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 # 1 John Commentary
 ## Overview 
 John’s first letter is very short. However, John wrote many things about God and mankind. John wrote this letter because some people in the church had spoken against what Christians should believe about God. John thought he had to explain again some of the things that Christians should believe. John did not want anyone to argue against these things.
 Even so, John always wrote so that the readers knew that he loved them. Many scholars have noticed that John was both gentle and bold when he wrote. It would be well for everyone to write or speak in this way when talking about God and mankind.
 Also, John wrote much about why Christians should love God. If someone loves God, he shows it by obeying God’s commands. If someone is a friend of God, then they want to obey God. John taught that if a Christian is not at peace with another Christian, then he is not at peace with God either.
 ## Who wrote this letter?
 In his letter, the author did not say who he was. However, most Christians have always said that it was the Apostle John who wrote the letter. This is because many things in the letter are like things in John’s gospel. 
 ### Did the same person write both 1 John and the Gospel of John?
 Both the gospel of John and 1 John have many words that are the same, and they both say many of the same things. Scholars think that whoever wrote these two books wanted to say many of the same things (see: John 20:31 and 1 John 5:13). However, it is difficult to know whether the same person actually wrote both books. This is because 1 John does not help people to know very much about the person who wrote it.
 ## Who did John write to?
 John wrote his letter because there was trouble in some churches. However, scholars do not know exactly what that trouble was. They also did not know where these churches were. They do know that some people were teaching wrong things. John did not explain everything that these people believed. However, here is what some scholars think: these people believed many different things, but they usually thought that a person had to learn very special or secret things in order to please God. They said that people could become more like God if they learned these secrets. They also thought that God would favor them if they refused many things that most people enjoy, such as getting married, eating fine foods, and other things. Because they thought this, they wanted to stay away from these things. They also said that this world was evil, that is, nothing in this world could be good. They did not think that God would ever agree to come to this world, so they said that Jesus had not really been a human being. They did believe that Jesus was God, but not that Jesus was also a human being.
 There are, however, other scholars who say that perhaps these teachers believed that everything in the physical world is evil. Therefore, they did not believe that Jesus was truly a human being. 
 John also wrote this letter to Christians in general. He did not write it to any particular person or church. He probably also thought that all Christians would read this letter. Jewish Christians would read his letter. Gentile Christians would also read this letter. This is because John did not copy any passages from the Old Testament. Gentile Christians did not know very much about the Old Testament.
 Some scholars think that John may have written it to Christians who never saw Jesus while he was on earth. This is because John said very strongly that he personally saw Jesus and the things Jesus did.
 John also repeated the words “from the beginning.” Perhaps many years had passed since Jesus rose from the dead (see: 1John 1:1, 2:4, and 2:24).
 John wrote to Christians who had not believed in Jesus for very long and who had much to learn.
 This is why he called his readers "little children." This shows that the audience did not know very much about how to follow Jesus.
 John may have known these Christians by name. This is because he often wrote about loving his readers. John’s letter also shows that he loved these Christians and cared for them very much.
 See : Heresy; Gnosticism; Resurrect (Resurrection)
 ## What John wrote about in his letter
 ### About remaining in Jesus
 John wrote the Greek word “remain” or “abide” (μένω/#g3306) many times in this letter. He wrote this when he wanted to talk about people staying somewhere. He also uses it to say that something remains in a certain place. Perhaps he talks more about “remaining” in Jesus than anything else.
 In this letter, John wrote “remain” when he wanted to say that Jesus' words remain in Christians. With “remain,” John also said that Christians remain united to Jesus and to God. The Father remains in the Son, and the Son remains in the Father. The Father and the Holy Spirit also remain in Christians. 
 When using “remain” to say that Christians remain united to Jesus, it is possible that John was speaking about a Christian's ability to live together with God forever. It is also possible that John was speaking about one result of a Christian being saved from the penalty of sin. Regardless, if a believer does not remain in Jesus, he will not be able to live forever with him. 
 John also wrote that Christians are waiting for God to help them. To do this, John used the word uses “remain.” 
 See: Eternal Security
 ##### Advice to translators: For “remaining” and “remain,” translators should represent these ideas in the same way that they did when they translated the letter of 1 John.
 ### About living in the Christian way
 John often wrote about why Christians should honor God in their lives. He said that if Christians do this, they will have peace with God. John wrote that Christians must honor God and do things that please him. 
 However, John knew that Christians cannot avoid sinning. In fact, if someone says that he does not sin, then he sins very badly by thinking in a wrong way. God knows that Christians will sin, but he still made a way to forgive them. He did this by causing Jesus to die for Christians.
 God also made a way for Christians to come back to him after they sin. They do this by confessing their sin. 
 More than anything else, John wanted Christians to “do the will of God,” that is, they must do what God wants them to do in their lives. They must honor and obey God.
 See: Fellowship; Confess (Confession); Will of God
 ### About Christians who are very faithful to Jesus
 A Christian is a person who believes in Jesus. However, some scholars believe that not all Christians are very faithful to Jesus. All Christians believe in Jesus, but only some Christians are very faithful to Jesus. That is, only some Christians obey him very well. If someone believes in Jesus, Jesus immediately saves that person. God will not punish him for having sinned. Christians who are very faithful to God obey him every day. However, all Christians should be very faithful to Jesus.  
 However, some scholars believe that Christians need to be completely faithful to God. If they are not, then they will not live together with God forever. Other scholars believe that God helps Christians to always obey him. Because of this, Christians must do their best to obey him.  
 ##### Advice to translators: Faithful can be hard to signal in many languages. You might have to search hard for a way to do it. 
 ### About people who belong to God
 John often wrote about people who belonged to God. He also wrote about people and things that belong to the world and the devil. Here, when John wrote “the world,” he was thinking about everything in this world that is against God, everything that tries to stop God. John wrote that Christians could choose to follow the things that oppose God. If they do this, they sin. However, Christians can instead choose to do the things God wants them to do. When they do this, they show that they belong to God, that they are doing his will.
 See: World 
 ### About the people who live together with God forever
 John wrote much about people who live with God forever. He wanted to say that people can start living “with” God now in this world, that is, they can serve God. They will continue to live with him forever. This is what John was thinking about when he wrote about eternal life. 
 God promised that believers in Jesus that they will live with him forever. Because he has promised this, believers can begin to live with God now, even in this world.
 See: 1 John 1:2 and 5:20 
 See: Eternal life
 ## About why John wrote this letter 
 John wrote this letter to help a church that had false teachers, teachers who taught wrong things about God. Some of these false teachers said that Jesus had not truly been a human being (see: 1 John 4:2). Perhaps these teachers also refused to admit that they had sinned (see: 1 John 1:6-10 and 1 John 2:4). Also, perhaps John wanted to correct people who did not live in a way that honors God. 
 Scholars think that John wrote this letter for the same reason that he wrote his gospel (see: John 20:31). He wanted to encourage people to believe in Jesus, so they could have eternal life  (see: 1 John 5:13). 
 See: Eternal life
 ## Outline
 Introduction (1:1-4)
 Christian living (1:5-3:10)
 The command to love one another (3:11-5:12)
 Conclusion (5:13-21)
 # 1 John 1
 ## 1:1-4
 ### John wrote about “the beginning.” When was this? 
 John wrote about “the beginning” in verse one. Some scholars think that this was the time when God created the world.  They think this because the gospel of John and the book of Genesis began in a similar way (see: John 1:1, and Genesis 1:1).
 Other scholars think that John was talking about the time when Jesus began to preach and teach. John wrote  “the beginning” many times in this letter. These scholars think that John was always thinking of the time when Jesus began to teach (see: 1 John 2:7). 
 See: Gospel; Preach (Preacher)
 ### Why did John say that he and the other apostles saw Jesus, heard Jesus speak, and touched Jesus? 
 John said that he and the other apostles saw Jesus, heard Jesus speak, and touched Jesus. John did this for several reasons. First, he did this to show that Jesus was a true human being. John did not want people to think that Jesus was only God pretending to be human. Second, John showed people that he saw Jesus. John knew Jesus because he had been with Jesus when Jesus was preaching and teaching. 
 Many scholars think that John wrote verse one in order to correct some false teachers. Those false teachers believed that Jesus was not truly a human being. Perhaps this is also why John said that he had seen, heard, and touched him.
 ### In 1:1, who or what is the “word”? 
 Some scholars think that John was speaking about Jesus when he said “word or message (λόγος/g3056).” This was because John said that he and the other apostles saw, heard, and touched Jesus. In Scripture, only Jesus is called the “word.”  If Jesus is the “word,” then he is also the “word of life ” (see: 1 John 5:20). That is, Jesus is the one who brings eternal life to anyone who believes in him. 
 Fewer scholars think that the “word” is the gospel. If this is true, then it referred to the message Jesus shared (see: Philippians 2:16). They think that in some way, Jesus is the gospel. He is the good news.
 See: Eternal life; Gospel
 ##### Advice to translators: Follow the wording used in your translation for “word” and “word of life.” Also, “word” and “message” are used in the same way here.
 ### In 1:1, what type of life does John talk about? 
 In verse 1, John wrote about “life (ζωή/g2222).” Some scholars think that when John wrote that someone has life, he wanted to say that that person will live with God forever. Jesus gives this type of life to those who believe in him. Other scholars think John wanted to say that Jesus helps Christians to live in a new way in this world. This is because Christians have become God’s friends. Or perhaps “life” means both things at the same time.
 See: Gospel; Eternal life; Save (Salvation); Born Again (New Life, Regeneration)
 ### How is “fellowship” used in this passage? 
 When two people have “fellowship,” they are at peace with each other, and they are friends. When John wrote about fellowship, he wanted to say that Christians are at peace with God and with each other. 
 In this passage, John wanted to say two different things. First, he wanted to say that Christians are friends with each other. The second thing John wanted to say is that Christians are friends with God, because they are at peace with him. When a Christian is at peace with God, they want to be at peace with other people. 
 See: Fellowship
 ### Christian are friends with whom? 
 In this passage, Christians have “fellowship” with other Christians, that is, they are friends with other Christians. They are also friends with God. A Christian is a friend of God when he trusts in God, prays to God, and honors him. Also, Christians are to be friends with other Christians. They are at peace with each other, help each other, and worship God together. 
 See: Fellowship
 ## 1:5-10
 ### Why did John speak of God as if he were light? 
 In this passage, John spoke about God as if he were light. This is because light represents someone who always does right and who never sins. 
 However, scholars think different things about the darkness. Some think that when John wrote about darkness, he was thinking about evil. If this is true, then the people in the darkness are the Christians who live in this evil world. However, other scholars think that John wanted to say that God has not yet shown certain people that they are sinners. In other words, these certain people are in darkness because they do not understand the truth about themselves and about God. 
 See: Light and Darkness (metaphor)
 ### Why does John make so many statements beginning with “if”? 
 John made five statements in this passage that began with “if (ἐάν/g1437).” Each statement said something that might be true. Each statement then said what would happen if that thing were true.
 The first statement (1:6) explained that a Christian’s sin kept him from being a friend to God. But in this case, it was not permanent.
 The second statement (1:7) was about a person who honored God. Such people were at peace with one another. They knew that God was no longer angry because they had sinned (see: Heb. 9:14 and 10:22). 
 The third statement (1:8) has caused scholars to disagree with each other. Some scholars think that verse 8 is about people who believe they do not sin very often. These people are not Christians. However, other scholars believe that verse 8 is about those who say they never sin. These people are lying to themselves and to other people.
 The fourth statement (1:8) was about how Christians are friends with God. They become friends with him by admitting that they sin and then by repenting of their sins.  If they do this, then their sins cannot separate them from God. They know that God is no longer angry with them for having sinned. 
 ##### Advice to translators: People translate 1:7 in very different ways. Feel free to adapt the content to follow your local translation and clarify it.
 ### Does God only forgive Christians when they lead a life that honors him? 
 God does not forgive someone because the person does things that please him. However, some translations may appear to say the opposite in 1:7.
 The first part of this verse speaks of how Christians must honor God and do what pleases him. In the second part of the verse, John said that Jesus makes people clean or forgives sin. This, of course, is how people become Christians. 
 Scholars disagree about how these two ideas are connected to each other. Some think that a person must live in the “light,” that is, that he must honor God with his words and actions for God to save him. For these scholars, if someone fails to do this, God will not save him. However, other scholars think John is teaching Christians to live in a way that honors him.
 See: Save (Salvation)
 ### Must a person confess his sins for God to save him? 
 It is not necessary for a person to “confess” or admit his sins to God in order for God to save him. Instead, God saves someone when he believes in Jesus, not when he admits his sin to God.
 ### Why should a Christian confess his sins to God? 
 John said that it is important for a Christian to “confess (ὁμολογέω/#g3670),” that is, admit their sins to God. For a Christian to continue to be friends with God, he must be a friend of God in the right way. When a Christian sins, he is in danger of ceasing to be friends with God. He becomes a true friend of God again by admitting his sin to God. 
 When John said that God will “cleanse Christians” or “make Christians clean” from sin, he is using a metaphor. He is speaking of sin as if it were dirtiness. Christians continue to commit sin, which is like getting dirty again and again. However, each time they sin, they must admit their sin to God. Then, God continues to forgive or “cleanse” them.
 See: Fellowship; Justify (Justification)
 ### Why did John write 1:8? 
 Many scholars think John wrote this verse because false teachers claimed that they were able to not sin for a long time. However, because John uses “we” when he says, “If we say we have no sin,” John includes himself among sinners. Because of this, other scholars do not think John was arguing against false teachers. Instead, they think that some Christians did not understand what it meant that God saved them.
 ### Can Christians avoid sinning? 
 John clearly says in 1:8 that Christians sin. It is a sin for someone to say that they do not sin. 
 However, scholars disagree about how someone “has sin.” Some think John meant that Christians sin from time to time, but they cannot constantly sin. If this is true, then Christians can stop sinning for a period of time. However, other scholars think John meant that all Christians sin, even if they do not know what sins they are committing.
 # 1 John 2
 ## 2:1-2
 Verse 1 has the word “if” in it. Is it like the statements in 1 John 1 that also have “if”?
 John said five things using the word “if (ἐάν/#g1437)” in 1 John 1. In 1:1, he said something using the word “if” as well. He said the same thing that he said in 1 John 1 in a very short way. Here, he said that when a Christian sin, God forgives them. However, bad things still often happen when Christians sin. Because of this, John wanted Christians to try hard to stop sinning. But when they sin, John wanted them to ask God to forgive them. 
 ### How does Jesus “help” Christians?
 Jesus “advocates for” or helps Christians. Only John used this Greek word translated “help” to say what Jesus and the Holy Spirit do. John wanted to say that someone who helps is someone who does things for someone else. For example, if someone is accused of a crime, he helps by speaking to the judge for that person. Jesus goes to God, the judge, and speaks for Christians. Jesus also helps Christians live in a way that honors God.
 See: John 14:16, 14:26, 15:26, and 16:7
 See: Intercede (Intercession)
 ### When Jesus died, he suffered the punishment for the sins that Christians do. How could Jesus suffer for Christians?
 Scripture says that if anyone sins, God must punish him. But Scripture also says that God punished Jesus in the place of sinners. He did this when Jesus agreed to die on the cross. 
 John wrote about what happened when one person, Jesus, died for everyone else. He was a “propitiation for our sins (ἱλασμός/#g2434).” This Greek word was only used twice in Scripture. Both times are in this letter. John wrote this word to talk about something that Jesus gave to God so that God would forgive the sins of mankind. However, God would only accept one thing, his Son should die. God must punish sin, so he punished Jesus instead of mankind. In other words, when Jesus died on the cross, God stopped being angry with people who trust in Jesus. However, he remains angry with the rest of mankind.
 When people worshiped other gods in the ancient Near East, they often thought that their gods became angry for very small reasons. For example, they thought that these gods quarreled or fought among themselves and with mankind, the same way that people often quarrel with one another. However, John showed that God is angry for only one reason, that is, when mankind sins. 
 So some scholars think that when John wrote “propitiation for our sins,” he wanted to say that God was at peace with Christians, even after they have sinned.  This is why God does not punish Christians.
 See: Propitiation; Atone (Atonement)
 See: Romans 3:25; Hebrews 2:17; 1 John 4:10
 ##### Advice to translators: When God is angry with people, he is angry because he is just, not because he commits sin.
 ### Did Christ die for the sins of all people?
 Some scholars think that Jesus died for the sins of all people in the world. It was in this way that Jesus made it possible for people to live together with God forever. However, it is only those who believe in him who will live with him. 
 Other scholars think that Jesus only died for the sins of some people, that is, for those who would believe in him. They think Jesus only died for the people whom God has chosen. They think that John said that Jesus died for certain people everywhere in the world.
 See: John 3:16
 See: Atone (Atonement); Elect
 ## 2:3-6
 ### How does someone “know” God?
 For John, when a person “knows” God, he does not only know who he is. He also knows that God is good, and he knows why God acts as he does. 
 John wrote that anyone who obeys the word of God knows God. When someone knows God, he wants to please him. That is why he obeys him. John wrote that a Christian must obey God. He also wanted to say that it is better to obey him than it is to know many things about him. 
 Some people in ancient times said that God secretly told them things. Therefore, they said that they knew secret things about God. Perhaps John was thinking about these people when he wrote that Christians must obey God.  
 What does John mean by remain or abide (μένω/#g3306)?
 See: Abide
 ## 2:7-11
 ### What are the old and new commandments?
 John wrote that Christians should obey God. Perhaps John was thinking about the things that the apostles taught, when he wrote this. This is what some scholars think.
 The old commandment that John was writing about was Jesus’ command to love other people. However, he says it is also new, perhaps he is telling it again to them. 
 See: Matthew 22:36-40
 See: Command (Commandment); Gospel; Law of Moses; End of the Law of Moses
 ### What are the darkness and the light?
 Perhaps John continued to speak about light in order to talk about God.  He wanted to say that God always does what is right, and that he always says what is true. He is like light, which makes everyone able to see. This is what some scholars think.
 John wrote about darkness in order to talk about sin. The writers of the Scriptures often say that the world is evil, and John himself said this world is “dark.” 
 John wrote in verse 8 that the darkness is passing away, going away, or disappearing. Perhaps he wanted to say that the gospel is causing people to believe in Jesus. This makes the world less evil, or “dark.” This is what some scholars think.
 When John wrote about people walking in darkness, perhaps he was thinking about Christians who deliberately sin. Some scholars think so. Or, perhaps John was thinking about non-Christians. These people often live very wrongly. This shows that they are not Christians, and that they are living in darkness. They are very far from Christ.
 See: World 
 ### Why should Christians love other Christians?
 John wrote that Christians should love other Christians. He was thinking about this when he wrote the metaphor about light and darkness.  People who honor God are walking in the light because they love other Christians. People who do not love other Christians are not living in the right way. They are living as they did before they became Christians. John says that these people are in the darkness. The darkness stops these Christians from knowing that they themselves sin.
 Some scholars think that John was speaking about Christians who have difficulty loving certain other Christians. 
 John also wrote that Christians are brothers, because they are part of God’s family. Families must love other people in their family. Also, Christians must love non-Christians.
 See: Matthew 22:39-40
 See: Metaphor
 ##### Advice to translators: Scripture often speaks about the way a Christian lives as walking. Express this idea in the same way that your local version of 1 John does.
 ## 2:12-17
 ### What is the world?
 Usually, when the writers of Scripture wrote about “the world,” they were thinking about all of the people of the world. However, sometimes they were thinking about all the evil things of the world. That is, they were thinking about everything and everyone on earth that acts against God. 
 This is why John wrote that Christians must not love the world. Most of the people in the world do not honor God. They continually sin. 
 See: James 4:4
 See: World 
 ### What things do people in this world like?
 John wrote about three things that people like in this world. Each of these things is wrong. However, people still want these things. 
 (1) Lust of the flesh 
 (2) Lust of the eyes
 (3) Arrogance of life 
 Perhaps these three things are really the same thing. If this is true, then John wrote these three things because he wanted people to think about the time when Satan persuaded Adam and Eve to sin in the Garden of Eden (see: Genesis 3:6). Adam and Eve proudly disobeyed God when they decided to eat the fruit that they wanted.  Perhaps John was thinking about this when he was writing.
 However, perhaps John was thinking about how Satan tempted Jesus in the wilderness. This is what some other scholars think.
 Or, perhaps John was thinking about when Satan rebelled against God (see: Isaiah 14). This is what some other scholars think.
 See: World 
 ## 2:18-25
 ### How many antichrists are there?
 Some scholars think that John used the word “antichrists” in two different ways. The first antichrist is a certain person, that is, the devil. He will come to earth and will look like a man. He will try to do the same things that Jesus did. This antichrist will oppose Jesus and his church. The second antichrist is anyone, in general, who opposes Jesus.
 See: Antichrist
 ### Who was John speaking about? 
 Some scholars think that John was writing about Christians in verse 19. These scholars think that some Christians left the larger group of Christians because they did not think in the same way at the larger group of Christians. 
 However, more scholars think that John was writing about non-Christians in verse 19. When these people left the Christians, they showed everyone that they were not truly Christians. These scholars think that there is a difference between those who say that they are Christians and those who are truly Christians, that is, people who will live together with God forever. Perhaps those who left the church decided to follow the false teachers. 
 See: Eternal security; Save (Salvation)
 ### What is the anointing of the Holy Spirit?
 See: Anoint (Anointing)
 ### Who was John writing about when he wrote “all” in 2:20? 
 Some scholars think that “all” meant knowing all things or all the things about Jesus that you need to know. Other scholars believe that it is a reference to knowing all of the truth. This can be all of the truth about Jesus or the truth about the false teachers. Still others believe that it is “all’ of the people know the truth. 
 Some scholars think that when John wrote “all,” he wanted to say that Christians know all the things they need to know about Jesus. However, other scholars think that John was talking about knowing all of the truth about Jesus or about the false teachers. Still others think that John wanted to say that all Christians know the truth.  
 ## 2:26-29
 ### How do Christians do what is right? 
 Scholars think different things about verse 29. Perhaps John wanted to say that Jesus saves Christians only if they live in the right way. Perhaps he wanted to say that if Jesus saved someone, that person would certainly live in the right way. Or perhaps he wanted to say that a person could not live in the right way if Jesus has not saved him. If this is true, then people who do not believe in Jesus sin even when they do good things.
 # 1 John 3
 ## 3: 1-3
 ### Who are the children of God?
 John wrote that Christians are children of God. However, Christians are not the physical children of God. That is, God did not give birth to their bodies. He did not give birth to them as a mother gives birth to her children. Instead, Christians have been born a second time. John wrote that they are born “from” God (see: 1 John 2:29).
 When John wrote about God, he showed that a person must be born a second time (see: John 3). If a person is not born a second time, John wrote that he is a child of the devil (see: 3:10). But if God gives birth to a person a second time, that person is at peace with God. He is a friend of God. 
 See: Born Again (New Life, Regeneration)
 ### How will Christians be like Jesus when he returns to the earth?
 In 3:2, John showed that after a person starts to believe in Jesus, he begins to act more like Jesus. He begins to live more rightly, because he wants to honor God. God changes him little by little to be more like Jesus. God will continue to change him as long as he is alive in this world.
 When Jesus returns to this world, God will change the Christians to be like Jesus. God will unite them completely with Jesus. They will not sin anymore. They will no longer suffer or have pain. Nothing bad can hurt them anymore. 
 ## 3:4-10
 ### What is lawlessness?
 In Scripture, God told his people to obey the laws or rules that he made for them. The devil and sinners work against God, so they are against the law, lawless, without the law, or outside of the law. When someone works against God, that is, they take a side against God and side with Satan. John said that they are “lawless.” The false teachers took sides for Satan and against God. 
 See: Law of Moses
 ##### Advice to translators: Translate “lawless” however your local version translates this idea. 
 ### When John wrote about sinning again and again, whom was he thinking about?
 When John wrote about sinning again and again, he was thinking about the false teachers and anyone else who does the work of the devil instead of the work of Jesus.
 See: 1 John 1:8, 10; Romans 7:20 
 ##### Advice to translators: Many translations of 3:4 and 1 John 2:29 can appear to contradict each other. This note is an attempt to clarify this apparent contradiction. Not all translation will need this clarification. 
 ## 3:11-17
 ### Why did Cain kill Abel?
 The book of Genesis showed that Cain and Abel were the sons of Adam and Eve. It also showed that Cain murdered Abel. It did not say why Cain killed him. It only said that God refused to accept what Cain sacrificed to him. Then Cain became angry at his brother (see: Gen 4). John showed how Cain was different from Christians, those who follow Jesus and honor him. They are different from those who follow the devil, that is, those who do not honor God.
 Those who belong to the devil, they like to sin. This is why they hate those who live rightly, that is, those who want to honor God. 
 Children of the devil do evil things because they want to insult God, and because they hate God’s children. John wrote that anyone who hates another person is the same as one who murders him. He wrote this because often people murder others because they hate them.
 ### Why does the world hate Christians?
 Frequently, people who do not believe in Jesus go so far as to hate Christians. When someone sins because he wishes to do, he then wants to sin more. If he hates another person, there is nothing more to do than kill him. This is what happened to Cain. 
 See: Sin; World 
 ##### Advice to translators:  In Scripture, the writers often write the word “world” when they want to speak about all of the sinful people in the world. Also, Scripture shows that a person can sin more and more unless he repents. 
 ### When John wrote “anyone,” who was he thinking of (3:15)?
 John wrote that “anyone” who hates another person would not get to live together with God in heaven forever. Some scholars believe that Christians cannot murder another person. This is because God makes them new when they believe in Jesus. Others believe that Christians can still commit very evil sins. Murder is an example of this. However, when Christians do this, they are not doing the things that God wants them to do.
 See: Abide
 ## 3:18-24
 ### Why did John write that Christians belong to the “truth”?
 Perhaps when John wrote that Christians belong to the “truth (αληθεια/#g225) or are from the truth, he wanted to say that they believe true things about God. This is another way of saying that Christians belong to God. They are different from those who belong to the devil. This is what some scholars think.
 However, perhaps John wanted to say that Christians obey God. It is those who obey God, they believe the right things about God and doing the right things. 
 ##### Advice to translators: Translate “heart” the way your local version of 1 John translates it.
 ### What is the heart?
 When John wrote about the “heart” he was thinking that Christians know when they have sinned. They know this in their heart. The Jews thought that the heart was where they knew this. John wrote that Christians’ hearts can sometimes condemn them. He wanted to say that Christians know that they deserve for God to punish them for having sinned.
 Perhaps John wanted to say that God wants Christians to completely obey him, even more than they think in their hearts that they should obey him. Some scholars think this.
 However, more scholars think that John wanted to say that God knows Christians better than they know themselves. God knows the things that Christians really want to do. He knows how much they want to obey him. Therefore, only God can comfort Christians.
 When John wrote that God gives Christians what they pray for, what did he want to say?
 Here John wrote that Christians must obey what God commands. Christians should do the things that God desires. Therefore, Christians should ask for things that God wants. When they ask him for these things, God gives them these things.
 What does the Holy Spirit do for Christians?
 Perhaps John wants to say that the Holy Spirit allows Christians to know that they will live with God forever. This is what some scholars think. Or, perhaps John wants to say that the Holy Spirit allows believers to know that God is with them now. This is because Christians cannot know this on their own, without the Holy Spirit making it known to them.
 See: Eternal Security; Indwelling of the Holy Spirit
 # 1 John 4
 ## 4:1-6
 ### How do Christians test people who teach about God?
 Some people teach others the truth about God, but other people teach false things about him. John did not want the Christians to accept what everyone teaches about God. Instead, Christians must find out who is teaching the truth, and who is teaching wrong things. 
 John wanted to say that whenever a person teaches others about God, either the Holy Spirit is showing him what to say, or Satan is showing him. Therefore, believers must try to find out who is showing that teacher what to say. 
 Satan does not want to say that Jesus came from God. Also, Satan does not want to say that Jesus was a human being, that Jesus is the Son of God, or that Jesus himself is God.
 John wrote that Jesus Christ has come “in the flesh.” Perhaps this means that Jesus came from God and was a human being in this world. 
 Satan did not want to say this. Therefore, if a teacher refused to say this, then the believers knew that Satan has shown these false teachers what to say. Only the Holy Spirit could have truly taught people about God. It is the Holy Spirit and angels from God who speak the truth about God, because they want to honor him.
 This is not the only test Scripture gives to determine whether something is from God. The Old Testament talked about how to test the messages that false prophets said that they got from God (see: Deuteronomy 13:2-3).  In addition to this, John also said that spirits from God would teach the same things the apostles taught, that is the gospel. Those who reject God will be unable to teach the true, biblical gospel.
 See: 1 Corinthians 12:3  
 See: Gospel
 ### When John wrote about the antichrist, who was he thinking about?
 When John wrote 4:3, he was not thinking about one person. However, in 4:4, John was perhaps thinking about a person whom he called the antichrist. All of these persons came from the devil. They follow the way of the devil. They all try to stop Jesus from working on the earth. 
 However, some scholars think that in 4:4 John was not thinking about any one person. They do not think that the antichrist is a person who will come later. Instead, they think that John was writing about the devil. It is the devil who can do evil in this world. It is the devil who tells people to fight against those who believe in Jesus.
 The Spirit of God is different from the spirit of the antichrist. At the beginning of 4:2, the Greek word “spirit” means the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is a person. However, the “spirit” of the antichrist is not a person, but rather the power of the devil. It means everything that fights against Jesus.
 See: John 12:31; 1 Corinthians 4:4; Ephesians 2:2  
 ### What is the Greek text of 4:3?
 The oldest copies of 4:3 do not have the words “in the flesh (σάρξ/#g4561)”, so scholars think that someone added them much later. That person added them in order to explain what John wanted to say. In this way, he made this verse like 2 John 1:7 and 4:2. In those verses, John wanted to say that Jesus was truly a human being.
 Most translators now do not translate these words in this verse.
 ## 4:7-12
 ### When John wrote, “Everyone who loves is born of God,” what did he want to say?
 John wanted to say that if anyone does not love other people, he does not know that God loves mankind. Also, he cannot be a friend of God. So he shows everyone that he is not a Christian. 
 However, John did not want to say that anyone who loves other people is a Christian. But he did think that Christians should love each other. John commanded them to do this. Some scholars think that 4:7 is the main idea of John’s whole letter.
 ### When John wrote that Jesus is God’s one and only son, what did he want to say?
 John wrote that Jesus is God’s “only” or “unique” Son. He wanted to say that Jesus is different from all Christians, who are also God’s children (see: 1 John 3:2). God made believers his children when he gave birth to them a second time. However, the Greek word “one and only” showed that Jesus is different. This is because he has always been God. He has always been the Son of God, because God the Father never gave him birth, that is, the Son of God has always existed, even before he became a human being. 
 ### How did God the Father send God the Son?
 God the Son has the same power as God the Father, and he is just as great as the Father. Even so, God the Father sent the Son into this world (see: 4:9). Jesus is as great as his Father, but he came into the world when his Father told him to.
 See: John 3:16  
 See: Incarnation; Trinity
 ### Has no one seen God?
 John wrote that no one has seen God. John wanted to say that no one can look at God and continue to live. No one who sins can live beside God. He will die if he sees God. God will destroy anyone who tries to go near him (see: Exodus 33:20).
 It is true that Jesus is God, but he is also a human being. When people saw Jesus, Jesus was hiding most of his power. He was hiding most of what God is, so that people could be with him.
 In the Old Testament, many people wrote about this. When John was writing this letter, perhaps he was thinking about people who said they had seen God directly. John wanted to say that no one can see God now. A time will come when believers will be able to see him. 
 ## 4:13-16
 ### Can a Christian know that God has saved him?
 Perhaps John wanted to say here that Christians can know that they will one day live forever in heaven with God. They can know this because they have the Holy Spirit in them. 
 However, some scholars think that a Christian, one who trusts in Jesus now, can one day reject him. If he does that, they say that Jesus will refuse to save him any longer.
 See: Ephesians 1:14  
 See: Indwelling of the Holy Spirit
 ### Is the Holy Spirit God?
 In 4:13, Paul said that God “remains” or “abides” within Christians. It is God who comes to live in a Christian when he believes in Jesus. In Scripture, it is the Holy Spirit who is lives within all Christians (see: 1Corinthians 3:16 and 6:19). The Holy Spirit is God. 
 See: Abide; Trinity; Indwelling of the Holy Spirit  
 ### What must a believer accept about Jesus? 
 In 4:2, John wrote that spirits must accept that Jesus was truly a human being. If they do not say this, this shows that they do not come from God. In 4:15, John wrote that Christians must accept that Jesus is the Son of God. If a person does not accept this, he does not understand who Jesus is. 
 In this chapter, John wanted people to believe what is true about Christ, that is He is both fully God and fully human. Christians must believe both.
 See: Son of God
 ### Who should Christians “remain in this love” towards?
 Christians should certainly “remain” or “abide” in love (see: 4:16). That is, Christians should continue to love, but John did not say whom they should love. Perhaps he wanted to say that they should continue to love other Christians. However, fewer scholars think that John was saying that Christians must remain or continue to love Jesus. 
 See : Abide
 ## 4:17-21
 ### How can a Christian have confidence at the time when God will judge everyone?
 When John wrote about confidence, boldness, or having a lack of fear, he was thinking about the time when God will judge everyone. Christians who honor God do not need to worry about this happening. They should look forward to Jesus returning to the earth. However, anyone who does not honor God should fear Jesus returning to the earth.
 The Jews and the first Christians both believed that God would judge everyone at a future time. Some scholars think that John wanted to say that every Christian will see Jesus. At that time, every Christian will have to explain to him why he lived the way he did in this world. The place where this will happen is the Judgment Seat of God (see: 2 Corinthians 5:10). It is at this time that Jesus will give a reward to every Christian for how he lived in this world.
 If Christians obey what John says they should do, they should not fear Jesus when he judges them.
 However, other scholars think that John is not talking about a time when Jesus will judge the Christians. Christians do not need to fear that time, because God has punished Jesus for their sins. Instead, Jesus will judge only those who do not believe in him. He will separate them from the Christians. Then he will receive the Christians to himself.
 God punished Jesus for Christians because he loved them and promised that he would save them. This is why Christians should trust that Jesus will receive them. God always keeps his promises. Truly, if a person is afraid of Jesus, perhaps this shows that this person is not a Christian at all.  
 See: 1 John 2:28
 See: Day of Judgment
 ##### Advice to translators: Scripture talks about how a Christians should not fear God, but also that they should fear God. However, there are two different meanings of the English word “fear.” Christians should not be scared of God, but they should want to respect God and not want to be punished by God.
 # 1 John 5
 ## 5:1-5
 ### What must Christians believe about Jesus? 
 John wrote many things about Jesus. In 1 John 4:2, John wrote that Jesus was a true human being. If anyone does not believe this, he is not truly a Christian. He has rejected Jesus. In this passage, John continued to write about Jesus. John said that Christians must also believe Jesus is the messiah. Jesus is the one whom God had promised to send to Israel. Jesus is the one who will deliver Christians.  
 See Article: Messiah (Christ)
 ### Why did John write the metaphor about children? 
 John used a metaphor to describe Christians. He said that Christians were children. However, he was not writing about children born to their mother and father. Instead, John wanted to say that when anyone believes in Jesus, the Holy Spirit gives that person new life. When this happens, a person is “born” a second time and God becomes that person’s new “father.” God had already created that person, but now for the first time he is that person’s father.
 Because all Christians are children of God, they are brothers and sisters to each other. God is father to all Christians, and he loves all of them the same. Because of this, all Christians should love each other.
 See: Born Again (New Life, Regeneration)
 ### How does John use “overcomes”? 
 In Scripture, Christians are described as having won something. This occurs when they believe in Jesus. They have “overcome,” “conquered,” or “defeated” (νικάω/#g3528) the world. This is a metaphor about how Christians have defeated Satan. Satan does not want people to believe in Jesus. These forces are at work on the earth. 
 Why did John write that Christians “have overcome” the world? 
 John wrote that Christians have “overcome or defeated” (νικάω/#g3528) the world. When John wrote “the world,” he was thinking about all the people who love to do evil and who reject Jesus. Perhaps he was also thinking about Satan, because Satan is the one who tries to get people to sin. Christians defeat Satan when they trust in Jesus and obey him. This is also what John was thinking about when he wrote that Christians overcome the world.
 See: 1 John 2:13-14, 4:4  
 See: World 
 ## 5:6-12
 ### Why did John write water and blood?
 John wrote water and blood. John spoke about these things to make people think about what Jesus did while he was on the earth. Water and blood represented what Jesus did while he was on the earth. John the Baptist baptized Jesus in water. This is when Jesus began to do the work God sent him to do. When Jesus died on the cross, he bled, so the blood represented his death.  
 Other scholars think that John wrote “water and blood” because false teachers did not believe that Jesus was an actual human being. John said this because people have both water and blood in their bodies.
 See: Messiah (Christ); Baptize (Baptism)
 ##### Advice to translators: This may or may not be an issue for people in your local context. Feel free to omit this information if it would not be helpful to the local church. 
 ### What did John actually write in 5:7 and 5:8?
 In some old Greek copies of this letter, 5:7 and 5:8 have more words than in other copies of this letter. In other words, these two verses are longer in these copies. The longer verses have the words “God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.” 
 However, in most old copies of 1 John, 5:7 and 5:8 are shorter because they do not have these words. Today, when people translate this letter, they usually do not translate these words. But some people translate them and put them inside square brackets ([...]) to show that these words are not in the oldest copies of the letter.
 ##### Advice to translators: This may or may not be an issue for people in your local context. Feel free to omit this information if it would not be helpful to the local church.
 ### Who is the Spirit of truth?
 See: 1 John 4:6
 ## 5:13-17
 ### When does God Christians the things they ask him for?
 When Christians pray to God, he gives them what they ask him for if:
 (1) They pray for things that he wants to give them
 (2) They pray for things that God wants to help them with. 
 However, God does not give Christians everything they ask for. 
 See: Will of God
 ### When John wrote about sins leading to death, what was he writing about?
 Perhaps when John wrote about sins not “resulting in” or  “leading to” death, he was writing about sins that can cause a person to die if he commits them. This is because God punishes that person immediately. Some scholars think this.
 Other scholars think that John was writing about sins that God will punish by putting the sinner far away from himself forever. This is what the Scripture writers often call death. However, these scholars do not think that a Christian can sin in this way. People who sin in this way commit the sin that God will not forgive (see: Matthew 12:21-32; Mark 3:28-29; Luke 12:10).
 See:  John 17:9; Romans 6:23; James 5:19-20
 ## 5:18-21
 ### How did John end this letter?
 Many scholars think that in these final verses John wanted people to think about everything he just wrote. Therefore, he said the same things in the strongest. 
 ### Did John write about people who sin many times, or was he writing about people who sin only one time?
 John may have written about people who sin many times or people who sin only one time. Some people may have asked if Christians are able to live without sinning. All Christians can live without sinning, but no Christian does. 
 Some scholars think that Christians cannot keep doing the same sin many times. Perhaps this is what John wanted to say. Many translators think this, so this is how they translate this verse.
 Other scholars think that John wrote about even one sin. 
 ##### Advice to translators: Many translators think that John wants to say that anyone born from God does not continue to sin or make a habit of sinning. Other translations think that John “sin” without saying anything else. This content may need to be adapted to follow your local translation. 
 ### What are idols?
 Idols are false gods. Often people made statues or drawings that represented those false gods. In ancient times, most people worshiped false gods instead of Yahweh, the God of Israel. 
 John taught that if a person worshipped anything other than the true God, he worshipped an idol. This is because when a person sins, he is not obeying God; he is obeying something else. 
 When John wrote that the Christians should keep themselves from idols, perhaps he wanted to tell them not to sin, or perhaps he wanted to tell them not to worship actual idols.
 See: Idolatry (Idol)
 # The Meaning of Greek Words
 ## g225 (αληθεια)
 ### Truth
 Something that is αληθεια is true. It often describes something, that is, an αληθεια is a thing. Therefore, an αληθεια is something that is true
 However, it is also used in different ways with this same type of meaning.
 It is used to speak a certain thing that is true.
 It is used to speak about many or all things that are true. It is sometimes used in this way to speak about all true things or teachings about God. It is also used to speak about the gospel.
 It is used to describe a person. The person who is αληθεια does not lie or lives in the right way.
 See: Gospel
 ## g1437 (ἐάν)
 ### If
 Sometimes a thing depends on another thing, that is, a certain thing will only happen “if” something else happens first. This is often called a “condition” of the certain thing. However, there mean different ways that a condition can be met or fulfilled. Here, ἐάν is used to say “if a Christian ever…” It introduces a potential situation, which may occur in the future. 
 ## g3056 (λόγος)
 ### Word, thought, statement, message
 λόγος is often used to mean a word, statement, or message. However, it is used in a special way in Scripture to speak about Jesus. When someone thinks something, it is often expressed in a word, statement or message. This is what this special meaning of λόγος is about. Scholars do not know why John talked about Jesus using the word λόγος. Some scholars think that Jesus just thought about everything in the universe and made it. Other scholars think that John used this word because Scripture, the word of God, is how people know about God. Therefore, Jesus is how people now know about God.
 ## g3306 (μένω)
 ### Stay, remain, abide
 When someone μένω in a place, they do not leave that place. 
 It is also used in other ways. However, scholars do not agree about what it means.
 (1) Someone μένω in Jesus. Some scholars think this means that Christians can stop being friends with God and will not live together with God in heaven forever. More scholars think this means that Christians stop doing the things that Jesus wants them to do, that is, they do not live in a way that honors God. μένω is also used to say that some people stop teaching the things Jesus and the apostles taught.
 Commandment
 Fellowship
 Gospel
 Gnosticism
 Heresy
 Intercede
 Messiah
 Metaphor
 Preach
 Propitiation
 Anoint (Anointing)
 Antichrist
 Atone (Atonement)
 Baptism
 Born Again (New Life, Regeneration)
 Confession
 Elect
 End of the Law of Moses
 Eternal Life
 Eternal Security
 Idolatry
 Incarnation
 Indwelling Spirit
 Justification
 Law of Moses
 Light and Darkness (metaphor)
 Resurrection
 Salvation
 Sin
 Son of God
 Trinity
 Will of God
 World