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Conforming quote marks in examples.
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@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
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1. If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
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* **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULB)
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* "Yahweh <u>cares for me</u> like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing."
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* Yahweh <u>cares for me</u> like a shepherd who cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.
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* **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>is</u> the house of Israel, and the man of Judah his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a shout for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULB)
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* For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>represents</u> the house of Israel, and the men of Judah <u>are like</u> his pleasant planting; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
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* <u>So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit</u>, <u>Yahweh will stop protecting</u> Israel and Judah, <u>because they do not do what is right</u>; he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing; for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
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@ -47,16 +47,16 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like "man," "brother," and
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1. Use nouns that can be used for both men and women.
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* **The wise <u>man</u> dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULB)
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* "The wise <u>person</u> dies just like the fool dies."
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* "Wise <u>people</u> die just like fools die."
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* The wise <u>person</u> dies just like the fool dies.
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* Wise <u>people</u> die just like fools die.
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1. Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
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* **For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
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* "For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia." (2 Corinthians 1:8)
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* For we do not want you to be uninformed, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia. (2 Corinthians 1:8)
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1. Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
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* **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me."** (Matthew 16:24 ULB) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, "he," "himself," and "his" to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, "they," "themselves," and "their" in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
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* "If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u>, take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me."
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* If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u>, take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me.
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@ -42,27 +42,27 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULB to refer to people or th
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1. Use the word "the" in the noun phrase.
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* **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULB)
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* "Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u>, but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u>." (Proverbs 12:2)
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* Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u>, but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u>. (Proverbs 12:2)
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1. Use the word "a" in the noun phrase.
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* "People curse <u>a man</u> who refuses to sell them grain...."
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>a man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...
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1. Use the word "any, as in "any person" or "anyone."
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* "People curse <u>any man</u> who refuses to sell them grain...."
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>any man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...
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1. Use the plural form, as in "people" (or in this sentence, "men").
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* "People curse <u>men</u> who refuse to sell them grain"
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>men</u> who refuse to sell them grain ...
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1. Use any other way that is natural in your language.
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain....** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* "People curse <u>whoever</u> refuses to sell them grain...."
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* "People curse <u>those</u> who refuse to sell them grain...."
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* **People curse <u>the man</u> who refuses to sell them grain ...** (Proverbs 11:26 ULB)
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* People curse <u>whoever</u> refuses to sell them grain ...
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* People curse <u>those</u> who refuse to sell them grain ...
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@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ If the word used in the ULB would be natural and give the right meaning in your
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1. Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
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* **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULB)
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* "When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you ..."
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* When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you ...
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* **Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ...** (Genesis 7:1 ULB)
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* "Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ..."
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* Yahweh said to Noah, "<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark ...
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@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
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* **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...** (Proverbs 13:18 ULB)
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* <u>In general,</u> the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame ...
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* **When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7)
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* "When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles <u>generally</u> do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words."
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* When you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles <u>generally</u> do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.
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1. For a generalization, add a word like "most" or "almost" to show that the generalization is not exact.
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@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
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1. If people would not use an imperative sentence for one of the functions in the Bible, try using a statement instead.
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* **Be clean.** (Matthew 8:3 ULB)
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* "You are now clean."
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* "I now cleanse you."
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* You are now clean.
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* I now cleanse you.
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* **God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
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* God said, "<u>There is now light</u>" and there was light.
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* **God blessed them and said to them, "<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
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@ -57,20 +57,20 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
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1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
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* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
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* "<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them."
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* <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
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* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
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* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
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* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
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* "Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?"
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* Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?
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* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
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* "I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised"
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* I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised ...
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1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way.
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* **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>.** (Genesis 2:14 ULB)
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* "The name of the third river is Tigris. <u>It flows east of Asshur</u>.
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* The name of the third river is Tigris. <u>It flows east of Asshur</u>.
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@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
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1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the <u>positive</u> meaning in a strong way.
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* **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was <u>not useless</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULB)
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* "For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you <u>did much good</u>."
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* For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you <u>did much good</u>.
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* **Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULB)
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* "Now when it became day, there was <u>great excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter."
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* "Now when it became day, the soldiers were <u>very concerned</u> because of what had happened to Peter."
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* Now when it became day, there was <u>great excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.
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* Now when it became day, the soldiers were <u>very concerned</u> because of what had happened to Peter.
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@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
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1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
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* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
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* "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u>. You are our <u>carver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand."
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* "And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u>. You are the <u>weaver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand."
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* And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>wood</u>. You are our <u>carver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.
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* And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>string</u>. You are the <u>weaver</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.
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1. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
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* **Yahweh lives; may <u>my rock</u> be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULB)
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@ -43,16 +43,16 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
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1. Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
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* **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>This cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULB)
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* "He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you."
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* He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, "<u>The wine in this cup</u> is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
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1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
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* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
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* "The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David."
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* "The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David."
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* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
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* The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David.
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* The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David.
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* **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB)
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* "who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?"
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* **... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB)
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* ... who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?
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To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
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@ -75,24 +75,24 @@ For most kinds of parallelism, it is good to translate both of the clauses or ph
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1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
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* **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULB) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
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* "Until now you have deceived me with your lies."
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* Until now you have deceived me with your lies.
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."
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* "Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does."
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* Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.
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* **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULB) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
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* "For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel."
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* For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.
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1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly."
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* "Yahweh truly sees everything a person does."
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* Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.
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1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all."
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* **you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULB)
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* "All you have done is lie to me."
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* All you have done is lie to me.
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* **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
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* "Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does."
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* Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.
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@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
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1. Use the future tense to refer to future events.
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* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULB)
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* "For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u>;
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* **For to us a child <u>has been born</u>, to us a son <u>has been given</u>** ... (Isaiah 9:6a ULB)
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* For to us a child <u>will be born</u>, to us a son <u>will be given</u> ...
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1. If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
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@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
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1. Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print.
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* **On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u>** (Revelation 9:7)
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* "On their heads were <u>**gold** crowns</u>"
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* On their heads were <u>**gold** crowns</u>
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1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
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