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# Hebrews 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter describes how Jesus is more important to us than the angels are.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 1:5, 7-13, which is from the Old Testament.
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#### "Our ancestors"
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The writer wrote this letter to Christians who had grown up as Jews. This is why the letter is called "Hebrews."
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Rhetorical questions
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The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of proving Jesus is better than the angels. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that God's Son is more important than any of the angels.
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#### Poetry
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Jewish teachers, like the Old Testament prophets, would put their most important teachings in the form of poetry so that the hearers would be able to learn and remember them.
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Hebrews intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 2:6-8, 12-13, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Brothers
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The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews.
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* __[Hebrews 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is about how Jesus is better than Moses, the greatest Israelite in the Old Testament.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 3:7-11,15, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Brothers
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The author probably uses the term "brothers" to refer to Christians who grew up as Jews.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Harden your hearts
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A person who hardens his heart is a person who will not listen to or obey God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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#### Rhetorical questions
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The author uses rhetorical questions as a way of warning his readers. Both he and the readers know the answers to the questions, and the writer knows that as the readers think about the answers to the questions, they will realize that they need to listen to God and obey him.
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter tells why Jesus is the greatest high priest.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 4:3-4, 7, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### God's rest
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The word "rest" seems to refer to at least two things in this chapter. It refers to a place or time when God will allow his people to rest from their work ([Hebrews 4:3](../../heb/04/03.md)), and it refers to God resting on the seventh day ([Hebrews 4:4](../../heb/04/04.md)).
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter is a continuation of the teaching of the previous chapter.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 5:5-6.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### High priest
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Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Milk and solid food
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The writer speaks of Christians who are only able to understand simple things about Jesus as if they were babies, who drink only milk and cannot eat solid food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 06 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Abrahamic Covenant
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In the covenant that God made with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham's descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect Abraham's descendants and to give them land of their own. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 7:17, 21, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### High priest
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Only a high priest could offer sacrifices so that God could forgive sins, so Jesus had to be a high priest. The law of Moses commanded that the high priest be from the tribe of Levi, but Jesus was from the tribe of Judah. God made him a priest like the priest Melchizedek, who lived at the time of Abraham, before there was a tribe of Levi.
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 08 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The author finishes describing how and why Jesus is the most important high priest. Then he begins to speak about how the new covenant is better to the covenant God made with Moses. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 8:8-12, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### New covenant
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The author tells how Jesus has established a new covenant that is better than the covenant that God established with the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 09 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter describes how Jesus is better than the tabernacle and all its laws and rules. This chapter will be difficult to understand if the first five books of the Old Testament have not yet been translated.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Will
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A will is a legal document that describes what will happen to a person's property after he dies.
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#### Blood
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In the Old Testament, God had commanded the Israelites to offer sacrifices so that he would forgive their sins. Before they could offer these sacrifices, they had to kill animals and then offer not only the animal's body but also its blood. Shedding blood is a metaphor for killing an animal or person. Jesus offered his life, his blood, as a sacrifice when he allowed men to kill him. The writer of the Book of Hebrews is saying in this chapter that this sacrifice is better than the sacrifices of the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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#### Return of Christ
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Jesus will return to finish the work that he began when he died so that God would forgive his people's sins. He will finish saving those people who are waiting for him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### First covenant
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This refers to the covenant that God made with Moses. However, before he made this covenant, God had made a covenant with Abraham. But this was the first covenant that God had made with the people of Israel. You may decide to translate "the first covenant" as "the earlier covenant."
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 9:1](../../heb/09/01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 10 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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In this chapter, the writer finishes describing how Jesus's sacrifice was better than the sacrifices offered in the Temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 10:5-7, 15-17, 37-38, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### God's judgment and reward
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Holy living is important for Christians. God will hold people accountable for how they lived their Christian lives. Even though there will not be eternal condemnation for Christians, ungodly actions do and will have consequences. In addition, faithful living will be rewarded. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins"
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The sacrifices themselves had no redeeming power. They were effective because they were a display of faith, which was credited to the person offering the sacrifice. It is ultimately the sacrifice of Jesus that "takes away sins." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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#### "The covenant that I will make"
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It is unclear whether this prophecy was being fulfilled as the author was writing or whether it was to occur later. The translator should try to avoid making a claim about the time this covenant begins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 11 General Notes
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### Structure
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The writer begins this chapter by telling what faith is. Then he gives many examples of people who had faith and how they lived.
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### Important concepts in this chapter
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#### Faith
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In both the old and new covenants, God required faith. Some people with faith performed miracles and were very powerful. Other people with faith suffered greatly.
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 12 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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After telling of the value of discipline, the author begins a series of exhortations. (See; [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exhort]])
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 12:5-6, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Discipline
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God wants his people to do what is right. When they do what is wrong, he needs to correct or punish them. He does this just as earthly fathers correct and punish children whom they love. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/discipline]])
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
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# Hebrews 13 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The author finishes the list of exhortations he began in chapter 12. Then he asks the readers to pray for him and ends the letter.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 13:6, which is from the Old Testament.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Hospitality
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God wants his people to invite other people to come to their homes to eat food and even to sleep. His people should do this even if they do not know well the people they are inviting. In the Old Testament, Abraham and his nephew Lot both showed hospitality to people they did not know. Abraham served a costly meal to them, and then Lot invited them to sleep in his house. They learned later that those people were actually angels.
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## Links:
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* __[Hebrews 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../12/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Hebrews
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of Hebrews
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1. Jesus is superior to God's prophets and angels (1:1-4:13)
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1. Jesus is superior to the priests who serve in the temple in Jerusalem (4:14-7:28)
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1. Jesus's ministry is superior to the old covenant that God made with his people (8:1-10:39)
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1. What faith is like (11:1-40)
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1. Encouragement to be faithful to God (12:1-29)
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1. Concluding encouragements and greetings (13:1-25)
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### Who wrote the Book of Hebrews?
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No one knows who wrote Hebrews. Scholars have suggested several different people who could possibly be the author. Possible authors are Paul, Luke, and Barnabas. The date of writing is also not known. Most scholars think it was written before A.D. 70. Jerusalem was destroyed in A.D. 70, but the writer of this letter spoke about Jerusalem as if it had not yet been destroyed.
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### What is the Book of Hebrews about?
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In the Book of Hebrews, the author shows that Jesus fulfilled Old Testament prophecies. The author did this in order to encourage the Jewish Christians and to explain that Jesus is better than anything that the old covenant had to offer. Jesus is the perfect High Priest. Jesus was also the perfect sacrifice. Animal sacrifices became useless because Jesus's sacrifice was once and for all time. Therefore, Jesus is the one and only way for people to be accepted by God.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Hebrews." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The Letter to the Hebrews" or "A Letter to the Jewish Christians." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Can readers understand this book without knowing about the sacrifices and the work of the priests required in the Old Testament?
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It would be very difficult for readers to understand this book without understanding these matters. Translators might consider explaining some of these Old Testament concepts in notes or in an introduction to this book.
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### How is the idea of blood used in the Book of Hebrews?
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Beginning in [Hebrews 9:7](../../heb/09/07.md), the idea of blood is often used as metonymy to represent the death of any animal that was sacrificed according to God's covenant with Israel. The author also used blood to represent the death of Jesus Christ. Jesus became the perfect sacrifice so that God would forgive people for sinning against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]])
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Beginning in [Hebrews 9:19](../../heb/09/19.md), the author used the idea of sprinkling as a symbolic action. Old Testament priests sprinkled the blood of the animals sacrificed. This was a symbol of the benefits of the animal's death being applied to the people or to an object. This showed that the people or the object was acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]])
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Hebrews in the ULB?
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The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULB uses the following principles:
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* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the fact that God views Christians as sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another related fact is that God is perfect and faultless. A third fact that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULB uses "holy," "holy God," "holy ones," or "holy people."
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* Sometimes the meaning indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULB uses "believer" or "believers." (See: 6:10; 13:24)
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* Sometimes the meaning implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULB uses "sanctify," "set apart," "dedicated to," or "reserved for." (See: 2:11: 9:13; 10:10, 14, 29; 13:12)
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The UDB will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.
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### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Hebrews?
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For the following verses, modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.
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* "you crowned him with glory and honor" (2:7). Some older translations read, "you crowned him with glory and honor and you have put him over the works of your hands."
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* "those who did not unite in faith with those who obeyed" (4:2). Some older translations read, "those who heard it without joining faith to it."
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* "Christ came as a high priest of the good things that have come" (9:11). Some modern versions and older translations read, "Christ came as a high priest of the good things that are to come."
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* "on those who were prisoners" (10:34). Some older translations read, "of me in my chains."
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* "They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were killed with the sword" (11:37). Some older translations read, "They were stoned. They were sawn in two. They were tempted. They were killed with the sword."
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* "If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned" (12:20). Some older translations read, "If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned or shot with an arrow."
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(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
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Delete this doc when translation notes added
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# Introduction to Philemon
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of Philemon
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1. Paul greets Philemon (1:1-3)
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1. Paul makes requests of Philemon about Onesimus (1:4-21)
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1. Conclusion (1:22-25)
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### Who wrote the Book of Philemon?
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Paul wrote Philemon. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
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Paul was in a prison when he wrote this letter.
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### What is the Book of Philemon about?
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Paul wrote this letter to a man named Philemon. Philemon was a Christian who lived in the city of Colossae. He owned a slave named Onesimus. Onesimus had run away from Philemon and possibly stole something from him as well. Onesimus went to Rome and visited Paul in prison.
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Paul told Philemon that he was sending Onesimus back to him. Philemon had the right to execute Onesimus according to Roman law. But Paul said that Philemon should accept Onesimus back as a Christian brother. He even suggested that Philemon should allow Onesimus to come back to Paul and help him in prison.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philemon." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to Philemon" or "The Letter Paul wrote to Philemon." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Does this letter approve of the practice of slavery?
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Paul sent Onesimus back to his former master. But that did not mean Paul thought slavery was an acceptable practice. Instead, Paul was more concerned with people serving God in whatever situation they were in.
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### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," and others like them?
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Paul used these phrases to express the idea of a very close union between Jesus Christ and believers--that believers belong to Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God.
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These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. Depending on the the context, the word “in” can mean “because of,” “by means of,” “that agrees with,” “in submission to,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” The translator may represent those more immediate senses. But, if possible, it would be good for the translator to choose a word or phrase that represents both the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### Singular and plural "you"
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In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always singular and refers to Philemon. The two exceptions to this are 1:22 and 1:25. There "you" refers to Philemon and the believers that met at his house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]])
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