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Issue 30 "Examples of Translation Strategies Applied" Formatting. Thru writing-symlanguage
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@ -28,11 +28,10 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
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* **He will bless those who honor him, <u>both young and old</u>.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB)
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* He will bless <u>all those</u> who honor him, regardless of whether they are <u>young or old</u>.
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* **He will bless those who honor him, <u>both young and old</u>.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB)
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* He will bless <u>all those</u> who honor him, regardless of whether they are <u>young or old</u>.
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1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
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* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB)
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* <u>In all places</u>, people should praise Yahweh's name.
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* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB)
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* <u>In all places</u>, people should praise Yahweh's name.
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@ -70,33 +70,27 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding "like" or "as."
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* **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
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* Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u>like</u> clay. You are <u>like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
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* **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
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* Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u>like</u> clay. You are <u>like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
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1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
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* **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
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* ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u>kick against a pointed prodding stick</u>.
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* **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
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* ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u>kick against a pointed prodding stick</u>.
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1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
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* **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
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* Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u>. You are our <u>carver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.
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* Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u>. You are the <u>weaver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.
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* **Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
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* Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u>. You are our <u>carver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.
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* Yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u>. You are the <u>weaver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.
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1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
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* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB)
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* Yahweh lives; <u>He is my rock</u>. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
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* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB)
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* Yahweh lives; <u>He is my rock</u>. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
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1. If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
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* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB)
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* Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he <u>protects me like the rock under which I can hide from my enemies</u>. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
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* **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
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* ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's goad</u>.
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* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB)
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* Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he <u>protects me like the rock under which I can hide from my enemies</u>. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
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* **... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
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* ... Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You <u>fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner's goad</u>.
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1. If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.
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* **... I will make you <u>fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULB)
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* ... I will make you <u>people who gather men</u>.
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* ... Now you gather fish. I will make you <u>gather people</u>.
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* **... I will make you <u>fishers of men</u>.** (Mark 1:17 ULB)
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* ... I will make you <u>people who gather men</u>.
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* ... Now you gather fish. I will make you <u>gather people</u>.
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To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
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@ -57,13 +57,12 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here is a strategy to help.
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
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* **... so also we might walk in newness of life.** (Romans 6:4 ULB)
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* ... so also we might behave according to new way of living.
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* **Do you not know that his kindness is meant <u>to lead</u> you to repentance?** (Romans 2:4 ULB)
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* Do you not know that his kindness is meant to teach you to repent?
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* **Many false prophets will rise up and <u>lead</u> many <u>astray</u>** (Matthew 24:11 ULB)
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* Many false prophets will rise up and teach many people to believe lies.
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* **... <u>put on a heart</u> of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience.** (Colossians 3:12 ULB)
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* be merciful, kind, humble, gentle and patient.
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* **... so also we might walk in newness of life.** (Romans 6:4 ULB)
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* ... so also we might behave according to new way of living.
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* **Do you not know that his kindness is meant <u>to lead</u> you to repentance?** (Romans 2:4 ULB)
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* Do you not know that his kindness is meant to teach you to repent?
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* **Many false prophets will rise up and <u>lead</u> many <u>astray</u>** (Matthew 24:11 ULB)
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* Many false prophets will rise up and teach many people to believe lies.
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* **... <u>put on a heart</u> of mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience.** (Colossians 3:12 ULB)
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* be merciful, kind, humble, gentle and patient.
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@ -45,15 +45,14 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
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* **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB)
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* He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
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* **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB)
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* He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
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1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
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* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
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* The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David.
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* The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David.
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* **Who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB)
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* Who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?
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* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
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* The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David.
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* The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David.
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* **Who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB)
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* Who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?
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To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
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@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
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* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB)
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* The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>righteous people</u>.
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* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u> ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULB)
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* Blessed are <u>people who are meek</u> ...
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* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB)
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* The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>righteous people</u>.
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* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u> ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULB)
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* Blessed are <u>people who are meek</u> ...
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@ -26,12 +26,11 @@ A parable is a short story that is told to teach a truth. Though the events in a
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same.
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* **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u>lampstand</u>."** (Mark 4:21 ULB)
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* Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u>a high shelf</u>.
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* **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB)
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* Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
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* **Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a <u>lampstand</u>."** (Mark 4:21 ULB)
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* Jesus said to them, "Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on <u>a high shelf</u>.
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* **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>sowed</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants. It becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB)
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* Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and <u>planted</u> in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
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1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as "Jesus told this story about being generous."
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* **<u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB)
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* <u>Then Jesus presented to them another parable, which is about how the Kingdom of God grows</u>. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
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* **<u>Then Jesus presented another parable to them.</u> He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULB)
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* <u>Then Jesus presented to them another parable, which is about how the Kingdom of God grows</u>. He said, "The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
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@ -71,18 +71,16 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.
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* **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB)
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* For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.
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* **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB)
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* For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.
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1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly."
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* Yahweh <u>truly</u> sees everything a person does.
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* Yahweh <u>truly</u> sees everything a person does.
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1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all."
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* **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB)
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* <u>All</u> you have done is lie to me.
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* Yahweh sees <u>absolutely</u> everything that a person does.
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* **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB)
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* <u>All</u> you have done is lie to me.
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* Yahweh sees <u>absolutely</u> everything that a person does.
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use the future tense to refer to future events.
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* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>** ... (Isaiah 9:6a ULB)
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* For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u> ...
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* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>** ... (Isaiah 9:6a ULB)
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* For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u> ...
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1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
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* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB)
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* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am about to hand</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."
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* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB)
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* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am about to hand</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."
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1. Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
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* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB)
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* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am handing</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."
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* **Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>have handed</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."** (Joshua 6:2 ULB)
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* Yahweh said to Joshua, "See, I <u>am handing</u> over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers."
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@ -34,24 +34,21 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use words such as "like" or "as" to show that the sentence is not to be understood literally.
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
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* ... it is <u>as if</u> sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
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* ... it is <u>as if</u> sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.
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1. Add words or phrases that make the image more clear.
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
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* ... sin is <u>like a wild animal</u> crouching at the door, desiring to control you.
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* ... sin is crouching at the door <u>in order to attack you,</u> and it desires to control you.
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
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* ... sin is <u>like a wild animal</u> crouching at the door, desiring to control you.
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* ... sin is crouching at the door <u>in order to attack you,</u> and it desires to control you.
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1. Add words or phrases to to show how something is like a person or animal.
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
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* ... <u>sin</u> is dangerous, like an animal crouching at the door and desiring to control you.
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.** (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
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* ... <u>sin</u> is dangerous, like an animal crouching at the door and desiring to control you.
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1. Find a way to translate it without the personification. (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.**
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* You are in danger of sinning and not being able to stop sinning.
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* **You cannot serve God and wealth.** (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
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* You cannot be devoted to both God and wealth.
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* You cannot serve God if you want most to have wealth.
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* **... sin crouches at the door and desires to control you.**
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* You are in danger of sinning and not being able to stop sinning.
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* **You cannot serve God and wealth.** (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
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* You cannot be devoted to both God and wealth.
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* You cannot serve God if you want most to have wealth.
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**Note**: We have broadened our definition of "personification" to include "zoomorphism" (speaking of other things as if they had animal characteristics) and "anthropomorphism" (speaking of non-human things as if they had human characteristics.)
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@ -115,21 +115,19 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other.
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* **On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u>** (Revelation 9:7)
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* On their heads were <u>**gold** crowns</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u>** (Revelation 9:7)
|
||||
* On their heads were <u>**gold** crowns</u>
|
||||
1. Use a verb to show how the two are related.
|
||||
* **... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB)
|
||||
* ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.
|
||||
* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB)
|
||||
* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **shows** his wrath</u>.
|
||||
* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB)
|
||||
* ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.
|
||||
* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB)
|
||||
* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **shows** his wrath</u>.
|
||||
* Wealth is worthless on <u>the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath</u>.
|
||||
1. If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb.
|
||||
* **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen <u>the punishment of Yahweh your God</u>,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB)
|
||||
* Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen <u>how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.</u>
|
||||
* **You will only observe and see the <u>punishment of the wicked</u>.** (Psalm 91:8 ULB)
|
||||
* You will only observe and see <u>how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked</u>.
|
||||
* **... you will receive <u>the gift of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULB)
|
||||
* ... you will receive <u>the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you</u>.
|
||||
* **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen <u>the punishment of Yahweh your God</u>,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULB)
|
||||
* Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen <u>how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.</u>
|
||||
* **You will only observe and see the <u>punishment of the wicked</u>.** (Psalm 91:8 ULB)
|
||||
* You will only observe and see <u>how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked</u>.
|
||||
* **... you will receive <u>the gift of the Holy Spirit</u>.** (Acts 2:38 ULB)
|
||||
* ... you will receive <u>the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,10 +41,9 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
|
||||
* **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u>"** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
|
||||
* He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, "<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.</u>"** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
|
||||
* He instructed him to tell no one, but <u>to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them</u>."
|
||||
1. If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
|
||||
* **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u>, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
|
||||
* He instructed him, "<u>Tell no one</u>. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."
|
||||
* **He instructed him, <u>to tell no one</u>, but told him, "Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."** (Luke 5:14 ULB)
|
||||
* He instructed him, "<u>Tell no one</u>. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -46,17 +46,12 @@ A quotation may have a quote within it, and quotes that are inside of other quot
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation as shown in the ULB text below.
|
||||
|
||||
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks.
|
||||
|
||||
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
|
||||
* They told him <u>that a man came to meet them who said to them</u>, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'"
|
||||
|
||||
* They told him <u>that a man came to meet them who said to them</u>, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'"
|
||||
1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
|
||||
|
||||
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
|
||||
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'"'"** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
|
||||
* They said to him,
|
||||
A man came to meet us who said to us, "Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, 'Yahweh says this: "Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die."'"
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -53,24 +53,20 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject by putting something on the verb.
|
||||
* **If I should testify about <u>myself</u>, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31 ULB)
|
||||
* If I should <u>self-testify</u>, my testimony would not be true.
|
||||
* **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>purify themselves</u>.** (John 11:55 ULB)
|
||||
* Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* **If I should testify about <u>myself</u>, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31 ULB)
|
||||
* If I should <u>self-testify</u>, my testimony would not be true.
|
||||
* **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>purify themselves</u>.** (John 11:55 ULB)
|
||||
* Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u>.
|
||||
1. Emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
|
||||
* **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.
|
||||
* **<u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.
|
||||
* **<u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were.
|
||||
1. Emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it.
|
||||
* **But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u>himself</u> knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6 ULB)
|
||||
* But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u>personally</u> knew what he was going to do.
|
||||
|
||||
* **But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u>himself</u> knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6 ULB)
|
||||
* But Jesus said this to test Philip, for he <u>personally</u> knew what he was going to do.
|
||||
1. Show that a person or thing was alone or did something alone by using a word like "alone."
|
||||
|
||||
* **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>.** (John 6:15)
|
||||
* When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again <u>alone</u> up the mountain.
|
||||
* **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>.** (John 6:15)
|
||||
* When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again <u>alone</u> up the mountain.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -67,26 +67,23 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Add the answer after the question.
|
||||
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
|
||||
* Will a virgin forget her jewelry, or a bride her sash? <u>Of course not!</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
|
||||
* **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
|
||||
* Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? <u>None of you would do that!</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
|
||||
* Will a virgin forget her jewelry, or a bride her sash? <u>Of course not!</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
|
||||
* **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
|
||||
* Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? <u>None of you would do that!</u>
|
||||
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
|
||||
* **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
|
||||
* This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed..."
|
||||
* **Is this how you insult God's high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULB)
|
||||
* You have insulted God's high priest!
|
||||
* **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULB)
|
||||
* How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!
|
||||
|
||||
* **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
|
||||
* This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed..."
|
||||
* **Is this how you insult God's high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULB)
|
||||
* You have insulted God's high priest!
|
||||
* **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULB)
|
||||
* How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!
|
||||
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
|
||||
* **<u>Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULB)
|
||||
* You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u>do you not?</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Do you not still rule</u> the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULB)
|
||||
* You still rule the kingdom of Israel, <u>do you not?</u>
|
||||
1. Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
|
||||
* **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
|
||||
* If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u>would you give him a stone</u>?
|
||||
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her sash</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
|
||||
* **Or <u>what man among you is there who</u>, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, <u>will give him a stone?</u>** (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
|
||||
* If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, <u>would you give him a stone</u>?
|
||||
* **<u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her sash</u>? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,26 +42,22 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
|
||||
|
||||
* The example below compares the danger that Jesus's disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) -
|
||||
* See, I send <u>you out among wicked people</u> and you will be in danger from them <u>as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves</u>.
|
||||
* **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULB)
|
||||
* For the word of God is living and active and <u>more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* The example below compares the danger that Jesus's disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) -
|
||||
* See, I send <u>you out among wicked people</u> and you will be in danger from them <u>as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves</u>.
|
||||
* **For the word of God is living and active and sharper <u>than any two-edged sword</u>.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULB)
|
||||
* For the word of God is living and active and <u>more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword</u>
|
||||
1. If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the example below Jesus compares people to sheep and wolves. If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
|
||||
* See, I send you out <u>as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u>,
|
||||
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
|
||||
* How often I wanted to gather your children together, <u>as a mother closely watches over her infants</u>, but you refused!
|
||||
* **If you have faith even as small <u>as a grain of mustard seed</u> ...** (Matthew 17:20)
|
||||
* If you have faith even as small <u>as a tiny seed</u> ...
|
||||
|
||||
* In the example below Jesus compares people to sheep and wolves. If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
|
||||
* See, I send you out <u>as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u>,
|
||||
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
|
||||
* How often I wanted to gather your children together, <u>as a mother closely watches over her infants</u>, but you refused!
|
||||
* **If you have faith even as small <u>as a grain of mustard seed</u> ...** (Matthew 17:20)
|
||||
* If you have faith even as small <u>as a tiny seed</u> ...
|
||||
1. Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
|
||||
* See, I send you out and <u>people will want to harm you</u>.
|
||||
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
|
||||
* How often I wanted to <u>protect you</u>, but you refused!
|
||||
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
|
||||
* See, I send you out and <u>people will want to harm you</u>.
|
||||
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you were not willing!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
|
||||
* How often I wanted to <u>protect you</u>, but you refused!
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. State specifically what the synecdoche refers to.
|
||||
* **<u>My soul</u> praises the Lord.** (Luke 1:46 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>I</u> praise the Lord.
|
||||
* **... <u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB)
|
||||
* ... <u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him ...
|
||||
* **... I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB)
|
||||
* I looked on all the deeds that <u>I</u> had accomplished
|
||||
* **<u>My soul</u> praises the Lord.** (Luke 1:46 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>I</u> praise the Lord.
|
||||
* **... <u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB)
|
||||
* ... <u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him ...
|
||||
* **... I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB)
|
||||
* I looked on all the deeds that <u>I</u> had accomplished
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,5 +42,5 @@ If the singular form of the pronoun would be natural when referring to a group o
|
|||
|
||||
1. If the singular form of the pronoun would not be natural when referring to a group of people, or if the readers would be confused by it, use the plural form of the pronoun.
|
||||
* **This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because <u>he</u> pursued <u>his</u> brother with the sword and cast off all pity. <u>His</u> anger raged continually, and <u>his</u> wrath lasted forever."** (Amos 1:11 ULB)
|
||||
* This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because <u>they</u> pursued <u>their brothers</u> with the sword and cast off all pity. <u>Their</u> anger raged continually, and <u>their</u> wrath lasted forever."
|
||||
* This is what Yahweh says, "For three sins of Edom, even for four, I will not turn away punishment, because <u>they</u> pursued <u>their brothers</u> with the sword and cast off all pity. <u>Their</u> anger raged continually, and <u>their</u> wrath lasted forever."
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,21 +43,17 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below.
|
|||
* **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (See [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate.01.md))
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half kubits</u>; its width will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half kubits</u>; its width will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>."
|
||||
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one hundred and fifteen centimeters</u>; its width will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u>; and its height will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one hundred and fifteen centimeters</u>; its width will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u>; and its height will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u>."
|
||||
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below.
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be<u> 3 3/4 feet</u>; its width will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>; and its height will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be<u> 3 3/4 feet</u>; its width will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>; and its height will be <u>2 1/4 feet</u>."
|
||||
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters)</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits (one hundred and fifteen centimeters)</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half (sixty-nine centimeters)</u>."
|
||||
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes.
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one hundred and fifteen centimeters</u><sup>[1]</sup>; its width will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u> <sup>[2]</sup>; and its height will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u>."
|
||||
* The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>two and a half cubits
|
||||
<sup>[2]</sup>one cubit and a half
|
||||
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>one hundred and fifteen centimeters</u><sup>[1]</sup>; its width will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u> <sup>[2]</sup>; and its height will be <u>sixty-nine centimeters</u>."
|
||||
* The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>two and a half cubits
|
||||
<sup>[2]</sup>one cubit and a half
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -41,20 +41,16 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Matthew 18:28 below.
|
|||
* **... who owed him one hundred denarii.** (Matthew 18:28 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred denali</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred denali</u>."
|
||||
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used.
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred silver coins</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred silver coins</u>."
|
||||
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred days' wages</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred days' wages</u>."
|
||||
1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred denarii</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>"
|
||||
* The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>one hundred days' wages
|
||||
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred denarii</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>"
|
||||
* The footnotes would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>one hundred days' wages
|
||||
1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote.
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred denarii</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>"
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
|
||||
* "... who owed him <u>one hundred denarii</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>"
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -84,14 +84,11 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
|
|||
* **When you came to a heap of <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
1. Use a generic word like "measure" or "quantity" or "amount."
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty amounts</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty amounts</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty amounts</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty amounts</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as "basket" for grain or "jar" for wine.
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty baskets</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty jars</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty baskets</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty jars</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty liters</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty liters</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
* When you came to a heap of <u>twenty liters</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>; and when you came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty liters</u>, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -36,19 +36,15 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below.
|
|||
* **The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>seventy talents and 2,400 shekels</u>.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>seventy talent and 2,400 sekel</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>seventy talent and 2,400 sekel</u>."
|
||||
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
|
||||
* "The bronze that the people contributed was 2,450 kilograms plus 28 kilograms of bronze coins."
|
||||
|
||||
* "The bronze that the people contributed was 2,450 kilograms plus 28 kilograms of bronze coins."
|
||||
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>5,460 pounds</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>5,460 pounds</u>."
|
||||
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text.
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>seventy talents (2,450 kilograms)</u> and <u>2,400 shekels (28 kilograms)</u>."
|
||||
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>seventy talents (2,450 kilograms)</u> and <u>2,400 shekels (28 kilograms)</u>."
|
||||
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULB in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULB measurements in notes.
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>5,460 pounds</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>"
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
* "The bronze from the wave offering weighed <u>5,460 pounds</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>"
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup><u>The Hebrew text has "seventy talents and 2,400 shekels."</u>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -60,13 +60,11 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it.
|
|||
* It was like they <u>divided</u> the ocean <u>into three parts</u>, and <u>one part</u> of the ocean became blood.
|
||||
* **... then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of <u>three-tenths</u> of an ephah of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB)
|
||||
* ... then you must <u>divide</u> an ephah of fine flour <u>into ten parts</u> and <u>divide</u> a hin of oil <u>into two parts</u>. Then mix <u>three of those parts</u> of the flour with <u>one of the parts</u> of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
|
||||
|
||||
1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
|
||||
* **The charge was <u>two-thirds of a shekel</u> ...** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB)
|
||||
* They needed to pay about <u>eight grams</u> of silver ... (1 Samuel 13:21 UDB)
|
||||
* **... <u>three-tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB)
|
||||
* ... about <u>six and one-half liters</u> of finely ground flour mixed with about <u>two liters</u> of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
|
||||
* **... <u>three-tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB)
|
||||
* ... <u>six quarts</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>two quarts</u> of oil.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -62,20 +62,16 @@ The examples below use these two verses.
|
|||
* **It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...** (Leviticus 16:29 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the first month of the year</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the first month of the year</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
1. Use the months that people know.
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of March</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that <u>on the day I choose in late September</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...
|
||||
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the month of March</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that <u>on the day I choose in late September</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...
|
||||
1. State clearly what season the month occurred in.
|
||||
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the spring, in the month of March</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that <u>in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...
|
||||
|
||||
* At that time, you will appear before me in <u>the spring, in the month of March</u>, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that <u>in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month,</u> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...
|
||||
1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month.
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the day I choose in early autumn</u><sup>[1]</sup> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month."
|
||||
* It will always be a statute for you that in <u>the day I choose in early autumn</u><sup>[1]</sup> you must humble yourselves and do no work ...
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>The Hebrew says, "the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month."
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -59,33 +59,29 @@ The Bible has names of many people, groups of people, and places. Some of these
|
|||
* You went over the <u>Jordan River</u> and came to the <u>city of Jericho</u>. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with <u>the tribe of the Amorites</u> ...
|
||||
* **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because <u>Herod</u> wants to kill you."** (Luke 13:31 ULB)
|
||||
* Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, "Go and leave here because <u>King Herod</u> wants to kill you.
|
||||
|
||||
1. If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
|
||||
* **She named him <u>Moses</u> and said, "Because I drew him from the water."** (Exodus 2:11 ULB)
|
||||
* She named him <u>Moses, which sounds like 'drawn out,'</u> and said, "Because I drew him from the water."
|
||||
|
||||
1. Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
|
||||
* **... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called <u>Beer Lahai Roi</u>;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULB)
|
||||
* ... she said, "Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?" Therefore the well was called <u>Well of the Living One who sees me</u>;
|
||||
|
||||
1. If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently.
|
||||
* One man is called "Saul" before Acts 13 and "Paul" after Acts 13. You could translate his name as "Paul" all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
|
||||
* **... a young man named <u>Saul</u>.** (Acts 7:58 ULB)
|
||||
* ... a young man named <u>Paul</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul.
|
||||
* **But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u> ...** (Acts 13:9)
|
||||
* But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u> ...
|
||||
|
||||
* One man is called "Saul" before Acts 13 and "Paul" after Acts 13. You could translate his name as "Paul" all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
|
||||
* **... a young man named <u>Saul</u>.** (Acts 7:58 ULB)
|
||||
* ... a young man named <u>Paul</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul.
|
||||
* **But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u> ...** (Acts 13:9)
|
||||
* But <u>Saul</u>, who is also called <u>Paul</u> ...
|
||||
1. Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name.
|
||||
* For example, you could write "Saul" where the source text has "Saul" and "Paul" where the source text has "Paul."
|
||||
* **... a young man named <u>Saul</u>.** (Acts 7:58 ULB)
|
||||
* ... a young man named <u>Saul</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13:9.
|
||||
* **It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...** (Acts 14:1 ULB)
|
||||
* It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u><sup>[1]</sup> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>This is the man who is called Saul before Acts 13.
|
||||
* For example, you could write "Saul" where the source text has "Saul" and "Paul" where the source text has "Paul."
|
||||
* **... a young man named <u>Saul</u>.** (Acts 7:58 ULB)
|
||||
* ... a young man named <u>Saul</u>.<sup>[1]</sup>
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13:9.
|
||||
* **It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...** (Acts 14:1 ULB)
|
||||
* It came about in Iconium that <u>Paul</u><sup>[1]</sup> and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue ...
|
||||
* The footnote would look like:
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup>This is the man who is called Saul before Acts 13.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -35,27 +35,18 @@ There are many numbers in the Bible. They can be written as words, such as "five
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
We will use the following verse in our examples:
|
||||
* **Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.** (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB)
|
||||
* **Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.** (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write numbers using numerals.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>1,000,000</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>100,000</u> talents of gold, <u>1,000,000</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
1. Write numbers using your language's words or the gateway language words for those numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>one million</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand (100,000)</u> talents of gold, <u>one million (1,000,000)</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>one hundred thousand (100,000)</u> talents of gold, <u>one million (1,000,000)</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
1. Combine words for large numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>a hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>a thousand thousand</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>a hundred thousand</u> talents of gold, <u>a thousand thousand</u> talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
|
||||
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>a great amount of gold (100,000 talents)</u>, <u>ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents)</u>, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
* I have prepared for the house of Yahweh <u>a great amount of gold (100,000 talents)</u>, <u>ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents)</u>, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
|
||||
|
||||
### Consistency in Writing Numbers
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -59,14 +59,13 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell the total number of items, and use "one" with the first item and "another" or "the next" with the rest.
|
||||
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
|
||||
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>another</u> to Jedaiah, <u>another</u> to Harim, ... <u>another</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>the next</u> to Jedaiah, <u>the next</u> to Harim, ... <u>the next</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
* **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u>four</u> rivers. The name of <u>the first</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of <u>the second</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u>the third</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. <u>The fourth</u> river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULB)
|
||||
* A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u>four</u> rivers. The name of <u>one</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of <u>the next</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u>the next</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The <u>last</u> river is the Euphrates.
|
||||
|
||||
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
|
||||
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>another</u> to Jedaiah, <u>another</u> to Harim, ... <u>another</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>the next</u> to Jedaiah, <u>the next</u> to Harim, ... <u>the next</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to Maaziah.
|
||||
* **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u>four</u> rivers. The name of <u>the first</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of <u>the second</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u>the third</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. <u>The fourth</u> river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULB)
|
||||
* A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became <u>four</u> rivers. The name of <u>one</u> is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone. The name of <u>the next</u> river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of <u>the next</u> river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The <u>last</u> river is the Euphrates.
|
||||
1. Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them.
|
||||
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
|
||||
* They cast <u>twenty-four</u> lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah.
|
||||
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, ... the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
|
||||
* They cast <u>twenty-four</u> lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, ... Delaiah, and Maaziah.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -33,20 +33,18 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Tell what the person did and why he did it.
|
||||
* **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB)
|
||||
* Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet in order to show that he greatly respected him ...
|
||||
* **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB)
|
||||
* Look, I am standing at the door and knocking on it, asking you to let me in.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB)
|
||||
* Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet in order to show that he greatly respected him ...
|
||||
* **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB)
|
||||
* Look, I am standing at the door and knocking on it, asking you to let me in.
|
||||
1. Do not tell what the person did, but tell what he meant.
|
||||
* **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet ...** (Luke 8:41)
|
||||
* Behold, a man named Jairus ... showed Jesus great respect ...
|
||||
* **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20)
|
||||
* Look, I am standing at the door and asking you to let me in.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet ...** (Luke 8:41)
|
||||
* Behold, a man named Jairus ... showed Jesus great respect ...
|
||||
* **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20)
|
||||
* Look, I am standing at the door and asking you to let me in.
|
||||
1. Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning.
|
||||
* **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture.
|
||||
* **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one's throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
|
||||
* Look, I am standing at the door and clearing my throat.
|
||||
* **Behold, a man named Jairus ... fell down at Jesus's feet ...** (Luke 8:41 ULB) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture.
|
||||
* **Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking.** (Revelation 3:20 ULB) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one's throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
|
||||
* Look, I am standing at the door and clearing my throat.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -30,10 +30,7 @@ The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULB, which has a footnote
|
|||
* <sup>14</sup>**He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him."** <sup>16[1]</sup><br/><br/>**<sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the verses that the ULB does and include the footnote that the ULB provides.
|
||||
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him." <sup>16[1]</sup><br/><br/><sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies do not have verse 16. *If any man has ears to hear, let him hear*.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
|
||||
|
||||
* <sup>14</sup>He called the crowd again and said to them, "Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside of a person that can defile him when it enters into him. It is what comes out of the person that defiles him. <sup>16</sup>If any man has ears to hear, let him hear." <sup>[1]</sup><br/><br/><sup>[1]</sup>The best ancient copies do not have verse 16.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -37,16 +37,14 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word.
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
|
||||
* **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man's name in Hebrew letters.
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters
|
||||
|
||||
* **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man's name in Hebrew letters.
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters
|
||||
1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name.
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name.
|
||||
* Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
|
||||
1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay".
|
||||
* Sefania
|
||||
* Sefanaia
|
||||
* Sefanaya
|
||||
* **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay".
|
||||
* Sefania
|
||||
* Sefanaia
|
||||
* Sefanaya
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -56,23 +56,20 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
|
|||
* "Ravenous wolves" is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. (See [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact. Sometimes this strategy can be used when the unknown item is an image in a simile or a metaphor. (See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md) and [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
|
||||
* **your sins ... will be white like <u>snow</u>** (Isaiah 1:18 ULB) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a simile to help people understand how white something will be.
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>milk</u>
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>the moon</u>
|
||||
|
||||
* **your sins ... will be white like <u>snow</u>** (Isaiah 1:18 ULB) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a simile to help people understand how white something will be.
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>milk</u>
|
||||
* your sins ... will be white like <u>the moon</u>
|
||||
1. Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
|
||||
* **Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with <u>myrrh</u>, but he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULB) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word "medicine."
|
||||
* Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with <u>a medicine called myrrh</u>, but he refused to drink it.
|
||||
* **We have here only five loaves of <u>bread</u> and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
|
||||
* We have here only five loaves of <u>baked crushed seed bread</u> and two fish.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with <u>myrrh</u>, but he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULB) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word "medicine."
|
||||
* Then they tried to give Jesus wine mixed with <u>a medicine called myrrh</u>, but he refused to drink it.
|
||||
* **We have here only five loaves of <u>bread</u> and two fish.** (Matthew 14:17 ULB) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
|
||||
* We have here only five loaves of <u>baked crushed seed bread</u> and two fish.
|
||||
1. Use a word that is more general in meaning.
|
||||
* **So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>jackals</u>**. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB)
|
||||
* So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>wild dogs</u>.
|
||||
* **We have here only five <u>loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB)
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked food</u> and two fish.
|
||||
|
||||
* **So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>jackals</u>**. (Jeremiah 9:11 ULB)
|
||||
* So I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for <u>wild dogs</u>.
|
||||
* **We have here only five <u>loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB)
|
||||
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked food</u> and two fish.
|
||||
1. Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning.
|
||||
* **... to him who made <u>great lights</u> ...** (Psalm 136:7 ULB)
|
||||
* ... to him who made <u>the sun and the moon</u> ...
|
||||
* **... to him who made <u>great lights</u> ...** (Psalm 136:7 ULB)
|
||||
* ... to him who made <u>the sun and the moon</u> ...
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ See how to mark verses in the [BTT Writer APP](https://btt-writer.readthedocs.io
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategy Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If you put information from one verse before information from an earlier verse, put the first and last verse numbers at the beginning with a hyphen between them.
|
||||
* **<sup>2</sup>you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. <sup>3</sup>You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3)
|
||||
* <sup>2-3</sup>you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UDB)
|
||||
* **<sup>40</sup>These were the names of the heads of clans from Esau's descendants, according to their clans and their regions, by their names: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, <sup>41</sup> Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, <sup>42</sup> Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, <sup>43</sup> Magdiel, and Iram. These were the clan heads of Edom, according to their settlements in the land they possessed. This was Esau, the father of the Edomites.** (Genesis 36:40-43 ULB)
|
||||
* <sup>40-43</sup>Here is a list of all the people groups that were descendants of Esau: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, Magdiel, and Iram. They all lived in the land of Edom. The land where each people group lived got the same name as the name of the people group. (Genesis 36:40-43 UDB)
|
||||
* **<sup>2</sup>you must select three cities for yourself in the middle of your land that Yahweh your God is giving you to possess. <sup>3</sup>You must build a road and divide the borders of your land into three parts, the land that Yahweh your God is causing you to inherit, so that everyone who kills another person may flee there.** (Deuteronomy 19:2-3)
|
||||
* <sup>2-3</sup>you must divide into three parts the land that he is giving to you. Then select a city in each part. You must make good roads in order that people can get to those cities easily. Someone who kills another person can escape to one of those cities to be safe. (Deuteronomy 19:2-3 UDB)
|
||||
* **<sup>40</sup>These were the names of the heads of clans from Esau's descendants, according to their clans and their regions, by their names: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, <sup>41</sup> Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, <sup>42</sup> Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, <sup>43</sup> Magdiel, and Iram. These were the clan heads of Edom, according to their settlements in the land they possessed. This was Esau, the father of the Edomites.** (Genesis 36:40-43 ULB)
|
||||
* <sup>40-43</sup>Here is a list of all the people groups that were descendants of Esau: Timna, Alvah, Jetheth, Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon, Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar, Magdiel, and Iram. They all lived in the land of Edom. The land where each people group lived got the same name as the name of the people group. (Genesis 36:40-43 UDB)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -64,14 +64,12 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is either background information or storyline information.
|
||||
|
||||
* For example when background information has action that was done habitually, it can be marked in English with the word "would." And to show that the events of a storyline are starting, a phrase expressing when those events occurred can be used. The example below uses "One day" for this.
|
||||
**Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel came to her to settle their disputes. She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.** (Judges 4:4-6 ULB)
|
||||
* Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel <u>would come</u> to her to settle their disputes. <u>One day</u> she sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.
|
||||
|
||||
* For example when background information has action that was done habitually, it can be marked in English with the word "would." And to show that the events of a storyline are starting, a phrase expressing when those events occurred can be used. The example below uses "One day" for this.
|
||||
* **Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel came to her to settle their disputes. She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.** (Judges 4:4-6 ULB)
|
||||
* Now Deborah, a prophetess (the wife of Lappidoth), was a leading judge in Israel at that time. She used to sit under the palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the people of Israel <u>would come</u> to her to settle their disputes. <u>One day</u> she sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali.
|
||||
1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.)
|
||||
* **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u>Abram was eighty-six years old</u> when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB)
|
||||
* When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named him Ishmael.
|
||||
* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20)
|
||||
* Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.
|
||||
* **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u>Abram was eighty-six years old</u> when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB)
|
||||
* When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named him Ishmael.
|
||||
* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20)
|
||||
* Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -48,20 +48,17 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura
|
|||
|
||||
1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one).
|
||||
* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB)
|
||||
* *Some translators may want to mark this with "so" to make it clear that they followed Jesus because he told them to follow him.*
|
||||
* *Some translators may want to mark this with "so" to make it clear that they followed Jesus because he told them to follow him.*
|
||||
Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." <u>So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
|
||||
* **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments <u>and</u> teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB)
|
||||
* Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|
||||
* Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|
||||
* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, <u>but</u> instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. <u>Then</u> after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB)
|
||||
* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.
|
||||
|
||||
* I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me. Instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. After three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.
|
||||
1. Use a different connecting word that shows the same relationship between the thoughts.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB)
|
||||
* The word "but" is used above because of the contrast between the two groups of people. In some languages, the word "but" would imply that what comes after it is surprising. So "and" might be clearer for those languages.
|
||||
* The word "but" is used above because of the contrast between the two groups of people. In some languages, the word "but" would imply that what comes after it is surprising. So "and" might be clearer for those languages.
|
||||
<u>Because of that</u>, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
|
||||
* **<u>Since</u> the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB)
|
||||
* The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, <u>so</u> he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
|
||||
* The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, <u>so</u> he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -44,26 +44,23 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
|
||||
* **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader</u>. This man came to Jesus at night.** (John 3:1,2)
|
||||
* There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader</u>. One night he came to Jesus.
|
||||
* One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader</u>, came to Jesus.
|
||||
* **As he passed by, <U>he saw Levi son of Alphaeus sitting</u> at the tax collector's tent....** (Mark 2:14 ULB)
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting tent. Jesus saw him ...
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ...
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ...
|
||||
|
||||
* **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader</u>. This man came to Jesus at night.** (John 3:1,2)
|
||||
* There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader</u>. One night he came to Jesus.
|
||||
* One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a Jewish leader</u>, came to Jesus.
|
||||
* **As he passed by, <U>he saw Levi son of Alphaeus sitting</u> at the tax collector's tent....** (Mark 2:14 ULB)
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting tent. Jesus saw him ...
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ...
|
||||
* As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him ...
|
||||
1. If readers would expect certain information but it is not stated explicitly in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as "another time" or making some implicit information explicit. (See [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../jit/figs-explicit/01.md))
|
||||
* **<u>Again he began</u> to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB)<br/>In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.<br/>
|
||||
* <u>Another time</u> Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
|
||||
* <u>Jesus went to</u> the lake and began to teach people again there.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<u>Again he began</u> to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULB)<br/>In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone's house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.<br/>
|
||||
* <u>Another time</u> Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
|
||||
* <u>Jesus went to</u> the lake and began to teach people again there.
|
||||
1. If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language's way of showing that it is a summary.
|
||||
* **<sup>6</sup> Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB)
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> <u>This part tells about what happened</u> when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.
|
||||
|
||||
* **<sup>6</sup> Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6 ULB)
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> <u>Now this is what happened when</u> Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> <u>This part tells about what happened</u> when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.
|
||||
1. If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story.
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB)
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> Noah was six hundred years old when <u>the flood was about to come upon the earth</u>. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because <u>of the waters of the flood that would come</u>.
|
||||
* <sup>6-7</sup> Noah was six hundred years old when he, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because <u>the waters of the flood were about to come</u>.
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB)
|
||||
* <sup>6</sup> Noah was six hundred years old when <u>the flood was about to come upon the earth</u>. <sup>7</sup> Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because <u>of the waters of the flood that would come</u>.
|
||||
* <sup>6-7</sup> Noah was six hundred years old when he, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because <u>the waters of the flood were about to come</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -63,15 +63,13 @@ Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If the participant is new, use one of your language's ways of introducing new participants.
|
||||
* **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB)
|
||||
* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles called him Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement. Now Joseph sold a field.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Joseph, whom the apostles called Barnabas (which means Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man from Cyprus, sold a field.** (Acts 4:36-37 ULB)
|
||||
* There was a Levite from Cyprus whose name was Joseph. The apostles called him Barnabas, which means Son of encouragement. Now Joseph sold a field.
|
||||
1. If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name.
|
||||
* **Then <u>he</u> spoke a parable to <u>them</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 11:1 ULB)
|
||||
* When pronouns occur in the first sentence of a chapter, readers might wonder whom they refer to.
|
||||
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then <u>he</u> spoke a parable to <u>them</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 11:1 ULB)
|
||||
* When pronouns occur in the first sentence of a chapter, readers might wonder whom they refer to.
|
||||
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
|
||||
1. If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
|
||||
* **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>Boaz</u> had spoken came by. <u>Boaz</u> said to <u>him</u>....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>he</u> had spoken came by. <u>He</u> said to the kinsman....
|
||||
* **Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>Boaz</u> had spoken came by. <u>Boaz</u> said to <u>him</u>....** (Ruth 4:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Now Boaz went up to the gate and sat down there. Soon, the near kinsman of whom <u>he</u> had spoken came by. <u>He</u> said to the kinsman....
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -109,19 +109,18 @@ If you use ordinary speech it may be more clear.
|
|||
The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1, 2.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry.
|
||||
* The style in this example uses rhythm and rhyming words. It is adapted from the Scottish Psalter of 1650, which is in the public domain.
|
||||
* That man has perfect blessedness,<br/>
|
||||
who does not walk a<u>stray</u><br/>
|
||||
in counsel of ungodly men<br/>
|
||||
or stand in sinners <u>way.</u><br/>
|
||||
Nor does he sit in scorner’s chair,<br/>
|
||||
but places his de<u>light</u><br/>
|
||||
upon God’s law, and meditates<br/>
|
||||
on God’s law day and <u>night.</u><br/>
|
||||
* The style in this example uses rhythm and rhyming words. It is adapted from the Scottish Psalter of 1650, which is in the public domain.
|
||||
* That man has perfect blessedness,<br/>
|
||||
who does not walk a<u>stray</u><br/>
|
||||
in counsel of ungodly men<br/>
|
||||
or stand in sinners <u>way.</u><br/>
|
||||
Nor does he sit in scorner’s chair,<br/>
|
||||
but places his de<u>light</u><br/>
|
||||
upon God’s law, and meditates<br/>
|
||||
on God’s law day and <u>night.</u><br/>
|
||||
<br/>
|
||||
1. Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech.
|
||||
* This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh's law, and he meditates on it day and night.
|
||||
|
||||
* This is the kind of person who is truly blessed: the one who does not follow the advice of wicked people, or stop along the road to speak with sinners, or join the gathering of those who mock God. Rather he takes great joy in Yahweh's law, and he meditates on it day and night.
|
||||
1. Translate the poetry using your style of ordinary speech.
|
||||
* The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or with those who do not respect God. They love to obey Yahweh's law, and they think about it all the time.
|
||||
* The people who do not listen to the advice of bad people are really happy. They do not spend time with people who continually do evil things or with those who do not respect God. They love to obey Yahweh's law, and they think about it all the time.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -44,11 +44,9 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses above he i
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name.
|
||||
* **Then <u>he</u> spoke a parable to <u>them</u> about how <u>they</u> should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 18:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Then <u>he</u> spoke a parable to <u>them</u> about how <u>they</u> should always pray and not become discouraged.** (Luke 18:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Then <u>Jesus</u> spoke a parable to <u>his disciples</u> about how they should always pray and not become discouraged.
|
||||
1. If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
|
||||
|
||||
* **At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u>, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB)
|
||||
* At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>him</u>, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. But <u>he</u> said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then <u>he</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.
|
||||
* **At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>Jesus</u>, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath." But <u>Jesus</u> said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then <u>Jesus</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULB)
|
||||
* At that time <u>Jesus</u> went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. <u>His</u> disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to <u>him</u>, "See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath. But <u>he</u> said to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was hungry, and the men who were with him? ... Then <u>he</u> left from there and went into their synagogue.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -48,29 +48,19 @@ If translating a proverb literally would be natural and give the right meaning i
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways.
|
||||
* **A good name is to be chosen over great riches,
|
||||
and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB)
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language.
|
||||
|
||||
* It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold.
|
||||
* Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold.
|
||||
* Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches.
|
||||
* Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Find out how people say proverbs in your language, and use one of those ways.
|
||||
* **A good name is to be chosen over great riches, and favor is better than silver and gold.** (Proverbs 22:1 ULB)
|
||||
* It is better to have a good name than to have great riches, and to be favored by people than to have silver and gold.
|
||||
* Wise people choose a good name over great riches, and favor over silver and gold.
|
||||
* Try to have a good reputation rather than great riches.
|
||||
* Will riches really help you? I would rather have a good reputation.
|
||||
1. If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language.
|
||||
* **Like <u>snow in summer</u> or rain in harvest,
|
||||
so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB)
|
||||
* It is not natural for <u>a cold wind to blow in the hot season</u> or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Like <u>snow in summer</u> or rain in harvest, so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULB)
|
||||
* It is not natural for <u>a cold wind to blow in the hot season</u> or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
|
||||
1. Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
|
||||
* **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Do not boast about tomorrow.** (Proverbs 27:1 ULB)
|
||||
* Do not count your chickens before they hatch.
|
||||
1. Give the same teaching but not in a form of a proverb.
|
||||
* **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother,
|
||||
that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes,
|
||||
but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULB)
|
||||
* People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
|
||||
* **A generation that curses their father and does not bless their mother, that is a generation that is pure in their own eyes, but they are not washed of their filth.** (Proverbs 30:11-12 ULB)
|
||||
* People who do not respect their parents think that they are righteous, and they do not turn away from their sin.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -50,14 +50,13 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Decide where to put the quote margin.
|
||||
* **"Therefore, those who can," <u>he said,</u> "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>He said,</u> "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
|
||||
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," <u>he said</u>.
|
||||
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," <u>he said.</u> "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
|
||||
|
||||
* **"Therefore, those who can," <u>he said,</u> "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB)
|
||||
* <u>He said,</u> "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
|
||||
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," <u>he said</u>.
|
||||
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," <u>he said.</u> "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
|
||||
1. Decide whether to use one or two words meaning "speak."
|
||||
* **But his mother <u>answered</u> and <u>said</u>, "No. He will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB)
|
||||
* But his mother <u>replied</u>, "No, instead he will be called John."
|
||||
* But his mother <u>said</u>, "No, instead he will be called John."
|
||||
* But his mother <u>answered</u> like this, "No, instead he will be called John," she <u>said</u>.
|
||||
* **But his mother <u>answered</u> and <u>said</u>, "No. He will be called John."** (Luke 1:60 ULB)
|
||||
* But his mother <u>replied</u>, "No, instead he will be called John."
|
||||
* But his mother <u>said</u>, "No, instead he will be called John."
|
||||
* But his mother <u>answered</u> like this, "No, instead he will be called John," she <u>said</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -42,16 +42,12 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T
|
|||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
||||
|
||||
1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
|
||||
|
||||
* **After this I saw in the visions of night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB)<br/><br/>People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24:
|
||||
|
||||
* As for the fourth animal ... It will devour ... As for the ten horns ...
|
||||
|
||||
* **After this I saw in the visions of night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB)<br/><br/>People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24:
|
||||
* As for the fourth animal ... It will devour ... As for the ten horns ...
|
||||
2. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes.
|
||||
|
||||
* **After this I saw the visions of night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB)
|
||||
* After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,<sup>[1]</sup> terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;<sup>[2]</sup> it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.<sup>[3]</sup><br/><br/>
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup> The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
|
||||
<sup>[2]</sup> The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army.
|
||||
<sup>[3]</sup> The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
|
||||
* **After this I saw the visions of night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB)
|
||||
* After this I saw the visions of at night a fourth animal,<sup>[1]</sup> terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;<sup>[2]</sup> it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.<sup>[3]</sup><br/><br/>
|
||||
<sup>[1]</sup> The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.
|
||||
<sup>[2]</sup> The iron teeth is a symbol for the kingdom's powerful army.
|
||||
<sup>[3]</sup> The horns are a symbol of powerful kings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue