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# Introduction to Jude
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of Jude
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1. Introduction (1:1-2)
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1. Warning against false teachers (1:3-4)
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1. Old Testament examples (1:5-16)
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1. Proper response (1:17-23)
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1. Praises to God (1:24-25)
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### Who wrote the Book of Jude?
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The author identified himself as Jude the brother of James. Both Jude and James were half-brothers of Jesus. It is unknown whether this letter was intended for a specific church.
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### What is the Book of Jude about?
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Jude wrote this letter to warn believers against false teachers. Jude often referred to the Old Testament. This may suggest that Jude was writing to a Jewish Christian audience. This letter and 2 Peter have similar content. They both speak about angels, Sodom and Gomorrah, and false teachers.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Jude." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Letter from Jude" or "The Letter Jude Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Who were the people Jude spoke against?
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It is possible that the people Jude spoke against were those who would become known as Gnostics. These teachers distorted the teachings of scripture for their own gain. They lived in immoral ways and taught others to do the same.
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# Revelation 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter explains how the Book of Revelation records the vision John received on the island of Patmos.
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Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words in verse 7.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Seven churches
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John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the country of Turkey.
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#### White
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The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being "white." This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
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#### "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come"
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God exists now. He has always existed. He will always exist. Your language may have a different way of saying this.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Blood
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Blood is a metonym for death. Jesus "has released us from our sins by his blood." John means that Jesus saved us from our sins by dying for us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "He is coming with the clouds"
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Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from the dead. When Jesus returns, he will also be "with the clouds." It is not clear whether he will be sitting or riding on clouds or coming in the clouds or "with the clouds" in some other way. Your translation should express this in a way that is natural in your language.
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#### "One like a son of man"
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This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words "son of man" using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the "Son of Man."
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#### "The angels of the seven churches"
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The word "angels" here can also mean "messengers." This might refer to heavenly beings, or to the messengers or leaders of these seven churches. John uses the same word "angel" (singular) in verse 1 and in many other places throughout the book. Your translation should also use the same word.
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Revelation intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.
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Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 27.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Poverty and wealth
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The Christians in Smyrna were poor because they did not have much money. But they were rich spiritually because God would reward them for their suffering. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
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#### "The devil is about to"
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Some authorities were about to take some of the Christians in Smyrna and throw them into prison and even kill some of them ([Revelation 2:10](../../rev/02/10.md)). John does not say who these authorities were, but he does speak of them harming the Christians as if Satan himself were harming them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
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#### Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel
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Balaam, Balak, and Jezebel were people who lived long before Jesus was born. They all tried to harm the Israelites either by cursing them or by making them want to stop obeying God.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches"
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The writer knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "The angel of the church"
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The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).
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#### "The words of the one who"
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The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Chapters 2 and 3 together are usually called the "seven letters to the seven churches." You may wish to set each letter apart. The reader can then easily see that they are separate letters.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with verse 7.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Seven spirits of God
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These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).
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#### Seven stars
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These stars are the seven stars of [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).
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### Important metaphors in this chapter
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#### Look, I am standing at the door and am knocking
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Jesus speaks of his desire to have the Christians in Laodicea obey him as if he were a man asking people in a house to allow him to enter and eat with them ([Revelation 3:20](../../rev/03/20.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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#### "Let the one who has an ear, hear what the Spirit is saying to the churches"
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The speaker knew that almost all of his readers had physical ears. The ear here is a metonym for hearing what God says and desiring to obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "The angel of the church"
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The word "angel" here can also mean "messenger." This might refer to the messenger or leader of the church. See how you translated "angel" in [Revelation 1:20](../../rev/01/20.md).
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#### "The words of the one who"
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The verses with these words can be difficult to translate. They do not make complete sentences. You may need to add "These are" to the beginning of these verses. Also, Jesus used these words to speak of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Your language may not allow people to speak of themselves as if they were speaking of other people. Jesus began speaking in [Revelation 1:17](../../rev/01/17.md). He continues to speak through the end of Chapter 3.
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with verses 8 and 11.
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John has finished describing the letters to the churches. He now begins to describe a vision that God showed him.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Jasper, carnelian, and emerald
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These words refer to kinds of special stones that the people in John's day considered valuable. It may be difficult for you to translate these words if people in your culture do not value special kinds of stones.
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#### Twenty-four elders
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Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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#### Seven spirits of God
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These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).
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#### Giving glory to God
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God's glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. For people "to give glory" to God and for God "to receive glory" means that people are praising and worshiping God because of the glory he already has. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Difficult images
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Such things as bolts of lightning coming from the throne, lamps that are spirits, and a sea in front of the throne may be difficult to imagine, and so the words for them may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9-13.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Sealed scroll
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Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, "the one who was seated on the throne" had written the scroll. Only the person called "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David" and "the Lamb" had the authority to open it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/scroll]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/authority]])
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#### Twenty-four elders
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Elders are church leaders. Twenty-four elders may be symbolic of the whole church through the ages. There were twelve tribes in Old Testament Israel and twelve apostles in the New Testament church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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#### Christian prayers
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The prayers of Christians are described as incense. Christian prayers have a good smell to God. He is pleased when Christians pray.
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#### Seven spirits of God
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These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../../rev/01/04.md).
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphors
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The "Lion of the tribe of Judah" and the "Root of David" are metaphors that refer to Jesus. Jesus descended from the tribe of Judah and the family of David. Lions are fierce, and all animals and people are afraid of them, so they are a metaphor for a king whom everyone obeys. The words "Root of David" speak of Israel's King David as if he were a seed that God had planted and of Jesus as if he were a root growing from that seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 06 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The author describes what happened after the Lamb opens each of the first six seals. The Lamb does not open the seventh seal until Chapter 8.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Seven Seals
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Kings and important people in John's time wrote important documents on large pieces of paper or animal skin. They then rolled them up and sealed them with wax so they would stay closed. Only the person to whom the document was written had the authority to open it by breaking the seal. In this chapter, the Lamb opens the seals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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#### The Four Horsemen
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As the Lamb opens each of the first four seals, the author describes horsemen riding different colored horses. The colors of the horses seem to symbolize how the rider will affect the earth.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### The Lamb
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This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lamb]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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#### Similes
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In verses 12-14, the author uses several similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Scholars have interpreted parts of this chapter in many different ways. Translators do not need to fully understand what this chapter means to accurately translate its contents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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It is important to accurately translate the large numbers in this chapter. The number 144,000 is twelve times twelve thousand.
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Translators should be aware that the tribes of the people of Israel are not listed in this chapter the same as they are generally listed in the Old Testament.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 5-8 and 15-17.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Worship
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God saves his people and keeps them through times of trouble. His people respond by worshipping him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### The Lamb
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This refers to Jesus. In this chapter, it is also a title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 08 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Seven seals and seven trumpets
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This chapter begins to show what happens when the Lamb opens the seventh seal. God uses the prayers of all believers to cause dramatic things to happen on earth. John then describes what happens when angels sound the first four of seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Similes
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In verses 8 and 10, John uses similes to try to describe the images he sees in the vision. He compares the images to everyday things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 09 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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#### Woe
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John describes several "woes" in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three "woes" announced at the end of Chapter 8.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Animal imagery
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This chapter includes several animals: locusts, scorpions, horses, lions, and snakes. These animals represent different qualities or traits. For example, a lion is powerful and dangerous. Translators should use the same animals in their translation if possible. If the animal is unknown, one with similar qualities or traits should be used.
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#### Bottomless pit
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This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
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#### Abaddon and Apollyon
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"Abaddon" is a Hebrew word. "Apollyon" is a Greek word. Both words mean "Destroyer." John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULB and UDB write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood "Apollyon" to mean "Destroyer." So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]])
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#### Repentance
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Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Simile
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John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 10 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Seven thunders
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John here describes the seven thunders as making sounds that he could understand as words. However, translators should use their normal word for "thunder" when translating these verses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
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#### "The mystery of God"
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This refers to some aspect of the hidden plan of God. It is not necessary to know what this mystery is to translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Simile
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John uses similes to help him describe the face, legs, and voice of the mighty angel. Translators should understand other objects in this chapter, such as the rainbow and the cloud, with their normal meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
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## Links:
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* __[Revelation 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
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# Revelation 11 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 15 and 17-18.
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#### Woe
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John describes several "woes" in the book of Revelation. This chapter describes a second and third "woe" announced at the end of Chapter 8.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Gentiles
|
||||
The word "Gentiles" here refers to ungodly people groups and not Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Two witnesses
|
||||
Scholars have suggested many different ideas about these two witnesses. Translators do not need to understand this passage to accurately translate it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bottomless pit
|
||||
This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of hell as being inescapable and the opposite direction as heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 12 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 10-12.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Serpent
|
||||
The Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. For example, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "A great sign was seen in heaven"
|
||||
By using the passive voice here, John does not say who saw this great sign in heaven. The translation may be difficult when the subject is unclear, if your language does not have a passive voice. Many English translations use the past tense here and say "A great sign appeared in heaven." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 13 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 10, which is from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Similes
|
||||
John uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Unknown animals
|
||||
John uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 14 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Harvest
|
||||
|
||||
Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God's kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/harvest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../13/intro.md) | [>>](../15/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 15 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
In this chapter John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 3-4.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "Victorious over the beast"
|
||||
|
||||
Those who are "victorious over the beast" are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### "The temple having the tent of witness was open in heaven"
|
||||
|
||||
Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God's perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God's heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Songs
|
||||
|
||||
The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../14/intro.md) | [>>](../16/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 16 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 5-7.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple"
|
||||
|
||||
This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Seven bowls of God's wrath
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Armageddon
|
||||
|
||||
This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../15/intro.md) | [>>](../17/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 17 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Prostitute
|
||||
|
||||
Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Seven hills
|
||||
|
||||
This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation.
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Metaphors
|
||||
|
||||
John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up "
|
||||
|
||||
This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Paradox
|
||||
|
||||
A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: "the beast ... is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings." The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](../../rev/17/11.md))
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../16/intro.md) | [>>](../18/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 18 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 2-8, 10, 16-17, and 19-24.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Prophecy
|
||||
|
||||
The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Metaphors
|
||||
|
||||
Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has an apocalyptic style that is slightly different from that of the rest of the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../17/intro.md) | [>>](../19/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 19 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling.
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 1-8.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Songs
|
||||
|
||||
The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Wedding celebration
|
||||
|
||||
The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../18/intro.md) | [>>](../20/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 20 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### The thousand-year reign of Christ
|
||||
|
||||
In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Final rebellion
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God's ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Great white throne
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Book of Life
|
||||
|
||||
This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Hades and the lake of fire
|
||||
These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../19/intro.md) | [>>](../21/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 21 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Second death
|
||||
|
||||
Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Book of Life
|
||||
|
||||
This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### New heaven and new earth
|
||||
|
||||
It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word "new" in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../20/intro.md) | [>>](../22/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
|||
# Revelation 22 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tree of life
|
||||
|
||||
There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Alpha and omega
|
||||
|
||||
These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULB spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be "A and Z" in English.
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Revelation 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../21/intro.md) | __
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
|||
# Introduction to Revelation
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 1: General Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
### Outline of the Book of Revelation
|
||||
|
||||
1. Opening (1:1-20)
|
||||
1. Letters to the seven churches (2:1-3:22)
|
||||
1. Vision of God in heaven, and a vision of the Lamb (4:1-5:14)
|
||||
1. The seven seals (6:1-8:1)
|
||||
1. The seven trumpets (8:2-13:18)
|
||||
1. Worshipers of the Lamb, the martyrs, and the harvest of wrath (14:1-20)
|
||||
1. The seven bowls (15:1-18:24)
|
||||
1. Worship in heaven (19:1-10)
|
||||
1. The Lamb's judgment, the destruction of the beast, the thousand years, the destruction of Satan, and the final judgment (20:11-15)
|
||||
1. The new creation and the new Jerusalem (21:1-22:5)
|
||||
1. Jesus's promise to return, the witness from the angels, John's closing words, Christ's message to his church, and the invitation and the warning (22:6-21)
|
||||
|
||||
### Who wrote the Book of Revelation?
|
||||
|
||||
The author identified himself as John. This was probably the Apostle John. He wrote the Book of Revelation while on the island of Patmos. The Romans exiled John there for teaching people about Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the Book of Revelation about?
|
||||
|
||||
John wrote the Book of Revelation to encourage believers to remain faithful even when they are suffering. John described visions he had of Satan and his followers fighting against and killing believers. In the visions God causes many terrible things to happen on the earth to punish wicked people. In the end, Jesus defeats Satan and his followers. Then Jesus comforts those who were faithful. And the believers will live forever with God in the new heavens and earth.
|
||||
|
||||
### How should the title of this book be translated?
|
||||
|
||||
Translators may choose to call this book by one of its traditional titles, "Revelation," "The Revelation of Jesus Christ," "The Revelation to Saint John," or "The Apocalypse of John." Or they may choose a possibly clearer title, such as "The Things that Jesus Christ Showed to John." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||
|
||||
### What type of writing is the Book of Revelation?
|
||||
|
||||
John used a special style of writing to describe his visions. John described what he saw by using many symbols. This style of writing is called symbolic prophecy or apocalyptic literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
|
||||
|
||||
### Are the events of Revelation past or future?
|
||||
|
||||
Since early Christian times, scholars have interpreted Revelation differently. Some scholars think John described events that happened during his time. Some scholars think John described events happening from his time until the return of Jesus. Other scholars think John described events that will happen in a short period of time just before Christ returns.
|
||||
|
||||
Translators will not need to decide how to interpret the book before they translate it. Translators should leave the prophecies in the tenses that are used in the ULB.
|
||||
|
||||
### Are there any other books in the Bible like Revelation?
|
||||
|
||||
No other book of the Bible is like the Book of Revelation. But passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and especially Daniel are similar in content and style to Revelation. It may be beneficial to translate Revelation at the same time as Daniel since they have some imagery and style in common.
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
|
||||
|
||||
### Does one need to understand the Book of Revelation to translate it?
|
||||
|
||||
One does not need to understand all of the symbols in the Book of Revelation to translate it properly. Translators should not give possible meanings for the symbols or numbers in their translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
|
||||
|
||||
### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Revelation in the ULB?
|
||||
|
||||
The scriptures use these words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating Revelation into English, the ULB uses the following principles:
|
||||
* The meaning in two passages indicates moral holiness. Here, the ULB uses "holy." (See: 14:12; 22:11)
|
||||
* Usually the meaning in Revelation indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULB uses "believer" or "believers." (See: 5:8; 8:3, 4; 11:18; 13:7; 16:6; 17:6; 18:20, 24; 19:8; 20:9)
|
||||
* Sometimes the meaning implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULB uses "sanctify," "set apart," "dedicated to," or "reserved for."
|
||||
|
||||
The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Periods of time
|
||||
|
||||
John referred to various periods of time in Revelation. For example, there are many references to forty-two months, seven years, and three and a half days. Some scholars think these time periods are symbolic. Other scholars think these are actual time periods. The translator should treat these time periods as referencing actual periods of time. It is then up to the interpreter to determine their significance or what they may represent.
|
||||
|
||||
### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Revelation?
|
||||
|
||||
For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.
|
||||
|
||||
* "'I am the alpha and the omega,' says the Lord God, 'the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty'" (1:8). Some versions add the phrase "the Beginning and the End."
|
||||
* "the elders prostrated themselves and worshiped" (5:14). Some older translations read, "the twenty-four elders prostrated themselves and worshiped the one who lives forever and ever."
|
||||
* "so that a third of it [the earth] was burned up" (8:7). Some older versions do not include this phrase.
|
||||
* "the one who is and who was" (11:17). Some versions add the phrase "and who is to come."
|
||||
* "they are blameless" (14:5). Some versions add the phrase "before the throne of God" (14:5).
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* "the one who is and who was, the Holy One" (16:5). Some older translations read, "O Lord, the One who is and who was and who is to be."
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* "The nations will walk by the light of that city" (21:24). Some older translations read, "The nations that are saved will walk by the light of that city."
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* "Blessed are those who wash their robes" (22:14). Some older translations read "Blessed are those who do his commandments."
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* "God will take away his share in the tree of life and in the holy city" (22:19). Some older translations read, "God will take away his share in the book of life and in the holy city."
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(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
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Reference in New Issue