diff --git a/gen/01/03.md b/gen/01/03.md index 6cd9d65bad..2a54231eb5 100644 --- a/gen/01/03.md +++ b/gen/01/03.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Let there be light -This is a command. By commanding that light should exist, God made it exist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-imperative]]) +This is a command. By commanding that light should exist, God made it exist. diff --git a/oba/01/01.md b/oba/01/01.md index 92aa1e6657..c7575349a8 100644 --- a/oba/01/01.md +++ b/oba/01/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # The vision of Obadiah -This is the title of the book. Here "vision" is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received the message. Alternate translation: "The message of Obadiah" or "The prophesy of Obadiah" +This is the message that Obadiah received from Yahweh. # The Lord Yahweh says this concerning Edom @@ -8,17 +8,10 @@ This tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom. # Yahweh -This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. - -# an ambassador has been sent - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has sent an ambassador" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. # Rise up "Stand up." This phrase is used to tell people to get ready. -# rise up against her - -Here "her" refers to Edom. This is a metonym for the people of Edom, so it could also be translated as "them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/oba/01/02.md b/oba/01/02.md index cb5bee1b8f..b746739520 100644 --- a/oba/01/02.md +++ b/oba/01/02.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ -# Behold, I will make you - -Beginning in verse 2, Obadiah records the words that Yahweh speaks directly to Edom. - # Behold -This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: "Look" or "Pay attention to what I am about to tell you" - -# I will make you small among the nations; you will be greatly despised - -These two phrases mean similar things and are used to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) +This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. # I will make you small among the nations -Something that is insignificant is spoken of as if it is of small size, and can easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: "I will make you insignificant among the nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Something that is insignificant is spoken of as if it is of small size, and can easily be overlooked. # you will be greatly despised -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the people of other nations will hate you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"the people of other nations will hate you" diff --git a/oba/01/03.md b/oba/01/03.md index 2b0419f597..adf5536be6 100644 --- a/oba/01/03.md +++ b/oba/01/03.md @@ -1,24 +1,17 @@ -# General Information: - -Obadiah's vision concerning Edom continues. # The pride of your heart has deceived you -The "heart" was associated with emotions. The Edomites' pride caused them to be deceived about their security. Alternate translation: "Your pride has deceived you" or "Your pride causes you think you are safe" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"Your pride has deceived you" or "Your pride causes you think you are safe" # in the clefts of the rock -"in the cracks in the rock." This here has the sense of a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks. - -# in your lofty home - -"in your home that was built in a high place" +"in the cracks in the rock." # say in your heart -Here "in your heart" is an idiom that means "to yourself." Alternate translation: "say to yourselves" or "think" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"say to yourselves" or "think" # Who will bring me down to the ground? -This question expresses that the Edomites were proud and felt safe. Alternate translation: "No one can bring me down to the ground." or "I am safe from all attackers." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +"No one can bring me down to the ground." or "I am safe from all attackers." diff --git a/oba/01/04.md b/oba/01/04.md index 1d2047e369..7bb5b0984b 100644 --- a/oba/01/04.md +++ b/oba/01/04.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Though you soar high like the eagle and though your nest is set among the stars -Both of these exaggerations say that Edom is built in a very high place by saying it is built much higher than possible. Alternate translation: "And I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) +"if you could make your homes among the stars" # I will bring you down from there -Pride is associated with height while humility is associated with being low. To "bring down" is an idiom that means to humble someone. Alternate translation: "I will humble you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"I will humble you" diff --git a/oba/01/05.md b/oba/01/05.md index bc209674c1..61a0b62aa6 100644 --- a/oba/01/05.md +++ b/oba/01/05.md @@ -1,28 +1,13 @@ -# General Information: - -Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom. # If thieves came to you ... would they not steal only as much as they needed? -This question is used to imply that Yahweh's punishment of Edom would be worse than what thieves would do when they steal. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "If thieves came to you ... they would only steal as much as they needed, but I will take everything from you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"If thieves came to you ... they will take everything from you!" # If thieves came to you, if robbers came by night -These two phrases mean the same thing and are used to emphasize people who steal. They can be combined. Alternate translation: "When thieves break into someone's house during the night" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hendiadys]]) - -# if robbers came by night - -"or if robbers came during the night" - -# robbers - -people who steal things from other people +"When thieves break into someone's house during the night" # how you will be ruined! -Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. Alternate translation: "you are completely destroyed!" - -# If grape gatherers came to you, would they not leave the gleanings? - -This question is used to imply that Yahweh's punishment of Edom would be more thorough than what grape gatherers would do when they harvest grapes. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: "If grape gatherers came to you, they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you!" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"you are completely destroyed!" diff --git a/oba/01/06.md b/oba/01/06.md index 66857ee46c..f768c7281b 100644 --- a/oba/01/06.md +++ b/oba/01/06.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # How Esau will be ransacked, his hidden treasures looted -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Ah, enemies will ransack Esau; they will loot his hidden treasures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"enemies will take Esau's hidden treasures" # Esau @@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ The people of Edom were the descendants of Esau. Therefore, in this book "Edom" # will be ransacked -This means the enemies will search through Esau's things, take everything valuable, and leave everything else in a mess or damaged. +The enemies will search through Esau's things, take everything valuable, and leave everything else in a mess or damaged. diff --git a/oba/01/07.md b/oba/01/07.md index 6ac633b79c..f885d02798 100644 --- a/oba/01/07.md +++ b/oba/01/07.md @@ -1,6 +1,3 @@ -# General Information: - -Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom. # All the men of your alliance ... The men who were at peace with you ... They who eat your bread @@ -12,9 +9,9 @@ The word "your" refers to the nation of Edom. # will send you on your way to the border -"will send you out of their land." The people of Edom will try to take refuge in the land of their allies, but their allies will not let the people of Edom stay in their land. +The people of Edom will try to take refuge in the land of their allies, but their allies will not let the people of Edom stay in their land. # There is no understanding in him. -Possible meanings are 1) the allies say this about Edom. Alternate translation: "They say, 'Edom does not understand anything.'" or 2) this is a statement about the betrayal of the allies. Alternate translation: "No one can understand why they did this." +"Edom does not understand what is happening to them." diff --git a/oba/01/08.md b/oba/01/08.md index 1d5f609d42..36c3c592fb 100644 --- a/oba/01/08.md +++ b/oba/01/08.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Will I not on that day"—this is Yahweh's declaration—"destroy ... mountain of Esau? -Yahweh uses this question to emphasize the certainty of the destruction of Edom. Alternate translation: "'On that day,'"—this is Yahweh's declaration—'I surely will destroy ... mountain of Esau." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +"'On that day,'"—this is Yahweh's declaration—'I surely will destroy ... mountain of Esau." # the mountain of Esau diff --git a/oba/01/09.md b/oba/01/09.md index 655e1ac694..390fc56e1b 100644 --- a/oba/01/09.md +++ b/oba/01/09.md @@ -1,14 +1,11 @@ -# Your mighty men will be dismayed - -"Your strong warriors will be afraid" # Teman -This is the name of a region in the land of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) +This is the name of a region in the land of Edom. # so that every man may be cut off from the mountain of Esau by slaughter -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so that there will be no more people in the mountains of Esau because enemies killed them" or "so that they will slaughter every person in the mountain of Esau" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"so that there will be no more people in the mountains of Esau because enemies killed them" # be cut off diff --git a/oba/01/10.md b/oba/01/10.md index 27e4cf0a29..fccafbb1b0 100644 --- a/oba/01/10.md +++ b/oba/01/10.md @@ -1,16 +1,5 @@ -# General Information: - -Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom. - # your brother Jacob -Here "Jacob" represents his descendants. Because Jacob was the brother of Esau, the people of Edom are spoken of as if they were the brothers of the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: "your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob" -# you will be covered with shame - -To be covered with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: "you will be completely ashamed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# will be cut off forever - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will never exist again" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/oba/01/11.md b/oba/01/11.md index ff5dd52acc..9bcfa69d31 100644 --- a/oba/01/11.md +++ b/oba/01/11.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ -# stood aloof - -"watched and did nothing to help" - -# strangers - -people from other nations - # his wealth The word "his" refers to "Jacob," which is another way of referring to the people of Israel. # cast lots for Jerusalem -This phrase means "they cast lots to decide who would get the valuable things that they took from Jerusalem." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"they cast lots to decide who would get the valuable things that they took from Jerusalem." # you were like one of them -"it was as though you were one of these strangers and foreigners." This implies that they did not help the Israelites. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "you were like one of the enemies and did not help Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"you were like one of the enemies and did not help Israel" diff --git a/oba/01/12.md b/oba/01/12.md index 65760a3038..b224160f80 100644 --- a/oba/01/12.md +++ b/oba/01/12.md @@ -1,28 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: - -Yahweh continues giving Obadiah his message to Edom. Verses 12-14 consist of a series of negative commands that Yahweh gives to tell the people of Edom how not to treat the Israelites. - -# do not gloat over - -"do not be happy because of" or "do not take pleasure in" # your brother's day Here "your brother" refers to the people of Israel because Jacob and Esau were brothers. - -# the day of his misfortune - -"the time at which bad things happen to him" - -# the day - -Each of the several occurrences of "day" refer to the time when Babylon attacked and destroyed Jerusalem. - -# in the day of their destruction - -"at the time when their enemies destroy them" - -# in the day of their distress - -"at the time when they suffer" - diff --git a/oba/01/13.md b/oba/01/13.md index 9f42d79914..b8a0b64e2e 100644 --- a/oba/01/13.md +++ b/oba/01/13.md @@ -1,12 +1,5 @@ -# calamity ... disaster ... ruin - -These are all different translations of the same word. If your language has one word that can translate all three of these ideas, you could use it here. - # over their affliction "because of the bad things that happen to them" -# do not loot their wealth - -"do not take their wealth" "or "do not steal their wealth" diff --git a/oba/01/14.md b/oba/01/14.md index 5ae05f949a..d03579c62d 100644 --- a/oba/01/14.md +++ b/oba/01/14.md @@ -1,6 +1,3 @@ -# crossroads - -a place where two roads come together # to cut down his fugitives diff --git a/oba/01/15.md b/oba/01/15.md index fbd37494d9..a4902dcdd8 100644 --- a/oba/01/15.md +++ b/oba/01/15.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: +# As you have done, it will be done to you -Yahweh concludes his message to Edom in verse 15. In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom. - -# For the day of Yahweh is near ... will return on your own head - -Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section, or goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section. +"I will do to you the same things that you did to others" # For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations -"Soon the time will come when Yahweh will show all the nations that he is Lord" - -# As you have done, it will be done to you - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "I will do to you the same things that you did to others" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +“Soon the time will come when Yahweh will show all the nations that he is Lord” # your deeds will return on your own head -Here "return on your own head" means they will be punished for those things. Alternate translation: "you will suffer the consequences for the things you have done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"you will suffer the consequences for the things you have done" diff --git a/oba/01/16.md b/oba/01/16.md index 35d182efe1..a0dcb98cd6 100644 --- a/oba/01/16.md +++ b/oba/01/16.md @@ -1,20 +1,6 @@ -# For as you - -The word "you" is plural and probably refers to the people of Judah. - -# as you have drunk - -The punishment that Judah received from the enemy nations is spoken of as if a bitter liquid that they drank. Alternate translation: "as you have drunk suffering" or "as I have punished you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # my holy mountain This was a way of referring to Jerusalem. -# so will all the nations drink continually -Yahweh's punishment of the other nations is spoken of as if it was a bitter liquid that he will cause them to drink continually. Alternate translation: "so all the nations will drink in suffering continually" or "so I will punish all of the nations without stopping" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# They will drink and swallow and it will be as though they had never existed - -Yahweh continues the metaphor of drinking punishment. Here "swallow" expresses that they will fully experience the punishment, with the result that it will destroy them completely. Alternate translation: "They will drink in my punishment fully until they cease to exist" or "I will continue to punish them fully until I completely destroy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/oba/01/17.md b/oba/01/17.md index 16b35b130c..b4f44d3508 100644 --- a/oba/01/17.md +++ b/oba/01/17.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: - -In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom. - -# those who escape - -These are the people of Jerusalem that are still alive after Yahweh has finished punishing the city. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "some of the Israelites who escape the punishment of Yahweh" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - # it will be holy The word "it" refers to "mount Zion." # the house of Jacob -The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob's descendants. Alternate translation: "descendants of Jacob" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +The word "house" refers to Jacob's descendants. diff --git a/oba/01/18.md b/oba/01/18.md index 11743f6ab2..258ed32f53 100644 --- a/oba/01/18.md +++ b/oba/01/18.md @@ -1,32 +1,13 @@ # The house of Jacob will be a fire ... Joseph a flame -Yahweh speaks of the descendantsof Jacob and Joseph as if they were fire because they will destroy the descendants of Esau like a fire that quickly and completely burns up straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Yahweh speaks of the descendants of Jacob and Joseph as if they were fire because they will destroy the descendants of Esau like a fire that quickly and completely burns up straw. # The house of Jacob ... the house of Joseph Often "the house of Jacob" represents Israel, but here it represents only the people in the southern part of Israel. Joseph was one of Jacob's sons. Here "the house of Joseph" represents the people in the northern part of Israel. -# stubble - -The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut. - -# and they - -The word "they" refers to the house of Jacob and the house of Joseph. - -# will burn them - -The word "them" refers to the descendants of Esau, who are the nation of Edom. - -# There will be no survivors to the house of Esau - -"Not one person of the house of Esau will survive" - # the house of Esau -The word "house" is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Esau's descendants. Alternate translation: "descendants of Esau" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"descendants of Esau" -# for Yahweh has spoken it - -This is an oath formula that means it will certainly happen because Yahweh said it. diff --git a/oba/01/19.md b/oba/01/19.md index 64db2a3652..fa3f21d6b7 100644 --- a/oba/01/19.md +++ b/oba/01/19.md @@ -1,20 +1,13 @@ -# General Information: - -In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom. # People from the Negev will possess the mountain of Esau "The Israelites in the Negev will take the land of the Edomites" -# the people of the lowlands - -This refers to Israelites in the western foothills of Israel who will capture the land of the Philistines in battle. - # They will possess Here "They" appears to refer to the people of Israel in general. # Benjamin will possess -"the tribe of Benjamin will possess" or "the descendants of Benjamin will possess" +"the tribe of Benjamin will possess" diff --git a/oba/01/20.md b/oba/01/20.md index be12d4f16c..f54f000a5e 100644 --- a/oba/01/20.md +++ b/oba/01/20.md @@ -1,18 +1,6 @@ -# General Information: - -In verses 16-21, Yahweh speaks through Obadiah to tell the people of Judah that they will possess the land of Edom. - -# The exiles of this army of the people of Israel - -THe word "exiles" is a metonym for the descendants of those who had been taken into exile. These words could refer to 1) the descendants of the exiles who were taken to Assyria from the northern kingdom of Israel or 2) the descendants of the people of Judah who lived outside of Jerusalem and were taken into exile in Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) - -# The exiles of this army of the people of Israel - -Possible meanings are 1) "this army" refers to a real army. Alternate translation: "The descendants of the exiles, who are the army of the people of Israel" or 2) "this army" is a metaphor for a multitude. Alternate translation: "The descendants of the multitude of the people of Israel who were taken into exile" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - # as far as Zarephath -Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: "as far north as Zarephath" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) +"as far north as Zarephath" # The exiles of Jerusalem @@ -20,5 +8,5 @@ This group is contrasted with either the descendants of the Israelites from the # Sepharad -This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) +This is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. diff --git a/oba/01/21.md b/oba/01/21.md index 199af82f5a..6ee478536a 100644 --- a/oba/01/21.md +++ b/oba/01/21.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# Deliverers will go up to Mount Zion to rule over the hill country of Esau - -"Deliverers will go up to Jerusalem and rule over Edom from there" - -# Deliverers - -It is possible that 1) this refers to various Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom or 2) the text should read "Those who will be delivered" and refers to the returning Jewish exiles. - # the kingdom will belong to Yahweh -This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: "Yahweh will be their king" +"Yahweh will be their king" diff --git a/oba/front/intro.md b/oba/front/intro.md index fa9e50127a..0eecaebcd0 100644 --- a/oba/front/intro.md +++ b/oba/front/intro.md @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ # Introduction to Obadiah -## Part 1: General Introduction - ### Outline of the Book of Obadiah 1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16) @@ -14,23 +12,4 @@ After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah. -### How should the title of this book be translated? - -This book is traditionally titled "The Book of Obadiah" or just "Obadiah." Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as "The Sayings of Obadiah." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah? - -The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means "Servant of Yahweh." - -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts - -### What was Edom's relationship to Israel? - -Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel's brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edom betraying Israel much worse. - -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues - -### How do I translate the concept of "pride"? - -The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])