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# Colossians 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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As in a typical letter, Paul begins his letter in verses 1-2 by introducing Timothy and himself to the Christians in Colossae.
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Paul writes much of this chapter around two subjects: who Christ is, and what Christ has done for the Christian.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Secret truth
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Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Images for Christian living
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Paul uses many different images to describe Christian living. In this chapter, he uses the images of "walking" and "bearing fruit." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Paradox
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A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Verse 24 is a paradox: "Now I rejoice in my sufferings for you." People do not usually rejoice when they suffer. But in verses 25-29 Paul explains why his suffering is good. ([Colossians 1:24](../../col/01/24.md))
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## Links:
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* __[Colossians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Colossians intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Colossians 02 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Circumcision and baptism
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In verses 11-12, Paul uses both the old covenant sign of circumcision and the new covenant sign of baptism to show how Christians are united with Christ and freed from sin.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Flesh
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This is a complex issue. "Flesh" is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. Paul appears to be teaching that, while Christians are alive ("in the flesh"), we will continue to sin. But our new nature will be fighting against our old nature. Paul also uses "flesh" in this chapter to refer to the physical body.
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#### Implicit information
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Paul mentions several issues in this chapter that imply information about the context of the church in Colossae. It is best to allow the text to remain uncertain over the actual details. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Colossians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Colossians 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The second part of this chapter parallels Ephesians 5 and 6.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Old and new self
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The old and new self mean the same as the old and new man. The term "old man" probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The "new man" is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Character
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Many of the things Paul encourages his readers to pursue or avoid are not actions but character qualities. Because of this, they may be difficult to translate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]])
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#### "The things above"
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Where God dwells is often pictured as being located "above." Paul says to "seek the things above" and to "think about the things above." He is implying Christians should seek and think about heavenly and godly things.
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## Links:
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* __[Colossians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Colossians 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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[Colossians 4:1](../../col/04/01.md) appears to belong with the topics of Chapter 3 instead of Chapter 4.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### "In my own hand"
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It was common in the ancient Near East for the author to speak and someone else to write down the words. Many of the New Testament letters were written this way. Paul wrote the final greeting himself.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Secret truth
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Paul refers to a "secret truth" in this chapter. The role of the church in the plans of God was once unknown. But God has now revealed it. Part of this involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])
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## Links:
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* __[Colossians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Colossians
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of Colossians
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1. Greeting, thanksgiving, and prayer (1:1-12)
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1. The person and work of Christ
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- Deliverance and redemption (1:13-14)
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- Christ: the Image of the invisible God, and the One who is over all creation (1:15-17)
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- Christ is the Head of the Church, and the Church trusts in him (1:18-2:7)
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1. Tests of faithfulness
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- Warnings against false teachers (2:8-19)
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- True godliness is not rigid rules and unbending traditions (2:20-23)
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1. Teaching and living
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- Life in Christ (3:1-4)
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- Old and new life (3:5-17)
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- Christian family (3:18-4:1)
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1. Christian behavior (4:2-6)
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1. Closing and greetings
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- Paul thanks Tychicus and Onesimus (4:7-9)
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- Paul sends greetings from his associates (4:10-14)
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- Paul gives directions to Archippus and the Christians in Laodicea (4:15-17)
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- Paul's personal greeting (4:18)
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### Who wrote the Book of Colossians?
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Paul wrote the Book of Colossians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
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Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.
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### What is the Book of Colossians about?
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Paul wrote this letter to the believers in the Asia Minor city of Colossae. The main purpose of this letter was to defend the gospel against false teachers. He did this by praising Jesus as the image of God, sustainer of all things, and head of the church. Paul wanted them to understand that only Christ is needed for God to accept them.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Colossians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Colossae," or "A Letter to the Christians in Colossae." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### What were the religious issues that the church in Colossae struggled with?
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In the church in Colossae, there were false teachers. Their exact teaching is unknown. But they probably taught their followers to worship angels and to obey strict rules about religious ceremonies. They probably also taught that a male must be circumcised and that believers should eat only certain types of food. Paul said these false teachings came from the minds of men and not from God.
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### How did Paul use the imagery of heaven and earth?
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In this letter, Paul twice speaks of things in heaven as "things above." He distinguishes it from the earth, which other parts of Scripture speak of as being "below." The purpose of this imagery was to teach Christians to live in a way that honors God, who lives in heaven above. Paul is not teaching that the earth or the physical world is evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### How are the ideas of "holy" and "sanctify" represented in Colossians in the ULB?
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The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of various ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In Colossians, these words usually indicate a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. So Colossians in the ULB uses "believers" or "those who believe in him." (See: 1:2, 12, 26)
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### Was Jesus created or is he eternal?
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Jesus was not a created being but has always existed as God. Jesus also became a human being. There is potential for confusion in Colossians 1:15 where it says Jesus "is the firstborn of all creation." This statement means that Jesus is dominant over all of creation. It does not mean that he was the first thing God created. Translators should be careful not to imply that Jesus is a created being.
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### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," and others like them?
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Paul used these phrases to express the idea of a very close union between Jesus Christ and believers--that believers belong to Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God.
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These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. Depending on the the context, the word “in” can mean “because of,” “by means of,” “that agrees with,” “in submission to,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” The translator may represent those more immediate senses. But, if possible, it would be good for the translator to choose a word or phrase that represents both the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])
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### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Colossians?
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For the following verses, some modern versions of the Bible differ from older versions. The ULB text has the modern reading and puts the older reading in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.
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* "May grace be to you, and peace from God our Father" (1:2). Some older versions have a longer reading: "Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ."
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* "Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, who is a faithful servant of Christ on our behalf" (1:7). Some older translations read "for you": "Epaphras, our beloved fellow servant, a faithful servant of Christ for you."
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* "the Father, who has made you able to have a share in the inheritance of the believers in light" (1:12). Some older translations read, "the Father, who has qualified us for a share in the inheritance in light."
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* "In his Son we have redemption" (1:14). Some older translations read, "In his Son we have redemption through his blood."
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* "and forgave us all of our trespasses" (2:13). Some older translations read: "and forgave you all of your trespasses."
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* "When Christ appears, who is your life" (3:4). Some older translations read, "When Christ appears, who is our life."
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* "It is for these things that the wrath of God is coming on the sons of disobedience" (3:6). The ULB and many other modern translations read this way. However, some modern and older translations read, "It is for these things that the wrath of God is coming."
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* "I sent him to you for this, that you might know the matters about us" (4:8). Some older translations read, "I sent him to you for this, that he might know the matters about you."
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(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
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# Philippians 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Paul includes a prayer in the beginning of this letter. At that time, religious leaders sometimes began informal letters with a prayer.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The day of Christ
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This probably refers to the day when Christ returns. Paul often connected the return of Christ with motivating godly living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Paradox
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A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This statement in verse 21 is a paradox: "to die is gain." In verse 23 Paul explains why this is true. ([Philippians 1:21](../../php/01/21.md))
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## Links:
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* __[Philippians 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Philippians intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Philippians 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations, like the ULB, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Practical instructions
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In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "If there is any"
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This appears to be a type of statement that expresses something that may or may not be true. However, in this chapter it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as "Since there is."
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## Links:
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* __[Philippians 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Philippians 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Dogs
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The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term "dogs" in this way.
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#### Resurrected Bodies
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We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Prize
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Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
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## Links:
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* __[Philippians 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Philippians 04 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### "My joy and my crown"
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Paul had helped the Philippians become spiritually mature. As a result, Paul rejoiced and God honored him and his work. He considered discipling other Christians and encouraging them to grow spiritually as important to Christian living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Euodia and Syntyche
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Apparently these two women disagreed with each other. Paul was encouraging them to agree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Philippians 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Philippians
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of the Philippians
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1. Greeting, thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11)
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1. Paul's report on his ministry (1:12-26)
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1. Instructions
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- To be steadfast (1:27-30)
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- To be united (2:1-2)
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- To be humble (2:3-11)
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- To work out our salvation with God working in you (2:12-13)
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- To be innocent and light (2:14-18)
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1. Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)
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1. Warning about false teachers (3:1-4:1)
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1. Personal instruction (4:2-5)
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1. Rejoice and do not be anxious (4:4-6)
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1. Final remarks
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- Values (4:8-9)
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- Contentment (4:10-20)
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- Final Greetings (4:21-23)
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### Who wrote the Book Philippians?
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Paul wrote Philippians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.
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Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome.
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### What is the Book of Philippians about?
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Paul wrote this letter to the believers in Philippi, a city in Macedonia. He wrote it to thank the Philippians for the gift they had sent him. He wanted to tell them about how he was doing in prison and to encourage them to rejoice even if they are suffering. He also wrote to them about a man named Epaphroditus. He was the one who brought the gift to Paul. While visiting Paul, Epaphroditus became ill. So, Paul decided to send him back to Philippi. Paul encouraged the believers in Philippi to welcome and to be kind to Epaphroditus when he returns.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "Philippians." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "Paul's Letter to the Church in Philippi," or "A Letter to the Christians in Philippi." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### What was the city of Philippi like?
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Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, founded Philippi in the region of Macedonia. This meant that the citizens of Philippi were also considered citizens of Rome. The people of Philippi were proud of being citizens of Rome. But Paul told the believers that they are citizens of heaven (3:20).
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### Singular and plural "you"
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In this book, the word "I" refers to Paul. The word "you" is almost always plural and refers to the believers in Philippi. The exception to this is 4:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]])
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### Who were the "enemies of the cross of Christ" (3:18) in this letter?
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The "enemies of the cross of Christ" were probably people who called themselves believers but did not obey God's commands. They thought that freedom in Christ meant that believers could do whatever they desired and God would not punish them (3:19).
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### Why were the words "joy" and "rejoice" frequently used in this letter?
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Paul was in prison when he wrote this letter (1:7). Even though he suffered, Paul said many times that he was joyful because God had been kind to him through Jesus Christ. He wanted to encourage his readers to have the same trust in Jesus Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]])
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### What does Paul mean by the expressions "in Christ," "in the Lord," and others like them?
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This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 8, 13, 14, 26, 27; 2:1, 5, 19, 24, 29; 3:1, 3, 9, 14; 4:1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 21. Paul used these phrases to express the idea of a very close union between Jesus Christ and believers--that believers belong to Christ. Belonging to Christ means the believer is saved and is made a friend with God.
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These phrases also have specific meanings that depend on how Paul used them in a particular passage. Depending on the the context, the word “in” can mean “because of,” “by means of,” “that agrees with,” “in submission to,” “in the manner of,” or “in regard to.” The translator may represent those more immediate senses. But, if possible, it would be good for the translator to choose a word or phrase that represents both the immediate sense and the sense of “in union with.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inchrist]])
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### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Philippians?
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* Some versions have "Amen" at the end of the final verse in the letter (4:23). The ULB, UDB, and other many modern versions do not. If "Amen" is included, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to the Book of Philippians.
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(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
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