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# Malachi 01 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Yahweh of hosts
This is an important title used in this chapter. It reminds the reader of the great power Yahweh has to punish the nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Rhetorical questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. They all have a rather dramatic effect. They increase the emotional connotations of what is being said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
## Links:
* __[Malachi 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
* __[Malachi intro](../front/intro.md)__
__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__

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# Malachi 02 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Levites
The priests are given a strong warning in this chapter. They have not followed the law of Moses and have led the people in the wrong direction. Yahweh has not accepted their sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
#### Marital unfaithfulness
Because the Jews lived under a covenantal arrangement with Yahweh, their relationship is described using the imagery of a marriage. Marital unfaithfulness indicates a person's unfaithfulness to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
## Links:
* __[Malachi 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__

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# Malachi 03 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Messiah
There are several prophecies in this chapter concerning the Messiah and the one who comes before the Messiah. At times, this chapter switches between prophesying about the first coming of the Messiah and the second coming of the Messiah without formal divisions between them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Rhetorical questions
Several rhetorical questions are used in this chapter to convince the reader of the truth of what he is saying and of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
## Links:
* __[Malachi 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__

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# Malachi 04 General Notes
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Last days
Although the Jews may have hoped these prophecies referenced a time in the near future to them, the prophecies of this chapter exclusively relate to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
## Links:
* __[Malachi 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../03/intro.md) | __

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# Introduction to Malachi
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of Malachi
1. The word of Yahweh comes to Israel (1:1)
1. Yahweh loves Israel and rejects Esau (Edom) (1:25)
1. A message against the priests (1:62:9)
1. A message against Judah: they have broken faith by divorcing and intermarrying (2:1016)
1. A message about the day of refining (2:173:6)
1. A message about tithing (3:712)
1. A message about those who others treated shamefully, but who were faithful to Yahweh (3:1318)
1. Yahweh will punish the wicked and send Elijah before the "great and terrible day of Yahweh" (4:56)
### What is the Book of Malachi about?
The Book of Malachi is about the prophecies that Malachi spoke to the Jews who had returned from Babylon to Judah. At that time, the Jews were discouraged even though they had finished building a new temple. The wonderful things that previous prophets had promised for Judah had not yet happened. And the Persian Empire still ruled over them. As a result, they no longer were concerned about the law or worshiping Yahweh. Malachi rebuked them for not trusting in Yahweh. But he also promised them that Yahweh would do everything that he promised to do.
### How should the title of this book be translated?
This book traditionally has been titled "Malachi" or "The Book of Malachi." Translators may decide to call it "The Book about Malachi" or "The Sayings of Malachi." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
### Who wrote the Book of Malachi?
The prophet Malachi wrote these messages from Yahweh to the Jews. However, since "Malachi" means "my messenger," it is possible that this was a title for this prophet. If so, we do not know his real name.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### What was meant by the day of Yahweh?
Malachi spoke about "the day" several times. This is the same as "the day of Yahweh." In the Book of Malachi, this is the time when Yahweh would judge his people. He would remove those who wickedly sin and bless those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

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# Zechariah 01 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is written in prose mainly with imagery used throughout to portray Zechariah's vision given by the Lord.
Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set lines 1:3-6, 14-17, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Visions
This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah, so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Date
Zechariah uses two separate dates in this first chapter. When compared to the book of Haggai, Zechariah's prophecy was proclaimed just a few weeks after Haggai. However, they prophesied in two different places: Haggai was in Jerusalem and Zechariah was somewhere outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
* __[Zechariah intro](../front/intro.md)__
__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 02 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is introduced in prose with imagery used in the rest of the chapter to portray Zechariah's third vision about measuring lines given by the Lord.
Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 2:4-13, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Visions
This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. Please be careful to translate each of the terms in your language.
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### "This is Yahweh's declaration"
This phrase is used several times in this chapter. The UDB often translates this as "Yahweh says."
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 03 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is introduced in prose and shares the fourth vision, which is the priest in dirty clothes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 3:7-9, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
### Difficult concepts in this chapter
#### Visions
It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### The high priest
This chapter seems to refer to a particular person, Joshua the high priest. However, little is known about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 04 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is written mainly in prose about the fifth vision, which is about the golden lampstand olive trees.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Visions
This chapter shows a conversation between Zechariah and the angel of Yahweh. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 05 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter contains the next two visions. One is about a flying scroll and one is about the basket filled with iniquity. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/iniquity]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 06 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is written mainly in prose and tells the last vision of the four chariots in the first part of the chapter.
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 6:12-13.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Crown
The second part of the chapter is about a crown made for the high priest. This is an actual person, but the meaning of the word "branch" should be translated as his name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
#### Meaning of the visions
The visions are stated and even when the prophet asked for an explanation, their true meaning is often obscure. This uncertainty should remain in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 07 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter starts about two years after the previous chapter and is written in prose.
Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of 7:4-14, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Fasting
This chapter discusses fasting. People were asking the same questions as those from previous generations. The Israelites were asking these same questions before they were exiled from their land.
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 08 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is a series of sayings from Yahweh of hosts. Each saying is an encouraging note for those returning from the exile to the land of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 09 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is written mainly in prose about the cities and peoples around where Israel stood as a country until the exile.
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 9:9-10.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Prophecies against other nations
The first two verses show that the prophecy concerns neighboring countries. Hamath, Damscus, Tyre and Sidon are cities in areas that were near Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 10 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is written mainly in prose but still uses figurative language as the writer shares a message of redemption and hope for the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]])
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 10:1-2.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Redemption
This book, and especially this chapter, uses the concepts of redemption and remnant to share the relationship that the people of Judah have with their God. So many of the people of Israel perished as their kingdom went into exile. Now they are returning to the land, but the land is no longer theirs. They are living under foreign rule. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 11 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter unlike the previous one is a warning against the leaders amongst the exiles.
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 11:1-3, 17.
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
#### Metaphor
This chapter uses an extended metaphor of sheep and shepherds to represent Yahweh's dismay at the leaders during the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
#### Symbolism
The writer uses symbolism. Zechariah is told to become a shepherd. He uses two staffs and names them "Unity" and "Favor." He does this very purposefully. In order to preserve this symbolism, it is important to pay attention to the specific words used. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 12 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
Similar to chapter 11, this chapter is written mainly in prose and is talking about Jerusalem.
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Prophecy
Verses 10-11 are quoted in the New Testament and apply to Jesus's death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 13 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is written partly in prose and partly in poetry.
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetic song in 13:7-9.
### Special concepts in this chapter
Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__

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# Zechariah 14 General Notes
### Structure and formatting
This chapter is written in prose about Jerusalem during the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
### Special concepts in this chapter
#### Last days
Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referencing a future "day," the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days.
## Links:
* __[Zechariah 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
__[<<](../13/intro.md) | __

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# Introduction to Zechariah
## Part 1: General Introduction
### Outline of the Book of Zechariah
1. Zechariah calls the returning nation of Israel to repent and return to Yahweh (1:16)
1. The eight night visions (1:7-6:8)
- Yahweh sends his messengers throughout the whole earth (1:717)
- Four horns and four craftsmen (1:1821)
- The measuring line (2:113)
- The priest in filthy clothes (3:110)
- The golden lampstand olive trees (4:114)
- The flying scroll (5:14)
- The woman in a basket (5:511)
- Four chariots (6:18)
1. A crown for the high priest (6:915)
1. Questions about fasting (7:18:23)
1. Yahweh judges the nations and saves his people (9:111:17)
1. Final message (12:1-14:21)
- Yahweh will finally defeat Israel's enemies (12:1-9)
- Israel mourns for the one they pierced (12:10-14)
- Yahweh purifies Israel and removes false prophets (13:1-6)
- Yahweh comes as king (14:121)
### What is the Book of Zechariah about?
Zechariah wrote to the people of Judah who returned from being exiled in Babylon. The people of Judah continued to sin, as their ancestors did before they went into exile. Zechariah called the people to repent and to obey Yahweh. And he called them to renew the covenant with Yahweh. Zechariah also prophesied about the Messiah and about Israel finally being victorious over her enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
### How should the title of this book be translated?
This book traditionally has been titled "Zechariah" or "The Book of Zechariah." Translators may decide to call it the "The Book About Zechariah" or "The Sayings of Zechariah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
### Who wrote the Book of Zechariah?
The prophet Zechariah wrote this book between 520 and 518 B.C.
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
### Did Zechariah prophesy before Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai?
Zechariah prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. He prophesied at the same time as Haggai and continued after Haggai.
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
### What is the meaning of the term "Israel"?
The name "Israel" is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob's name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. Zechariah uses the term "Israel" to refer to both the nation of Israel and the northern kingdom of Israel.
### What imagery does Zechariah use in reference to the Messiah?
Zechariah presented the Messiah as both a king and a shepherd. Zechariah said that the Messiah would come and deliver his people. However, the Messiah would also be pierced (12:10) and struck with the sword (13:7). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
### What does the phrase "that day" mean?
Zechariah often spoke of the last days by using the phrase "that day" or "in that day." When referring to a future "day," the translator should be aware that the author may be speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])