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# Jeremiah 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:4-10.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Jeremiah appointed as prophet
God chose Jeremiah to be his prophet and although many powerful people would be against him, God promised to protect him. This chapter emphasizes that Jeremiah was chosen by God to be his prophet. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
#### Northern kingdom
This was not a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel; it had already been conquered. It was a reference to a kingdom located north of Judah, that is, to Babylon. The Babylonian armies would attack Judah and conquer it.
#### Opposition
The people were supposed to listen to God's prophet. When he prophesied, they should have repented. Instead, they persecuted Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
* __[Jeremiah intro](../front/intro.md)__
__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:1-31.
The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The people refuse to learn
The people worshiped other gods, particularly the fertility gods of Baal and Ashtoreth. Even when the nation was punished, the people did not learn. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Metaphor
Israel is compared to a female camel or a wild donkey for being unstable and lustful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 03 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:1-5, 12-17, 19-25.
The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. The same is true for 3:19-4:3. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Judah told to repent
If Judah repents, God will bring the people back from the captivity into which he is going to send them. In this book, "Israel" serves as another name Judah because the northern kingdom of Israel no longer exists. The people group formed by these ten tribes had been scattered among the other nations by the Assyrians, who had conquered them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
#### Adultery
Judah's faithlessness to God is often pictured as adultery. This is a common image in Scripture. When Judah does not worship God, their nation is spoken of as if it were a woman unfaithful to her husband. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:1-9.
The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 3:19-4:3. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Yahweh's punishment
This chapter prophecies Yahweh's punishment on Judah. This should bring Judah to repentance, but it does not. It is also intended to make the nations fear the power of Yahweh and make them desire to worship him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:1-31.
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Hyperbole
It is possible that Yahweh is using the word "a" (meaning "even one") as hyperbole when he states, "If you can find a man or anyone who is acting justly and trying to act faithfully, then I will forgive Jerusalem." The purpose of this is to show how evil Jerusalem had become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
#### Rhetorical questions
Yahweh asks several rhetorical questions in this chapter. This is intended to show Jeremiah the justness of his actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 06 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 6:1-30.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Gods and battle
In the ancient Near East, it was commonly believed that a nation's gods were responsible for military victory. It may have been believed that a god would not defend an evil city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 7:29-34, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Justice in society
Jeremiah commanded the people of Jerusalem to live justly. Without justice, they did not truly have faith in Yahweh. Without this faith in Yahweh, the temple and its rituals were useless. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### "Do not pray for this people"
Yahweh wanted the people to repent. This statement, and the others that follow, may be taken in another way. They are intended to show that it is too late for the people, and their punishment will come regardless of their response. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:5-22.
The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Hyperbole
The author frequently uses hyperbole in this chapter to describe the complete destruction of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 09 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 9:1-12, 17-24.
The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Funeral
This chapter pictures Jerusalem as having a funeral with its typical songs. This is an image used to describe their destruction. It is a time of great sadness.
#### Circumcision
Circumcision is used here in an unusual way. Since circumcision was intended to be a display of faith, the author uses the term to differentiate between those who have faith in Yahweh and those who don't. This is a type of metaphor. Those who have a circumcised heart have faith in Yahweh while those with an uncircumcised heart do not have faith in Yahweh, regardless of whether they are physically circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
The ULB sets the lines in 10:1-25 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a long quotation.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Yahweh's power
This chapter contrasts the great power of Yahweh with the powerlessness of any other false god. It is intended to question why the Jews would worship any other god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 11:15-17, 20.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The covenant
The covenant Yahweh made with Moses is prominent in this chapter. Because the people disobeyed this covenant, God will not help them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 12 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:1-13.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper
Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper. He questions Yahweh's justice. Yahweh's response: if Jeremiah is upset by the people of Anathoth, how will he face enemies in Jerusalem? (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
#### Yahweh's grace to the other nations
Yahweh gives a gracious offer to the Gentile nations. If the other nations who have been against Judah leave their idols and worship God, then God will allow them to return to their lands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 13 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:15-27.
===Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ===
#### Symbolism
The action of hiding the undergarment was intended to be a symbolic event. It was supposed to get the Jews' attention and be a lesson for them to learn. Jeremiah performed the action, but it was not the action itself that was important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 14 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:1-10, 17-22.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### False prophets
The false prophets promised there would not be any war or drought. They gave people a false sense of hope, when they needed to repent. Because of this, Yahweh sent a drought and said that the false prophets would die of drought and war. This showed that these were not true prophets of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../13/intro.md) | [>>](../15/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 15 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:2, 5-21.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Do not pray for the people
God told Jeremiah not to pray for the people because God was punishing them. This was meant to be an illustration for Jeremiah. Jeremiah was not to pray because the punishment was already determined. Yahweh also explains that even the great Moses could not help the sinful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
#### Yahweh uses Gentile nations
Yahweh is going to use the Gentile nations to punish Judah. This would have been very offensive to the Jews. They would have also been surprised to learn that Yahweh was using the Gentile nations to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../14/intro.md) | [>>](../16/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 16 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:19-21. This poem also continues in chapter 17, and these should be seen as one section.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Coming punishment
The punishment that is prophesied in this chapter will happen quickly. The author gives many illustrations which describe how quickly this punishment will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
#### Israel restored
God will bring his people back from captivity. Even though the punishment of Judah will be great, Yahweh promised a future restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../15/intro.md) | [>>](../17/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 17 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 17:1-18. This poem is a continuation of 16:19-21, and these should be seen as one section.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Trusting God or humans
Trust is an important part of this chapter. Those who trust in human wisdom will not prosper. Those who trust in God will have all of their needs met. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Simile
The person who depends on the power of other people is compared to a bush in the desert which always has to struggle for life. But the person who trusts in God is like a tree growing by a stream and has all his needs supplied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../16/intro.md) | [>>](../18/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 18 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 18:13-17, 19-23.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Attacking Jeremiah
Things were so bad in Judah, they even attacked Jeremiah. To attack Yahweh's prophet was to attack Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Simile
Like a potter can change what he is making from one type of pot to another, God can change his plans and not punish people if they repent. The image of God as a potter and mankind as clay is an important one in Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../17/intro.md) | [>>](../19/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 19 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### People horrified
The destruction of Jerusalem will be so complete that it will leave dead bodies everywhere and horrify people who see it.
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../18/intro.md) | [>>](../20/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 20 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 20:7-18.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Pashhur
This chapter prophesied punishment against a specific leader named Pashhur. He was in charge of protecting the temple and had Jeremiah beaten and arrested. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
#### Different Reactions to Suffering
Jeremiah and the Jews reacted differently to suffering. Jeremiah told the Jews that God said that he would punish them and they would suffer, so the Jews became angry and were cruel to Jeremiah. Jeremiah suffered when they were cruel to him, and he complained to God about it. However, Jeremiah also praised God for always being with him, and he trusted that God would punish the people who had harmed him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../19/intro.md) | [>>](../21/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 21 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 21:12-14.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Jerusalem doomed
God will fight against Jerusalem and will use the nation of Babylon to fight his battle. If the Jews wanted to live, they needed to surrender to Babylon. Most of the Jews would have rather died than to surrender to Babylon. Usually, fighting against a Gentile nation was a sign of trust in Yahweh's power. In this instance, it was a sign of trust in Yahweh to surrender. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../20/intro.md) | [>>](../22/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 22 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 22:6-10, 13-28, 28-30.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Luxury and oppression
Because the king lived in luxury and oppressed the poor, God was sending him and his mother into captivity unless he repented. The king lacked justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../21/intro.md) | [>>](../23/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 23 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 23:5-6, 9-24.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Prophesying lies
The false prophets had encouraged people to continue sinning by saying everything will be alright. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Wordplay
In Hebrew, the word for "message" can also mean "burden." In translations that are using footnotes, you may want to explain the wordplay in a footnote. In translations that are not using footnotes or which will primarily be distributed in an oral form, you may need a sentence like "What message has the Lord burdened you with now?" or "You (plural) call God's message a heavy burden on you."
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 23:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../22/intro.md) | [>>](../24/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 24 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The exiles are blessed and the others punished
God will bless the people who were taken away into Babylon but punish the people left in the land because they still did not repent and turn to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 24:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../23/intro.md) | [>>](../25/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 25 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 25:30-38.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Seventy years
Babylon will rule over Judah for seventy years. Because Yahweh is just, he will soon punish Babylon for their evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Idiom
Jeremiah uses the idiom of drinking the cup of wine of God's punishment to say that Babylon will destroy all the surrounding nations and then be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 25:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../24/intro.md) | [>>](../26/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 26 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The people want to kill Jeremiah
The people wanted to kill Jeremiah but other people intervened and said that they should listen to Jeremiah and repent. They represent the remnant of the faithful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 26:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../25/intro.md) | [>>](../27/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 27 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The nations should serve Babylon
Jeremiah told the king of Judah, and all the surrounding nations, to serve the Babylonians and live in their land. If they refused, Babylon would take them as captives to another land.
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 27:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../26/intro.md) | [>>](../28/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 28 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### False prophecies continue
A false prophet prophesied that the captives would return from Babylon with all the temple vessels. Jeremiah told the false prophet that he would die that year for prophesying lies, and he did die. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 28:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../27/intro.md) | [>>](../29/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 29 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Two letters
Jeremiah sent a letter to Babylon telling the exiles to prepare for a long stay. A false prophet in Babylon wrote back to the chief priest telling him to punish Jeremiah. Even though Jeremiah had prophesied the exile, the Jews still did not believe him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 29:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../28/intro.md) | [>>](../30/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 30 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:5-24.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### God promises restoration
Despite the prophesied punishment in this chapter, Yahweh promises to restore Judah. In addition to this, he also declares that he will ultimately restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
The author uses the term "Israel" in two different ways. He uses it in reference to the nation of Israel. He also uses it in reference to the people who used to inhabit the northern kingdom of Israel, namely the people group of Israel.
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 30:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../29/intro.md) | [>>](../31/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 31 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 31:1-6, 8-22, 35-37.
The ULB sets 31:29 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is an important quotation.
This chapter begins with a transition from the previous chapter. "At that time" is a reference to the day of restoration mentioned in [Jeremiah 30:24](../../jer/30/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The new covenant
This chapter is an important teaching regarding the new covenant. God will make a new covenant that will bring forgiveness of sins and a desire to obey God. Scholars disagree about whether this new covenant has begun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Israel
In this chapter, Jeremiah uses the term "Israel" in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole. He also uses it in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and their people group.
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 31:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../30/intro.md) | [>>](../32/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 32 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
The king should have listened to the prophet Jeremiah and repented of his sin. Instead, he objected to his message. Yahweh punished him because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Israel
The term "Israel" is used exclusively in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole in this chapter.
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 32:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../31/intro.md) | [>>](../33/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 33 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
#### Covenant faithfulness
Despite the great punishment Judah is facing and Israel has undergone, there is hope. This hope is based in the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh. Ultimately, he will restore his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 33:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../32/intro.md) | [>>](../34/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 34 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Law of Moses
According to the law of Moses, the people were required to free their indebted slaves after a period of time. The king led them in freeing their fellow Israelites whom they held as slaves, but later they changed their minds and enslaved them again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Actions with cultural meaning
When the people of Israel made a sacred promise to God, they cut a calf in two and passed between its parts. It was a very serious sin not to do what one had promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 34:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../33/intro.md) | [>>](../35/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 35 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### The Rechabites
The actions of the Rechabites contrasted with the actions of the Jews. The Rechabites obeyed the commands their ancestor had give while living in Canaan, but Judah did not obey Yahweh's commands. Because the Rechabites were obedient, Yahweh preserved their clan. The Rechabites' history is found in the book of Judges.
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 35:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../34/intro.md) | [>>](../36/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 36 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Opposition to Jeremiah
Jeremiah wrote God's prophesies on a scroll but the king burned it. It is possible that this action was intended to be understood as representing the definitiveness of these prophecies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 36:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../35/intro.md) | [>>](../37/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 37 General Notes
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Ironic situation
Jeremiah was thrown into prison and beaten for prophesying the word of God. Then the king asked him, "Is there any word from Yahweh?" This is a type of irony. The king simply did not agree with God's original word. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 37:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../36/intro.md) | [>>](../38/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 38 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Surrender and live
If the king obeyed God and surrendered to the Babylonians, he would be allowed to live and the city would not be burned. But if he refused, he would be captured and the city burned. This took faith that Yahweh was using this ungodly, Gentile nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 38:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../37/intro.md) | [>>](../39/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 39 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
The prophesied destruction of Jerusalem is over and the actual conquering of the Promised Land by Babylon begins in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 39:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../38/intro.md) | [>>](../40/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 40 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
#### Peace in Judah
After Babylon conquered Jerusalem, this chapter reveals an unfolding peace in the area. Ammon, who was supposed to be Judah's ally against Babylon, probably sought to distract Babylon from attacking them by ruining the peace in the region of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 40:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../39/intro.md) | [>>](../41/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 41 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Life in Judah
This chapter explains what life was like in Judah after the Babylonian conquest. It was a difficult and dangerous time, but some of the faithful remained in the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 41:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../40/intro.md) | [>>](../42/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 42 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Life in Babylon
The remaining army commanders, who scattered after the Babylonian victory, asked Jeremiah to ask Yahweh about where they should go. Yahweh encouraged them to go to Babylon because they would soon return to the Promised Land. They would be punished if they went to Egypt or anywhere else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 42:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../41/intro.md) | [>>](../43/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 43 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### They did not believe Jeremiah
After Jeremiah prophesied the destruction of Judah, the people did not believe him. Judah was conquered and destroyed. Even after this, the people did not believe they would be safe in Babylon as Jeremiah prophesied. This is shocking. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
#### Babylon invades Egypt
Babylon is described as invading part of Egypt. This would have been unthinkable for the people. It would have gotten their attention.
### Other possible translation issues in this chapter
#### Symbolic actions
Jeremiah's burial of the stones was intended to be a symbolic action for the people. This was supposed to teach the people a lesson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 43:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../42/intro.md) | [>>](../44/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 44 General Notes
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Idiom
The people called Ashtoreth the goddess of the Canaanites, "the queen of heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 44:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../43/intro.md) | [>>](../45/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 45 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter forms a break in the narrative sequence. It records prophecies that have already occurred. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 45:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../44/intro.md) | [>>](../46/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 46 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 46:3-12, 14-24.
This begins a section where Jeremiah prophesies about other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Justice
Much of Jeremiah is concerned with Yahweh's punishment of Judah. Yahweh used Egypt to punish Judah. Because Yahweh is just, he is going to punish Egypt for their evil deeds as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Battle preparations
Jeremiah commands the Egyptian army to prepare for battle, even though they will not be able to defend themselves. Their punishment has already been determined by Yahweh.
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 46:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../45/intro.md) | [>>](../47/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 47 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 47:2-7.
Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Flood waters
This chapter uses the imagery of a flood to describe the enemies who conquer the Philistines. Their destruction will be swift and complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 47:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../46/intro.md) | [>>](../48/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 48 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 48:1-25, 28-33, 39-47.
Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Obeying Yahweh
Moab worshiped and served other gods. Despite this, Yahweh expected every nation to worship and serve him and him alone. They were punished because of it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 48:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../47/intro.md) | [>>](../49/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 49 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
The ULB sets the lines in 49:1-11, 14-27, 29-33, 37-39 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.
Jeremiah's prophesies about other nations conclude in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Covenant with Abraham
Ammon is destroyed because it drove the people of the tribe of Gad from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham's descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Rhetorical questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to convict those Yahweh addresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 49:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../48/intro.md) | [>>](../50/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 50 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 50:1-5, 6-46.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Babylon destroyed
Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Israel
The author sometimes uses the term "Israel" to refer to the people of the old northern kingdom of Israel, and at other times to the nation of Israel as a whole. He switches between these uses several times without warning the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 50:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../49/intro.md) | [>>](../51/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 51 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 51:1-64.
The prophesied destruction of Babylon continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Babylon destroyed
Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])
#### Covenant with Abraham
Babylon is destroyed because it drove the people of Judah from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham's descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 51:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../50/intro.md) | [>>](../52/intro.md)__

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# Jeremiah 52 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
The chapter returns to a previous sequence of events and records Babylon's conquering of Judah. It also records the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
## Links:
* __[Jeremiah 52:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../51/intro.md) | __

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# Introduction to Jeremiah
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of the Book of Jeremiah
1. Yahweh calls Jeremiah to be a prophet (1:1-19)
1. Yahweh will judge and punish Judah (2:1-29:32)
- Judah called to repent of spiritual adultery (2:1–6:30)
- Judah judged for its false religion (7:1–10:16)
- Jeremiah stands between Yahweh and his people (11:1–20:19)
- Jeremiah confronts his people (21:1–29:32)
1. Yahweh promises to restore Judah (30:1-33:26)
- Yahweh will bring the people of Judah back to their land (30:1–24)
- Yahweh will create a new covenant with them (31:1–40)
- The people will come back (32:1–44)
- Kings descended from David will rule again (33:1–26)
1. Jeremiah suffers (34:1-45:5)
- Before Yahweh punishes Judah (34:1–36:32)
- While Yahweh punishes Judah (37:1–39:18)
- After Yahweh punishes Judah (40:1–45:5)
1. Yahweh will judge and punish the nations (46:1-51:64)
- Egypt (46:1–28)
- Philistia (47:1–28)
- Moab (48:1–47)
- Ammon (49:1–6)
- Edom (49:7–22)
- Damascus (49:23–27)
- Kedar (49:28–33)
- Elam (49:34–39)
- Babylonia (50:1–51:64)
1. Jerusalem captured and destroyed (52:1–34)
### What is the Book of Jeremiah about?
The Book of Jeremiah gives the prophesies of a priest named Jeremiah. It also tells how Jeremiah suffered in different ways while he prophesied.
Jeremiah began prophesying about 626 B.C. After the death of King Josiah, many groups of people in Israel opposed Jeremiah. Some of these people wanted to depend on Egypt to protect the nation. Others were idol worshipers. They hated Jeremiah for denouncing their gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
During the reign of King Jehoiakim, Jeremiah prophesied about the temple of Yahweh. King Jehoiakim received some of these prophecies in writing and burned the document. The next king, Zedekiah, put Jeremiah in prison when he told the king to surrender to Babylon.
King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia invaded Judah in 597 B.C. He conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C. He offered Jeremiah housing and money if Jeremiah would go to Babylon. But Jeremiah remained in Jerusalem to help the few Jews left there.
Shortly after that, Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had chosen to be governor over Judah, was murdered. Some Jewish rebels captured Jeremiah and took him to Egypt. Those rebels went to Egypt to be protected there rather than to live under Nebuchadnezzar's rule. Jeremiah may have died soon after being taken to Egypt. But while in Egypt he prophesied that the Babylonians would invade and conquer Egypt.
### How should the title of this book be translated?
The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Jeremiah" or just "Jeremiah." Translators may also call it the "The Book about Jeremiah" or "What the Prophet Jeremiah Said." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
### Who wrote the Book of Jeremiah?
Jeremiah was a priest and a prophet living in Judah. He spoke the prophesies in the Book of Jeremiah. A friend named Baruch wrote down many of the prophecies as Jeremiah spoke them to him.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### What is the new covenant that is presented in the Book of Jeremiah?
Jeremiah introduced a "new covenant" between Yahweh and Israel (chapter 31). Yahweh would "write this covenant on the hearts" of the people. This means that the covenant would be a part of the people instead of just written on stone or paper. The people would obey the new covenant with all their heart. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
### What relationship do Jeremiah's prophecies have to the other nations besides Israel?
Much of the Old Testament before this time is only about the nation of Israel. But Jeremiah also spoke of how Yahweh would judge other nations of the world. Yahweh would also punish the other nations for their wicked deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
### Are the events in the Book of Jeremiah told in the order that they actually happened?
Many of the events in the Book of Jeremiah are not told in the order that they actually happened. Instead, the various prophecies appear to be arranged by topic.
### Why does the Book of Jeremiah refer to this prophet as "he" or "him"?
Many times in the book, the author refers to Jeremiah as "Jeremiah" or "he." This is unusual if Jeremiah wrote the book. The reason this occurs is perhaps because Baruch, Jeremiah's secretary, wrote down some parts of the book. Translators should keep the words "Jeremiah" and "he."

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# Lamentations 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
#### Judah destroyed for her sin
Judah used to be great, but is now a slave. The temple is stripped of all its valuables. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
## Links:
* __[Lamentations 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
* __[Lamentations intro](../front/intro.md)__
__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__

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# Lamentations 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
God has become Judah's enemy. He is determined to destroy them.
## Links:
* __[Lamentations 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__

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# Lamentations 03 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Troubles
Here the author speaks of the suffering experienced by the people of Jerusalem during the Babylonian siege and after the city's fall. He speaks of these sufferings as if they had been directed against him personally, as if God had personally attacked him. However, we should understand the writer's feelings as having been shared by everyone in the city.
In verse 19, the writer begins to think about the lessons that he and his fellow citizens should learn about God and his anger and his mercy. He also thinks about what it means to repent and to trust in God.
In verse 43, the writer speaks again about the suffering that God has caused to Jerusalem, but here the writer speaks of "we" and "us," not "I" and "me." But in verse 48, he begins to speak about how he himself will continually mourn over what has happened.
In verse 52, the writer begins to think about his personal enemies in Jerusalem, those who persecuted him for bringing Yahweh's messages to the city. He asks for God to show his enemies that he was doing right, and to take revenge on them for their crimes against him.
## Links:
* __[Lamentations 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__

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# Lamentations 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
The story of Judah being destroyed continues in this chapter. Famine destroyed the rulers and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
## Links:
* __[Lamentations 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__

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# Lamentations 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Judah was destroyed for her sin. As slaves, life was very hard. The author wondered if God would be angry forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
## Links:
* __[Lamentations 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../04/intro.md) | __

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# Introduction to Lamentations
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of the Book of Lamentations
1. First lament: Yahweh and his people have abandoned Jerusalem (1:1–22)
1. Second lament: Yahweh was angry with Jerusalem and caused it to be destroyed (2:1–22)
1. Third lament (3:1-66)
- The people grieve (3:1–20)
- Yahweh comforts those who turn back to him (3:21–39)
- Judah is learning to return to Yahweh (3:40–54)
- Judah cries out to be avenged of its enemies (3:55–66)
1. Fourth lament: The terrors of the siege of Jerusalem (4:1-4:22)
- The people's sin caused Jerusalem to be punished (4:1–20)
- Their being punished satisfied Yahweh's wrath for their sin (4:21–22a)
- Edom will be punished also (4:22b)
1. Fifth lament: The broken nation cries out to Yahweh (5:1–22)
### What is the Book of Lamentations about?
The Babylonians captured the city of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. In the Book of Lamentations, the writer grieves over Jerusalem being destroyed.
The Book of Lamentations is organized into five poems. The writer describes how God allowed Jerusalem to be destroyed because the people sinned against him. However, the writer also states that God is always loving and faithful to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
### Who wrote the Book of Lamentations?
The text of Lamentations does not give the name of the author. The traditional view is that Jeremiah wrote it. The writer seems to have personally seen Jerusalem destroyed. The serious and grieving words in the Book of Jeremiah are similar to those in the Book of Lamentations.
### How should the title of this book be translated?
Translators may use the traditional title of "Lamentations." Or they may call the book "Poems of Sadness." If translators want to take the view that the prophet Jeremiah wrote this book, they might decide on a title such as "The Sad Sayings of Jeremiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### Did God abandon Israel?
The author of Lamentations often speaks of God abandoning Israel. But this did not mean that God had completely given up on Israel.
He rejected Israel for a period of time as the special place where he would be present. However, God remained faithful to what he promised Israel in his covenant.
While it was common in the ancient Near East to think that a god might leave its city, it usually did so because it was too weak to defend the city. In Lamentations, Yahweh abandons Jerusalem because the people sinned against him, not because he was too weak to defend the city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
### What is a funeral song?
People groups commonly sing songs after someone dies or during a funeral. Depending on the culture, these songs can sound either happy or sad. The Book of Lamentations is like a sad song, called a "lament," sung at a funeral. Some scholars think the rhythm of the laments in Hebrew makes them sound slow like a funeral procession.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
### What style of writing is Lamentations?
Lamentations is a collection of five poems. The Jewish exiles living in captivity in Babylon may have sung or chanted these laments. The Jews who remained in Jerusalem after the Babylonians conquered it may also have sung them. In Chapters 1, 2, and 4, each line of the poem begins with a different Hebrew letter, in the order of the Hebrew alphabet. The third chapter repeats three lines starting with the same letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The next three lines begin with next letter in the Hebrew alphabet.
### Who are the woman and the man in Lamentations?
The author uses the image of an abandoned woman and a persecuted man to represent Judah and Jerusalem. He uses this type of personification to help readers understand the pain and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]])