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# 1 Corinthians 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The first three verses are a greeting. In the ancient Near East, this was a common way of starting a letter.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 19, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Disunity
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In this chapter, Paul scolds the church for being divided and for following different apostles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])
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#### Spiritual gifts
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Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities to help the church. The Holy Spirit gives these gifts to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. Paul lists spiritual gifts in Chapter 12. Some scholars believe the Holy Spirit gave some of these gifts only in the early church to help establish the developing church. Other scholars believe all the gifts of the Spirit are still available to help all Christians throughout the church history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Idioms
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In this chapter, Paul refers to the return of Christ using two different phrases: "the revelation of our Lord Jesus Christ" and "the day of our Lord Jesus Christ." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]])
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#### Rhetorical questions
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Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the Corinthians for dividing into factions and for relying on human wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Stumbling block
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A stumbling block is a rock people stumble over. Here it represents the difficulty Jews have in believing that God allowed his Messiah to be crucified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[1 Corinthians intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9 and 16. These poetic lines are from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Wisdom
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Paul continues the discussion from the first chapter that contrasts human wisdom and God's wisdom. For Paul, human wisdom can be foolish. He says the wisdom from the Holy Spirit is the only true wisdom. Paul uses the phrase "hidden wisdom" when he refers to previously unknown truths. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verses 19 and 20.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Fleshly people
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The Corinthian believers were immature because of their unrighteous actions. He calls them "fleshly," meaning acting as nonbelievers. This term is used in opposition to those who are "spiritual." Christians following their "flesh" are acting foolishly. They are following the wisdom of the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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There are many metaphors in this chapter. Paul uses "little children" and "milk" to illustrate spiritual immaturity. He uses the metaphors of planting and watering to describe the roles he and Apollos played in growing the church in Corinth. Paul uses other metaphors to help teach spiritual truths to the Corinthians and to help them to understand his teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 04 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Pride
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Paul contrasts the Corinthians' pride with the apostles' humility. The Corinthian believers had no reason to be proud. All that they had, and all they were, was a gift from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/apostle]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphors
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Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. He describes the apostles as servants. Paul speaks of a victory parade where the apostles are the prisoners who will be killed. He uses a rod to stand for punishment. He calls himself their father because he is their "spiritual father." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
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#### Irony
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Paul uses irony to shame the Corinthians for being proud. The Corinthian believers are reigning but the apostles are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]])
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#### Rhetorical questions
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Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page to make them easier to read. The ULB does this with the quoted words of verse 13.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Euphemisms
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Paul uses euphemisms to describe sensitive topics. This chapter deals with sexual immorality of one church member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fornication]])
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#### Metaphor
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Paul uses an extended comparison that contains many metaphors. Yeast represents evil. The loaf probably represents the whole congregation. The unleavened bread represents living purely. So the whole passage means: Don't you know that a little evil will affect the whole congregation? So get rid of the evil so you can live purely. Christ has been sacrificed for us. So let us be sincere and truthful and not wicked and behaving badly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/unleavenedbread]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/purify]], and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])
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#### Rhetorical questions
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Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 06 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Lawsuits
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Paul teaches that a Christian should not take another Christian to court before a non-Christian judge. It is better to be cheated. Christians will judge the angels. So they should be able to solve problems among themselves. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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The temple of the Holy Spirit is an important metaphor. It refers to the place where the Holy Spirit stays and is worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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#### Rhetorical questions
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Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Paul begins to answer a series of questions that the Corinthians may have asked him. The first question is about marriage. The second question is about a slave trying to become free, a Gentile becoming a Jew, or a Jew becoming a Gentile.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Divorce
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Paul says married Christians should not divorce. A Christian married to an unbeliever should not leave their husband or wife. If the unbelieving husband or wife leaves, this is not a sin. Paul advises that, because of the difficult times and because it is near to the time that Jesus will return, it is good to remain unmarried. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Euphemisms
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Paul uses many euphemisms to discreetly refer to sexual relations. This is often a sensitive topic. Many cultures do not wish to speak openly about these matters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 08 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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In Chapters 8-10, Paul answers the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?"
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Meat sacrificed to idols
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Paul answers the question about eating meat sacrificed to idols by saying that idols are supposed to be gods but that those gods do not really exist. Therefore nothing is wrong with the meat. Christians are free to eat it. However, someone who does not understand this may see a Christian eating it. They may then be encouraged to eat the meat as an act of worship to the idol.
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 09 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Paul defends himself in this chapter. Some people claimed that he was trying to gain financially from the church.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Earning money from the church
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People accused Paul of just wanting money from the church. Paul answered that he rightfully could get money from the church. The Old Testament taught that those who worked should get their living from their work. He and Barnabas purposefully never used this right and earned their own living.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Paul uses many metaphors in this chapter. These metaphors teach complex truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Contextualization
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This passage is important because Paul "contextualizes" ministering the gospel to different audiences. This means that Paul makes himself and the gospel understandable without his actions hindering the gospel being received. The translator should take extra care to preserve aspects of this "contextualization" if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]])
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#### Rhetorical questions
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Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize various points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 10 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Chapters 8-10 together answer the question: "Is it acceptable to eat meat that has been sacrificed to an idol?"
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In this chapter, Paul uses the exodus to warn people not to sin. Then he returns to discussing meat offered to idols. He uses the Lord's Supper as an example. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Exodus
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Paul uses the experiences of Israel leaving Egypt and roaming the desert as a warning to the believers. Although the Israelites all followed Moses, God did not allow most of them to enter the Promised Land. Some worshiped an idol, some tested God, and some grumbled. Paul warns Christians not to sin. We can resist temptation because God provides a way of escape. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
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#### Eating meat sacrificed to idol
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Paul discusses meat offered to idols. Christians are allowed to eat, but doing so may hurt others. So when buying meat or eating meat with a friend, do not ask if it has been offered to idols. But if someone tells you it has been offered to idols, don't eat it for the sake of that person. Do not offend anyone. Seek to save them instead. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
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#### Rhetorical questions
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Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to emphasize important points as he teaches the Corinthians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 11 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This is the beginning of a new section of the letter (Chapters 11-14). Paul now talks about proper church services. In this chapter, he deals with two different problems: women in the church services (verses 1-16) and the Lord's Supper (verses 17-34).
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Proper conduct in a church service
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#### Disorderly women
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Paul's instructions here are debated among scholars. There may have been women who were abusing their Christian freedom and causing disorder in the church by going against established cultural customs. The disorder that their actions created would have caused him to be concerned.
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#### The Lord's Supper
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There were problems in how the Corinthians were handling the Lord's Supper. They did not act in a unified manner. During the feast celebrated along with the Lord's Supper, some of them ate their own food without sharing. Some of them got drunk while the poor people remained hungry. Paul taught that the believers dishonored Christ's death if they participated in the Lord's Supper while they were sinning or while they were in broken relationships with each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reconcile]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Rhetorical questions
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Paul uses rhetorical questions to scold the people for their unwillingness to follow the rules for worship he has suggested. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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#### The head
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Paul uses "head" as a metonym for authority in verse 3 and also to refer to a person's actual head in verse 4 and following. Since the verses are so close together, it is likely that Paul intentionally used "head" in this way. This would show that the ideas in these verses are connected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 12 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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#### Gifts of the Holy Spirit
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This chapter begins a new section. Chapters 12-14 discuss spiritual gifts within the church.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The church, the body of Christ
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This is an important metaphor in Scripture. The church has many different parts. Each part has different functions. They combine to make one church. All of the different parts are necessary. Each part is to be concerned for all the other parts, even those that seem less important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "No one can say, 'Jesus is Lord,' except by the Holy Spirit."
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In reading the Old Testament, the Jews would have substituted the word "Lord" for the word "Yahweh." This sentence probably means that no one can say that Jesus is Yahweh, God in the flesh, without the Holy Spirit's influence drawing them to accept this truth. If this statement is translated poorly, it can have unintended theological consequences.
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 13 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Paul seems to interrupt his teaching about spiritual gifts to speak about love.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Love
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Love is the most important characteristic of the believer. This chapter fully describes love. Paul tells why love is more important than the gifts of the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Paul uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He uses these metaphors to instruct the Corinthians, especially on difficult topics. Readers often need spiritual discernment to understand these teachings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 14 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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In this chapter, Paul returns to discussing spiritual gifts.
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Some translations set what is quoted from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the words of verse 21.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Tongues
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Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of the gift of tongues. Paul describes the gift of tongues as a sign for unbelievers. It does not serve the whole church, unless someone interprets what is spoken. It is very important that the church uses this gift properly.
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#### Prophecy
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Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of prophecy as a spiritual gift. Paul says prophets can build up the entire church. He describes prophecy as a gift for believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../13/intro.md) | [>>](../15/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 15 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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#### Resurrection
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This chapter includes a very important teaching about the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek people did not believe that people could live after they died. Paul defends the resurrection of Jesus. He teaches why it is important to all believers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Resurrection
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Paul presents the resurrection as the ultimate proof that Jesus is God. Christ is the first of many whom God will raise to life. The resurrection is central to the gospel. Few doctrines are as important as this one. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/raise]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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Paul uses many different figures of speech in this chapter. He uses them to express difficult theological teachings in a way that people can understand.
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## Links:
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* __[1 Corinthians 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../14/intro.md) | [>>](../16/intro.md)__
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# 1 Corinthians 16 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Paul briefly covers many topics in this chapter. It was common in the ancient Near East for the last part of letters to have personal greetings.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Preparation for his coming
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|
||||
Paul gives practical instructions to help prepare the Corinthian church for his visit. He tells them to start collecting money every Sunday for the believers in Jerusalem. He hopes to come and spend the winter with them. He tells them to help Timothy when he comes. He had hopes Apollos would go to them, but Apollos did not think it was the right time. Paul also tells them to obey Stephanus. Finally, he sends his greetings to everyone.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[1 Corinthians 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../15/intro.md) | __
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
|
|||
# Introduction to 1 Corinthians
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 1: General Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
### Outline of the Book of 1 Corinthians
|
||||
|
||||
1. Divisions in the church (1:10-4:21)
|
||||
1. Moral sins and irregularities (5:1-13)
|
||||
1. Christians taking other Christians to court (6:1-20)
|
||||
1. Marriage and related matters (7:1-40)
|
||||
1. Misuse of Christian liberty; food sacrificed to idols; fleeing idolatry; women's head coverings (8:1-13; 10:1-11:16)
|
||||
1. Paul's rights as an apostle (9:1-27)
|
||||
1. The Lord's Supper (11:17-34)
|
||||
1. The gifts of the Holy Spirit (12:1-31)
|
||||
1. Love (13:1-13)
|
||||
1. The gifts of the Holy Spirit: prophecy and languages (14:1-40)
|
||||
1. The resurrection of believers and the resurrection of Christ (15:1-58)
|
||||
1. Closing: the contribution for Christians in Jerusalem, requests, and personal greetings (16:1-24)
|
||||
|
||||
### Who wrote the Book of 1 Corinthians?
|
||||
|
||||
Paul wrote 1 Corinthians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
Paul started the church that met in Corinth. He was staying in the city of Ephesus when he wrote this letter.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the Book of 1 Corinthians about?
|
||||
|
||||
1 Corinthians is a letter that Paul wrote to the believers who were in the city of Corinth. Paul had heard that there were problems among the believers there. They were arguing with each other. Some of them did not understand some of the Christian teachings. And some of them were behaving badly. In this letter, Paul responded to them and encouraged them to live in a way that pleased God.
|
||||
|
||||
### How should the title of this book be translated?
|
||||
|
||||
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "First Corinthians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's First Letter to the Church in Corinth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
|
||||
|
||||
### What was the city of Corinth like?
|
||||
|
||||
Corinth was a major city located in ancient Greece. Because it was near the Mediterranean Sea, many travelers and traders came to buy and sell goods there. This resulted in the city having people from many different cultures. The city was famous for having people who lived in immoral ways. The people worshipped Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love. As part of the ceremonies honoring Aphrodite, her worshipers had sexual intercourse with temple prostitutes.
|
||||
|
||||
### What was the problem with meat sacrificed to idols?
|
||||
|
||||
Many animals were slaughtered and sacrificed to the false gods in Corinth. Priests and worshipers kept some of the meat. Much of the meat was sold in markets. Many Christians disagreed with each other over whether it was right for them to eat this meat, because it had been dedicated to a false god. Paul writes about this problem in 1 Corinthians.
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
|
||||
|
||||
### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in 1 Corinthians in the ULB?
|
||||
|
||||
The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, 1 Corinthians ULB uses the following principles:
|
||||
|
||||
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULB uses "holy," "holy God," "holy ones," or "holy people." (See: 1:2; 3:17)
|
||||
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULB uses "believer" or "believers." (See: 6:1, 2; 14:33; 16:1, 15)
|
||||
* Sometimes the meaning in the passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULB uses "set apart," "dedicated to," "reserved for," or "sanctified." (See: 1:2; 6:11; 7:14, 34)
|
||||
|
||||
The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the meaning of "flesh?"
|
||||
|
||||
Paul frequently used the terms "flesh" or "fleshly" to refer to Christians who did sinful things. However, it is not the physical world that is evil. Paul also described Christians who lived in a righteous way as "spiritual." This is because they did what the Holy Spirit taught them to do. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]])
|
||||
|
||||
### What did Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," and others like them?
|
||||
|
||||
This kind of expression occurs in 1:2, 30, 31; 3:1; 4:10, 15, 17; 6:11, 19; 7:22; 9:1, 2; 11:11, 25; 12:3, 9, 13, 18, 25; 14:16; 15:18, 19, 22, 31, 58; 16:19, 24. Paul used these phrases to express the idea of a very close union between Jesus Christ and believers--that believers belong to Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God.
|
||||
|
||||
These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. Depending on the the context, the word “in” can mean “because of,” “by means of,” “that agrees with,” “in submission to,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” The translator may represent those more immediate senses. But, if possible, it would be good for the translator to choose a word or phrase that represents both the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])
|
||||
|
||||
### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Corinthians?
|
||||
|
||||
For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. Translators are advised to follow the modern versions of the Bible. However, if in the translators' region there are Bibles that read according to older versions of the Bible, the translators can follow those. If so, these verses should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to 1 Corinthians.
|
||||
|
||||
* "Therefore glorify God with your body." Some older translations read "Therefore glorify God with your body and in your spirit, which are God's." (6:20)
|
||||
* "I did this even though I myself was not under the law" (9:20). Some older versions leave this passage out.
|
||||
* "for the sake of conscience—the conscience of the other man." Some older translations read "for the sake of conscience: for the earth and everything in it belong to the Lord: the conscience of the other man." (10:28)
|
||||
* "and that I give my body to be burned" (13:3). Some older translations read, "and that I give my body so that I might boast."
|
||||
* "But if anyone does not recognize this, let him not be recognized" (14:38). Some older translations read, "But if anyone is ignorant of this, let him be ignorant."
|
||||
|
||||
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 01 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
The first verse is a type of introduction. People in the ancient Mediterranean region often started their letters this way. Sometimes this is called a "salutation."
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### The gospel
|
||||
When Paul writes of "the gospel" in this chapter (verses 1, 2, 9, 15, 16, 17), he is referring to the message about God's salvation for people through Jesus's sacrifice on the cross.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Harvest
|
||||
This chapter uses the image of a harvest ([1:13](./13.md)) to speak of the Roman Christians doing good works because they believe what Paul has told them about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Universal Condemnation and the Wrath of God
|
||||
This chapter explains that everyone is without excuse. We all know about the true God, Yahweh, from his creation all around us. Because of our sin and our sinful nature, every person justly deserves the wrath of God. This wrath was satisfied by Jesus dying on a cross for those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "God gave them over"
|
||||
|
||||
Many scholars view the phrases "God gave them over" and "God gave them up" as theologically significant. In both cases, it means that God had stopped trying to teach the people the right way and had allowed them to do whatever they want, even though everything they wanted to do was evil.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Difficult phrases and concepts
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter has many difficult ideas in it. The way Paul writes makes many of the phrases in this chapter difficult to translate. The translator may need to use the UDB to understand the meaning of the phrases and then translate them in a way that is easy for people to understand. Some of the difficult phrases include: "obedience of faith," "whom I serve in my spirit," "from faith to faith" and "exchanged the glory of the imperishable God for the likenesses of an image of perishable man."
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
* __[Romans intro](../front/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 02 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter shifts its audience from Roman Christians to those who "judge" other people and do not believe in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### "Therefore you are without excuse"
|
||||
This phrase looks back at Chapter 1. In some ways, it actually concludes what Chapter 1 teaches. This phrase explains why everyone in the world must worship the true God.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "Doers of the Law"
|
||||
Those who try to obey the law will not be justified by trying to obey it. Those who are justified by believing in Jesus show that their faith is real by obeying God's commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Rhetorical Questions
|
||||
Paul uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "You who judge"
|
||||
At times, this could be translated in a simpler way. But it is translated in this relatively awkward way because when Paul refers to "people who judge" he is also saying that everyone judges. It is possible to translate this as "those who judge (and everyone judges)."
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 03 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 4 and 10-18 of this chapter, which is from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Chapter 3 answers the question, "What advantage does being a Jew have over being a Gentile?" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### "For all have sinned and come short of the glory of God"
|
||||
Because God is holy, anyone with him in heaven must be perfect. Any sin at all will condemn a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### The purpose of the law of Moses
|
||||
Obeying the law cannot make a person right with God. Obeying God's law is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Rhetorical Questions
|
||||
Paul frequently uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 04 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 7-8 of this chapter, which is from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### The purpose of the law of Moses
|
||||
Paul builds upon material from chapter 3. He explains how Abraham, the father of Israel, was justified. Even Abraham could not be justified by what he did. Obeying the law of Moses does not make a person right with God. Obeying God's commands is a way a person shows they believe in God. People have always been justified only by faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Circumcision
|
||||
Circumcision was important to the Israelites. It identified a male as a descendant of Abraham. It was also a sign of the covenant between Abraham and Yahweh. However, no person was justified only by being circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Rhetorical Questions
|
||||
Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 05 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Many scholars view verses 12-17 as some of the most important, but difficult, verses in Scripture to understand. Some of their richness and meaning has likely been lost while being translated from how the original Greek was constructed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Results of justification
|
||||
How Paul explains the results of our being justified is an important part of this chapter. These results include having peace with God, having access to God, being confident about our future, being able to rejoice when suffering, being eternally saved, and being reconciled with God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### "All sinned"
|
||||
Scholars are divided over what Paul meant in verse 12: "And death spread to all people, because all sinned." Some believe that all of mankind was present in the "seed of Adam." So, as Adam is the father of all mankind, all of mankind was present when Adam sinned. Others believe that Adam served as a representative head for mankind. So when he sinned, all of mankind "fell" as a result. Whether people today played an active or passive role in Adam's original sin is one way these views differ. Other passages will help one decide. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### The second Adam
|
||||
Adam was the first man and the first "son" of God. He was created by God. He brought sin and death into the world by eating the forbidden fruit. Paul describes Jesus as the "second Adam" in this chapter and the true son of God. He brings life and overcame sin and death by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 06 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Paul begins this chapter by answering how someone might object to what he taught in Chapter 5.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Against the Law
|
||||
In this chapter, Paul refutes the teaching that Christians can live however they want after they are saved. Scholars call this "antinomianism" or being "against the law." To motivate godly living, Paul recalls the great price Jesus paid for a Christian to be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Servants of sin
|
||||
Before they believe in Jesus, people are servants of sin, that is, they are unable to resist their desire to sin. God frees Christians from serving sin. They are able to choose to serve Christ in their lives. Paul explains that when Christians choose to sin, they willingly choose to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Fruit
|
||||
This chapter uses the imagery of fruit. The image of fruit usually refers to a person's faith producing good works in their life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Rhetorical Questions
|
||||
Paul uses rhetorical questions in this chapter. It appears the intent of these rhetorical questions is to make the readers see their sin so they will trust in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Death
|
||||
Paul uses "death" to refer to many different things in this chapter: physical death, spiritual death, sin reigning in the heart of man, and the end of something. He contrasts sin and death with the new life provided by Christ and the new way Christians are supposed to live after they are saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 07 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
#### "Or do you not know"
|
||||
Paul uses this phrase to discuss a new topic and connects what follows with the previous teaching.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "We have been released from the law"
|
||||
Paul explains that the law of Moses is no longer in effect. While this is true, the timeless principles behind the law reflect the character of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Marriage
|
||||
Scripture commonly uses marriage as a metaphor. Here Paul uses it to describe how the church relates to the law of Moses and now to Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Flesh
|
||||
This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 08 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
The first verse of this chapter is a transitional sentence. Paul concludes his teaching of Chapter 7 and leads into the words of Chapter 8.
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with verse 36. Paul quotes these words from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Indwelling of the Spirit
|
||||
The Holy Spirit is said to live inside a person or inside their heart. If the Spirit is present, this signifies that a person is saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### "These are sons of God"
|
||||
Jesus is the Son of God in a unique way. God also adopts Christians to be his children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Predestination
|
||||
Twice in verses 29-30 Paul uses the word "predestined." Some take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen his own people to be eternally saved. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject. So translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter, especially with regards to elements of causation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Metaphor
|
||||
Paul poetically presents his teaching in verses 38 and 39 in the form of an extended metaphor. He explains that nothing can separate a person from the love of God in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### No condemnation
|
||||
This phrase must be translated carefully to avoid doctrinal confusion. People are still guilty of their sin. God disapproves of sinful acts, even those that believers in Jesus commit. God still punishes the sins of believers, but Jesus has paid the punishment for their sin. This is what Paul expresses here. The word "condemn" has several possible meanings. Here Paul emphasizes that people who believe in Jesus are no longer punished eternally for their sin by being "condemned to hell." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/guilt]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Flesh
|
||||
|
||||
This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 09 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
In this chapter, Paul changes what he is teaching about. In Chapters 9-11, he focuses on the nation of Israel.
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 25-29 and 33 of this chapter. Paul quotes all of these words from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Flesh
|
||||
Paul uses the word "flesh" in this chapter only to refer to Israelites, people physically descending from Abraham through Jacob, whom God named Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
|
||||
|
||||
In other chapters, Paul uses the word "brother" to mean fellow Christians. However, in this chapter, he uses "my brothers" to mean his kinsmen the Israelites.
|
||||
|
||||
Paul refers to those who believe in Jesus as "children of God" and "children of the promise."
|
||||
|
||||
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Stone of stumbling
|
||||
Paul explains that while some Gentiles accepted Jesus as their savior by believing in him, most Jews were trying to earn their salvation and so rejected Jesus. Paul, quoting the Old Testament, describes Jesus as a stone that the Jews stumble over when walking. This "stone of stumbling" causes them to "fall." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "It is not everyone in Israel who truly belongs to Israel"
|
||||
Paul uses the word "Israel" in this verse with two different meanings. The first "Israel" means the physical descendants of Abraham through Jacob. The second "Israel" means those who are God's people through faith. The UDB reflects this.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 10 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 18-20 of this chapter. These lines of poetry are from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations also set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words in verse 8.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### God's righteousness
|
||||
|
||||
Paul teaches here that while many Jews earnestly tried to be righteous, they did not succeed. We cannot earn God's righteousness. God gives us Jesus's righteousness when we believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Rhetorical questions
|
||||
Paul uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. He does this to convince his readers that God does not save only the Hebrew people, so Christians must be ready to go and share the gospel with the whole world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "I will provoke you to jealousy by what is not a nation"
|
||||
|
||||
Paul uses this prophecy to explain that God will use the church to make the Hebrew people jealous. This is so they will seek God and believe the gospel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 11 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9-10, 26-27, and 34-35, which is from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Grafting
|
||||
Paul uses the image of "grafting" to refer to the place of the Gentiles and Jews in the plans of God. Making one plant to be permanently part of another plant is called "grafting." Paul uses the picture of God grafting the Gentiles as a wild branch into his saving plans. But God has not forgotten about the Jews, who are spoken of as the natural plant. God will also save Jews who believe in Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 12 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 20, which is from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
Many scholars believe Paul uses the word "therefore" in [Romans 12:1](../../rom/12/01.md) to refer back to all of Chapters 1-11. Having carefully explained the Christian gospel, Paul now explains how Christians should live in light of these great truths. Chapters 12-16 focus on living out one's Christian faith. Paul uses many different commands in these chapters to give these practical instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Christian living
|
||||
Under the law of Moses, people were required to offer temple sacrifices of animals or grain. Now Christians are required to live their lives as a type of sacrifice to God. Physical sacrifices are no longer required. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Body of Christ
|
||||
The body of Christ is an important metaphor or image used in Scripture to refer to the church. Each church member has a unique and important function. Christians need each other. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/body]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 13 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
In the first part of this chapter, Paul teaches Christians to obey rulers who govern them. At that time, ungodly Roman rulers governed the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Ungodly rulers
|
||||
Some readers will find it difficult to understand what Paul teaches about obeying rulers, especially if they are in places where rulers persecute the church. Christians must obey their rulers as well as obey God, unless the rulers do not allow Christians to do something God explicitly commands them to do. There are times when a believer must submit to these rulers and suffer at their hands. Christians understand that this world is temporary and they will ultimately be with God forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Flesh
|
||||
|
||||
This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that our physical bodies are sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that as long as Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 14 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verse 11 of this chapter, which Paul quotes from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Weak in faith
|
||||
|
||||
Paul teaches that Christians can have real faith and at the same time be "weak in faith" in a given situation. This describes Christians whose faith is immature, not strong, or misunderstood. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### Dietary restrictions
|
||||
|
||||
Many religions in the ancient Near East restricted what was eaten. Christians have freedom to eat what they want. But they need to use this freedom wisely, in a way that honors the Lord and does not cause others to sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
|
||||
#### The judgment seat of God
|
||||
|
||||
The judgment seat of God or Christ represents a time when all people, including Christians, will be held accountable for the way they lived their lives.
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../13/intro.md) | [>>](../15/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 15 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 9-11 and 21 of this chapter. These lines of poetry are from the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
Some translations also set prose quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted words in verse 12.
|
||||
|
||||
In [Romans 15:14](../../rom/15/14.md), Paul begins to speak more personally. He shifts from teaching to telling of his personal plans.
|
||||
|
||||
### Important figures of speech in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Strong/Weak
|
||||
These terms are used to refer to people who are mature and immature in their faith. Paul teaches that those who are strong in faith need to help those who are weak in faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../14/intro.md) | [>>](../16/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Romans 16 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
In this chapter, Paul gives personal greetings to some of the Christians in Rome. It was common to end a letter in the ancient Near East with this type of personal greeting.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Because of the personal nature of this chapter, much of the context is unknown. This will make translation more difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Romans 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../15/intro.md) | __
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Introduction to Romans
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 1: General Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
### Outline of the Book of Romans
|
||||
|
||||
1. Introduction (1:1-15)
|
||||
1. Righteousness by faith in Jesus Christ (1:16-17)
|
||||
1. All mankind is condemned because of sin (1:18-3:20)
|
||||
1. Righteousness through Jesus Christ by faith in him (3:21-4:25)
|
||||
1. The fruits of the Spirit (5:1-11)
|
||||
1. Adam and Christ compared (5:12-21)
|
||||
1. Becoming like Christ in this life (6:1-8:39)
|
||||
1. God's plan for Israel (9:1-11:36)
|
||||
1. Practical advice for living as Christians (12:1-15:13)
|
||||
1. Conclusion and greetings (15:14-16:27)
|
||||
|
||||
### Who wrote the Book of Romans?
|
||||
|
||||
The Apostle Paul wrote the Book of Romans. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
|
||||
|
||||
Paul probably wrote this letter while he was staying in the city of Corinth during his third trip through the Roman Empire.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the Book of Romans about?
|
||||
|
||||
Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Rome. Paul wanted to get them ready to receive him when he visited them. He said his purpose was to "bring about the obedience of faith" (16:26).
|
||||
|
||||
In this letter Paul most fully described the gospel of Jesus Christ. He explained that both Jews and non-Jews have sinned, and God will forgive them and declare them righteous only if they believe in Jesus (chapters 1-11). Then he gave them practical advice for how believers should live (chapters 12-16),
|
||||
|
||||
### How should the title of this book be translated?
|
||||
|
||||
Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Romans." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Rome," or "A Letter to the Christians in Rome." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
|
||||
|
||||
### What are the titles used to refer to Jesus?
|
||||
|
||||
In Romans, Paul described Jesus Christ by many titles and descriptions: Jesus Christ (1:1), the Seed of David (1:3), the Son of God (1:4), the Lord Jesus Christ (1:7), Christ Jesus (3:24), Propitiation (3:25), Jesus (3:26), Jesus our Lord (4:24), Lord of Hosts (9:29), a Stumbling Stone and Rock of Offence (9:33), the End of the Law (10:4), the Deliverer (11:26), Lord of the Dead and the Living (14:9), and the Root of Jesse (15:12).
|
||||
|
||||
### How should theological terms in Romans be translated?
|
||||
|
||||
Paul used many theological terms that are not used in the four gospels. As early Christians learned more about the meaning of Jesus Christ and his message, they needed words and expressions for new ideas. Some examples of these words are "justification" (5:1), "works of the law" (3:20), "reconcile" (5:10), "propitiation" (3:25), "sanctification" (6:19), and "the old man" (6:6).
|
||||
|
||||
The "key terms" dictionary can help translators understand many of these terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
|
||||
Terms such as those given above are difficult to explain. It is often hard or impossible for translators to find equivalent terms in their own languages. It can help to know that word equivalents of these terms are not necessary. Instead, translators can develop short expressions to communicate these ideas. For example, the term "gospel" can be translated as "the good news about Jesus Christ."
|
||||
|
||||
Translators should also remember that some of these terms have more than one meaning. The meaning will depend on how the author is using the word in that particular passage. For example, "righteousness" sometimes means that a person obeys God's law. At other times, "righteousness" means that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed God's law for us.
|
||||
|
||||
### What did Paul mean by "a remnant" of Israel (11:5)?
|
||||
|
||||
The idea of a "remnant" is important both in the Old Testament and for Paul. Most of the Israelites were either killed or scattered among other people when the Assyrians and then the Babylonians conquered their land. Only a relatively few Jews survived. They were known as "the remnant."
|
||||
|
||||
In 11:1-9, Paul spoke of another remnant, the Jews whom God saved because they believed in Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
|
||||
|
||||
### What did Paul mean by the expressions “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” and others like them?
|
||||
|
||||
The phrase "in Christ" and similar phrases occur in 3:24; 6:11, 23; 8:1,2,39; 9:1; 12:5,17; 15:17; and 16:3,7,9,10. Paul used these phrases to express the idea of a very close union between Jesus Christ and believers--that believers belong to Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God.
|
||||
|
||||
These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. Depending on the the context, the word “in” can mean “because of,” “by means of,” “that agrees with,” “in submission to,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” For example, in 3:24 ("the redemption that is in Christ Jesus"), Paul referred to our being redeemed "because" of Jesus Christ. In 8:9 ("you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit"), Paul spoke of believers submitting "to" the Holy Spirit. In 9:1 ("I tell the truth in Christ"), Paul meant that he is telling the truth that "is in agreement with" Jesus Christ. The translator may represent those more immediate senses. But, if possible, it would be good for the translator to choose a word or phrase that represents both the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])
|
||||
|
||||
### How are the ideas of "holy," "saints" or "holy ones," and "sanctify" represented in Romans in the ULB?
|
||||
|
||||
The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles:
|
||||
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God considers Christians to be sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact is that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless and faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULB uses "holy," "holy God," "holy ones" or "holy people." (See: 1:7)
|
||||
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In cases where some other English versions have "saints" or "holy ones," the ULB uses "believers." (See: 8:27; 12:13; 15:25, 26, 31; 16:2, 15)
|
||||
* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULB uses "set apart," "dedicated to," "consecrated," or "reserved for." (See: 15:16)
|
||||
|
||||
The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.
|
||||
|
||||
### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Romans?
|
||||
|
||||
For the following verses, modern version of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB includes the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote.
|
||||
|
||||
* "he [God] works all things together for good" (8:28). Some older translations read, "All things work together for good."
|
||||
* "But if it is by grace, it is no longer by works. Otherwise grace would no longer be grace" (11:6). Some older translations read: "But if it is by works, then is it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work."
|
||||
|
||||
The following verse is not in the best ancient copies of the Bible. Translators are advised not to include this verse. However, if in the translators' region there are older Bible versions that have this verse, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Romans.
|
||||
|
||||
* "May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen" (16:24).
|
||||
|
||||
(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue