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# 1 Peter 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### What God reveals
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When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God's people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God's people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.
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#### Holiness
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God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])
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#### Eternity
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Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Paradox
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A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](./06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them "in the last time" ([1 Peter 1:5](./05.md))
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## Links:
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* __[1 Peter 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[1 Peter intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# 1 Peter 02 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Stones
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Peter uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Milk and babies
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When Peter tells his readers to "long for pure spiritual milk," he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother's milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God's word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Peter 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# 1 Peter 03 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### "Outward ornaments"
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Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.
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#### Unity
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Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphor
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Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Peter 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# 1 Peter 04 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Ungodly Gentiles
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This passage uses the term "Gentiles" to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. "Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, drunken celebrations, having wild parties, and committing disgusting acts of idolatry" were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
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#### Martyrdom
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It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "Let it" and "Let none" and "Let him" and "Let those"
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Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do.
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## Links:
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* __[1 Peter 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# 1 Peter 05 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Crowns
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The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Lion
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All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God's people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God's people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]])
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#### Babylon
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Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. Many scholars think that Peter was referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[1 Peter 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to 1 Peter
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of 1 Peter
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1. Introduction (1:1-2)
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1. Praise for God's salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)
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1. Christian living (2:11-4:11)
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1. Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)
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1. Closing (5:12-14)
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### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?
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The Book of 1 Peter was written by the apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.
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### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?
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Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of "encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God" (5:12).
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He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they were suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus would return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title "1 Peter" or "First Peter." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "The First Letter from Peter" or "The First Letter Peter Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### How were Christians treated in Rome?
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Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of "Babylon" (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### Singular and plural "you"
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In this book, the word "I" refers to Peter, except in two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word "you" is always plural and refers to Peter's audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]])
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### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?
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* "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart" (1:22). The ULB and most other modern translations read this way. Some older translations read, "You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart."
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If translations of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the readings found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.
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(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
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# James 01 General Notes
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### Structure and formatting
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James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Testing and temptation
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These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil.
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#### Crowns
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The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphors
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James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### "To the twelve tribes in the dispersion"
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It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers "the twelve tribes in the dispersion," words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for "all people whom God has chosen" or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews.
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## Links:
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* __[James 01:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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* __[James intro](../front/intro.md)__
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__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__
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# James 02 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Favoritism
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Some of James's readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.
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#### Justification
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Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Quotation marks
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The words "Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works" are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what "someone may say," like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that "someone."
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#### "You have ... I have"
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Some people think that the words "you" and "I" are metonyms for "some people" and "other people." If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, "Someone may say, 'Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.'" If the next sentence is also what "someone may say," it could be translated "Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith." In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULB does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])
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## Links:
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* __[James 02:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__
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# James 03 General Notes
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Metaphors
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James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]])
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## Links:
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* __[James 03:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__
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# James 04 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Adultery
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Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
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#### Law
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James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to "the royal law" ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).
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### Important figures of speech in this chapter
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#### Rhetorical Questions
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James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]])
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Humble
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This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.
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## Links:
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* __[James 04:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__
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# James 05 General Notes
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### Special concepts in this chapter
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#### Eternity
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This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
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#### Oaths
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Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.
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### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
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#### Elijah
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This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.
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#### "Save his soul from death"
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This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
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## Links:
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* __[James 05:01 Notes](./01.md)__
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__[<<](../04/intro.md) | __
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# Introduction to James
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## Part 1: General Introduction
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### Outline of the Book of James
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1. Greetings (1:1)
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1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18)
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1. Hearing and doing the Word of God (1:19-27)
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1. True faith seen in works
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- Word of God (1:19-27)
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- Royal law of love (2:1-13)
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- Works (2:14-26)
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1. Difficulties in community
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- Dangers of the tongue (3:1-12)
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- Wisdom from above (3:13-18)
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- Worldly desires (4:1-12)
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1. God's perspective on your decisions
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- Boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)
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- Warning about riches (5:1-6)
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- Suffering with patience (5:7-11)
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1. Closing exhortations
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- Oaths (5:12)
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- Prayer and healing (5:13-18)
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- Care for one another (5:19-20)
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### Who wrote the Book of James?
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The author identified himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a "pillar" of the church.
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This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written.
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### What is the Book of James about?
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In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely.
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James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7).
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### Who were the "twelve tribes in the dispersion"?
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James said he was writing to the "twelve tribes in the dispersion" (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the "General Epistles" since it was not written to a specific church or individual.
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### How should the title of this book be translated?
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Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "James." Or they may choose a clearer title, such as "A Letter from James" or "The Letter James Wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]])
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## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts
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### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God?
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Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])
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## Part 3: Important Translation Issues
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### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James?
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The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics.
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### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James?
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* "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?" (2:20). The ULB and modern translations read this way. Some older translations read, "Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?" If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.
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(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]])
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