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Final format fix
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@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
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* **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB)
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* For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.
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* **... I do <u>not</u> want you to be <u>un</u>informed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB)
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* ... I want you to be informed.
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* ... I want you to be informed.
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1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely."
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* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB)
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@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
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* ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u>.
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* ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u>.
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* **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I have not known any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB)
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* Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I have not slept with a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
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* Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I have not slept with a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
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1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
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* **... they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB)
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@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
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* **... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now it came about, when all the people were baptized, that Jesus also was baptized....** (Luke 3:29-21 ULB)
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* ... Herod ... locked John up in prison. Now <u>before John was put in prison,</u> when all the people were baptized, Jesus also was baptized....
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* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB)
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* Who is worthy to open the scroll <u>after</u> breaking its seals?
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* Who is worthy to open the scroll <u>after</u> breaking its seals?
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1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
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* **<sup>8</sup>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... <sup>10</sup>But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
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* <sup>8</sup>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup>But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout.
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* <sup>8</sup>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup>But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout.
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1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
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* **<sup>8</sup>Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh. As they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ... <sup>10</sup>But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then you must shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
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@ -42,22 +42,22 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
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* **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULB)
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* You <u>are</u> such a worthless person!
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* **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULB)
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* Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God <u>are</u> so deep!
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* Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God <u>are</u> so deep!
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1. Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word "wow" below shows that they were astonished. The expression "Oh no" shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
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* **They were extremely astonished, saying, "He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."** (Mark 7:37 ULB)
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* They were extremely astonished, saying, "<u>Wow</u>! He has done all things well. He even makes the deaf hear and the mute speak."
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* **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
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* __Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
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* __Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
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1. Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
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* **<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
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* Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u>? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"
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* <u>Help</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
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* <u>Help</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
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1. Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
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* **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULB)
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* His judgements are <u>so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u>far</u> beyond discovering!
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* His judgements are <u>so</u> unsearchable and his ways are <u>far</u> beyond discovering!
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1. If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
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* **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, "<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"** (Judges 6:22 ULB)
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
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1. If the explicit information of the source language sounds natural in the target language, then translate it as explicit information.
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* There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here.
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* There would be no change to the text using this strategy, so no examples are given here.
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1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
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* **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
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@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and
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1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women.
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* **The wise <u>man</u> dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULB)
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* The wise <u>person</u> dies just like the fool dies.
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* Wise <u>people</u> die just like fools die.
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* Wise <u>people</u> die just like fools die.
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1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
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* **For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
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* For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8)
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* For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8)
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1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
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* **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB)<br/><br/>English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.<br/><br/>
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@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
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1. Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
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* **... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops <u>as numerous as the sand on the seashore</u>.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULB)
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* ... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u>a great number of troops</u>.
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* ... thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and <u>a great number of troops</u>.
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1. For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like "in general" or "in most cases."
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* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB)
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@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
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* **... he <u> set his face</u> to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULB)
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* ... he started to travel to Jerusalem, <u>determined to reach it</u>.
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* **... I am not worthy for you to come <u>under my roof</u>.** (Luke 7:6 ULB)
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* ... I am not worthy for you to come into <u>my house</u>.
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* ... I am not worthy for you to come into <u>my house</u>.
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1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
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* **Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u> ...** (Luke 9:44 ULB)
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@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
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* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
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* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u> ...
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* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB)
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* <u>In all places</u>, people should praise Yahweh's name.
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* <u>In all places</u>, people should praise Yahweh's name.
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1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
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* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
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@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
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1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
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* **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB)
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* He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
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* He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
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1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
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* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
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* **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u>lampstand</u>."** (Mark 4:21 ULB) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
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* Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u>a high shelf</u>.
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* **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
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* Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
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* Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
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1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as "Jesus told this story about being generous."
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* **<u>Jesus said to them</u>, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand"**. (Mark 4:21 ULB)
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@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."
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* Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.
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* **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
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* For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.
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* For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.
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1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly."
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.
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* Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.
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1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all."
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* **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB)
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@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
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1. Use the future tense to refer to future events.
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* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>** ... (Isaiah 9:6a ULB)
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* For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u> ...
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* For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u> ...
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1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
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* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB)
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* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am about to hand</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."
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* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am about to hand</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."
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1. Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
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@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
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1. Add words or phrases to make it clear.
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* **... <u>sin crouches</u> at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
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* ... <u>sin</u> is at your door, <u>waiting to attack you</u>
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* ... <u>sin</u> is at your door, <u>waiting to attack you</u>
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1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally.
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* **... sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULB) - This can be translated with the word "as."
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* ... sin is crouching at the door, just <u>as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u>.
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* ... sin is crouching at the door, just <u>as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person</u>.
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1. Find a way to translate it without the personification.
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* **... even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u> ...** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
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1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print.
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* **On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u>** (Revelation 9:7)
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* On their heads were <u>**gold** crowns</u>
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* On their heads were <u>**gold** crowns</u>
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1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
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* **... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB)
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* ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.
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* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB)
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* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **shows** his wrath</u>.
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* Wealth is worthless on the <u>day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u>.
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* Wealth is worthless on the <u>day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u>.
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1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
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* **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen <u>the punishment of Yahweh your God</u>,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB)
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1. If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
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* **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u>"** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
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* He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u>."
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* He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u>."
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1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
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* **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u>, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
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1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULB and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
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* **Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ...I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him <u>if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things</u>. But when Paul called <u>to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision</u>, I ordered him <u>to be kept until I send him to Caesar</u>."** (Acts 25:14-21 ULB)
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* Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u>'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?'</u> But when Paul said, <u>'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,'</u> I told the guard, <u>'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'</u>"
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* Festus presented Paul's case to the king; he said, "A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner. ... I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, <u>'Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?'</u> But when Paul said, <u>'I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor's decision,'</u> I told the guard, <u>'Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.'</u>"
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1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
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* **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB)
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@ -50,20 +50,20 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
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* **If I should testify about <u>myself</u>, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
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* If I should <u>self-testify</u>, my testimony would not be true.
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* **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>purify themselves</u>.** (John 11:55)
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* Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u>.
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* Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
|
||||
* **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.
|
||||
* **<u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
|
||||
* <u>It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were.
|
||||
* <u>It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were.
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun.
|
||||
* **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u>himself</u> knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6)
|
||||
* **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u>himself</u> knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6)
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like "alone."
|
||||
* **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>.** (John 6:15)
|
||||
* When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again <u>alone</u> up the mountain.
|
||||
* When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again <u>alone</u> up the mountain.
|
||||
|
||||
1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
|
||||
* **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>.** (John 20:6-7 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
|
|||
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
|
||||
* Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? <u>Of course not!</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
|
||||
* **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
|
||||
* Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? <u>None of you would do that!</u>
|
||||
* Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? <u>None of you would do that!</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
|
||||
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
|
|||
* **<u>Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?</u>** (Job 3:11 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>I wish I had died when I came out from the womb!</u>
|
||||
* **<u>And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?</u>** (Luke 1:43 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!</u>
|
||||
* <u>How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
|
||||
* **<u>Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULB)
|
||||
* You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u>do you not?</u>
|
||||
* You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u>do you not?</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
|
||||
* **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K
|
|||
The examples below use these two verses.
|
||||
|
||||
* **At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of Abib</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULB)
|
||||
* **It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB)
|
||||
* **It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the first month of the year</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -39,23 +39,23 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
We will use the following verse in our examples:
|
||||
>Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB)
|
||||
>Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write numbers using numerals.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>1,000,000</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>1,000,000</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write numbers using your language's words or the gateway language words for those numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand (100,000)</u> talents of gold, <u>one million (1,000,000)</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand (100,000)</u> talents of gold, <u>one million (1,000,000)</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Combine words for large numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>a thousand thousand</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>a thousand thousand</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ When there is a textual variant, you may choose to follow the ULB or another ver
|
|||
|
||||
The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULB, which has a footnote about verse 16.
|
||||
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** <sup>16[1]</sup><br/><br/>**<sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.**
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** <sup>16[1]</sup><br/><br/>**<sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the verses that the ULB does and include the footnote that the ULB provides.
|
||||
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." <sup>16[1]</sup><br/><br/><sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." <sup>16[1]</sup><br/><br/><sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word.
|
|||
|
||||
1. If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
|
||||
* **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man's name in Hebrew letters.
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters
|
||||
|
||||
1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name.
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
|
||||
|
||||
1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay".
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -55,24 +55,24 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
|
|||
|
||||
"Ravenous wolves" is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
|
||||
* **We have here only five <u>loaves of bread</u> and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB)
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked grain seeds</u> and two fish
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked grain seeds</u> and two fish
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
|
||||
* **your sins ... will be white like <u>snow</u>** (Isaiah 1:18 ULB) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>milk</u>
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>the moon</u>
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>the moon</u>
|
||||
|
||||
1. Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
|
||||
* **Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with <u>myrrh</u>, but he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULB) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word "medicine."
|
||||
* Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with <u>a medicine called myrrh</u>, but he refused to drink it.
|
||||
* **We have here only five loaves of <u>bread</u> and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
|
||||
* We have here only five loaves of <u>baked crushed seed bread</u> and two fish.
|
||||
* We have here only five loaves of <u>baked crushed seed bread</u> and two fish.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a word that is more general in meaning.
|
||||
* **So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>jackals</u>**. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB)
|
||||
* So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>wild dogs</u>.
|
||||
* **We have here only five <u>loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB)
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked food</u> and two fish.
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked food</u> and two fish.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning.
|
||||
* **... to him who made <u>great lights</u> ...** (Psalm 136:7 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura
|
|||
1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one).
|
||||
|
||||
* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus <u>because</u> he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so."
|
||||
* Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." <u>So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
|
||||
* Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." <u>So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin
|
|||
|
||||
Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here.
|
||||
|
||||
* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.
|
||||
* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use a different connecting word.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear.
|
|||
>But his delight is in the law of Yahweh,
|
||||
>and on his law he meditates day and night.** (Psalm 1:1, 2 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2.
|
||||
The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.)
|
||||
* Happy is the person not encouraged <u>to sin</u><br/>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
|
|||
|
||||
1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name.
|
||||
* **Then <u>he</u> spoke a parable to <u>them</u> about how <u>they</u> should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 18:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
|
||||
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -54,16 +54,16 @@ and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB)
|
|||
* It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold.
|
||||
* Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold.
|
||||
* Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches.
|
||||
* Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation.
|
||||
* Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language.
|
||||
* **Like <u>snow in summer</u> or rain in harvest,
|
||||
so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB)
|
||||
* It is not natural for <u>a cold wind to blow in the hot season</u> or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
|
||||
* It is not natural for <u>a cold wind to blow in the hot season</u> or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
|
||||
* **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
|
||||
* Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb.
|
||||
* **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother,
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
|
|||
* **"Therefore, those who can," <u>he said,</u> "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>He said,</u> "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
|
||||
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," <u>he said</u>.
|
||||
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," <u>he said.</u> "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
|
||||
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," <u>he said.</u> "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
|
||||
|
||||
1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "said."
|
||||
* **But his mother <u>answered</u> and <u>said</u>, "No. He will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue