Balaam to come and curse Israel. God told him not to go but he wanted to go; so God told him to say only what God wanted him to say. Yahweh was able to use Balaam, even though he was not a prophet of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/23/intro.md b/num/23/intro.md index cfa9c3da91..5ef1ac6d22 100644 --- a/num/23/intro.md +++ b/num/23/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Numbers 23 General Notes # +# Numbers 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Balaam continues in this chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 23:7-10, 18-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cursing God's people ##### +##### Cursing God's people God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blessed Israel twice when he was supposed to curse them. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/24/intro.md b/num/24/intro.md index 3c545ecccc..03ef2a22b4 100644 --- a/num/24/intro.md +++ b/num/24/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Numbers 24 General Notes # +# Numbers 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Balaam continues in this chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 24:3-9, 15-24. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Cursing God's people ##### +##### Cursing God's people God does not allow others to curse his people. Balaam blesses Israel again and the king is angry and sends him home. This may be taken as humor or an ironic situation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/25/intro.md b/num/25/intro.md index ddec6158d6..3fb6f46b36 100644 --- a/num/25/intro.md +++ b/num/25/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Numbers 25 General Notes # +# Numbers 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The story of Balaam concludes in this chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Foreign women ##### +##### Foreign women Balaam told the young women from Moab to act friendly to the Israelite men and invite them to feasts in honor of their god Baal. The men went to the feasts and worshiped Baal. God was angry and killed 24,000 Israelite men. Foreign women are often the source of problems in Israel. They caused the men to worship their false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/26/intro.md b/num/26/intro.md index 7163c9699a..737766fc43 100644 --- a/num/26/intro.md +++ b/num/26/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Numbers 26 General Notes # +# Numbers 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 26:12-17, 20-26, 29-32, 35, 38-39, 44-45, 48-49, 57-58 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. The people are counted in preparation for entering into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### A new generation ##### +##### A new generation None of the adults who came out of Egypt with Moses were still alive except the two faithful spies, Joshua and Caleb. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/27/intro.md b/num/27/intro.md index 2f5a048e7f..c096b07075 100644 --- a/num/27/intro.md +++ b/num/27/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Numbers 27 General Notes # +# Numbers 27 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Daughters ##### +##### Daughters The daughters of Korah received no land because their father was punished by Yahweh. Yahweh still graciously gave them their father's portion of land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) -##### The new leader is Joshua ##### +##### The new leader is Joshua God told Moses to appoint Joshua as the new leader. Joshua became Yahweh's anointed leader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/28/intro.md b/num/28/intro.md index 44e2a5272e..81790beeb1 100644 --- a/num/28/intro.md +++ b/num/28/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 28 General Notes # +# Numbers 28 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Offerings for special days ##### +##### Offerings for special days God commanded the Israelites to make special offerings for Sabbaths, new months, Passover and firstfruits. On each of these occasions, specific sacrifices were required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sabbath]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/firstfruit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/29/intro.md b/num/29/intro.md index d155f68ead..d8560a01b8 100644 --- a/num/29/intro.md +++ b/num/29/intro.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -# Numbers 29 General Notes # +# Numbers 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter about offerings on specific days. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/30/intro.md b/num/30/intro.md index 6dc5efa085..508f8e7201 100644 --- a/num/30/intro.md +++ b/num/30/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 30 General Notes # +# Numbers 30 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vows ##### +##### Vows Because a vow is a type of promise, men must do what they have vowed to do. A father or a husband has one day in which to cancel a woman's vow. Otherwise, she must do what she vowed she would do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/31/intro.md b/num/31/intro.md index 1255391898..4cf7e03249 100644 --- a/num/31/intro.md +++ b/num/31/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 31 General Notes # +# Numbers 31 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Midianites ##### +##### Midianites Israel killed the Midianites, including Balaam, for tempting them to worship Baal. This battle was at Yahweh's command. Yahweh would bring justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/32/intro.md b/num/32/intro.md index 4c3e68f34b..d6481c0b0d 100644 --- a/num/32/intro.md +++ b/num/32/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 32 General Notes # +# Numbers 32 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Reuben and Gad's inheritance ##### +##### Reuben and Gad's inheritance Reuben and Gad were given the land conquered east of the Jordan River. This land had good pastures, and suited these tribes because they had many sheep, goats and cattle. They had not yet entered into the Promised Land, and it would have been sinful to not fight with the rest of Israel. So they promised to enter the land to fight with the other tribes, and then return to their own land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/33/intro.md b/num/33/intro.md index 6a3835791c..b18ff9b993 100644 --- a/num/33/intro.md +++ b/num/33/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Numbers 33 General Notes # +# Numbers 33 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a summary of Israel's exodus from Egypt to the Promised Land, including their wandering through the desert. The phrase "they set out" means "they left." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/34/intro.md b/num/34/intro.md index 1f74dc8811..65598f36f4 100644 --- a/num/34/intro.md +++ b/num/34/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Numbers 34 General Notes # +# Numbers 34 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The ULB sets the lines in 34:19-28 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are long lists. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### The boundaries ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### The boundaries Moses told them all of the land they would inherit and live in and said that they should divide it up by casting lots. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/35/intro.md b/num/35/intro.md index 8333c0e62e..3804149cec 100644 --- a/num/35/intro.md +++ b/num/35/intro.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -# Numbers 35 General Notes # +# Numbers 35 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the material from the previous chapter. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Revenge ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Revenge Yahweh told Moses to establish safe places for people who accidentally killed other people. This prevented revenge killings. Justice is an important concept in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/36/intro.md b/num/36/intro.md index 2ee023ed94..67df96cd17 100644 --- a/num/36/intro.md +++ b/num/36/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Numbers 36 General Notes # +# Numbers 36 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### Female heirs ##### +##### Female heirs Women who inherited land from their father must marry men from their tribe so the inheritance does not leave the tribe. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Numbers 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/num/front/intro.md b/num/front/intro.md index 6b522155f4..635b3e387b 100644 --- a/num/front/intro.md +++ b/num/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Numbers # +# Introduction to Numbers -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Numbers #### +#### Outline of Numbers 1. Preparing to leave Sinai (1:1–10:10) - Counting and assembling the tribes (1:1–4:49) @@ -38,26 +38,26 @@ - Land west of the Jordan; cities for Levites and cities of refuge (34:1–35:34) - Female heirs marry (36:1-13) -#### What is the Book of Numbers about? #### +#### What is the Book of Numbers about? The Book of Numbers tells about the people of Israel as they traveled from Mount Sinai in the wilderness to the Jordan River. While traveling, the Israelites became discouraged. So they rebelled against the leaders whom God had given them. At the Jordan River, the people of Israel refused to enter the Promised Land. Because the Israelites were afraid and did not trust God, he delayed their entry into the Promised Land for forty years (13:1–14:45). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The title of this book, "Numbers," refers to when the number of the Israelites was counted. The people of the project language may already be familiar with the name "Numbers" from other Bible versions. If not, the translator could consider a clearer name for the book, such as "The Counting of the People of Israel." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/census]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Numbers? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Numbers? The writers of both the Old and New Testament present Moses as being very involved with writing the Book of Numbers. However, at a later time, scribes and priests probably put the book into its present form. They may have included text from other sources. One such source was "the scroll of the Wars of Yahweh" (21:14). -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned? #### +#### How does Numbers present the idea of the whole community being responsible when only a few people sinned? The people understood and assumed that God would punish the whole community of Israel if some of the people rebelled against him. God did often punish the entire nation when some of them sinned. All of the people in the ancient Near East would have understood and expected this. However, Moses and Aaron prayed for God to punish only those who were guilty. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself? #### +#### Why does Moses speak using third person pronouns about himself? When an author wrote about something he was involved in, it was common for him to use the pronoun "he" instead of "I," or "they" instead of "we." The translator may decide to use the project's normal pronouns instead. diff --git a/oba/front/intro.md b/oba/front/intro.md index 60d808d2c6..ff3cc85c73 100644 --- a/oba/front/intro.md +++ b/oba/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Obadiah # +# Introduction to Obadiah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Obadiah #### +#### Outline of the Book of Obadiah 1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16) - Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9) @@ -10,26 +10,26 @@ 1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16) 1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21) -#### What is the Book of Obadiah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Obadiah about? After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally titled "The Book of Obadiah" or just "Obadiah." Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as "The Sayings of Obadiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah? The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means "Servant of Yahweh." -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was Edom's relationship to Israel? #### +#### What was Edom's relationship to Israel? Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel's brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How do I translate the concept of "pride"? #### +#### How do I translate the concept of "pride"? The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]]) diff --git a/phm/front/intro.md b/phm/front/intro.md index aa8f2c80bd..3432e60689 100644 --- a/phm/front/intro.md +++ b/phm/front/intro.md @@ -1,41 +1,41 @@ -# Introduction to Philemon # +# Introduction to Philemon -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Philemon #### +#### Outline of the Book of Philemon 1. Paul greets Philemon (1:1-3) 1. Paul makes requests of Philemon about Onesimus (1:4-21) 1. Conclusion (1:22-25) -#### Who wrote the Book of Philemon? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Philemon? Paul wrote Philemon. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul was in a prison when he wrote this letter. -#### What is the Book of Philemon about? #### +#### What is the Book of Philemon about? Paul wrote this letter to a man named Philemon. Philemon was a Christian who lived in the city of Colossae. He owned a slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had run away from Philemon and possibly stole something from him as well. Onesimus went to Rome and visited Paul in prison. Paul told Philemon that he was sending Onesimus back to him. Philemon had the right to execute Onesimus according to Roman law. But Paul said that Philemon should accept Onesimus back as a Christian brother. He even suggested that Philemon should allow Onesimus to come back to Paul and help him in prison. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philemon." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to Philemon" or "The Letter Paul wrote to Philemon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery? #### +#### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery? Paul sent Onesimus back to his former master. But that did not mean Paul thought slavery was an acceptable practice. Instead, Paul was more concerned with people serving God in whatever situation they were in. -#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" #### +#### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Philemon. The two exceptions to this are 1:22 and 1:25. There "you" refers to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) diff --git a/php/01/intro.md b/php/01/intro.md index 2ce16209ab..403d4f94b7 100644 --- a/php/01/intro.md +++ b/php/01/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Philippians 01 General Notes # +# Philippians 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The day of Christ ##### +##### The day of Christ This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: "to die is gain." In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Philippians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Philippians intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/php/02/intro.md b/php/02/intro.md index 875bcf74d0..cc4f53d937 100644 --- a/php/02/intro.md +++ b/php/02/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Philippians 02 General Notes # +# Philippians 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations, like the ULB, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Practical instructions ##### +##### Practical instructions In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "If there is any" ##### +##### "If there is any" This appears to be a type of statement that expresses something that may or may not be true. However, in this chapter it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as "Since there is." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Philippians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/php/03/intro.md b/php/03/intro.md index b1678b0b33..1ac331df53 100644 --- a/php/03/intro.md +++ b/php/03/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Philippians 03 General Notes # +# Philippians 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Dogs ##### +##### Dogs The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term "dogs" in this way. -##### Resurrected Bodies ##### +##### Resurrected Bodies We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Prize ##### +##### Prize Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Philippians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/php/04/intro.md b/php/04/intro.md index 1f0fb9f205..e7bb2be16f 100644 --- a/php/04/intro.md +++ b/php/04/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Philippians 04 General Notes # +# Philippians 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "My joy and my crown" ##### +##### "My joy and my crown" Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rejoiced and God honored him and his work. He considered discipling other Christians and encouraging them to grow spiritually as important to Christian living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Euodia and Syntyche ##### +##### Euodia and Syntyche Apparently these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Philippians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/php/front/intro.md b/php/front/intro.md index 11495049a6..114765bf89 100644 --- a/php/front/intro.md +++ b/php/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Philippians # +# Introduction to Philippians -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of the Philippians #### +#### Outline of the Book of the Philippians 1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11) 1. Paul's report on his ministry (1:12-26) @@ -21,45 +21,45 @@ - Contentment (4:10-20) - Final Greetings (4:21-23) -#### Who wrote the Book Philippians? #### +#### Who wrote the Book Philippians? Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. -#### What is the Book of Philippians about? #### +#### What is the Book of Philippians about? Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philippians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Philippi," or "A Letter to the Christians in Philippi." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What was the city of Philippi like? #### +#### What was the city of Philippi like? Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20). -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Singular and plural "you" #### +#### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Philippi. The exception to this is 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### Who were the "enemies of the cross of Christ" (3:18) in this letter? #### +#### Who were the "enemies of the cross of Christ" (3:18) in this letter? The "enemies of the cross of Christ" were probably people who called themselves believers but did not obey God's commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19). -#### Why were the words "joy" and "rejoice" frequently used in this letter? #### +#### Why were the words "joy" and "rejoice" frequently used in this letter? Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? #### +#### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," etc.? This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. See the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians? * Some versions have "Amen" at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULB, UDB, and other many modern versions do not. If "Amen" is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians. diff --git a/pro/01/intro.md b/pro/01/intro.md index a86a1193db..3fc6ededf9 100644 --- a/pro/01/intro.md +++ b/pro/01/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 01 General Notes # +# Proverbs 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. It mentions Solomon, son of David. Verse 7 contains a foundational verse for the whole book. It defines wisdom. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Parallelism ##### +##### Parallelism Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Proverbs intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/pro/02/intro.md b/pro/02/intro.md index 3bb381ed4b..75b9ed892b 100644 --- a/pro/02/intro.md +++ b/pro/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Proverbs 02 General Notes # +# Proverbs 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son ##### +##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/03/intro.md b/pro/03/intro.md index 5afc57eb2e..ffe2ee2008 100644 --- a/pro/03/intro.md +++ b/pro/03/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Proverbs 03 General Notes # +# Proverbs 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son ##### +##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Wisdom is feminine ##### +##### Wisdom is feminine You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/04/intro.md b/pro/04/intro.md index 6e2ea7239d..89b5924dc5 100644 --- a/pro/04/intro.md +++ b/pro/04/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Proverbs 04 General Notes # +# Proverbs 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son ##### +##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Wisdom is feminine ##### +##### Wisdom is feminine You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/05/intro.md b/pro/05/intro.md index 48f3fa5396..07b8ce2d89 100644 --- a/pro/05/intro.md +++ b/pro/05/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Proverbs 05 General Notes # +# Proverbs 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son ##### +##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Adulteress ##### +##### Adulteress This chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/06/intro.md b/pro/06/intro.md index 6c946bc83c..858059fa09 100644 --- a/pro/06/intro.md +++ b/pro/06/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# Proverbs 06 General Notes # +# Proverbs 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### My Son ##### +##### My Son Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -##### Adulteress ##### +##### Adulteress The latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -##### Numbers ##### +##### Numbers Occasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions The author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader's attention to important points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Animals used as types ##### +##### Animals used as types The gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/07/intro.md b/pro/07/intro.md index 98157bb860..6267dce746 100644 --- a/pro/07/intro.md +++ b/pro/07/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Proverbs 07 General Notes # +# Proverbs 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Parallelism ##### +##### Parallelism Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) Many of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice. -##### My Son ##### +##### My Son Occasionally the author addresses a proverb to "my son." This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son. -##### Adulteress ##### +##### Adulteress This chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/08/intro.md b/pro/08/intro.md index 8b831ecdf7..7bf5477735 100644 --- a/pro/08/intro.md +++ b/pro/08/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 08 General Notes # +# Proverbs 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom calls out ##### +##### Wisdom calls out The addressee of this chapter is broader than "my son," but is personal like the previous chapters' use of "my son." In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/09/intro.md b/pro/09/intro.md index 97d4fc4bc5..1cebc4a1a7 100644 --- a/pro/09/intro.md +++ b/pro/09/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 09 General Notes # +# Proverbs 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Wisdom calls out ##### +##### Wisdom calls out The addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than "my son," but is personal like the previous chapters' use of "my son." In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/10/intro.md b/pro/10/intro.md index ec95af4200..e44ac46517 100644 --- a/pro/10/intro.md +++ b/pro/10/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 10 General Notes # +# Proverbs 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/11/intro.md b/pro/11/intro.md index 5b446e69b3..c960f6f9ce 100644 --- a/pro/11/intro.md +++ b/pro/11/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 11 General Notes # +# Proverbs 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/12/intro.md b/pro/12/intro.md index ae42ada0e0..14b0406587 100644 --- a/pro/12/intro.md +++ b/pro/12/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 12 General Notes # +# Proverbs 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/13/intro.md b/pro/13/intro.md index 8cf15a2b22..65478a3765 100644 --- a/pro/13/intro.md +++ b/pro/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 13 General Notes # +# Proverbs 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/14/intro.md b/pro/14/intro.md index e423f98c21..a52596b8c4 100644 --- a/pro/14/intro.md +++ b/pro/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 14 General Notes # +# Proverbs 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/15/intro.md b/pro/15/intro.md index b36045e2e2..9e763b82db 100644 --- a/pro/15/intro.md +++ b/pro/15/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 15 General Notes # +# Proverbs 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/16/intro.md b/pro/16/intro.md index c316770a35..6507d3c32e 100644 --- a/pro/16/intro.md +++ b/pro/16/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Proverbs 16 General Notes # +# Proverbs 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King and royalty ##### +##### King and royalty Some of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers. -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/17/intro.md b/pro/17/intro.md index f69aabb685..eb0902f796 100644 --- a/pro/17/intro.md +++ b/pro/17/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Proverbs 17 General Notes # +# Proverbs 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/18/intro.md b/pro/18/intro.md index 4be52727f7..171bdadb0e 100644 --- a/pro/18/intro.md +++ b/pro/18/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 18 General Notes # +# Proverbs 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/19/intro.md b/pro/19/intro.md index fed6d6dfd4..11e4231ab4 100644 --- a/pro/19/intro.md +++ b/pro/19/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 19 General Notes # +# Proverbs 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/20/intro.md b/pro/20/intro.md index 4fe218025a..38240c9bf6 100644 --- a/pro/20/intro.md +++ b/pro/20/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 20 General Notes # +# Proverbs 20 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/21/intro.md b/pro/21/intro.md index a4e6383fd6..2bfb695b4c 100644 --- a/pro/21/intro.md +++ b/pro/21/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 21 General Notes # +# Proverbs 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/22/intro.md b/pro/22/intro.md index 59b7e43a7b..d358784ac7 100644 --- a/pro/22/intro.md +++ b/pro/22/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Proverbs 22 General Notes # +# Proverbs 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the "Wise Men." The exact identity of the men is unknown. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +##### Rhetorical questions With this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/23/intro.md b/pro/23/intro.md index ba31e81364..b931222048 100644 --- a/pro/23/intro.md +++ b/pro/23/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Proverbs 23 General Notes # +# Proverbs 23 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs. The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/24/intro.md b/pro/24/intro.md index ee486f0771..6358d4ab7b 100644 --- a/pro/24/intro.md +++ b/pro/24/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Proverbs 24 General Notes # +# Proverbs 24 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs. The second half of this chapter finishes the section. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lazy man story ##### +##### Lazy man story Unlike much of Proverbs, verses 30-34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb. -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/25/intro.md b/pro/25/intro.md index 01b28d2a30..51b2708b22 100644 --- a/pro/25/intro.md +++ b/pro/25/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 25 General Notes # +# Proverbs 25 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/26/intro.md b/pro/26/intro.md index 333150489b..004ea45421 100644 --- a/pro/26/intro.md +++ b/pro/26/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 26 General Notes # +# Proverbs 26 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/27/intro.md b/pro/27/intro.md index afbb6f5057..95854d408c 100644 --- a/pro/27/intro.md +++ b/pro/27/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 27 General Notes # +# Proverbs 27 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/28/intro.md b/pro/28/intro.md index 860fc015f8..0e1ebfdcb0 100644 --- a/pro/28/intro.md +++ b/pro/28/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 28 General Notes # +# Proverbs 28 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/29/intro.md b/pro/29/intro.md index be6d0ddba0..a713d35fa5 100644 --- a/pro/29/intro.md +++ b/pro/29/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Proverbs 29 General Notes # +# Proverbs 29 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/30/intro.md b/pro/30/intro.md index 5b15538a0f..ab1f6f007a 100644 --- a/pro/30/intro.md +++ b/pro/30/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Proverbs 30 General Notes # +# Proverbs 30 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Agur ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Agur His full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means "gatherer" and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name. -##### Three things and four ##### +##### Three things and four From verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like "small and yet wise." The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes The sayings of Agur address several themes including the wisdom of God compared to human wisdom (30:1-6), wicked people (30:11-14), things that are never satisfied (30:15-16), things too amazing for Agur to understand (30:18-19), things that are small but wise (30:24-28), and things that walk in a strong and proud way (30:29-31). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/31/intro.md b/pro/31/intro.md index 12acabd4af..43dd58ea21 100644 --- a/pro/31/intro.md +++ b/pro/31/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Proverbs 31 General Notes # +# Proverbs 31 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### King Lemuel ##### +##### King Lemuel This person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### An acrostic poem ##### +##### An acrostic poem Verse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife. -##### Themes ##### +##### Themes King Lemuel advice to his son addresses themes of avoiding drinks with alcohol and of being fair and righteous (31:1-9). The final section about the godly wife addresses several themes, including the great value of a godly wife (30:10-12), her hard work (31:13-19), her generosity (31:20), her care for her family (31:21-23), and her dignity, wisdom, and fear of the Lord (31:25-31). -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Proverbs 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/pro/front/intro.md b/pro/front/intro.md index 2bafd4132a..c15265f1ef 100644 --- a/pro/front/intro.md +++ b/pro/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Proverbs # +# Introduction to Proverbs -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Proverbs #### +#### Outline of Proverbs 1. Solomon introduces his proverbs (1:1–7) 1. Collection of teachings (1:8–9:18) @@ -14,32 +14,32 @@ 1. The words of Lemuel (31:1–9) 1. A good wife praised (31:10–31) -#### What is the book of Proverbs about? #### +#### What is the book of Proverbs about? A proverb is a short statement that expresses some wisdom or truth. Most societies have their own proverbs. People that speak a given language can readily understand proverbs in that language. The Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. It also includes teachings about how to live wisely. Scholars refer to Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs as wisdom literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The title of this book is often translated as "Proverbs." A more general translation would be "Words for Wise People," "Words that Give Wisdom," or something similar. -#### Who wrote the book of Proverbs? #### +#### Who wrote the book of Proverbs? Proverbs begins with the words, "The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel." But Solomon did not write all of the proverbs. Unnamed wise men may have written some of them. Agur the son of Jakeh (30:1) and King Lemuel (31:1) identify themselves as writing some of the proverbs. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What is meant by "wisdom" and "foolishness" in the Book of Proverbs? #### +#### What is meant by "wisdom" and "foolishness" in the Book of Proverbs? "Wisdom" means the understanding and doing of what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh would judge to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. The book of Proverbs also acknowledges that it is important to maintain one's honor or reputation in the opinion of other people. Those who fail to live in this way are called "foolish." For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What form do the individual proverbs have? #### +#### What form do the individual proverbs have? Most proverbs have two parts or two lines that are "parallel" to each other. The second part may strengthen the first, may give more details about the first, or may even say what seems the opposite of the first. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -#### How should personification be represented in translation? #### +#### How should personification be represented in translation? In Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and understanding are often represented as if they were wise women, as in [Proverbs 3:15-18](../03/15.md), [Proverbs 4:6-9](../04/06.md), and elsewhere. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, in many languages this kind of direct translation is not possible. In such a case, the translator may be able to translate these personifications as similes instead. This means they would present wisdom or understanding as being like a wise woman whom people should obey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/psa/001/intro.md b/psa/001/intro.md index c81f46dba0..53628baafa 100644 --- a/psa/001/intro.md +++ b/psa/001/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Psalm 001 General Notes # +# Psalm 001 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 1 is usually considered to be a "wisdom psalm," which gives advice to those who hear it read or sung. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessed ##### +##### Blessed A main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here "blessed" refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### People who opposed Yahweh ##### +##### People who opposed Yahweh There are several words in this psalm for those who oppose God: "the wicked" (those who do evil), "sinners" (those who ignore God's law), and "mockers" (those who mock God and the righteous people). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 1:1](../../psa/001/001.md)__ * __[Psalms intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/psa/002/intro.md b/psa/002/intro.md index ae2e2c430d..1584013df6 100644 --- a/psa/002/intro.md +++ b/psa/002/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Psalm 002 General Notes # +# Psalm 002 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. It is often thought to be about the Messiah because of verse 6 and 7 reference the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection The main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor "Today I have begotten you" here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 2:1](../../psa/002/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/003/intro.md b/psa/003/intro.md index a1167675c8..5c642ff43c 100644 --- a/psa/003/intro.md +++ b/psa/003/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 003 General Notes # +# Psalm 003 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during morning worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection Although the psalmist has many enemies and is saying he is without help, God is protecting him and delivering him from danger. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 3:1](../../psa/003/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/004/intro.md b/psa/004/intro.md index 96d0a3d71a..39ae05b267 100644 --- a/psa/004/intro.md +++ b/psa/004/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 004 General Notes # +# Psalm 004 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during evening worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust God protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 4:1](../../psa/004/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/005/intro.md b/psa/005/intro.md index fbcb2ce3bd..4facfde77c 100644 --- a/psa/005/intro.md +++ b/psa/005/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 005 General Notes # +# Psalm 005 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and asks him for help in defeating the wicked. It was intended to be sung accompanied by flutes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help God does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 5:1](../../psa/005/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/006/intro.md b/psa/006/intro.md index 4b0f258126..ad885a9450 100644 --- a/psa/006/intro.md +++ b/psa/006/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Psalm 006 General Notes # +# Psalm 006 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trouble ##### +##### Trouble He is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies. -##### First Person ##### +##### First Person This psalm is written using first person making its perspective very personal. There are many uses of the first person in this Psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 6:1](../../psa/006/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/007/intro.md b/psa/007/intro.md index 0a19673ddc..4d3fff5a31 100644 --- a/psa/007/intro.md +++ b/psa/007/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 007 General Notes # +# Psalm 007 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection The author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him. -##### Cush the Benjamite ##### +##### Cush the Benjamite Note the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 7:1](../../psa/007/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/008/intro.md b/psa/008/intro.md index 2bc040dbc6..c49e2d2b3b 100644 --- a/psa/008/intro.md +++ b/psa/008/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Psalm 008 General Notes # +# Psalm 008 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's creation ##### +##### Yahweh's creation God has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]]) -##### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings ##### +##### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings [Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 8:1](../../psa/008/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/009/intro.md b/psa/009/intro.md index 737a86cfe7..06a4416d1b 100644 --- a/psa/009/intro.md +++ b/psa/009/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Psalm 009 General Notes # +# Psalm 009 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 9 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection God is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him. -##### Acrostic Psalm ##### +##### Acrostic Psalm This psalm along with Psalm 10 form an acrostic. Which means that each unit begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. -##### One Psalm or two ##### +##### One Psalm or two This psalm has a superscription but Psalm 10 doesn't. This fact and the acrostic nature of the two psalms has lead some scholars to believe these two psalms may have originally been written as one psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 9:1](../../psa/009/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/010/intro.md b/psa/010/intro.md index 3986726a06..045b188ce7 100644 --- a/psa/010/intro.md +++ b/psa/010/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Psalm 010 General Notes # +# Psalm 010 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil people ##### +##### Evil people The wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -##### Second half of Psalm 9 ##### +##### Second half of Psalm 9 As noted in the intro to the last psalm, this one is part of an acrostic poem. This psalm covers the last half on the Hebrew alphabet. It also does not have a superscription to introduce it. However, the psalms do separate well on the subjects they address. One addresses thanksgiving and praise whereas Psalm 10 is a lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 10:1](../../psa/010/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/011/intro.md b/psa/011/intro.md index 2fad949168..7269f0ed86 100644 --- a/psa/011/intro.md +++ b/psa/011/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 011 General Notes # +# Psalm 011 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice ##### +##### Justice The wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 11:1](../../psa/011/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/012/intro.md b/psa/012/intro.md index 3d8b625469..1b5ac5f71f 100644 --- a/psa/012/intro.md +++ b/psa/012/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 012 General Notes # +# Psalm 012 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves ##### +##### Yahweh saves There are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]]) -##### Words ##### +##### Words This relatively short psalm focuses on the words people use. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 12:1](../../psa/012/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/013/intro.md b/psa/013/intro.md index 1a3c3f7a8b..4b65f073f4 100644 --- a/psa/013/intro.md +++ b/psa/013/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 013 General Notes # +# Psalm 013 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to deliver him from death and his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help The author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 13:1](../../psa/013/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/014/intro.md b/psa/014/intro.md index cb70f38104..21c55fbe2f 100644 --- a/psa/014/intro.md +++ b/psa/014/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 014 General Notes # +# Psalm 014 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil people ##### +##### Evil people Wicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 14:1](../../psa/014/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/015/intro.md b/psa/015/intro.md index 4377c9e768..b5ffbdee53 100644 --- a/psa/015/intro.md +++ b/psa/015/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Psalm 015 General Notes # +# Psalm 015 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Godliness ##### +##### Godliness This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -##### Moral Conditions for Worship ##### +##### Moral Conditions for Worship Scholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 15:1](../../psa/015/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/016/intro.md b/psa/016/intro.md index 6f9b0cc8dd..d187ef6202 100644 --- a/psa/016/intro.md +++ b/psa/016/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 016 General Notes # +# Psalm 016 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testament considers this psalm to be a messianic psalm: a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah ##### +##### Messiah God has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ's resurrection when it says that he is God's anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription The term "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this term, but in the end no one is certain what it means. So it is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you are welcome to translate it as "psalm." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 16:1](../../psa/016/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/017/intro.md b/psa/017/intro.md index b7ecc838ce..a7e4b5bde2 100644 --- a/psa/017/intro.md +++ b/psa/017/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 017 General Notes # +# Psalm 017 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Innocence ##### +##### Innocence The psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 17:1](../../psa/017/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/018/intro.md b/psa/018/intro.md index 615863ded1..40a8e25505 100644 --- a/psa/018/intro.md +++ b/psa/018/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 018 General Notes # +# Psalm 018 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power God has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 18:1](../../psa/018/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/019/intro.md b/psa/019/intro.md index c2227b2822..0fee9c1199 100644 --- a/psa/019/intro.md +++ b/psa/019/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 019 General Notes # +# Psalm 019 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's law ##### +##### God's law God's law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God's glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 19:1](../../psa/019/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/020/intro.md b/psa/020/intro.md index d27e8069e5..00f82f2365 100644 --- a/psa/020/intro.md +++ b/psa/020/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 020 General Notes # +# Psalm 020 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Trust ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Trust Trusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 20:1](../../psa/020/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/021/intro.md b/psa/021/intro.md index c57b6436ff..c5c2c4c339 100644 --- a/psa/021/intro.md +++ b/psa/021/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 021 General Notes # +# Psalm 021 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes from the power and help from God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pronouns ##### +##### Pronouns There is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 21:1](../../psa/021/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/022/intro.md b/psa/022/intro.md index 6cfa6a13ab..465cd07b98 100644 --- a/psa/022/intro.md +++ b/psa/022/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 022 General Notes # +# Psalm 022 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the crucifixion of Christ. It is also a psalm of individual lament and praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/crucify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Messiah ##### +##### Messiah Christ was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him. -##### New Testament usage ##### +##### New Testament usage This psalm is quoted in different places in the New Testament. Verse 1a is cited in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 as the words of Christ on the cross. Many of the events in the narratives of the crucifixion are mentioned in this psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 22:1](../../psa/022/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/023/intro.md b/psa/023/intro.md index 6dbb785086..189b32b83e 100644 --- a/psa/023/intro.md +++ b/psa/023/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Psalm 023 General Notes # +# Psalm 023 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The psalmist praises God for always being with him and for caring for him. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Psalm 23 is an extended metaphor speaking of God as if he were a shepherd, and of the psalmist as if he were a sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 23:1](../../psa/023/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/024/intro.md b/psa/024/intro.md index c288675e14..592f83f5e3 100644 --- a/psa/024/intro.md +++ b/psa/024/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Psalm 024 General Notes # +# Psalm 024 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/almighty]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Righteous people ##### +##### Righteous people Only the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter +##### Rhetorical Questions The psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 24:1](../../psa/024/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/025/intro.md b/psa/025/intro.md index 2b9bd939c1..68d48c7273 100644 --- a/psa/025/intro.md +++ b/psa/025/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 025 General Notes # +# Psalm 025 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 25 is a prayer for God's help. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The humble ##### +##### The humble God is very good to humble people who seek to obey him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 25:1](../../psa/025/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/026/intro.md b/psa/026/intro.md index 733f35d456..68b6b9eff3 100644 --- a/psa/026/intro.md +++ b/psa/026/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 026 General Notes # +# Psalm 026 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise The psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 26:1](../../psa/026/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/027/intro.md b/psa/027/intro.md index 164ced39e5..042301cc6a 100644 --- a/psa/027/intro.md +++ b/psa/027/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 027 General Notes # +# Psalm 027 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from all his enemies. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help Because of God's help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 27:1](../../psa/027/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/028/intro.md b/psa/028/intro.md index 9ef32e992f..fbf468b173 100644 --- a/psa/028/intro.md +++ b/psa/028/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 028 General Notes # +# Psalm 028 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust The psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 28:1](../../psa/028/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/029/intro.md b/psa/029/intro.md index 772510c5c4..286ed942af 100644 --- a/psa/029/intro.md +++ b/psa/029/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Psalm 029 General Notes # +# Psalm 029 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power God is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy ##### +##### Metonymy The voice of the Yahweh stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 29:1](../../psa/029/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/030/intro.md b/psa/030/intro.md index 85942faf46..a33ee0892c 100644 --- a/psa/030/intro.md +++ b/psa/030/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 030 General Notes # +# Psalm 030 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near death but God rescued him. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The psalmist's death ##### +##### The psalmist's death If he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 30:1](../../psa/030/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/031/intro.md b/psa/031/intro.md index f854f45732..6c38b83b2c 100644 --- a/psa/031/intro.md +++ b/psa/031/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 031 General Notes # +# Psalm 031 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist's enemies thought they had defeated him, but God protected him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Abandonment ##### +##### Abandonment Even though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 31:1](../../psa/031/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/032/intro.md b/psa/032/intro.md index 1c96a97d43..a73046a643 100644 --- a/psa/032/intro.md +++ b/psa/032/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 032 General Notes # +# Psalm 032 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Confession of sin ##### +##### Confession of sin This psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God's forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 32:1](../../psa/032/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/033/intro.md b/psa/033/intro.md index b6c6ff597e..e3786642ed 100644 --- a/psa/033/intro.md +++ b/psa/033/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 033 General Notes # +# Psalm 033 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power God is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 33:1](../../psa/033/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/034/intro.md b/psa/034/intro.md index 87438c7dba..7cd6614591 100644 --- a/psa/034/intro.md +++ b/psa/034/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 034 General Notes # +# Psalm 034 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 34 is a teaching psalm and includes thanksgiving. It teaches that living right leads to a good life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) The psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help Good people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 34:1](../../psa/034/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/035/intro.md b/psa/035/intro.md index 9114fa9b35..849f7bab7d 100644 --- a/psa/035/intro.md +++ b/psa/035/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 035 General Notes # +# Psalm 035 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Enemies ##### +##### Enemies When his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 35:1](../../psa/035/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/036/intro.md b/psa/036/intro.md index 762bfe7044..769e25dc1b 100644 --- a/psa/036/intro.md +++ b/psa/036/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 036 General Notes # +# Psalm 036 General Notes -#### Formatting in this chapter #### +#### Formatting in this chapter Psalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God and man ##### +##### God and man Evil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 36:1](../../psa/036/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/037/intro.md b/psa/037/intro.md index 7c7c292ac9..9567ca943c 100644 --- a/psa/037/intro.md +++ b/psa/037/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 037 General Notes # +# Psalm 037 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Envy ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Envy Do not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 37:1](../../psa/037/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/038/intro.md b/psa/038/intro.md index d78041b997..713bb9d416 100644 --- a/psa/038/intro.md +++ b/psa/038/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 038 General Notes # +# Psalm 038 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Author's sickness ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Author's sickness The author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 38:1](../../psa/038/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/039/intro.md b/psa/039/intro.md index f511ca42da..fe99630408 100644 --- a/psa/039/intro.md +++ b/psa/039/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 039 General Notes # +# Psalm 039 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life ##### +##### Life Life on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God's healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) This psalm shares some characteristics of another wisdom book called Ecclesiastes or Koheleth but is more positive. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 39:1](../../psa/039/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/040/intro.md b/psa/040/intro.md index 967ec9cb76..d4783cca92 100644 --- a/psa/040/intro.md +++ b/psa/040/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 040 General Notes # +# Psalm 040 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifices ##### +##### Sacrifices God is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 40:1](../../psa/040/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/041/intro.md b/psa/041/intro.md index a8b3193200..850fde10de 100644 --- a/psa/041/intro.md +++ b/psa/041/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 041 General Notes # +# Psalm 041 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author's friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Enemies ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Enemies The author's best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 41:1](../../psa/041/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/042/intro.md b/psa/042/intro.md index 0087b06765..7a1ef05151 100644 --- a/psa/042/intro.md +++ b/psa/042/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Psalm 042 General Notes # +# Psalm 042 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist's enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Yahweh's deliverance ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Yahweh's deliverance The psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem. -##### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 ##### +##### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of the sons of Korah." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 42:1](../../psa/042/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/043/intro.md b/psa/043/intro.md index 2fe2f998c3..5cd7cc01d0 100644 --- a/psa/043/intro.md +++ b/psa/043/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 043 General Notes # +# Psalm 043 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist's enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Encouragement ##### +##### Encouragement The author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 ##### +##### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43 Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 43:1](../../psa/043/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/044/intro.md b/psa/044/intro.md index d897105355..db7c1c3a9f 100644 --- a/psa/044/intro.md +++ b/psa/044/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 044 General Notes # +# Psalm 044 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God's help against enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Enemies ##### +##### Enemies When Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God's help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 44:1](../../psa/044/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/045/intro.md b/psa/045/intro.md index 77daa30fdd..4257872b10 100644 --- a/psa/045/intro.md +++ b/psa/045/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 045 General Notes # +# Psalm 045 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king's wedding day. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty ##### +##### Beauty The king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful. -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 45:1](../../psa/045/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/046/intro.md b/psa/046/intro.md index a8f42cd87b..cdc1d6fea3 100644 --- a/psa/046/intro.md +++ b/psa/046/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 046 General Notes # +# Psalm 046 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 46 is a psalm of praise to God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter God is all-powerful, controls nature, and protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 46:1](../../psa/046/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/047/intro.md b/psa/047/intro.md index 0c1674ef94..72589ebc76 100644 --- a/psa/047/intro.md +++ b/psa/047/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 047 General Notes # +# Psalm 047 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power God is powerful over all the nations in the world. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 47:1](../../psa/047/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/048/intro.md b/psa/048/intro.md index 36bdfa60e9..507a322abd 100644 --- a/psa/048/intro.md +++ b/psa/048/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Psalm 048 General Notes # +# Psalm 048 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem ##### +##### Jerusalem Jerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]]) It is helpful to know that "Mount Zion" is often used to refer to the city of Jerusalem. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 48:1](../../psa/048/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/049/intro.md b/psa/049/intro.md index 21c4efe6ed..bfa70cc019 100644 --- a/psa/049/intro.md +++ b/psa/049/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 049 General Notes # +# Psalm 049 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Riches ##### +##### Riches Riches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 49:1](../../psa/049/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/050/intro.md b/psa/050/intro.md index 6b67e9a3ac..8b038dab12 100644 --- a/psa/050/intro.md +++ b/psa/050/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 050 General Notes # +# Psalm 050 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sacrifices ##### +##### Sacrifices God does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 50:1](../../psa/050/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/051/intro.md b/psa/051/intro.md index 71ff491912..9ac42e8877 100644 --- a/psa/051/intro.md +++ b/psa/051/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 051 General Notes # +# Psalm 051 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance The psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) -##### Author of Psalm ##### +##### Author of Psalm Scholars are divided over whether this psalm was authored by King David as is mentioned by the superscription. If nothing else, we can assume the last two verses were added later since Jerusalem is intact with well-built walls during King David's reign. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 51:1](../../psa/051/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/052/intro.md b/psa/052/intro.md index e8d41ff83b..b6b27be2d6 100644 --- a/psa/052/intro.md +++ b/psa/052/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 052 General Notes # +# Psalm 052 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Evil people ##### +##### Evil people Although the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 52:1](../../psa/052/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/053/intro.md b/psa/053/intro.md index 534b640049..1020c9cb1d 100644 --- a/psa/053/intro.md +++ b/psa/053/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 053 General Notes # +# Psalm 053 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### God's watching mankind ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### God's watching mankind God looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 53:1](../../psa/053/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/054/intro.md b/psa/054/intro.md index 3ed64ee55f..4e8d42ae50 100644 --- a/psa/054/intro.md +++ b/psa/054/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 054 General Notes # +# Psalm 054 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rescue ##### +##### Rescue Evil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 54:1](../../psa/054/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/055/intro.md b/psa/055/intro.md index 25a752b1a0..593242da7c 100644 --- a/psa/055/intro.md +++ b/psa/055/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 055 General Notes # +# Psalm 055 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver him from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Betrayal ##### +##### Betrayal The author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This psalm is called "a Maschil of David." The word "Maschil" in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 55:1](../../psa/055/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/056/intro.md b/psa/056/intro.md index 2bbf3e8dfd..995864a0fe 100644 --- a/psa/056/intro.md +++ b/psa/056/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 056 General Notes # +# Psalm 056 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear ##### +##### Fear Although the psalmist's enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him. -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 56:1](../../psa/056/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/057/intro.md b/psa/057/intro.md index 1e039b0e49..5a04b8ae19 100644 --- a/psa/057/intro.md +++ b/psa/057/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 057 General Notes # +# Psalm 057 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has delivered David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear ##### +##### Fear Since God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies. -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 57:1](../../psa/057/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/058/intro.md b/psa/058/intro.md index 8e685ad31d..854124f8d1 100644 --- a/psa/058/intro.md +++ b/psa/058/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 058 General Notes # +# Psalm 058 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rulers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Deliverance ##### +##### Deliverance Although the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 58:1](../../psa/058/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/059/intro.md b/psa/059/intro.md index d2382a4147..ee157fd38b 100644 --- a/psa/059/intro.md +++ b/psa/059/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 059 General Notes # +# Psalm 059 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Protection ##### +##### Protection The author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God. -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription The word "Michtam" is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as "psalm." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 59:1](../../psa/059/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/060/intro.md b/psa/060/intro.md index aab03e5401..ba161c5fdb 100644 --- a/psa/060/intro.md +++ b/psa/060/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 060 General Notes # +# Psalm 060 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 60 is a psalm of war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Protection ##### +##### Protection God has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 60:1](../../psa/060/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/061/intro.md b/psa/061/intro.md index c002fd1414..809dfd0654 100644 --- a/psa/061/intro.md +++ b/psa/061/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 061 General Notes # +# Psalm 061 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 61 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Vow ##### +##### Vow The author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 61:1](../../psa/061/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/062/intro.md b/psa/062/intro.md index 8a1e5990f2..58451f033d 100644 --- a/psa/062/intro.md +++ b/psa/062/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 062 General Notes # +# Psalm 062 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the psalmist from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust Although the psalmist's enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 62:1](../../psa/062/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/063/intro.md b/psa/063/intro.md index f04a75610e..6192cd4210 100644 --- a/psa/063/intro.md +++ b/psa/063/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 063 General Notes # +# Psalm 063 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 63 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise The author praises God for who he is and for having protected him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 63:1](../../psa/063/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/064/intro.md b/psa/064/intro.md index 04c6654886..01020fa063 100644 --- a/psa/064/intro.md +++ b/psa/064/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 064 General Notes # +# Psalm 064 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Plotting of enemies ##### +##### Plotting of enemies The author's enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 64:1](../../psa/064/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/065/intro.md b/psa/065/intro.md index 3fd0f39a0b..14b9ad3daf 100644 --- a/psa/065/intro.md +++ b/psa/065/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 065 General Notes # +# Psalm 065 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's power ##### +##### God's power God answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 65:1](../../psa/065/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/066/intro.md b/psa/066/intro.md index bfba97e51e..428023ff9a 100644 --- a/psa/066/intro.md +++ b/psa/066/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 066 General Notes # +# Psalm 066 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 66 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves ##### +##### Yahweh saves Just as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 66:1](../../psa/066/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/067/intro.md b/psa/067/intro.md index 2306309a67..b34ca5a547 100644 --- a/psa/067/intro.md +++ b/psa/067/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 067 General Notes # +# Psalm 067 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 67 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise People all over the world should be praising God. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 67:1](../../psa/067/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/068/intro.md b/psa/068/intro.md index c6f8cd02f4..8b3745c7a7 100644 --- a/psa/068/intro.md +++ b/psa/068/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 068 General Notes # +# Psalm 068 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 68 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's greatness ##### +##### Yahweh's greatness God is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### No Common Theme ##### +##### No Common Theme Scholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 68:1](../../psa/068/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/069/intro.md b/psa/069/intro.md index b61f9fa4e0..f7cf771dad 100644 --- a/psa/069/intro.md +++ b/psa/069/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 069 General Notes # +# Psalm 069 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemies and for them to be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Deliverance ##### +##### Deliverance The author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 69:1](../../psa/069/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/070/intro.md b/psa/070/intro.md index ff8a7db0f6..3d24b10ba2 100644 --- a/psa/070/intro.md +++ b/psa/070/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 070 General Notes # +# Psalm 070 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from his enemies. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Help ##### +##### Help The author needs help and needs it immediately. -##### Psalm 40 ##### +##### Psalm 40 This psalm is an almost exact duplicate of Psalm 40:13-17. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 70:1](../../psa/070/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/071/intro.md b/psa/071/intro.md index ace884ccf8..5941b7603c 100644 --- a/psa/071/intro.md +++ b/psa/071/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 071 General Notes # +# Psalm 071 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help God has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 71:1](../../psa/071/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/072/intro.md b/psa/072/intro.md index e1685e4ee7..19055f4051 100644 --- a/psa/072/intro.md +++ b/psa/072/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 072 General Notes # +# Psalm 072 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it as a blessing on his son, Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings for the king ##### +##### Blessings for the king May the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king. -##### Close of Book Two ##### +##### Close of Book Two The whole collection of Psalms has been divided into several "books." This is the last psalm of the second book. It is attributed to Solomon, the son of David. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 72:1](../../psa/072/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/073/intro.md b/psa/073/intro.md index b264ebcbb5..430d4f88f5 100644 --- a/psa/073/intro.md +++ b/psa/073/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 073 General Notes # +# Psalm 073 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Evil people ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Evil people Sometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Psalms by Asaph ##### +##### Psalms by Asaph There are twelve psalms attributed to Asaph; the first one is Psalm 50, which is in Book Two, and the other eleven (Psalm 73–83) are at the beginning of Book Three. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 73:1](../../psa/073/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/074/intro.md b/psa/074/intro.md index ed1b391541..3f76a5ed12 100644 --- a/psa/074/intro.md +++ b/psa/074/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 074 General Notes # +# Psalm 074 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### God's power ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### God's power The enemies have destroyed God's temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This is called a "Maschil." The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 74:1](../../psa/074/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/075/intro.md b/psa/075/intro.md index 05bb81a3dc..19a676dd27 100644 --- a/psa/075/intro.md +++ b/psa/075/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 075 General Notes # +# Psalm 075 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Punishment ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Punishment God has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 75:1](../../psa/075/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/076/intro.md b/psa/076/intro.md index 0ad21cf932..be1dec6430 100644 --- a/psa/076/intro.md +++ b/psa/076/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 076 General Notes # +# Psalm 076 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 76 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Yahweh's greatness ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Yahweh's greatness God is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 76:1](../../psa/076/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/077/intro.md b/psa/077/intro.md index 75b6ea664d..9222f8f4da 100644 --- a/psa/077/intro.md +++ b/psa/077/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 077 General Notes # +# Psalm 077 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm The author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Lament ##### +##### Lament God used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 77:1](../../psa/077/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/078/intro.md b/psa/078/intro.md index 8e0639dd51..bcdf607e64 100644 --- a/psa/078/intro.md +++ b/psa/078/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Psalm 078 General Notes # +# Psalm 078 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel's history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's complaining ##### +##### Israel's complaining Although God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### Superscription ##### +##### Superscription This is called a "Maschil." The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 78:1](../../psa/078/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/079/intro.md b/psa/079/intro.md index 964fd17575..1b053a6a96 100644 --- a/psa/079/intro.md +++ b/psa/079/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 079 General Notes # +# Psalm 079 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Destruction ##### +##### Destruction Jerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 79:1](../../psa/079/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/080/intro.md b/psa/080/intro.md index 1539eec33a..257e363678 100644 --- a/psa/080/intro.md +++ b/psa/080/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Psalm 080 General Notes # +# Psalm 080 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help Israel's enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor The author uses an extended metaphor of Israel as a vine planted by God which is being uprooted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 80:1](../../psa/080/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/081/intro.md b/psa/081/intro.md index 2d27ec6883..eb9ecbcd50 100644 --- a/psa/081/intro.md +++ b/psa/081/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 081 General Notes # +# Psalm 081 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at "new moon" and "full moon" ceremonies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obedience ##### +##### Obedience If Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 81:1](../../psa/081/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/082/intro.md b/psa/082/intro.md index cdbb428de1..b96d977cb9 100644 --- a/psa/082/intro.md +++ b/psa/082/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Psalm 082 General Notes # +# Psalm 082 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Favoritism ##### +##### Favoritism The leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metonymy ##### +##### Metonymy The leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 82:1](../../psa/082/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/083/intro.md b/psa/083/intro.md index 0ae64188ef..506bc955d3 100644 --- a/psa/083/intro.md +++ b/psa/083/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 083 General Notes # +# Psalm 083 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many nations allied against Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Destruction ##### +##### Destruction God should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel's enemies during the time of the Judges. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 83:1](../../psa/083/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/084/intro.md b/psa/084/intro.md index 9087b224aa..15fc0b6327 100644 --- a/psa/084/intro.md +++ b/psa/084/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 084 General Notes # +# Psalm 084 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 84 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Obedience ##### +##### Obedience God blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -##### Similarity to Psalm 42-43 ##### +##### Similarity to Psalm 42-43 There are many similarities between these psalms and some scholars suggest they were written by the same people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 84:1](../../psa/084/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/085/intro.md b/psa/085/intro.md index 1d7cbd09aa..3e53b70f4a 100644 --- a/psa/085/intro.md +++ b/psa/085/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 085 General Notes # +# Psalm 085 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 85 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings ##### +##### Blessings God has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -##### Group Prayer ##### +##### Group Prayer Note how this psalm uses the plural to show that it is a group praying. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 85:1](../../psa/085/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/086/intro.md b/psa/086/intro.md index 3249c1e516..7686e80d2b 100644 --- a/psa/086/intro.md +++ b/psa/086/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 086 General Notes # +# Psalm 086 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help God has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God's servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 86:1](../../psa/086/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/087/intro.md b/psa/087/intro.md index aa4ff268bc..56e50aa79f 100644 --- a/psa/087/intro.md +++ b/psa/087/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Psalm 087 General Notes # +# Psalm 087 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Pride ##### +##### Pride People will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem. -##### Psalms about Jerusalem ##### +##### Psalms about Jerusalem Psalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 87:1](../../psa/087/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/088/intro.md b/psa/088/intro.md index 8d3f9ddea8..192d66e940 100644 --- a/psa/088/intro.md +++ b/psa/088/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 088 General Notes # +# Psalm 088 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Abandon ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Abandon Ever since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God's healing. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 88:1](../../psa/088/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/089/intro.md b/psa/089/intro.md index 8012236b4d..31797d2656 100644 --- a/psa/089/intro.md +++ b/psa/089/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Psalm 089 General Notes # +# Psalm 089 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's promises ##### +##### Yahweh's promises God is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### Parallelism ##### +##### Parallelism This psalm exhibits the kind of parallelism where the second line often emphasizes the first line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 89:1](../../psa/089/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/090/intro.md b/psa/090/intro.md index ae734c82e7..db40779b5e 100644 --- a/psa/090/intro.md +++ b/psa/090/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 090 General Notes # +# Psalm 090 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human's life is short. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Life's shortness ##### +##### Life's shortness Because life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 90:1](../../psa/090/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/091/intro.md b/psa/091/intro.md index f6c7fe6d80..385c65324c 100644 --- a/psa/091/intro.md +++ b/psa/091/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 091 General Notes # +# Psalm 091 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fear ##### +##### Fear No matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 91:1](../../psa/091/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/092/intro.md b/psa/092/intro.md index 3e80cd2290..f91beaa61b 100644 --- a/psa/092/intro.md +++ b/psa/092/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 092 General Notes # +# Psalm 092 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God's kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Justice ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Justice God causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 92:1](../../psa/092/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/093/intro.md b/psa/093/intro.md index 198e99c984..bcddd320ff 100644 --- a/psa/093/intro.md +++ b/psa/093/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 093 General Notes # +# Psalm 093 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power Yahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 93:1](../../psa/093/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/094/intro.md b/psa/094/intro.md index d039e0fa89..096351130d 100644 --- a/psa/094/intro.md +++ b/psa/094/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 094 General Notes # +# Psalm 094 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Justice ##### +##### Justice Evil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 94:1](../../psa/094/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/095/intro.md b/psa/095/intro.md index 26b8761ac4..fb05b85ebc 100644 --- a/psa/095/intro.md +++ b/psa/095/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 095 General Notes # +# Psalm 095 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's care ##### +##### God's care God made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 95:1](../../psa/095/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/096/intro.md b/psa/096/intro.md index ac11a55624..1ff0380810 100644 --- a/psa/096/intro.md +++ b/psa/096/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 096 General Notes # +# Psalm 096 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh, the king ##### +##### Yahweh, the king Yahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 96:1](../../psa/096/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/097/intro.md b/psa/097/intro.md index 8876535cfe..61066caebd 100644 --- a/psa/097/intro.md +++ b/psa/097/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 097 General Notes # +# Psalm 097 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's authority ##### +##### Yahweh's authority All people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 97:1](../../psa/097/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/098/intro.md b/psa/098/intro.md index d1356fc0e1..988693aa12 100644 --- a/psa/098/intro.md +++ b/psa/098/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 098 General Notes # +# Psalm 098 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise Everyone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 98:1](../../psa/098/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/099/intro.md b/psa/099/intro.md index dde5cb8773..6192337662 100644 --- a/psa/099/intro.md +++ b/psa/099/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 099 General Notes # +# Psalm 099 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's justice ##### +##### Yahweh's justice God is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 99:1](../../psa/099/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/100/intro.md b/psa/100/intro.md index 1ced2ca462..67bbe006f6 100644 --- a/psa/100/intro.md +++ b/psa/100/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 100 General Notes # +# Psalm 100 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's care for his creation ##### +##### Yahweh's care for his creation God made mankind and takes good care of people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 100:1](../../psa/100/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/101/intro.md b/psa/101/intro.md index 0daa8a4e15..52113bac25 100644 --- a/psa/101/intro.md +++ b/psa/101/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 101 General Notes # +# Psalm 101 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 101 is a psalm asking God's help in living as a person should. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Encouragement ##### +##### Encouragement The psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 101:1](../../psa/101/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/102/intro.md b/psa/102/intro.md index aadc4f0a0b..fd6796de7a 100644 --- a/psa/102/intro.md +++ b/psa/102/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 102 General Notes # +# Psalm 102 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Salvation ##### +##### Salvation The author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 102:1](../../psa/102/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/103/intro.md b/psa/103/intro.md index ee4acc928f..54e1481317 100644 --- a/psa/103/intro.md +++ b/psa/103/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 103 General Notes # +# Psalm 103 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's grace ##### +##### Yahweh's grace God is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 103:1](../../psa/103/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/104/intro.md b/psa/104/intro.md index e0bb5c42e3..ca40bc7a3a 100644 --- a/psa/104/intro.md +++ b/psa/104/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 104 General Notes # +# Psalm 104 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Yahweh's creation ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Yahweh's creation God has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 104:1](../../psa/104/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/105/intro.md b/psa/105/intro.md index 39674c21f1..e2c1ea5e80 100644 --- a/psa/105/intro.md +++ b/psa/105/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 105 General Notes # +# Psalm 105 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection God protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel's history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 105:1](../../psa/105/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/106/intro.md b/psa/106/intro.md index 4d956b815d..0b528302c7 100644 --- a/psa/106/intro.md +++ b/psa/106/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 106 General Notes # +# Psalm 106 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel's sin ##### +##### Israel's sin Although Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 106:1](../../psa/106/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/107/intro.md b/psa/107/intro.md index 322fd9112c..b9801c8059 100644 --- a/psa/107/intro.md +++ b/psa/107/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 107 General Notes # +# Psalm 107 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Praise ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Praise The psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 107:1](../../psa/107/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/108/intro.md b/psa/108/intro.md index 5f2fb9faf7..b627f97ada 100644 --- a/psa/108/intro.md +++ b/psa/108/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 108 General Notes # +# Psalm 108 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 108 is a psalm of war. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Victory ##### +##### Victory God promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 108:1](../../psa/108/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/109/intro.md b/psa/109/intro.md index 6605cd4d40..ad58de2af2 100644 --- a/psa/109/intro.md +++ b/psa/109/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 109 General Notes # +# Psalm 109 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Enemies destroyed ##### +##### Enemies destroyed This enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy's family. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 109:1](../../psa/109/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/110/intro.md b/psa/110/intro.md index cb7dfc6d9b..676b35996a 100644 --- a/psa/110/intro.md +++ b/psa/110/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 110 General Notes # +# Psalm 110 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King ##### +##### King The king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 110:1](../../psa/110/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/111/intro.md b/psa/111/intro.md index 07540f338b..89603bfc7c 100644 --- a/psa/111/intro.md +++ b/psa/111/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 111 General Notes # +# Psalm 111 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's character ##### +##### Yahweh's character God is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 111:1](../../psa/111/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/112/intro.md b/psa/112/intro.md index 2519a8d13d..722c1776e0 100644 --- a/psa/112/intro.md +++ b/psa/112/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 112 General Notes # +# Psalm 112 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Righteous people ##### +##### Righteous people The righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 112:1](../../psa/112/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/113/intro.md b/psa/113/intro.md index 61a544572c..5d89fbee3c 100644 --- a/psa/113/intro.md +++ b/psa/113/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 113 General Notes # +# Psalm 113 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help God helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 113:1](../../psa/113/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/114/intro.md b/psa/114/intro.md index 6e2c39558b..e1ce3eb593 100644 --- a/psa/114/intro.md +++ b/psa/114/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 114 General Notes # +# Psalm 114 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise The psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 114:1](../../psa/114/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/115/intro.md b/psa/115/intro.md index d11fd1debe..9370d758dc 100644 --- a/psa/115/intro.md +++ b/psa/115/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 115 General Notes # +# Psalm 115 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 115 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's power ##### +##### Yahweh's power God is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 115:1](../../psa/115/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/116/intro.md b/psa/116/intro.md index acb8c9603b..de3c0ed46d 100644 --- a/psa/116/intro.md +++ b/psa/116/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 116 General Notes # +# Psalm 116 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist's life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Healing ##### +##### Healing The author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 116:1](../../psa/116/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/117/intro.md b/psa/117/intro.md index 79d8b072a7..4b36e96cf0 100644 --- a/psa/117/intro.md +++ b/psa/117/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 117 General Notes # +# Psalm 117 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 117 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise Everyone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 117:1](../../psa/117/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/118/intro.md b/psa/118/intro.md index 9e06f70b8c..0abbb9b9c4 100644 --- a/psa/118/intro.md +++ b/psa/118/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 118 General Notes # +# Psalm 118 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Rejected stone ##### +##### Rejected stone The author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah's rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 118:1](../../psa/118/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/119/intro.md b/psa/119/intro.md index 35e27c9e07..e8da06b90f 100644 --- a/psa/119/intro.md +++ b/psa/119/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Psalm 119 General Notes # +# Psalm 119 General Notes -#### Formatting in this chapter #### +#### Formatting in this chapter This is a certain kind of psalm called an acrostic. The Hebrew language has twenty-two letters, and this psalm has twenty-two groups of verses, one group for each letter of the alphabet. Each group has eight verses, and each verse in a group begins with the same letter. The verses in the first group begin with the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, the verses in the second group begin with the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and so on through the whole alphabet. In the ULB, the names of the Hebrew letters are written in uppercase letters before each group of verses that begin with that letter. The names of the first four Hebrew letters are ALEPH, BETH, GIMEL, and DALETH. You will be able to recognize the names of the other Hebrew letters as you see them because they, too, are written in uppercase letters. These letter names are not actually part of the psalm, but many translations use them to help the readers see its structure. -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The Law ##### +##### The Law The author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 119:1](../../psa/119/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/120/intro.md b/psa/120/intro.md index 8b44de5cf1..4ec559b22a 100644 --- a/psa/120/intro.md +++ b/psa/120/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 120 General Notes # +# Psalm 120 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fighting ##### +##### Fighting The author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 120:1](../../psa/120/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/121/intro.md b/psa/121/intro.md index 7aff292556..14a85b80de 100644 --- a/psa/121/intro.md +++ b/psa/121/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 121 General Notes # +# Psalm 121 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 121 is a worship psalm. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection God always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 121:1](../../psa/121/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/122/intro.md b/psa/122/intro.md index 3535d148a0..8ab3d52760 100644 --- a/psa/122/intro.md +++ b/psa/122/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 122 General Notes # +# Psalm 122 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jerusalem ##### +##### Jerusalem Jerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 122:1](../../psa/122/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/123/intro.md b/psa/123/intro.md index e1bdba7ec4..39979f4e7d 100644 --- a/psa/123/intro.md +++ b/psa/123/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 123 General Notes # +# Psalm 123 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust Just as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 123:1](../../psa/123/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/124/intro.md b/psa/124/intro.md index 117f8b0172..78880982d0 100644 --- a/psa/124/intro.md +++ b/psa/124/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 124 General Notes # +# Psalm 124 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God's delivering the Israelites from their enemy's attack. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves ##### +##### Yahweh saves God saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 124:1](../../psa/124/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/125/intro.md b/psa/125/intro.md index 177b750073..6d5aebdbcd 100644 --- a/psa/125/intro.md +++ b/psa/125/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 125 General Notes # +# Psalm 125 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 125 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection God protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 125:1](../../psa/125/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/126/intro.md b/psa/126/intro.md index 70a50a22d5..fe779c82bd 100644 --- a/psa/126/intro.md +++ b/psa/126/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 126 General Notes # +# Psalm 126 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sorrow and joy ##### +##### Sorrow and joy People may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 126:1](../../psa/126/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/127/intro.md b/psa/127/intro.md index e6d6930b24..4c677b425b 100644 --- a/psa/127/intro.md +++ b/psa/127/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 127 General Notes # +# Psalm 127 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Blessings ##### +##### Blessings God wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 127:1](../../psa/127/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/128/intro.md b/psa/128/intro.md index 656bb3d56a..403c713fdf 100644 --- a/psa/128/intro.md +++ b/psa/128/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 128 General Notes # +# Psalm 128 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Respect ##### +##### Respect Those people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 128:1](../../psa/128/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/129/intro.md b/psa/129/intro.md index 26d15a0bd5..3eb2125187 100644 --- a/psa/129/intro.md +++ b/psa/129/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 129 General Notes # +# Psalm 129 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel's many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh saves ##### +##### Yahweh saves Israel's enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 129:1](../../psa/129/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/130/intro.md b/psa/130/intro.md index af24d98049..bce3cdb578 100644 --- a/psa/130/intro.md +++ b/psa/130/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 130 General Notes # +# Psalm 130 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Forgive ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Forgive God forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 130:1](../../psa/130/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/131/intro.md b/psa/131/intro.md index 2d9a6023af..ea857a7fe2 100644 --- a/psa/131/intro.md +++ b/psa/131/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 131 General Notes # +# Psalm 131 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust This psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 131:1](../../psa/131/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/132/intro.md b/psa/132/intro.md index 9bc94a138e..2deab1900a 100644 --- a/psa/132/intro.md +++ b/psa/132/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Psalm 132 General Notes # +# Psalm 132 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ark ##### +##### Ark The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 132:1](../../psa/132/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/133/intro.md b/psa/133/intro.md index b2eac6098d..53429a40c3 100644 --- a/psa/133/intro.md +++ b/psa/133/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 133 General Notes # +# Psalm 133 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Harmony ##### +##### Harmony Harmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 133:1](../../psa/133/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/134/intro.md b/psa/134/intro.md index b205019e75..253efee652 100644 --- a/psa/134/intro.md +++ b/psa/134/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 134 General Notes # +# Psalm 134 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Watchmen ##### +##### Watchmen The watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 134:1](../../psa/134/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/135/intro.md b/psa/135/intro.md index 1958dcc0f7..661d22fffb 100644 --- a/psa/135/intro.md +++ b/psa/135/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 135 General Notes # +# Psalm 135 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Praise ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Praise The people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 135:1](../../psa/135/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/136/intro.md b/psa/136/intro.md index 0440877d6f..d140df5835 100644 --- a/psa/136/intro.md +++ b/psa/136/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 136 General Notes # +# Psalm 136 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choir. One part would sing the first part of each of the lines and then the other part of the choir would sing the repeated refrain. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Israel blessed ##### +##### Israel blessed God has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 136:1](../../psa/136/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/137/intro.md b/psa/137/intro.md index f6ada2147d..a969ce2b49 100644 --- a/psa/137/intro.md +++ b/psa/137/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 137 General Notes # +# Psalm 137 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Songs of Zion ##### +##### Songs of Zion The captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 137:1](../../psa/137/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/138/intro.md b/psa/138/intro.md index 25d0dbad73..98da020e43 100644 --- a/psa/138/intro.md +++ b/psa/138/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 138 General Notes # +# Psalm 138 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Answered prayers ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Answered prayers God answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 138:1](../../psa/138/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/139/intro.md b/psa/139/intro.md index 9279a85c8e..768773d9cf 100644 --- a/psa/139/intro.md +++ b/psa/139/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 139 General Notes # +# Psalm 139 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 139 is a psalm of praise. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's care ##### +##### God's care God created the psalmist in his mother's womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 139:1](../../psa/139/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/140/intro.md b/psa/140/intro.md index fc7dc296df..28c6b1789f 100644 --- a/psa/140/intro.md +++ b/psa/140/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 140 General Notes # +# Psalm 140 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's protection ##### +##### Yahweh's protection He prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 140:1](../../psa/140/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/141/intro.md b/psa/141/intro.md index a24638b26a..a347808c2f 100644 --- a/psa/141/intro.md +++ b/psa/141/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 141 General Notes # +# Psalm 141 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's correction ##### +##### Yahweh's correction The author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 141:1](../../psa/141/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/142/intro.md b/psa/142/intro.md index c737365fc6..bcf6db7a8d 100644 --- a/psa/142/intro.md +++ b/psa/142/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 142 General Notes # +# Psalm 142 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help The psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 142:1](../../psa/142/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/143/intro.md b/psa/143/intro.md index 3154f43bd6..e1524ba080 100644 --- a/psa/143/intro.md +++ b/psa/143/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 143 General Notes # +# Psalm 143 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's help ##### +##### Yahweh's help The author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God's servant. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 143:1](../../psa/143/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/144/intro.md b/psa/144/intro.md index 9cd87a4ea0..4ae2a096b3 100644 --- a/psa/144/intro.md +++ b/psa/144/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 144 General Notes # +# Psalm 144 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Safety ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Safety Psalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 144:1](../../psa/144/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/145/intro.md b/psa/145/intro.md index 652198e841..c686ddfe1c 100644 --- a/psa/145/intro.md +++ b/psa/145/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Psalm 145 General Notes # +# Psalm 145 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150). -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### -##### Praise ##### +#### Special concepts in this chapter +##### Praise God is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 145:1](../../psa/145/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/146/intro.md b/psa/146/intro.md index 8e34f81cff..95c50a47d6 100644 --- a/psa/146/intro.md +++ b/psa/146/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 146 General Notes # +# Psalm 146 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Trust ##### +##### Trust Trusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 146:1](../../psa/146/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/147/intro.md b/psa/147/intro.md index b8f82b28e2..784c3a7b49 100644 --- a/psa/147/intro.md +++ b/psa/147/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 147 General Notes # +# Psalm 147 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Yahweh's control ##### +##### Yahweh's control Yahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 147:1](../../psa/147/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/148/intro.md b/psa/148/intro.md index 9f5e356b1f..307c7aa330 100644 --- a/psa/148/intro.md +++ b/psa/148/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 148 General Notes # +# Psalm 148 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise All creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 148:1](../../psa/148/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/149/intro.md b/psa/149/intro.md index 7a5312d117..d9c9b7277b 100644 --- a/psa/149/intro.md +++ b/psa/149/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 149 General Notes # +# Psalm 149 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Praise ##### +##### Praise The people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 149:1](../../psa/149/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/150/intro.md b/psa/150/intro.md index 0e49799da8..31ede15f53 100644 --- a/psa/150/intro.md +++ b/psa/150/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Psalm 150 General Notes # +# Psalm 150 General Notes -#### Type of psalm #### +#### Type of psalm Psalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Instruments ##### +##### Instruments People should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Psalms 150:1](../../psa/150/001.md)__ diff --git a/psa/front/intro.md b/psa/front/intro.md index 2d79753b0e..7a6513660f 100644 --- a/psa/front/intro.md +++ b/psa/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Psalms # +# Introduction to Psalms -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Psalms #### +#### Outline of Psalms 1. Book One (Psalms 1-41) 1. Book Two (Psalms 42-72) @@ -10,23 +10,23 @@ 1. Book Four (Psalms 90-106) 1. Book Five (Psalms 107-150) -#### What is the Book of Psalms? #### +#### What is the Book of Psalms? The Book of Psalms is a collection of songs. People called psalmists wrote them for different reasons. In some psalms, the psalmists expressed their praise for God. In other psalms, they asked God for help and expressed confidence in his love and power. In others, they confessed their sins and begged for mercy. The Israelites wrote some psalms to ask Yahweh to defeat their enemies. Other psalms celebrated the event of a new king beginning his reign. Psalmists also wrote to praise the city of Jerusalem. They wrote some psalms to instruct people on how to be wise by honoring Yahweh and obeying his law. Also, pilgrims sang some of the psalms while traveling to Jerusalem to worship there. Some psalms became songs of praise in the temple worship of Yahweh. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators can use the traditional title of this book, "The Book of Psalms" or just "Psalms." Another title of this book is "Songs of Praise." Translators may express this meaning in their own languages, or they may choose to use or transliterate the name from another language version if it is well known. For example, the French title "Les Psaumes" might be understood by everyone in a project language, if French is the language of wider communication in the region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -#### When was the Book of Psalms written? #### +#### When was the Book of Psalms written? The Psalms were written over a long period of time. Moses probably wrote the earliest psalm around 1400 B.C. David and Asaph wrote their psalms between 1020 and 975 B.C. The Korahites may have written their psalms before Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylon in 587 B.C. Psalm 126 appears to come from the period after the exile, which ended in 538 B.C. -#### What are the Messianic psalms? #### +#### What are the Messianic psalms? Some psalms are called "Messianic psalms." New Testament writers considered these psalms to prophesy about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. They cited Psalms 2, 8, 16, 22, 34, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 109, 110, and 118 at least one time each in the New Testament. -#### What are superscriptions in the Psalms? #### +#### What are superscriptions in the Psalms? Many psalms give some information called superscriptions before the beginning of the psalm. Some of the expressions in the superscriptions are difficult to understand, so modern versions often have different interpretations of them. @@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ Some superscriptions give instructions about how they should be played and sung. Traditionally, English versions do not give verse numbers to the superscriptions. But many versions in other languages do. Whether or not translators give them verse numbers, they should consider the superscriptions in the Psalms as part of the divinely inspired biblical text. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms? #### +#### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms? The psalmists often pictured Yahweh as: @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The psalmists often pictured Yahweh as: * a "rock," that is, a high rocky mountain on which people can be completely safe from their enemies * a strong warrior who always defeats his enemies. -#### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms? #### +#### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms? When people honor someone, they think well of him and may even admire him. On the other hand, if people shame someone, that person loses honor and is disgraced. @@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ Psalmists often expressed a great desire that Yahweh would be honored by the Isr Also, psalmists often expressed fear that they would be shamed by their enemies. When they felt this way, the psalmists wrote of their trust that Yahweh would not allow this to happen. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Why do the ULB and UDB display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not? #### +#### Why do the ULB and UDB display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not? The psalmists wrote the Psalms as Hebrew poetry. The ULB and UDB set each line farther to the right on the page than regular text is placed to show that the writing is poetry rather than prose. @@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ This style typically uses pairs of poetic lines that relate to each other in dif Translators will have to decide whether to present the Psalms as poetry or as prose in their own language. Translators will need to consider whether their language has poetic forms that are suitable for expressing the Psalms. -#### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others? #### +#### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others? From ancient times, people have numbered the Psalms in different ways. The Jews numbered the Psalms in Hebrew in one way. When they translated the Psalms into Greek, they numbered them in a different way. As a result, the Hebrew numbering and the Greek numbering of Psalms were both passed down through the centuries. They are both still in use today. Translators will probably want to number the Psalms in the same way that most versions in their own country do. -#### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms? #### +#### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms? "Selah" and "Higgaion" seem to be musical terms inserted as directions for singers and musicians. Scholars do not agree as to their meaning. For this reason, translators may decide to transliterate them or leave them out but not try to translate them. diff --git a/rev/01/intro.md b/rev/01/intro.md index 6d7d5e4545..80b81c2830 100644 --- a/rev/01/intro.md +++ b/rev/01/intro.md @@ -1,46 +1,46 @@ -# Revelation 01 General Notes # +# Revelation 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words in verse 7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven churches ##### +##### Seven churches John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey. -##### White ##### +##### White The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being "white." This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" ##### +##### "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Blood ##### +##### Blood Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus "has released us from our sins by his blood." John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "He is coming with the clouds" ##### +##### "He is coming with the clouds" Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be "with the clouds." It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or "with the clouds" in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language. -##### "One like a son of man" ##### +##### "One like a son of man" This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words "son of man" using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the "Son of Man." -##### "The angels of the seven churches" ##### +##### "The angels of the seven churches" The word "angels" here can also mean "messengers." This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word "angel" (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Revelation intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/rev/02/intro.md b/rev/02/intro.md index ade592df20..2ec8c3074a 100644 --- a/rev/02/intro.md +++ b/rev/02/intro.md @@ -1,42 +1,42 @@ -# Revelation 02 General Notes # +# Revelation 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters. Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 27. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Poverty and wealth ##### +##### Poverty and wealth The Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) -##### "The devil is about to" ##### +##### "The devil is about to" Some authorities were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these authorities were, but he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -##### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel ##### +##### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" ##### +##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The angel of the church" ##### +##### "The angel of the church" The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md). -##### "The words of the one who" ##### +##### "The words of the one who" The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/03/intro.md b/rev/03/intro.md index ded5eec848..86414f4a8b 100644 --- a/rev/03/intro.md +++ b/rev/03/intro.md @@ -1,42 +1,42 @@ -# Revelation 03 General Notes # +# Revelation 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verse 7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven spirits of God ##### +##### Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). -##### Seven stars ##### +##### Seven stars These stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md). -#### Important metaphors in this chapter #### +#### Important metaphors in this chapter -##### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking ##### +##### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" ##### +##### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches" The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The angel of the church" ##### +##### "The angel of the church" The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md). -##### "The words of the one who" ##### +##### "The words of the one who" The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/04/intro.md b/rev/04/intro.md index d203b6690e..a3a2a956f0 100644 --- a/rev/04/intro.md +++ b/rev/04/intro.md @@ -1,37 +1,37 @@ -# Revelation 04 General Notes # +# Revelation 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 8 and 11. John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald ##### +##### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John's day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones. -##### Twenty-four elders ##### +##### Twenty-four elders Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Seven spirits of God ##### +##### Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). -##### Giving glory to God ##### +##### Giving glory to God God's glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. For people "to give glory" to God and for God "to receive glory" means that people are praising and worshiping God because of the glory he already has. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Difficult images ##### +##### Difficult images Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/05/intro.md b/rev/05/intro.md index 4944657248..f5325441b8 100644 --- a/rev/05/intro.md +++ b/rev/05/intro.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ -# Revelation 05 General Notes # +# Revelation 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this in verses 9-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Sealed scroll ##### +##### Sealed scroll Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, "the one who was seated on the throne" had written the scroll. Only the person called "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David" and "the Lamb" had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]]) -##### Twenty-four elders ##### +##### Twenty-four elders Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Christian prayers ##### +##### Christian prayers The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray. -##### Seven spirits of God ##### +##### Seven spirits of God These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md). -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors The "Lion of the tribe of Judah" and the "Root of David" are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words "Root of David" speak of Israel's King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/06/intro.md b/rev/06/intro.md index fb0c720cfc..a7b860738b 100644 --- a/rev/06/intro.md +++ b/rev/06/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Revelation 06 General Notes # +# Revelation 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven Seals ##### +##### Seven Seals Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### The Four Horsemen ##### +##### The Four Horsemen As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The Lamb ##### +##### The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Similes ##### +##### Similes In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/07/intro.md b/rev/07/intro.md index ce99c4131a..a07762f777 100644 --- a/rev/07/intro.md +++ b/rev/07/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Revelation 07 General Notes # +# Revelation 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not list Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 5-8 and 15-17. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Worship ##### +##### Worship God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### The Lamb ##### +##### The Lamb This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/08/intro.md b/rev/08/intro.md index e051b57727..1cd549ce11 100644 --- a/rev/08/intro.md +++ b/rev/08/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Revelation 08 General Notes # +# Revelation 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven seals and seven trumpets ##### +##### Seven seals and seven trumpets This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Passive voice ##### +##### Passive voice John uses the passive voice several times in this chapter. This hides who performs the action. This will be difficult to convey if the translator's language does not have a passive voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -##### Similes ##### +##### Similes In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/09/intro.md b/rev/09/intro.md index 67beec0901..143878e8c3 100644 --- a/rev/09/intro.md +++ b/rev/09/intro.md @@ -1,33 +1,33 @@ -# Revelation 09 General Notes # +# Revelation 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Woe ##### +##### Woe John describes several "woes" in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three "woes" announced at the end of Chapter 8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Animal imagery ##### +##### Animal imagery This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. Animals convey different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used. -##### Bottomless pit ##### +##### Bottomless pit This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) -##### Abaddon and Apollyon ##### +##### Abaddon and Apollyon "Abaddon" is a Hebrew word. "Apollyon" is a Greek word. Both words mean "Destroyer." John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULB and UDB write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood "Apollyon" to mean "Destroyer." So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -##### Repentance ##### +##### Repentance Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/10/intro.md b/rev/10/intro.md index 3b1af2458a..a66ab64feb 100644 --- a/rev/10/intro.md +++ b/rev/10/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Revelation 10 General Notes # +# Revelation 10 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Seven thunders ##### +##### Seven thunders John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for "thunder" when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### "The mystery of God" ##### +##### "The mystery of God" This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Simile ##### +##### Simile John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/11/intro.md b/rev/11/intro.md index d12d566a73..46c1e43e50 100644 --- a/rev/11/intro.md +++ b/rev/11/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Revelation 11 General Notes # +# Revelation 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 15 and 17-18. -##### Woe ##### +##### Woe John describes several "woes" in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third "woe" announced at the end of Chapter 8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gentiles ##### +##### Gentiles The word "Gentiles" here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Two witnesses ##### +##### Two witnesses Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Bottomless pit ##### +##### Bottomless pit This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/12/intro.md b/rev/12/intro.md index 560f0393c1..9c61c89283 100644 --- a/rev/12/intro.md +++ b/rev/12/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Revelation 12 General Notes # +# Revelation 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 10-12. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Serpent ##### +##### Serpent The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "A great sign was seen in heaven" ##### +##### "A great sign was seen in heaven" By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say "A great sign appeared in heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/13/intro.md b/rev/13/intro.md index 4ba131e6c3..da81b1f661 100644 --- a/rev/13/intro.md +++ b/rev/13/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Revelation 13 General Notes # +# Revelation 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Similes ##### +##### Similes John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Unknown animals ##### +##### Unknown animals John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/14/intro.md b/rev/14/intro.md index 5219c04a31..cf8533f998 100644 --- a/rev/14/intro.md +++ b/rev/14/intro.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# Revelation 14 General Notes # +# Revelation 14 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Harvest ##### +##### Harvest Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God's kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/harvest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/15/intro.md b/rev/15/intro.md index ed68312970..d2f4b40e10 100644 --- a/rev/15/intro.md +++ b/rev/15/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Revelation 15 General Notes # +# Revelation 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 3-4. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Victorious over the beast" ##### +##### "Victorious over the beast" Those who are "victorious over the beast" are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### "The temple having the tent of witness was open in heaven" ##### +##### "The temple having the tent of witness was open in heaven" Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God's perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God's heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Songs ##### +##### Songs The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/16/intro.md b/rev/16/intro.md index 7a08e436e2..accc08c307 100644 --- a/rev/16/intro.md +++ b/rev/16/intro.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# Revelation 16 General Notes # +# Revelation 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 5-7. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple" ##### +##### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple" This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15. -##### Seven bowls of God's wrath ##### +##### Seven bowls of God's wrath This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter. -##### Armageddon ##### +##### Armageddon This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/17/intro.md b/rev/17/intro.md index b6bd1bf536..c3c3e02fa7 100644 --- a/rev/17/intro.md +++ b/rev/17/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# Revelation 17 General Notes # +# Revelation 17 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prostitute ##### +##### Prostitute Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -##### Seven hills ##### +##### Seven hills This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up " ##### +##### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up " This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Paradox ##### +##### Paradox A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: "the beast ... is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings." The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../../rev/17/11.md)) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/18/intro.md b/rev/18/intro.md index 94819af53b..13527af6f1 100644 --- a/rev/18/intro.md +++ b/rev/18/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Revelation 18 General Notes # +# Revelation 18 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 1-8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has an apocalyptic style that is slightly different from that of the rest of the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/19/intro.md b/rev/19/intro.md index 5d7c439787..1872b12bbe 100644 --- a/rev/19/intro.md +++ b/rev/19/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Revelation 19 General Notes # +# Revelation 19 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 1-8. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Songs ##### +##### Songs The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -##### Wedding celebration ##### +##### Wedding celebration The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/20/intro.md b/rev/20/intro.md index deb77c0b0b..3ffb8d4124 100644 --- a/rev/20/intro.md +++ b/rev/20/intro.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# Revelation 20 General Notes # +# Revelation 20 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The thousand-year reign of Christ ##### +##### The thousand-year reign of Christ In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -##### Final rebellion ##### +##### Final rebellion This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God's ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -##### Great white throne ##### +##### Great white throne This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Book of Life ##### +##### Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Hades and the lake of fire ##### +##### Hades and the lake of fire These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/21/intro.md b/rev/21/intro.md index 2df2727d00..72d68ff1e5 100644 --- a/rev/21/intro.md +++ b/rev/21/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# Revelation 21 General Notes # +# Revelation 21 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Second death ##### +##### Second death Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Book of Life ##### +##### Book of Life This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### New heaven and new earth ##### +##### New heaven and new earth It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word "new" in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/22/intro.md b/rev/22/intro.md index 6c84d9ca48..53f7d12d58 100644 --- a/rev/22/intro.md +++ b/rev/22/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Revelation 22 General Notes # +# Revelation 22 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Tree of life ##### +##### Tree of life There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Alpha and omega ##### +##### Alpha and omega These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULB spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be "A and Z" in English. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Revelation 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rev/front/intro.md b/rev/front/intro.md index d8542bc00a..fa617cc441 100644 --- a/rev/front/intro.md +++ b/rev/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Revelation # +# Introduction to Revelation -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Revelation #### +#### Outline of the Book of Revelation 1. Opening (1:1-20) 1. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22) @@ -16,41 +16,41 @@ 1. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5) 1. Jesus' promise to return, the witness from the angels, John's closing words, Christ's message to his church, and the invitation and the warning (22:6-21) -#### Who wrote the Book of Revelation? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Revelation? The author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus. -#### What is the Book of Revelation about? #### +#### What is the Book of Revelation about? John wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, "Revelation," "The Revelation of Jesus Christ," "The Revelation to Saint John," or "The Apocalypse of John." Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as "The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation? #### +#### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation? John used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Are the events of Revelation past or future? #### +#### Are the events of Revelation past or future? Since early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns. Translators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULB. -#### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation? #### +#### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation? No other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it? #### +#### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it? One does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]]) -#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Revelation in the ULB? #### +#### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Revelation in the ULB? The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULB uses the following principles: * The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULB uses "holy." (See: 14:12; 22:11) @@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this re The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### Periods of time #### +#### Periods of time John referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation? For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading. diff --git a/rom/01/intro.md b/rom/01/intro.md index 2430eea970..f8c37399eb 100644 --- a/rom/01/intro.md +++ b/rom/01/intro.md @@ -1,33 +1,33 @@ -# Romans 01 General Notes # +# Romans 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The first verse is a type of introduction. People in the ancient Mediterranean region often started their letters this way. Sometimes this is called a "salutation." -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The gospel ##### +##### The gospel When Paul writes of "the gospel" in this chapter (verses 1, 2, 9, 15, 16, 17), he is referring to the message about God's salvation for people through Jesus' sacrifice on the cross. -##### Harvest ##### +##### Harvest This chapter uses the image of a harvest ([1:13](./13.md)) to speak of the Roman Christians doing good works because they believe what Paul has told them about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -##### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God ##### +##### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God This chapter explains that everyone is without excuse. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the wrath of God. This wrath was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "God gave them over" ##### +##### "God gave them over" Many scholars view the phrases "God gave them over" and "God gave them up" as theologically significant. In both cases, it means that God had stopped trying to teach the people the right way and had allowed them to do whatever they want, even though everything they wanted to do was evil. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Difficult phrases and concepts ##### +##### Difficult phrases and concepts This chapter has many difficult ideas in it. The way Paul writes makes many of the phrases in this chapter difficult to translate. The translator may need to use the UDB to understand the meaning of the phrases and then translate them in a way that is easy for people to understand. Some of the difficult phrases include: "obedience of faith," "whom I serve in my spirit," "from faith to faith" and "exchanged the glory of the imperishable God for the likenesses of an image of perishable man." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Romans intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/rom/02/intro.md b/rom/02/intro.md index 84ba3252c7..63af59080d 100644 --- a/rom/02/intro.md +++ b/rom/02/intro.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -# Romans 02 General Notes # +# Romans 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter shifts its audience from Roman Christians to those who "judge" other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -##### "Therefore you are without excuse" ##### +##### "Therefore you are without excuse" This phrase looks back at Chapter 1. In some ways, it actually concludes what Chapter 1 teaches. This phrase explains why everyone in the world must worship the true God. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "Doers of the Law" ##### +##### "Doers of the Law" Those who try to obey the law will not be justified by trying to obey it. Those who are justified by believing in Jesus show that their faith is real by obeying God's commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You who judge" ##### +##### "You who judge" At times, this could be translated in a simpler way. But it is translated in this relatively awkward way because when Paul refers to "people who judge" he is also saying that everyone judges. It is possible to translate this as "those who judge (and everyone judges)." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/03/intro.md b/rom/03/intro.md index 8877f25b56..e1a452fc40 100644 --- a/rom/03/intro.md +++ b/rom/03/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Romans 03 General Notes # +# Romans 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 4 and 10-18 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter Chapter 3 answers the question, "What advantage does being a Jew have over being a Gentile?" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### "For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God" ##### +##### "For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God" Because God is holy, anyone with him in heaven must be perfect. Any sin at all will condemn a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]]) -##### The purpose of the law of Moses ##### +##### The purpose of the law of Moses Obeying the law cannot make a person right with God. Obeying God's law is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/04/intro.md b/rom/04/intro.md index 0f6ee3fdb3..86380f69fc 100644 --- a/rom/04/intro.md +++ b/rom/04/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Romans 04 General Notes # +# Romans 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 7-8 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### The purpose of the law of Moses ##### +##### The purpose of the law of Moses Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of Israel, was justified. Even Abraham could not be justified by what he did. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person right with God. Obeying God's commands is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Circumcision ##### +##### Circumcision Circumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a male as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, no person was justified only by being circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/05/intro.md b/rom/05/intro.md index 69566fa34d..899d763163 100644 --- a/rom/05/intro.md +++ b/rom/05/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Romans 05 General Notes # +# Romans 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Many scholars view verses 12-17 as some of the most important, but difficult, verses in Scripture to understand. Some of their richness and meaning has likely been lost while being translated from how the original Greek was constructed. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Results of justification ##### +##### Results of justification How Paul explains the results of our being justified is an important part of this chapter. These results include having peace with God, having access to God, being confident about our future, being able to rejoice when suffering, being eternally saved, and being reconciled with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -##### "All sinned" ##### +##### "All sinned" Scholars are divided over what Paul meant in verse 12: "And death spread to all people, because all sinned." Some believe that all of mankind was present in the "seed of Adam." So, as Adam is the father of all mankind, all of mankind was present when Adam sinned. Others believe that Adam served as a representative head for mankind. So when he sinned, all of mankind "fell" as a result. Whether people today played an active or passive role in Adam's original sin is one way these views differ. Other passages will help one decide. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -##### The second Adam ##### +##### The second Adam Adam was the first man and the first "son" of God. He was created by God. He brought sin and death into the world by eating the forbidden fruit. Paul describes Jesus as the "second Adam" in this chapter and the true son of God. He brings life and overcame sin and death by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/06/intro.md b/rom/06/intro.md index 03c6430951..7895d9dd0b 100644 --- a/rom/06/intro.md +++ b/rom/06/intro.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# Romans 06 General Notes # +# Romans 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul begins this chapter by answering how someone might object to what he taught in Chapter 5. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Against the Law ##### +##### Against the Law In this chapter, Paul refutes the teaching that Christians can live however they want after they are saved. Scholars call this "antinomianism" or being "against the law." To motivate godly living, Paul recalls the great price Jesus paid for a Christian to be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -##### Servants of sin ##### +##### Servants of sin Before they believe in Jesus, people are servants of sin, that is, they are unable to resist their desire to sin. God frees Christians from serving sin. They are able to choose to serve Christ in their lives. Paul explains that when Christians choose to sin, they willingly choose to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### Fruit ##### +##### Fruit This chapter uses the imagery of fruit. The image of fruit usually refers to a person's faith producing good works in their life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical Questions ##### +##### Rhetorical Questions Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Death ##### +##### Death Paul uses "death" to refer to many different things in this chapter: physical death, spiritual death, sin reigning in the heart of man, and the end of something. He contrasts sin and death with the new life provided by Christ and the new way Christians are supposed to live after they are saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/07/intro.md b/rom/07/intro.md index 3e82576370..f9f6dc43cc 100644 --- a/rom/07/intro.md +++ b/rom/07/intro.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -# Romans 07 General Notes # +# Romans 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### "Or do you not know" ##### +##### "Or do you not know" Paul uses this phrase to discuss a new topic and connects what follows with the previous teaching. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### "We have been released from the law" ##### +##### "We have been released from the law" Paul explains that the law of Moses is no longer in effect. While this is true, the timeless principles behind the law reflect the character of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Marriage ##### +##### Marriage Scripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/08/intro.md b/rom/08/intro.md index 1f710e97aa..277cde7dd5 100644 --- a/rom/08/intro.md +++ b/rom/08/intro.md @@ -1,37 +1,37 @@ -# Romans 08 General Notes # +# Romans 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting The first verse of this chapter is a transitional sentence. Paul concludes his teaching of Chapter 7 and leads into the words of Chapter 8. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verse 36. Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Indwelling of the Spirit ##### +##### Indwelling of the Spirit The Holy Spirit is said to live inside a person or inside their heart. If the Spirit is present, this signifies that a person is saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -##### "These are sons of God" ##### +##### "These are sons of God" Jesus is the Son of God in a unique way. God also adopts Christians to be his children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]]) -##### Predestination ##### +##### Predestination Twice in verses 29-30 Paul uses the word "predestined." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen his own people to be eternally saved. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter, especially with regards to elements of causation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Paul poetically presents his teaching in verses 38 and 39 in the form of an extended metaphor. He explains that nothing can separate a person from the love of God in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### No condemnation ##### +##### No condemnation This phrase must be translated carefully to avoid doctrinal confusion. People are still guilty of their sin. God disapproves of sinful acts, even those that believers in Jesus commit. God still punishes the sins of believers, but Jesus has paid the punishment for their sin. This is what Paul expresses here. The word "condemn" has several possible meanings. Here Paul emphasizes that people who believe in Jesus are no longer punished eternally for their sin by being "condemned to hell." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]]) -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/09/intro.md b/rom/09/intro.md index 04924bfd5b..8af1bdd9f2 100644 --- a/rom/09/intro.md +++ b/rom/09/intro.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# Romans 09 General Notes # +# Romans 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul changes what he is teaching about. In Chapters 9-11, he focuses on the nation of Israel. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 25-29 and 33 of this chapter. Paul quotes all of these words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh Paul uses the word "flesh" in this chapter only to refer to Israelites, people physically descending from Abraham through Jacob, whom God named Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]]) In other chapters, Paul uses the word "brother" to mean fellow Christians. However, in this chapter, he uses "my brothers" to mean his kinsmen the Israelites. Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as "children of God" and "children of the promise." -##### Important figures of speech in this chapter ##### +##### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Stone of stumbling ##### +##### Stone of stumbling Paul explains that while some Gentiles accepted Jesus as their savior by believing in him, most Jews were trying to earn their salvation and so rejected Jesus. Paul, quoting the Old Testament, describes Jesus as a stone that the Jews stumble over when walking. This "stone of stumbling" causes them to "fall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel" ##### +##### "It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel" Paul uses the word "Israel" in this verse with two different meanings. The first "Israel" means the physical descendants of Abraham through Jacob. The second "Israel" means those who are God's people through faith. The UDB reflects this. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/10/intro.md b/rom/10/intro.md index f4748cc82f..110b587269 100644 --- a/rom/10/intro.md +++ b/rom/10/intro.md @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ -# Romans 10 General Notes # +# Romans 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words in verse 8. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 18-20 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### God's righteousness ##### +##### God's righteousness Paul teaches here that while many Jews earnestly tried to be righteous, they did not succeed. We cannot earn God's righteousness. God gives us Jesus' righteousness when we believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Rhetorical questions ##### +##### Rhetorical questions Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Hebrew people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation" ##### +##### "I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation" Paul uses this prophecy to explain that God will use the church to make the Hebrew people jealous. This is so they will seek God and believe the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/11/intro.md b/rom/11/intro.md index 3c53abe42d..06f1e5e776 100644 --- a/rom/11/intro.md +++ b/rom/11/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Romans 11 General Notes # +# Romans 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 9-10, 26-27, and 34-35, which are words from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Grafting ##### +##### Grafting Paul uses the image of "grafting" to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called "grafting." Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles as a wild branch into his saving plans. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as the natural plant. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/12/intro.md b/rom/12/intro.md index 3bab7380c0..793b600007 100644 --- a/rom/12/intro.md +++ b/rom/12/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Romans 12 General Notes # +# Romans 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the words of verse 20, which are from the Old Testament. Many scholars believe Paul uses the word "therefore" in [Romans 12:1](../../rom/12/01.md) to refer back to all of Chapters 1-11. Having carefully explained the Christian gospel, Paul now explains how Christians should live in light of these great truths. Chapters 12-16 focus on living out one's Christian faith. Paul uses many different commands in these chapters to give these practical instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Christian living ##### +##### Christian living Under the law of Moses, people were required to offer temple sacrifices of animals or grain. Now Christians are required to live their lives as a type of sacrifice to God. Physical sacrifices are no longer required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Body of Christ ##### +##### Body of Christ The body of Christ is an important metaphor or image used in Scripture to refer to the church. Each church member has a unique and important function. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/13/intro.md b/rom/13/intro.md index d27080720c..2a1e7d69e5 100644 --- a/rom/13/intro.md +++ b/rom/13/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Romans 13 General Notes # +# Romans 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In the first part of this chapter, Paul teaches Christians to obey rulers who govern them. At that time, ungodly Roman rulers governed the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Ungodly rulers ##### +##### Ungodly rulers Some readers will find it difficult to understand what Paul teaches about obeying rulers, especially if they are in places where rulers persecute the church. Christians must obey their rulers as well as obey God, unless the rulers do not allow Christians to do something God explicitly commands them to do. There are times when a believer must submit to these rulers and suffer at their hands. Christians understand that this world is temporary and they will ultimately be with God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Flesh ##### +##### Flesh This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/14/intro.md b/rom/14/intro.md index 7d2c450ea1..b9e0111d56 100644 --- a/rom/14/intro.md +++ b/rom/14/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Romans 14 General Notes # +# Romans 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verse 11 of this chapter, which Paul quotes from the Old Testament. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Weak in faith ##### +##### Weak in faith Paul teaches that Christians can have real faith and at the same time be "weak in faith" in a given situation. This describes Christians whose faith is immature, not strong, or misunderstood. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -##### Dietary restrictions ##### +##### Dietary restrictions Many religions in the ancient Near East restricted what was eaten. Christians have freedom to eat what they want. But they need to use this freedom wisely, in a way that honors the Lord and does not cause others to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -##### The judgment seat of God ##### +##### The judgment seat of God The judgment seat of God or Christ represents a time when all people, including Christians, will be held accountable for the way they lived their lives. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/15/intro.md b/rom/15/intro.md index 345bb15a0f..a1614b1bbf 100644 --- a/rom/15/intro.md +++ b/rom/15/intro.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# Romans 15 General Notes # +# Romans 15 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 9-11 and 21 of this chapter, which are words from the Old Testament. @@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ Some translations set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the rig In [Romans 15:14](../../rom/15/14.md), Paul begins to speak more personally. He shifts from teaching to telling of his personal plans. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Strong/Weak ##### +##### Strong/Weak These terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/16/intro.md b/rom/16/intro.md index 675cc64174..5cfde8e293 100644 --- a/rom/16/intro.md +++ b/rom/16/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Romans 16 General Notes # +# Romans 16 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting In this chapter, Paul gives personal greetings to some of the Christians in Rome. It was common to end a letter in the ancient Near East with this type of personal greeting. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter Because of the personal nature of this chapter, much of the context is unknown. This will make translation more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Romans 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rom/front/intro.md b/rom/front/intro.md index 7adaa1f6c3..ff41271f10 100644 --- a/rom/front/intro.md +++ b/rom/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Romans # +# Introduction to Romans -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Romans #### +#### Outline of the Book of Romans 1. Introduction (1:1-15) 1. Righteousness by faith in Jesus Christ (1:16-17) @@ -15,29 +15,29 @@ 1. Practical advice for living as Christians (12:1-15:13) 1. Conclusion and greetings (15:14-16:27) -#### Who wrote the Book of Romans? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Romans? The Apostle Paul wrote the Book of Romans. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire. -#### What is the Book of Romans about? #### +#### What is the Book of Romans about? Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to "bring about the obedience of faith" (16:26). In this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1-11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12-16), -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Romans." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Rome," or "A Letter to the Christians in Rome." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus? #### +#### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus? In Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12). -#### How should theological terms in Romans be translated? #### +#### How should theological terms in Romans be translated? Paul used many theological terms that are not used in the four gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are "justification" (5:1), "works of the law" (3:20), "reconcile" (5:10), "propitiation" (3:25), "sanctification" (6:19), and "the old man" (6:6). @@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ Terms such as those given above are difficult to explain. It is often hard or im Translators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, "righteousness" sometimes means that a person obeys God's law. At other times, "righteousness" means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God's law for us. -#### What did Paul mean by "a remnant" of Israel (11:5)? #### +#### What did Paul mean by "a remnant" of Israel (11:5)? The idea of a "remnant" is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as "the remnant." In 11:1-9, Paul spoke of another remnant, the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What did Paul mean by being "in Christ"? #### +#### What did Paul mean by being "in Christ"? The phrase "in Christ" and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these kinds of phrases as a metaphor to express that Christian believers belong to Jesus Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God. The believer is also promised to live with God forever. However, this idea can be difficult to represent in many languages. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a Nevertheless, the basic idea of our being united with Jesus Christ (and with the Holy Spirit) is seen in these passages as well. Therefore, the translator has a choice in many passages that use "in." He will often decide to represent the more immediate sense of "in," such as, "by means of," "in the manner of," or "in regard to." But, if possible, the translator should choose a word or phrase that reprents the immediate sense and the sense of "in union with." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]]) -#### How are the ideas of "holy," "saints" or "holy ones," and "sanctify" represented in Romans in the ULB? #### +#### How are the ideas of "holy," "saints" or "holy ones," and "sanctify" represented in Romans in the ULB? The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles: * Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULB uses "holy," "holy God," "holy ones" or "holy people." (See: 1:7) @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this rea The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions. -#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Romans? #### +#### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Romans? For the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. diff --git a/rut/01/intro.md b/rut/01/intro.md index 9867eedf6d..77dacb7a4b 100644 --- a/rut/01/intro.md +++ b/rut/01/intro.md @@ -1,21 +1,21 @@ -# Ruth 01 General Notes # +# Ruth 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting -##### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled" ##### +##### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled" The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Women without a husband or children ##### +##### Women without a husband or children In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Contrast ##### +##### Contrast The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ruth 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Ruth intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/rut/02/intro.md b/rut/02/intro.md index b458f37b09..61a02d96f2 100644 --- a/rut/02/intro.md +++ b/rut/02/intro.md @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ -# Ruth 02 General Notes # +# Ruth 02 General Notes -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "Do not go and glean in another field" ##### +##### "Do not go and glean in another field" Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ruth 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rut/03/intro.md b/rut/03/intro.md index a6053ae0bd..a10b911df4 100644 --- a/rut/03/intro.md +++ b/rut/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Ruth 03 General Notes # +# Ruth 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Boaz's integrity ##### +##### Boaz's integrity Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "So that things may go well for you" ##### +##### "So that things may go well for you" Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ruth 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rut/04/intro.md b/rut/04/intro.md index d7561956d9..7439465d80 100644 --- a/rut/04/intro.md +++ b/rut/04/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Ruth 04 General Notes # +# Ruth 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### King David ##### +##### King David Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess" ##### +##### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess" Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her. -##### "This was the custom in former times" ##### +##### "This was the custom in former times" This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Ruth 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/rut/front/intro.md b/rut/front/intro.md index c70651a645..dbff9bff81 100644 --- a/rut/front/intro.md +++ b/rut/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Ruth # +# Introduction to Ruth -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of Ruth #### +#### Outline of Ruth 1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22) 1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23) @@ -10,50 +10,50 @@ 1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16) 1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22) -#### What is the Book of Ruth about? #### +#### What is the Book of Ruth about? This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has the title "Ruth" because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as "The Book about Ruth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur? #### +#### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur? The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were "judges" in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab? #### +#### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab? In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites' frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -#### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth? #### +#### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth? Israelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could. -#### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"? #### +#### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"? A person's close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULB) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice "levirate marriage." In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer. -#### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth? #### +#### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth? Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These "gleaners" picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz. -#### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty? #### +#### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty? A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other. The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel's duties in God's covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) -#### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East? #### +#### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East? City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway. Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting "at" the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat "in" the city gateway. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic? #### +#### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic? The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULB uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes. diff --git a/sng/01/intro.md b/sng/01/intro.md index 0b223c56f0..be64babf9d 100644 --- a/sng/01/intro.md +++ b/sng/01/intro.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -# Song of Songs 01 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 01 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Kisses ##### +##### Kisses The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Love and affection ##### +##### Love and affection This chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "I am dark" ##### +##### "I am dark" In the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Song of Songs intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/sng/02/intro.md b/sng/02/intro.md index 94db6093fe..3e7bb1bf3f 100644 --- a/sng/02/intro.md +++ b/sng/02/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Song of Songs 02 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 02 General Notes -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor Women are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman's beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Euphemisms ##### +##### Euphemisms It is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/sng/03/intro.md b/sng/03/intro.md index e5d67c8b0c..8bf6e1e223 100644 --- a/sng/03/intro.md +++ b/sng/03/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Song of Songs 03 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 03 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Longing ##### +##### Longing This chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/sng/04/intro.md b/sng/04/intro.md index d6cf8e46cf..ac61615cfc 100644 --- a/sng/04/intro.md +++ b/sng/04/intro.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Song of Songs 04 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 04 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty ##### +##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### "My sister, my bride" ##### +##### "My sister, my bride" The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/sng/05/intro.md b/sng/05/intro.md index 82f77b973f..bee7f6d8b2 100644 --- a/sng/05/intro.md +++ b/sng/05/intro.md @@ -1,25 +1,25 @@ -# Song of Songs 05 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Verses 2-7 describe a dream the woman had. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty ##### +##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### "My sister, my bride" ##### +##### "My sister, my bride" The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/sng/06/intro.md b/sng/06/intro.md index 2dea08ff1b..e80b35698d 100644 --- a/sng/06/intro.md +++ b/sng/06/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Song of Songs 06 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 06 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty ##### +##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Metaphors ##### +##### Metaphors In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/sng/07/intro.md b/sng/07/intro.md index 75efecba3d..36b753c386 100644 --- a/sng/07/intro.md +++ b/sng/07/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Song of Songs 07 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 07 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Beauty ##### +##### Beauty The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Similes ##### +##### Similes There are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/sng/08/intro.md b/sng/08/intro.md index e4e26af0b4..b726fe19f0 100644 --- a/sng/08/intro.md +++ b/sng/08/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Song of Songs 08 General Notes # +# Song of Songs 08 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Kisses ##### +##### Kisses The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -##### Passion ##### +##### Passion The chapter describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. This is the feeling of strong or uncontrollable desire for another person. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Song of Songs 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/sng/front/intro.md b/sng/front/intro.md index 91a94d4528..1b9b66eee2 100644 --- a/sng/front/intro.md +++ b/sng/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to the Song of Songs # +# Introduction to the Song of Songs -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Song of Songs #### +#### Outline of the Song of Songs 1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7) 1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5) @@ -11,42 +11,42 @@ 1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4) 1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14) -#### What is the Song of Songs about? #### +#### What is the Song of Songs about? The Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God's love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers. -#### Who wrote the Song of Songs? #### +#### Who wrote the Song of Songs? The first verse of the book ("The Song of Songs, which is Solomon's") gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book is traditionally titled "Song of Songs," which means the very best song, or "Song of Solomon." It may also be called "Songs of Love," "Great Poems of Love," or "The Love Songs of Solomon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs? #### +#### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs? The Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### How many characters are in the Song of Songs? #### +#### How many characters are in the Song of Songs? The two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the "daughters of Jerusalem," and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them. Some interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. Because no one is certain how many characters are in the book and because the ULB includes only the text that appears in the Hebrew, neither the UDB nor the ULB indicate who is speaking. -#### What are the lines about people speaking? #### +#### What are the lines about people speaking? The Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking. Before each speech, the ULB identifies the speaker and the audience like this: "The woman speaking to the other women," "The woman speaking to the man," "The man speaking to the woman," or "The woman speaking to herself." Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture. -#### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper? #### +#### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper? Readers might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -#### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book? #### +#### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book? There are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/tit/01/intro.md b/tit/01/intro.md index 3914478730..93812e2266 100644 --- a/tit/01/intro.md +++ b/tit/01/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Titus 01 General Notes # +# Titus 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 1-4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East. In verses 6-9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Elders ##### +##### Elders The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Should, may, must ##### +##### Should, may, must The ULB uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UDB translates these verbs in a more general way. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Titus 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Titus intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/tit/02/intro.md b/tit/02/intro.md index a8c228a607..0aa85523e8 100644 --- a/tit/02/intro.md +++ b/tit/02/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Titus 02 General Notes # +# Titus 02 General Notes -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Gender roles ##### +##### Gender roles Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage. -##### Slavery ##### +##### Slavery Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Titus 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/tit/03/intro.md b/tit/03/intro.md index 7fd9c92e82..4f3f09a0cf 100644 --- a/tit/03/intro.md +++ b/tit/03/intro.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Titus 03 General Notes # +# Titus 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter. Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Genealogies ##### +##### Genealogies Genealogies are lists that record a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could normally become king. They also showed from what tribe and family they came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Titus 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/tit/front/intro.md b/tit/front/intro.md index 7ef75a5aff..87a39719c5 100644 --- a/tit/front/intro.md +++ b/tit/front/intro.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# Introduction to Titus # +# Introduction to Titus -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Titus #### +#### Outline of the Book of Titus 1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders (1:1-16) 1. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives (2:1-3:11) 1. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers (3:12-15) -#### Who wrote the Book of Titus? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Titus? Paul wrote the Book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus. -#### What is the Book of Titus about? #### +#### What is the Book of Titus about? Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. And he encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God. -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Titus." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to Titus" or "A Letter to Titus." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### In what roles can people serve within the church? #### +#### In what roles can people serve within the church? There are some teachings in the Book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -##### Singular and plural "you" ##### +##### Singular and plural "you" In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. Also, the word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -#### What is the meaning of "God our Savior?" #### +#### What is the meaning of "God our Savior?" This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him. And by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is "our great God and Savior Jesus Christ." diff --git a/zec/01/intro.md b/zec/01/intro.md index 759dd32e9e..fd564929d5 100644 --- a/zec/01/intro.md +++ b/zec/01/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Zechariah 01 General Notes # +# Zechariah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in prose mainly with imagery used throughout to portray Zechariah's vision given by the Lord. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set lines 1:3-6, 14-17, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Visions ##### +##### Visions This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah, so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Date ##### +##### Date Zechariah uses two separate dates in this first chapter. When compared to the book of Haggai, Zechariah's prophecy was proclaimed just a few weeks after Haggai. However, they prophesied in two different places: Haggai was in Jerusalem and Zechariah was somewhere outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Zechariah intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/zec/02/intro.md b/zec/02/intro.md index 9af1e93908..97f728fd1f 100644 --- a/zec/02/intro.md +++ b/zec/02/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Zechariah 02 General Notes # +# Zechariah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is introduced in prose with imagery used in the rest of the chapter to portray Zechariah's third vision about measuring lines given by the Lord. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 2:4-13, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Visions ##### +##### Visions This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. Please be careful to translate each of the terms in your language. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### "This is Yahweh's declaration" ##### +##### "This is Yahweh's declaration" This phrase is used several times in this chapter. The UDB often translates this as "Yahweh says." -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/03/intro.md b/zec/03/intro.md index d09544fe94..6fb5aa46d9 100644 --- a/zec/03/intro.md +++ b/zec/03/intro.md @@ -1,23 +1,23 @@ -# Zechariah 03 General Notes # +# Zechariah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is introduced in prose and shares the fourth vision, which is the priest in dirty clothes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]]) Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 3:7-9, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Difficult concepts in this chapter #### +#### Difficult concepts in this chapter -##### Visions ##### +##### Visions It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### The high priest ##### +##### The high priest This chapter seems to refer to a particular person, Joshua the high priest. However, little is known about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/04/intro.md b/zec/04/intro.md index 6d1d3e745c..11149cd944 100644 --- a/zec/04/intro.md +++ b/zec/04/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Zechariah 04 General Notes # +# Zechariah 04 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose about the fifth vision, which is about the golden lampstand olive trees. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Visions ##### +##### Visions This chapter shows a conversation between Zechariah and the angel of Yahweh. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/05/intro.md b/zec/05/intro.md index 91ca8c4086..0a445f4477 100644 --- a/zec/05/intro.md +++ b/zec/05/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Zechariah 05 General Notes # +# Zechariah 05 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter contains the next two visions. One is about a flying scroll and one is about the basket filled with iniquity. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/iniquity]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/06/intro.md b/zec/06/intro.md index 0dc937e1d8..1787976135 100644 --- a/zec/06/intro.md +++ b/zec/06/intro.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -# Zechariah 06 General Notes # +# Zechariah 06 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose and tells the last vision of the four chariots in the first part of the chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 6:12-13. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Crown ##### +##### Crown The second part of the chapter is about a crown made for the high priest. This is an actual person, but the meaning of the word "branch" should be translated as his name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter #### +#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter -##### Meaning of the visions ##### +##### Meaning of the visions The visions are stated and even when the prophet asked for an explanation, their true meaning is often obscure. This uncertainty should remain in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/07/intro.md b/zec/07/intro.md index 91e3512f6d..c19ace92dc 100644 --- a/zec/07/intro.md +++ b/zec/07/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Zechariah 07 General Notes # +# Zechariah 07 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter starts about two years after the previous chapter and is written in prose. Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 7:4-14, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Fasting ##### +##### Fasting This chapter discusses fasting. People were asking the same questions as those from previous generations. The Israelites were asking these same questions before they were exiled from their land. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/08/intro.md b/zec/08/intro.md index b52195d9f7..eecec8d9ae 100644 --- a/zec/08/intro.md +++ b/zec/08/intro.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Zechariah 08 General Notes # +# Zechariah 08 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is a series of sayings from Yahweh of hosts. Each saying is an encouraging note for those returning from the exile to the land of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/09/intro.md b/zec/09/intro.md index 7a181d06ab..106ed5b3f2 100644 --- a/zec/09/intro.md +++ b/zec/09/intro.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -# Zechariah 09 General Notes # +# Zechariah 09 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose about the cities and peoples around where Israel stood as a country until the exile. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 9:9-10. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecies against other nations ##### +##### Prophecies against other nations The first two verses show that the prophecy concerns neighboring countries. Hamath, Damscus, Tyre and Sidon are cities in areas that were near Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/10/intro.md b/zec/10/intro.md index fb13bdfa1b..5fa0de1055 100644 --- a/zec/10/intro.md +++ b/zec/10/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Zechariah 10 General Notes # +# Zechariah 10 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written mainly in prose but still uses figurative language as the writer shares a message of redemption and hope for the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]]) Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 10:1-2. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Redemption ##### +##### Redemption This book, and especially this chapter, uses the concepts of redemption and remnant to share the relationship that the people of Judah have with their God. So many of the people of Israel perished as their kingdom went into exile. Now they are returning to the land, but the land is no longer theirs. They are living under foreign rule. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/11/intro.md b/zec/11/intro.md index c8e51bd0fb..0463ba964e 100644 --- a/zec/11/intro.md +++ b/zec/11/intro.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -# Zechariah 11 General Notes # +# Zechariah 11 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter unlike the previous one is a warning against the leaders amongst the exiles. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 11:1-3, 17. -#### Important figures of speech in this chapter #### +#### Important figures of speech in this chapter -##### Metaphor ##### +##### Metaphor This chapter uses an extended metaphor of sheep and shepherds to convey Yahweh's dismay at the leaders during the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -##### Symbolism ##### +##### Symbolism The writer uses symbolism. Zechariah is told to become a shepherd. He uses two staffs and names them "Unity" and "Favor." He does this very purposefully. In order to preserve this symbolism, it is important to pay attention to the specific words used. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/12/intro.md b/zec/12/intro.md index 32fe275006..9e594582a5 100644 --- a/zec/12/intro.md +++ b/zec/12/intro.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -# Zechariah 12 General Notes # +# Zechariah 12 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Similar to chapter 11, this chapter is written mainly in prose and is talking about Jerusalem. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy Verses 10-11 are quoted in the New Testament and apply to Jesus' death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/13/intro.md b/zec/13/intro.md index 725ce740c9..d3ea284bfd 100644 --- a/zec/13/intro.md +++ b/zec/13/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Zechariah 13 General Notes # +# Zechariah 13 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written partly in prose and partly in poetry. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 13:7-9. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/14/intro.md b/zec/14/intro.md index 69a209c91d..3e114bebeb 100644 --- a/zec/14/intro.md +++ b/zec/14/intro.md @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ -# Zechariah 14 General Notes # +# Zechariah 14 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting This chapter is written in prose about Jerusalem during the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Last days ##### +##### Last days Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zechariah 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zec/front/intro.md b/zec/front/intro.md index a12f240368..c5bd9d5269 100644 --- a/zec/front/intro.md +++ b/zec/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Zechariah # +# Introduction to Zechariah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Zechariah #### +#### Outline of the Book of Zechariah 1. Zechariah calls the returning nation of Israel to repent and return to Yahweh (1:1–6) 1. The eight night visions (1:7-6:8) @@ -23,34 +23,34 @@ - Yahweh purifies Israel and removes false prophets (13:1-6) - Yahweh comes as king (14:1–21) -#### What is the Book of Zechariah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Zechariah about? Zechariah wrote to the people of Judah who returned from being exiled in Babylon. The people of Judah continued to sin, as their ancestors did before they went into exile. Zechariah called the people to repent and to obey Yahweh. And he called them to renew the covenant with Yahweh. Zechariah also prophesied about the Messiah and about Israel finally being victorious over her enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? This book traditionally has been titled "Zechariah" or “The Book of Zechariah.” Translators may decide to call it the "The Book About Zechariah" or "The Sayings of Zechariah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Zechariah? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Zechariah? The prophet Zechariah wrote this book between 520 and 518 B.C. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Did Zechariah prophesy before Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai? #### +#### Did Zechariah prophesy before Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai? Zechariah prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. He prophesied at the same time as Haggai and continued after Haggai. -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues ## +## Part 3: Important Translation Issues -#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? #### +#### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"? The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. Zechariah uses the term "Israel" to refer to both the nation of Israel and the northern kingdom of Israel. -#### What imagery does Zechariah use in reference to the Messiah? #### +#### What imagery does Zechariah use in reference to the Messiah? Zechariah presented the Messiah as both a king and a shepherd. Zechariah said that the Messiah would come and deliver his people. However, the Messiah would also be pierced (12:10) and struck with the sword (13:7). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -#### What does the phrase "that day" mean? #### +#### What does the phrase "that day" mean? Zechariah often spoke of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referring to a future "day," the translator should be aware that the author may be speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) diff --git a/zep/01/intro.md b/zep/01/intro.md index 3f7bb677c0..1f1bfc5129 100644 --- a/zep/01/intro.md +++ b/zep/01/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Zephaniah 01 General Notes # +# Zephaniah 01 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 1:2-18. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy In this chapter, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the fall of Jerusalem, the coming of the Messiah or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zephaniah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__ * __[Zephaniah intro](../front/intro.md)__ diff --git a/zep/02/intro.md b/zep/02/intro.md index 5b6a23d3ef..dfde2a7515 100644 --- a/zep/02/intro.md +++ b/zep/02/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Zephaniah 02 General Notes # +# Zephaniah 02 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 2:1-9, 12-15. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zephaniah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zep/03/intro.md b/zep/03/intro.md index d29e839632..be2f075717 100644 --- a/zep/03/intro.md +++ b/zep/03/intro.md @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Zephaniah 03 General Notes # +# Zephaniah 03 General Notes -#### Structure and formatting #### +#### Structure and formatting Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 3:1-20. -#### Special concepts in this chapter #### +#### Special concepts in this chapter -##### Prophecy ##### +##### Prophecy In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) -## Links: ## +## Links: * __[Zephaniah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__ diff --git a/zep/front/intro.md b/zep/front/intro.md index bce5ae7a0c..699468bd51 100644 --- a/zep/front/intro.md +++ b/zep/front/intro.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Introduction to Zephaniah # +# Introduction to Zephaniah -## Part 1: General Introduction ## +## Part 1: General Introduction -#### Outline of the Book of Zephaniah #### +#### Outline of the Book of Zephaniah 1. Zephaniah introduces this book (1:1) 1. Yahweh will punish Judah and the nations (1:2–18) @@ -15,24 +15,24 @@ 1. Yahweh will judge Jerusalem (3:1–8) 1. Yahweh will purify, restore, gather, and bless his people (3:9–20) -#### What is the Book of Zephaniah about? #### +#### What is the Book of Zephaniah about? Zechariah warned Judah and other nations that Yahweh was about to punish them. He also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]]) -#### How should the title of this book be translated? #### +#### How should the title of this book be translated? The traditional name of this book is "The Book of Zephaniah" or just "Zephaniah." Translators may decide to call it "The Sayings of Zephaniah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -#### Who wrote the Book of Zephaniah? #### +#### Who wrote the Book of Zephaniah? Zephaniah wrote this book. But four different Old Testament people have the name Zephaniah. This Zephaniah was probably the great-grandson of King Hezekiah and a cousin to King Josiah. Zephaniah lived in the city of Jerusalem. He began to prophesy about seventy years after the prophets Isaiah and Micah. Zephaniah spoke Yahweh's messages during the reign of King Josiah (about 640–621 B.C.), and just before Jeremiah began to prophesy. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts ## +## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -#### Were the people of Judah faithful to Yahweh at the time Zephaniah started to prophesy? #### +#### Were the people of Judah faithful to Yahweh at the time Zephaniah started to prophesy? Manasseh, the grandfather of Josiah, had been one of the worst kings of Judah. He led the people to worship other gods. After his death, his son Amon ruled for only two years before he was killed. Amon's son Josiah became king when he was eight years old. Josiah learned to worship and honor Yahweh. Zephaniah likely began his work after Josiah had destroyed most of the idols and shrines of false gods in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -#### What country is coming to invade Judah? #### +#### What country is coming to invade Judah? Zephaniah often said a foreign nation would invade the kingdom of Judah. Zephaniah probably meant Babylonia. However, the Book of Zephaniah never names this nation.