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# Judges 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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#### "After the death of Joshua"
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This statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land
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Israel fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God's instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[Judges intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# Judges 02 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Yahweh tests Israel
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Yahweh said, "Because this nation has broken the terms of my covenant." Completely removing the Canaanites from the land was a test from Yahweh. While Yahweh displayed covenant faithfulness, Israel did not. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# Judges 03 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The people worship false gods
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Israel worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "Blew a trumpet"
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When Ehud "blew a trumpet," he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# Judges 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Chapters 4 and 5 form one section about Barak and Deborah.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Barak's leadership
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At this time, it was very unusual for a woman to be a leader, especially a military leader. Barak lacked the strength to go into battle without Deborah. This indicates that Barak was a poor leader. If a woman won the battle for him, it would have brought Barak shame. It also indicates that Deborah was very well respected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# Judges 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Deborah and Barak continues in this chapter.
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Some translations prefer to set apart quotations, prayers, and songs. The ULB and many other English translations set the lines of Chapter 5, which is a song, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### The flood
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God caused rain and flooding to bog down Jaban's chariots making
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them vulnerable to soldiers on foot, even though it is not said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__
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# Judges 06 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter begins a section about Gideon. (Chapters 6-8)
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#### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Israel's punishment
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In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 06:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__
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# Judges 07 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Gideon continues in this chapter.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### God gets all of the credit
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God said, "There are too many soldiers for me to give you victory over the Midianites. Make sure that Israel will not boast against me, saying, 'Our own power has saved us.'" By lowering the number of fighting soldiers, it emphasizes that the victory is achieved through God's power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 07:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../06/intro.md) | [>>](../08/intro.md)__
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# Judges 08 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Gideon concludes in this chapter.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Sukkoth's refusal to help Gideon
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The men of Sukkoth feared the Midianites more than Gideon. This is why they refused to help Gideon. By allying themselves with the Midianites, they aligned themselves against Yahweh. Because of this, Gideon treated them like he treated the Midianites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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#### Gideon refuses to be king
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Gideon said to them, "I will not rule over you, neither will my son rule over you. Yahweh will rule over you." Although the book of Deuteronomy anticipates a king in Israel, it was sinful for Israel to desire to have a king. He did though take a share of everyone's plunder as a king would have done through taxes. This may serve as a warning to Israel about their desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 08:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../07/intro.md) | [>>](../09/intro.md)__
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# Judges 09 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Jotham's curse
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Gideon's son, Abimelech, killed all of his brothers except Jotham in order to become king of Shechem. Jotham cursed Abimelech for having murdered Gideon's other sons. "Let fire come out from Abimelech and burn up the men of Shechem and the house of Millo. Let fire come out from the men of Shechem and Beth Millo, to burn up Abimelech." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Tree metaphor
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This chapter contains an extended metaphor about trees. This metaphor functions as a parable instructing Israel about their sinful desire to have a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 09:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../08/intro.md) | [>>](../10/intro.md)__
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# Judges 10 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter begins the account of Jephthah ([Judges 10-12](./01.md)).
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Israel's punishment
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In Judges, Israel's actions are connected to their obedience to Yahweh. When Israel does evil, they are oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 10:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../09/intro.md) | [>>](../11/intro.md)__
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# Judges 11 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Jephthah continues in this chapter.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Jephthah the leader
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Jephthah was half Israelite and half Canaanite by birth. While all of the judges were called by Yahweh, it is the leaders who called Jephthah to help them, but Yahweh still used Jephthah to help them.
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 11:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../10/intro.md) | [>>](../12/intro.md)__
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# Judges 12 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Jephthah concludes in this chapter.
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#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Shibboleth
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This is a word in Hebrew. Its importance in this chapter is because of its sounds, not its meaning. The translator should not translate the meaning of this word, but should transliterate or transfer it into the target language by substituting letters that have the same sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-transliterate]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 12:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../11/intro.md) | [>>](../13/intro.md)__
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# Judges 13 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter begins the account of Samson ([Judges 13-16](./01.md)).
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Warning not to cut his hair
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The angel of the Lord prophesied about Samson and gave instructions to Samson's mother. Samson's mother was to offer up her son under a Nazarite vow. This was a special type of vow, dedicating Samson to Yahweh. Part of this vow prohibited the cutting of the person's hair. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 13:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../12/intro.md) | [>>](../14/intro.md)__
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# Judges 14 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Samson continues in this chapter.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 14:14, 18.
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#### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Intermarriage
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It was considered sinful for an Israel to marry a Canaanite or anyone from a different people group. This is why Samson's parents did not want him to marry a Philistine woman. They use rhetorical questions to convince him that he is sinning. This woman caused Samson many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 14:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../13/intro.md) | [>>](../15/intro.md)__
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# Judges 15 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Samson continues in this chapter.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:16.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Samson's strength
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The Spirit of Yahweh rushed upon Samson. This meant God gave Samson extraordinary strength. Samson's power is the power of Yahweh himself and he enacted the judgment of God on the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 15:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../14/intro.md) | [>>](../16/intro.md)__
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# Judges 16 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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The account of Samson concludes in this chapter.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Samson's mistake
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Samson mistakenly thought that he was the source of his strength. He did not realize that Yahweh had left him and without Yahweh, he had no strength. This was not Samson's only mistake. His foreign wife created most of his problems.
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 16:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../15/intro.md) | [>>](../17/intro.md)__
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# Judges 17 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter begins a section explaining how Israel came to have a king.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Idols and figures
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According to the law of Moses, the Israelites were prohibited from making wooden figures or cast metal idols. This was a form of idolatry. This practice was common in Canaan and it shows the influence the Israelites allowed these people to have on them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 17:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../16/intro.md) | [>>](../18/intro.md)__
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# Judges 18 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The tribe of Dan
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The tribe of Dan lacked faith in Yahweh and had yet to conquer its inheritance. In this chapter, they begin to conquer their land, but they also started to worship an idol. Their conquering of the land is much different than the other tribes' victories. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 18:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../17/intro.md) | [>>](../19/intro.md)__
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# Judges 19 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### The sin of Benjamin
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People from a village of the tribe of Benjamin raped a visitor's wife to death. This was very evil, especially in the ancient Near East. The people of Israel considered mistreatment of a guest one of the worst crimes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 19:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../18/intro.md) | [>>](../20/intro.md)__
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# Judges 20 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Benjamin destroyed
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The army of Israel destroys all the tribe of Benjamin except 600 men. After this point in time, the tribe of Benjamin becomes mostly insignificant.
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 20:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../19/intro.md) | [>>](../21/intro.md)__
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# Judges 21 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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This chapter concludes the account of the previous chapter.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Sin and immorality
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At the end of Judges, there is much sin and immorality. The people are doing wrong and fixing their wrongs by doing more evil things. This period of Judges is typified by this final account and summarized by the statement, "everyone did what was right in his own eyes." (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
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## Links:
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* __[Judges 21:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../20/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to Judges
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of Judges
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1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)
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- Introduction (1:1-3:6)
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- Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)
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- Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)
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- Gideon (6:1–8:35)
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- Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)
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- Jephthah (10:6-12:7)
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- Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8-15)
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- Samson (13:1–16:31)
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1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)
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1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)
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### What is the Book of Judges about?
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The Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.
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This book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a "judge." The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.
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After that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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This book traditionally has the title "Judges" because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title "Judges" or a title such as "The Book about the Leaders in Israel." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### What kind of leaders were the judges?
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These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.
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### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?
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During this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.
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These tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.
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### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?
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During this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### What is the meaning of the phrase "in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes"?
|
||||
|
||||
This phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king.
|
||||
|
||||
The translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book's writer is looking back into the past.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the meaning of the phrase "to this day"?
|
||||
|
||||
The narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that "to this day" refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation's readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, "to this day, at the time when this is being written," or, "to this day, at the time of writing." This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
|||
# Ruth 01 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Structure and formatting
|
||||
|
||||
#### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled"
|
||||
The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Women without a husband or children
|
||||
In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Contrast
|
||||
The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Ruth 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
* __[Ruth intro](../front/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
|||
# Ruth 02 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "Do not go and glean in another field"
|
||||
Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Ruth 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
|||
# Ruth 03 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### Boaz's integrity
|
||||
Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story.
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "So that things may go well for you"
|
||||
Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Ruth 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
|||
# Ruth 04 General Notes
|
||||
|
||||
### Special concepts in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### King David
|
||||
Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
|
||||
|
||||
### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
|
||||
|
||||
#### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess"
|
||||
Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her.
|
||||
|
||||
#### "This was the custom in former times"
|
||||
This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down.
|
||||
## Links:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Ruth 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
|
||||
|
||||
__[<<](../03/intro.md) | __
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
|||
# Introduction to Ruth
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 1: General Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
### Outline of Ruth
|
||||
|
||||
1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22)
|
||||
1. Boaz helps Ruth as she gleans (2:1–23)
|
||||
1. Boaz and Ruth at the threshing floor (3:1–18)
|
||||
1. How Ruth became the wife of Boaz (4:1–16)
|
||||
1. Obed born to Ruth and Boaz; the genealogy of David (4:13–22)
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the Book of Ruth about?
|
||||
|
||||
This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David.
|
||||
|
||||
### How should the title of this book be translated?
|
||||
|
||||
This book traditionally has the title "Ruth" because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as "The Book about Ruth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
|
||||
|
||||
### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur?
|
||||
|
||||
The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were "judges" in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes.
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
|
||||
|
||||
### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab?
|
||||
|
||||
In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites' frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
|
||||
|
||||
### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth?
|
||||
|
||||
Israelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could.
|
||||
|
||||
### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"?
|
||||
|
||||
A person's close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULB) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice "levirate marriage." In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer.
|
||||
|
||||
### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth?
|
||||
|
||||
Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These "gleaners" picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty?
|
||||
|
||||
A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other.
|
||||
|
||||
The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel's duties in God's covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])
|
||||
|
||||
### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East?
|
||||
|
||||
City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway.
|
||||
|
||||
Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting "at" the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat "in" the city gateway.
|
||||
|
||||
## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
|
||||
|
||||
### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic?
|
||||
|
||||
The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULB uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes.
|
||||
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue