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# Hosea 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:2-11.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Hosea's marriage
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God does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel's unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
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Hosea's marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel's relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Hosea 1-4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel.
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Hosea intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is poetry, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Hosea 1-2 is a single series forming one narrative.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Many relationships are used in this chapter that are metaphors for the relationship between Israel and her God. Brother, sister, husband, wife, mother, and children are examples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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This chapter creates an abrupt change of address. The prophet is now addressing the children directly in the first few verses, but the whole chapter is written against Gomer as an illustration of Israel as an adulterous people. God uses Gomer as an illustration to teach the people of Israel how they should be faithful to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter focuses on the meaning of the illustration of Hosea's marriage. It is a very short chapter written in prose to show the truth of Israel's relationship with Yahweh. After bearing a number of children for Hosea, Gomer leaves him and prostitutes herself with other men, showing little to no regard for their marriage covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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This chapter contains a continuation of the metaphor played out in chapter 2. Hosea is told to go and buy his wife out of slavery. Gomer must have been captured and held as a slave due to her adulterous activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Lawsuits
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Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metonymy
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Metonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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The author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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This chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 06 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show mercy to his wayward people, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Gilead is an area in the northern kingdom of Israel where several of the tribes lived. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Change in speaker
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There is a change in person from 6:1-3 to 6:4-11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Throughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh's anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Baking
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Baking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Israel and Ephraim
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This chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel.
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 7:1](../../hos/07/01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 08 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter continues to use the poetic form to communicate several other ways the people of Israel have sinned against God. First, Yahweh notes that they have set up a king without consulting him.
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Next, they set up or reinstalled the golden calves of Samaria. Last, they were seeking help from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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This chapter contains some references to the "calf of Samaria." This most likely refers to an image that was set up by an earlier king of Israel. He did this in order to discourage his people from going to Jerusalem, which was part of the southern kingdom of Judah.
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 09 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh's displeasure with Israel's sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Exile
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Because the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Change in speaker
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In verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of "my God" must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking.
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 10 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is written in poetic form and continues the theme of Israel's many sins against Yahweh. Even though Israel prospered for a time as they multiplied their sins, Yahweh was leading them toward destruction. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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Yahweh's relationship to his people was not based on his people's actions. Even though they rebelled, Yahweh still desired to rescue them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Jacob
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The repeated use of different names for the two kingdoms can be confusing. In verse 11, "Ephraim" refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, and "Judah" refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. However, Jacob is also mentioned. This use of "Jacob" makes us think of the earlier unified nation and may also refer to a future unified nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 11 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh's relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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This chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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#### Rhetorical question
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Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel's persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 12 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Jacob
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There is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 13 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter uses poetry to communicate Yahweh's disgust and anger with the northern kingdom of Israel.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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"Israel" and "Ephraim" are terms used to speak about the people of the northern kingdom. Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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This chapter makes it clear that the northern kingdom is going to be nearly decimated as a people. They will no longer exist as a nation.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Rhetorical question
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Hosea uses rhetorical questions throughout this chapter. They are not questions requesting information but rather questions indicating some emotion like anger or dissatisfaction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
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# Hosea 14 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This last chapter of Hosea ends with hope. In this chapter, Hosea calls for Israel to confess to Yahweh and repent. This chapter continues to be written in poetic form, using metaphors and other devices to communicate God's love for his sinful people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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Why are confession and repentance even suggested here for a people that Yahweh has already condemned to be destroyed? It is because this is a teaching that Yahweh is a merciful God who loves his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Speaker
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The use of first and second person in this chapter often signifies a change in speaker. In this chapter, Hosea is speaking to the northern kingdom to tell them that Yahweh loves them.
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There are several places in this chapter where the writer switches from the third person to the second or the first person. This may cause some confusion about who is speaking.
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## Links:
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* __[Hosea 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../13/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Hosea
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of Hosea
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1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5)
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1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3)
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1. The conflict between Yahweh and Israel explained in various ways (7:4–13:8)
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- Similes: oven, cake, dove, bow (7:4–16)
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- Israel openly lies and rebels (8:1–14)
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- The end of Israel predicted (9:1–17)
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- Similes: grapes, vine, calf, lion, children, birds, and doves (10:1–11:11)
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- Israel sins, betrays, and breaks alliances (11:12–12:1)
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- Israel's history remembered (12:2–13:16)
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- Idolatry (13:1–8)
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1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16)
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1. Yahweh's last appeals to Israel (14:1–9)
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### What is the Book of Hosea about?
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This book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel.
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Hosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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This book is traditionally named "The Book of Hosea" or just "Hosea." Translators may also call it "The Book About Hosea" or "The Sayings of Hosea." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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### Who wrote the Book of Hosea?
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Although this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C.
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute?
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God told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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### What is a lawsuit?
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Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1).
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### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship?
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Israel was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### What does the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" mean?
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The prophet used the phrase "the declaration of Yahweh" to mark a message as truly coming from God.
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### Why are English translations of Hosea very different?
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Hosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently.
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### What does the term "Israel" mean in Hosea?
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In Hosea, "Israel" is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]])
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# Joel 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULB is written in poetic form, but the UDB has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Locusts
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||||
This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.
|
||||
|
||||
It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Rhetorical Questions
|
||||
The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Joel 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
* __[Joel intro](../front/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
|||
# Joel 02 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Locusts
|
||||
|
||||
This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Metaphor
|
||||
The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Joel 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
|||
# Joel 03 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Israel
|
||||
The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Joel 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | __
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
|||
# Introduction to Joel
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 1: General Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
### Outline of the Book of Joel
|
||||
|
||||
1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)
|
||||
- Locusts and drought (1:1–20)
|
||||
- The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)
|
||||
1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)
|
||||
- The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)
|
||||
- The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)
|
||||
1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)
|
||||
- Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)
|
||||
- Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the Book of Joel about?
|
||||
|
||||
The main idea in the Book of Joel is "the day of Yahweh." This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).
|
||||
|
||||
The people of Israel looked forward to "the day of Yahweh" as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.
|
||||
|
||||
Joel's message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, "I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh" and "everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved" (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).
|
||||
|
||||
### How should the title of this book be translated?
|
||||
|
||||
The traditional title of this book is "The Book of Joel" or just "Joel." Translators may also call it the "The Book about Joel" or "The Sayings of Joel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Who wrote the Book of Joel?
|
||||
|
||||
This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?
|
||||
|
||||
Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.
|
||||
|
||||
There are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.
|
||||
|
||||
Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.
|
||||
|
||||
Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.
|
||||
|
||||
### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God's people?
|
||||
|
||||
Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel's enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
|
||||
|
||||
### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?
|
||||
|
||||
All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULB presents it in this way. The UDB, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue