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Issue 70 Hypothetical to Contrafactual

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Susan Quigley 2018-10-25 12:28:24 +00:00
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"If the sun had stopped shining...," "What if the sun had stopped shining...," "Suppose the sun had stopped shining...," "If only the sun had not stopped shining...." We use such expressions to set up hypothetical situations, imagining what might have happened or what could happen in the future but probably will not. We also use them to express regret or wishes. These occur often in the Bible. We need to translate them in a way that people will know that the event did not actually happen, and that they will understand why the event was imagined.
### Description
Hypothetical situations are situations that are not real. They can be in the past, present, or future. Hypothetical situations in the past and present have not happened, and ones in the future are not expected to happen.
Contrafactual situations are situations that are not real. They can be in the past, present, or future. Contrafactual situations in the past and present have not happened, and ones in the future are not expected to happen.
People sometimes tell about conditions and what would happen if those conditions were met, but they know that these things have not happened or probably will not happen. (The conditions are the phrase that start with "if.")
@ -25,12 +24,12 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are
### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Translators need to recognize the different kinds of hypothetical situations in the Bible.
* Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of hypothetical situations.
* Translators need to recognize the different kinds of contrafactual situations in the Bible.
* Translators need to know their own language's ways of talking about different kinds of contrafactual situations.
### Examples from the Bible
#### Hypothetical situation in the past
##### Contrafactual situation in the past
>"Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! <u>If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.</u>" (Matthew 11:21 ULB)
@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities
Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus had not come sooner, and her brother died.
#### Hypothetical situation in the present
##### Contrafactual situation in the present
>No one puts new wine into old wineskins. <u>If he does that, the new wine will burst the skins, and the wine will be spilled, and the wineskins will be destroyed.</u> (Luke 5:37 ULB)
@ -50,13 +49,13 @@ Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old win
Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath.
#### Hypothetical situation in the future
##### Contrafactual situation in the future
><u>Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved;</u> but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULB)
Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved.
#### Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation
##### Expressing emotion about a contrafactual situation
Regrets and wishes are very similar.
>The Israelites said to them, "<u>If only we had died by Yahweh's hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full.</u> For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger." (Exodus 16:3 ULB)
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Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they were neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger about this.
### Translation Strategies
### Translation Principles
Know how people speaking your language show: