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Standardized heading

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Henry Whitney 2018-10-22 12:36:39 -04:00
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translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
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@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
### Examples from the Bible
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
##### Words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items
These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
>The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u>. (Exodus 26:33 ULB)
@ -30,7 +32,9 @@ The words "holy" and "most holy" distinguish two different places from each othe
The phrase "who bore him" distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
##### Words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item
These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
><u>Your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB)

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translate/figs-parallelism/01.md
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Speakers of some languages do not use synonymous parallelism. If there are two p
### Examples from the Bible
#####The second clause or phrase means the same as the first.
##### The second clause or phrase means the same as the first.
>Your word is a lamp to my feet
>and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULB)
@ -36,21 +36,21 @@ Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people h
Both lines say that God made man the ruler of everything.
#####The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.
##### The second clarifies or strengthens the meaning of the first.
>The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere,
>keeping watch over the evil and the good. (Proverbs 15:3 ULB)
The second line tells more specifically what Yahweh watches.
#####The second completes what is said in the first.
##### The second completes what is said in the first.
>I lift up my voice to Yahweh,
>and he answers me from his holy hill. (Psalm 3:4 ULB)
The second line tells what Yahweh does in response to what the person does in the first clause.
#####The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.
##### The second says something that contrasts with the first, but adds to the same idea.
>For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous,
>but the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:6 ULB)

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translate/figs-possession/01.md
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@ -27,22 +27,38 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
### Examples from the Bible
**Ownership** - In the example below, the son owned the money.
##### Ownership
In the example below, the son owned the money.
>... the younger son ... wasted <u>his money</u> with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13)
**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
##### Social relationship
In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
>Then <u>the disciples of John</u> came to him. (Matthew 9:14 ULB)
**Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
##### Material
In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
>On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u> (Revelation 9:7)
**Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it.
##### Contents
In the example below, the cup has water in it.
>Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB)
**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
##### Part of a whole
In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
>But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king's palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB)
**Part of a group** - In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members.
##### Part of a group
In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members.
>To <u>each one of us</u> has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULB)
#### Events and Possession

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translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker uses for some purpose other t
### Examples from the Bible
#####To express strong emotions
##### To express strong emotions
>Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11 ULB)
Job used the question above to show how sad he was that he had not died as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Job used the question above to show how sad he was that he had not died as soon
Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her.
#####To rebuke or scold
##### To rebuke or scold
>Those who stood by said, "<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>" (Acts 23:4 ULB)
The people who asked Paul this question were accusing him of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him how he insulted God’s high priest.
@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab that he still ruled the king
God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry and a bride would never forget her sash. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things.
#####To introduce a topic
##### To introduce a topic
><u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden ... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something.
#####To teach
##### To teach
>Or which one of you, if his son asks for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question:

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translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
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@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic
The examples below show each of these types used for their main functions.
#### Statements
##### Statements
>In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULB)
Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md))
#### Questions
##### Questions
The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they were speaking to answered their questions.
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they
Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md))
#### Imperative Sentences
##### Imperative Sentences
There are different kinds of imperative sentences: commands, instructions, suggestions, invitations, requests, and wishes.
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ In Genesis 21, Hagar expressed her strong desire not to see her son die, and the
Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md))
#### Exclamations
##### Exclamations
Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end.
>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB)

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translate/figs-youformal/01.md
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would us
Translators whose language has formal and informal forms of "you" will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form of "you" in their language.
#### Deciding whether to use the Formal or Informal "You"
#### Deciding whether to use the formal or informal "You"
1. Pay attention to the relationships between the speakers.

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translate/writing-participants/01.md
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to
### Examples from the Bible
#### New Participants
##### New Participants
Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as "There was a man" in the example below. The phrase "There was" tells us that this man existed. The word "a" in "a man" tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was.
><u>There was a man</u> from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relat
Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is.
>When King David was old and advanced in years, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
#### Old Participants
##### Old Participants
A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a pronoun after that. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with the pronoun "his," and his wife is referred to with the pronoun "she".