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# Amos 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This book is written in a poetic form. Because it was written by a farmer, it includes many references to agricultural concepts.
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#### "For three sins of Judah, even for four"
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The phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each oracle. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Amos intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Amos 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language and imagery. But the UDB translates it using prose. If possible, translate this chapter as poetry, but you may translate as narrative.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Idiom
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You will notice that the phrase "For three sins of Judah, even for four," is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Amos 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Amos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster coming to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Rhetorical Questions
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This chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: "Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them." The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of "no" because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message.
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Amos 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written in poetic form and is about the people's refusal to listen to Yahweh even as he tries to point them back to himself.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Repetition
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This chapter contains a repeated sentence: "Yet you have not returned to me—this is Yahweh's declaration." Please make sure this sentence is translated the same way each time to show the repetition. This repetition produces a list of sins Yahweh is mounting against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# Amos 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destruction of the kingdom of Israel.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Place Names
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This chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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#### City gate
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The "city gate" is mentioned several times. This was a place where people would go with legal and financial issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# Amos 06 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter continues to be written in poetic style except for verses 9-10, which are in prose. These two verses contain many interested features.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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Verses 9-10 will probably be difficult to translate because the situation is vague and details don't appear to align easily. It is appropriate to translate these verses with some ambiguity remaining. It may be helpful to read many different versions prior to translating these verses.
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# Amos 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is mainly written as a narrative about the prophet Amos interacting with Yahweh. Yahweh presents three different scenarios of judgment before Amos who pleads with God and he does not carry out his judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Reported speech
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In the latter part of the chapter, it is important to follow the conversation carefully to understand who is speaking. There are some instances of "reported speech." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]])
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# Amos 08 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written in poetic form and it shows the way Yahweh's people are sinning and
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how he is going to respond. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### "This is the declaration of Yahweh"
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This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# Amos 09 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written in poetic form and continues to show the awesome and terrible judgment of Yahweh on his people. In verse 11, the writer writes about the forgiveness and mercy of God on the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### "The declaration of Yahweh"
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This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. Try to remain consistent in translating this phrase throughout the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[Amos 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Amos
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of Amos
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1. Amos introduced (1:1)
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1. Yahweh judges the nations (1:2-2:16)
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- The surrounding nations (1:2–2:3)
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- The southern kingdom (2:4–5)
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- The northern kingdom (2:6–16)
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1. Amos prophesies against the people of Israel (3:1–6:14)
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1. Yahweh shows Amos several visions (7:1-9:10)
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1. Israel is to be restored (9:11–15)
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### What is the Book of Amos about?
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The Book of Amos contains the words of Amos, a shepherd of Tekoa. Amos began to prophesy about 760 BC. He spoke Yahweh's messages against God's people behaving wickedly. He spoke messages to both the southern kingdom of Judah and the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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Yahweh gave Amos prophecies of judgment (Chapters 1-6) to proclaim to the people. Each of them begins with the phrase "This is what Yahweh says" (ULB).
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Three visions of Yahweh coming to judge the people are in the last part of the book (7:1-9:10). A final vision promises that Yahweh will restore Israel (9:11-15). He will restore the "tent of David." This means a descendant of David would once again be king over Israel.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Amos" or just "Amos." Translators may also call it the "The Book of the Sayings of Amos." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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### Who wrote the Book of Amos?
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The prophet Amos probably wrote this book. He lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. Amos came from a poor family. They grew sycamore trees (7:14, 15) and were shepherds ([Amos 1:1](../../amo/01/01.md)). Though Amos was not trained as a prophet, he knew and understood the law of Moses. Also, Amos skillfully used expressive and meaningful words.
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### How is justice described in Amos?
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Justice is an important theme in the Book of Amos. Justice means people treating others fairly according to the law of Yahweh. People in Israel were oppressing and taking advantage of poor people, orphans, and widows. Amos explained that Yahweh would prefer that the people act justly rather than sacrifice to him. Truly obeying the law of Moses meant being just to other people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
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### What is a lawsuit?
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Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through the use of courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. Amos uses various legal terms. Part of the book presents events in a courtroom. The people are introduced, the problem is explained, the people are examined, witnesses speak, and a verdict is given.
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
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The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. In Amos, "Israel" almost always refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])
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### Where do the various narratives begin and end?
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The structure of the Book of Amos may make it difficult to understand where Amos ends one thought and begins another. It may be helpful to solve these issues with carefully divided lines or paragraphs.
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Delete this document when translation notes are added
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# Introduction to Obadiah
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of Obadiah
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1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16)
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- Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9)
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- Why Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:10–14)
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1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16)
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1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21)
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### What is the Book of Obadiah about?
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After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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This book is traditionally titled "The Book of Obadiah" or just "Obadiah." Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as "The Sayings of Obadiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah?
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The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means "Servant of Yahweh."
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### What was Edom's relationship to Israel?
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Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel's brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse.
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### How do I translate the concept of "pride"?
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The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])
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