diff --git a/gen/01/05.md b/gen/01/05.md index 5aa6c541a0..b352d8f888 100644 --- a/gen/01/05.md +++ b/gen/01/05.md @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ God did these things on the first day that the universe existed. # evening and ... morning -This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-merism]]) +This refers to the whole day. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. diff --git a/mat/01/01.md b/mat/01/01.md index 0bf0af561a..7bafffb3fe 100644 --- a/mat/01/01.md +++ b/mat/01/01.md @@ -10,7 +10,4 @@ You could translate this as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: "This is There were many generations between Jesus, David, and Abraham. Here "son" means "descendant." Alternate translation: "Jesus Christ, a descendant of David, who was a descendant of Abraham" -# son of David - -Sometimes the phrase "son of David" is used as a title, but here it seems to be used only to identify Jesus's ancestry. diff --git a/mat/01/02.md b/mat/01/02.md index fb1d580bf9..e347e2e6e2 100644 --- a/mat/01/02.md +++ b/mat/01/02.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Abraham was the father of Isaac -"Abraham became the father of Isaac" or "Abraham had a son Isaac" or "Abraham had a son named Isaac." There are different ways you could translate this. Whichever way you translate it here, it would be best to translate it the same way throughout the list of Jesus's ancestors. +"Abraham became the father of Isaac" or "Abraham had a son Isaac" or "Abraham had a son named Isaac." Whichever way you translate "was the father of" here, it would be best to translate it the same way throughout the list of Jesus's ancestors. -# Isaac the father ... Jacob the father +# Isaac the father of Jacob, and Jacob the father of -Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Isaac was the father ... Jacob was the father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]]) +Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Isaac was the father of Jacob, and Jacob was the father of" diff --git a/mat/01/03.md b/mat/01/03.md deleted file mode 100644 index c4f5098f95..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/03.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# Perez ... Zerah ... Hezron ... Ram - -These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -# Perez the father ... Hezron the father - -Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Perez was the father ... Hezron was the father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]]) - diff --git a/mat/01/04.md b/mat/01/04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4aa91e6f99..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -This continues the genealogy of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -# Amminadab the father ... Nahshon the father - -Here the word "was" is understood. Alternate translation: "Amminadab was the father ... Nahshon was the father" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]]) - diff --git a/mat/01/07.md b/mat/01/07.md deleted file mode 100644 index ed9421f753..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/07.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -This continues the genealogy of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -# Rehoboam the father of Abijah, Abijah the father of Asa - -The word "was" is understood in both of these phrases. Alternate translation: "Rehoboam was the father of Abijah, and Abijah was the father of Asa" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-ellipsis]]) - diff --git a/mat/01/08.md b/mat/01/08.md index 4f9cf2d586..67eefe688a 100644 --- a/mat/01/08.md +++ b/mat/01/08.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Joram -This man was called both Joram and Jehoram in the Old Testament. +This man was called both Joram and Jehoram in the Old Testament. Some versions have "Jehoram" in this verse. diff --git a/mat/01/09.md b/mat/01/09.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1249dc5a42..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/09.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -This continues the genealogy of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - diff --git a/mat/01/11.md b/mat/01/11.md index 8ec4d75ff2..73974efb50 100644 --- a/mat/01/11.md +++ b/mat/01/11.md @@ -1,10 +1,6 @@ -# Josiah was an ancestor of Jechoniah - -A more specific term for "ancestor" can also be used, particularly if the word "ancestor" would only be used for someone who lived before one's grandparents. Alternate translation: "Josiah was a grandfather of Jechoniah" - # at the time of the deportation to Babylon -"when they were forced to move to Babylon" or "when the Babylonians conquered them and made them go live in Babylon." If your language needs to specify who went to Babylon, you could say "the Israelites" or "the Israelites who lived in Judah." +"when they were forced to move to Babylon" or "when the Babylonians conquered the Israelites and made them go live in Babylon" # Babylon diff --git a/mat/01/12.md b/mat/01/12.md deleted file mode 100644 index 605d02cefd..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/12.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -This continues the genealogy of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -# After the deportation to Babylon - -Use the same wording you used in [Matthew 1:11](../01/11.md). - -# Shealtiel was an ancestor of Zerubbabel - -Shealtiel was Zerubbabel's grandfather. - diff --git a/mat/01/13.md b/mat/01/13.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/13.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/01/14.md b/mat/01/14.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/14.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/01/15.md b/mat/01/15.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1249dc5a42..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/15.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -This continues the genealogy of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - diff --git a/mat/01/16.md b/mat/01/16.md index 50cefbb275..11e06c6e4a 100644 --- a/mat/01/16.md +++ b/mat/01/16.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -The author concludes Jesus's genealogy, which began in [Matthew 1:1](../01/01.md). - # Mary, by whom Jesus was born -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Mary, who gave birth to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - -# who is called Christ - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom people call Christ" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"Mary, who gave birth to Jesus" diff --git a/mat/01/17.md b/mat/01/17.md deleted file mode 100644 index c79e68db1c..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/17.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# fourteen - -"14" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]]) - -# deportation to Babylon - -Use the same wording you used in [Matthew 1:11](../01/11.md). - diff --git a/mat/01/18.md b/mat/01/18.md index 8bbb4e9fb6..8fe4812654 100644 --- a/mat/01/18.md +++ b/mat/01/18.md @@ -1,28 +1,20 @@ -# General Information: - -This begins a new part of the story in which the author describes the events leading up to the birth of Jesus. - # His mother, Mary, was engaged to marry Joseph -"His mother, Mary, was going to marry Joseph." Parents normally arranged the marriages of their children. Alternate translation: "The parents of Mary, the mother of Jesus, had promised her in marriage to Joseph" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"his mother, Mary, was promised in marriage to Joseph" or "His mother, Mary, was going to marry Joseph" # His mother, Mary, was engaged -Translate in a way that makes it clear that Jesus was not already born when Mary was engaged to Joseph. Alternate translation: "Mary, who would be the mother of Jesus, was engaged" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +Jesus was not already born when Mary was engaged to Joseph. Alternate translation: "Mary, who would be the mother of Jesus, was engaged" # before they came together -"before they got married." This may refer to Mary and Joseph sleeping together. Alternate translation: "before they had slept together" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) +"before they got married." This may refer to Mary and Joseph sleeping together. Alternate translation: "before they had slept together" # she was found to be pregnant -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "they realized that she was pregnant" or "it happened that she was pregnant" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"they realized that she was pregnant" -# to be pregnant - -"to be carrying a child" - -# by the Holy Spirit +# pregnant by the Holy Spirit The power of the Holy Spirit had enabled Mary to have a baby before she had slept with a man. diff --git a/mat/01/19.md b/mat/01/19.md index 3dbe3d7ba7..fea23e5a9a 100644 --- a/mat/01/19.md +++ b/mat/01/19.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Joseph, her husband -Joseph had not married Mary yet, but when a man and woman promised to marry each other, Jews considered them husband and wife though they did not live together. Alternate translation: "Joseph, who was supposed to marry Mary" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +Joseph had not married Mary yet, but when a man and woman promised to marry each other, Jews considered them husband and wife though they did not live together. Alternate translation: "Joseph, who was supposed to marry Mary" # to divorce her quietly diff --git a/mat/01/20.md b/mat/01/20.md index 0adcba0bad..1ac24c7158 100644 --- a/mat/01/20.md +++ b/mat/01/20.md @@ -1,7 +1,3 @@ -# As he thought - -"As Joseph thought" - # appeared to him in a dream "came to him while Joseph was dreaming" @@ -12,5 +8,5 @@ Here "son" means "descendant." # the one who is conceived in her is conceived by the Holy Spirit -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Holy Spirit caused Mary to become pregnant with this child" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"the Holy Spirit caused Mary to become pregnant with this child" diff --git a/mat/01/21.md b/mat/01/21.md index e6999ffd61..44b81070e8 100644 --- a/mat/01/21.md +++ b/mat/01/21.md @@ -1,16 +1,7 @@ -# She will bear a son +# you will call his name Jesus -Because God sent the angel, the angel knew the baby was a boy. - -# you will call his name - -"you must name him" or "you must give him the name." This is a command. +"you must name him Jesus" or "you must give him the name Jesus." # for he will save -Translator may add a footnote that says "The name 'Jesus' means 'the Lord saves.'" - -# his people - -This refers to the Jews. - +You may add a footnote that says, "The name 'Jesus' means 'the Lord saves.'" diff --git a/mat/01/22.md b/mat/01/22.md index 98b354253d..d6e288fefb 100644 --- a/mat/01/22.md +++ b/mat/01/22.md @@ -1,16 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: - -The author quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that Jesus's birth was according to scripture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background]]) - -# all this happened +# Now all this happened The angel is no longer speaking. Matthew is now explaining the importance of what the angel said. # what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord told the prophet to write long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"what the Lord told the prophet to write" # the prophet -There were many prophets. Matthew was speaking of Isaiah. Alternate translation: "the prophet Isaiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +There were many prophets. Alternate translation: "a prophet" or "the prophet Isaiah" diff --git a/mat/01/23.md b/mat/01/23.md index dbc43851b7..7b5d4dbdbb 100644 --- a/mat/01/23.md +++ b/mat/01/23.md @@ -2,15 +2,11 @@ Here Matthew quotes the prophet Isaiah. -# Behold, the virgin +# Behold, the virgin will become pregnant -"Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the virgin" - -# Immanuel - -This is a male name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) +"Look, the virgin will become pregnant" or "Pay attention. The virgin will conceive" # Immanuel"—which being translated is, "God with us." -This is not in the book of Isaiah. Matthew is explaining the meaning of the name "Immanuel." You could translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "Immanuel." This name means 'God with us.'" +After quoting the prophet, Matthew explains what the name "Immanuel" means. Alternate translation: "Immanuel." This name means 'God with us.'" diff --git a/mat/01/24.md b/mat/01/24.md index 7d1bd6fe02..1094d70bc2 100644 --- a/mat/01/24.md +++ b/mat/01/24.md @@ -1,11 +1,3 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -The author concludes his description of the events leading up to the birth of Jesus. - -# as the angel of the Lord commanded - -The angel had told Joseph to take Mary as his wife and to name the child Jesus. - # he took her as his wife "he married Mary" diff --git a/mat/01/25.md b/mat/01/25.md index 3577acd56b..3da81ef755 100644 --- a/mat/01/25.md +++ b/mat/01/25.md @@ -1,12 +1,9 @@ # he did not know her -This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: "he did not have sexual relations with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) +This is a polite way of speaking about sexual relations. Alternate translation: "he did not have sexual relations with her" # to a son -"to a male baby" or "to her son." Make sure it is clear that Joseph is not portrayed as the actual father. +"to a male baby" or "to her son." Joseph was not the actual father. -# Then he called his name Jesus - -"Joseph named the child Jesus" diff --git a/mat/01/intro.md b/mat/01/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 63df014b3e..0000000000 --- a/mat/01/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -# Matthew 1 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -Some translations set a quotation from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this for the quoted material in 1:23. - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### Genealogy - -A genealogy is a list that records a person's ancestors or descendants. Jews used genealogies to choose the right man to become king. They did this because only a son of a king could become king. Most important people had records of their genealogies. - -### Important figures of speech in this chapter - -#### Use of the passive voice - -Matthew uses the passive voice very purposefully in this chapter to indicate that Mary did not have a sexual relationship with anyone. She became pregnant with Jesus because the Holy Spirit performed a miracle. Many languages do not have a passive voice, so translators in those languages must find other ways to present the same truths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - -## Links: - -* __[Matthew 1:1](../01/01.md)__ -* __[Matthew intro](../front/intro.md)__ - -__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/mat/02/01.md b/mat/02/01.md index 10ea12828a..7dbea3a7c2 100644 --- a/mat/02/01.md +++ b/mat/02/01.md @@ -1,7 +1,3 @@ -# General Information: - -A new part of the story begins here and continues through the end of the chapter. Matthew tells about Herod's attempt to kill the new King of the Jews. - # Bethlehem of Judea "the town of Bethlehem in the province of Judea" @@ -10,13 +6,9 @@ A new part of the story begins here and continues through the end of the chapter "when Herod was king there" -# Herod - -This refers to Herod the Great. - # learned men from the east -"men from the east who studied the stars" +"knowledgable men from the east" # from the east diff --git a/mat/02/02.md b/mat/02/02.md index 453c8b6d56..5a00717564 100644 --- a/mat/02/02.md +++ b/mat/02/02.md @@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ The men knew from studying the stars that the one who would become king had been # his star -They were not saying that the baby was the rightful owner of the star. Alternate translation: "the star that tells about him" or "the star that is associated with his birth" +"the star that tells about him" or "the star that is associated with his birth" # in the east -"as it came up in the east" or "while we were in our country" +Possible meanings are 1) "as it came up in the east" or 2) "while we were in the east" # worship diff --git a/mat/02/03.md b/mat/02/03.md index 6cea2d10c9..a459658f15 100644 --- a/mat/02/03.md +++ b/mat/02/03.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # he was troubled -"he was worried." Herod was worried that this baby would replace him as king. +"he was worried" -# all Jerusalem +# and all Jerusalem with him -Here "Jerusalem" refers to the people. Also, "all" means "many." Matthew is exaggerating to emphasize how many people were worried. Alternate translation: "many of the people in Jerusalem" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) +Here "Jerusalem" refers to the people. Alternate translation: "and many of the people in Jerusalem were also troubled" diff --git a/mat/02/04.md b/mat/02/04.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/02/04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/02/05.md b/mat/02/05.md index 9a741393dc..6c66dfa205 100644 --- a/mat/02/05.md +++ b/mat/02/05.md @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ # this is what was written by the prophet -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "this is what the prophet wrote long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"this is what the prophet wrote" diff --git a/mat/02/06.md b/mat/02/06.md index bc3944fbd7..ede326d9af 100644 --- a/mat/02/06.md +++ b/mat/02/06.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # General Information: -The chief priests and scribes of the people quote the prophet Micah to show that the Christ would be born in Bethlehem. +The chief priests and scribes quoted the prophet Micah to show that the Christ would be born in Bethlehem. # you, Bethlehem, ... are not the least among the rulers of Judah -Micah was speaking to the people of Bethlehem as if they were with him but they were not. Also, "are not the least" can be translated with a positive phrase. Alternate translation: "you, people of Bethlehem, ... your town is among the most important towns in Judah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-litotes]]) +Alternate translation: "you, people of Bethlehem, ... your town is among the most important towns in Judah" # who will shepherd my people Israel -Micah speaks of this ruler as a shepherd. This means he will lead and care for the people. Alternate translation: "who will lead my people Israel as a shepherd leads his sheep" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This means he will lead and care for the people. Alternate translation: "who will lead my people Israel as a shepherd leads his sheep" diff --git a/mat/02/07.md b/mat/02/07.md index 7dc0b337bc..b4b0c64d1c 100644 --- a/mat/02/07.md +++ b/mat/02/07.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# Herod secretly called the learned men +# called the learned men to ask them exactly what time the star had appeared. -This means that Herod talked to the learned men without other people knowing. - -# men to ask them exactly what time the star had appeared. - -This can be translated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "men, and he asked them, 'When exactly did this star appear?'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]]) - -# what time the star had appeared - -It is implied that the learned men told him when the star appeared. Alternate translation: "what time the star had appeared. The learned men told Herod when the star first appeared" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"called the men and asked them, 'When exactly did the star appear?'" diff --git a/mat/02/08.md b/mat/02/08.md index 7e68003d28..8c7be009ca 100644 --- a/mat/02/08.md +++ b/mat/02/08.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# young child - -This refers to Jesus. - # bring me a report "report back to me" or "let me know" -# worship him - -See how you translated this in [Matthew 2:2](../02/02.md). - diff --git a/mat/02/09.md b/mat/02/09.md index 5751e55cdc..e5a9bf9b98 100644 --- a/mat/02/09.md +++ b/mat/02/09.md @@ -1,11 +1,3 @@ -# After they - -"After the learned men" - -# they had seen in the east - -"they had seen come up in the east" or "they had seen in their country" - # went before them "guided them" or "led them" @@ -14,7 +6,7 @@ "stopped over" -# where the young child was +# over where the young child was -"the place where the young child was staying" +"over the place where the young child was staying" diff --git a/mat/02/10.md b/mat/02/10.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/02/10.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/02/11.md b/mat/02/11.md index 2b6973ee28..a107679dc9 100644 --- a/mat/02/11.md +++ b/mat/02/11.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -Here the scene shifts to the house where Mary, Joseph, and the young Jesus were living. - -# They went - -"The learned men went" - # They fell down and worshiped him -"They knelt down and put their faces close to the ground." They did this to honor Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) +"They knelt down and put their faces close to the ground." They did this to honor Jesus. -# their treasures +# they opened their treasures -Here "treasures" refers to the boxes or bags they used to carry their treasures. Alternate translation: "the containers that held their treasures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +Here "treasures" refers to the boxes or bags they used to carry their treasures. Alternate translation: "the opened the containers that held their treasures" diff --git a/mat/02/12.md b/mat/02/12.md index 9a73f7007a..2f3dbc07ed 100644 --- a/mat/02/12.md +++ b/mat/02/12.md @@ -1,8 +1,3 @@ -# God warned them - -"Afterwards, God warned the learned men." God knew that Herod wanted to harm the child. - -# dream not to return to Herod, so - -This can be translated as a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "dream, saying, 'Do not go back to King Herod,' so" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]]) +# in a dream not to return to Herod, so +This can be translated with a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "in a dream saying, 'Do not go back to King Herod.' So" diff --git a/mat/02/13.md b/mat/02/13.md index e5b0648a6c..ba20e59691 100644 --- a/mat/02/13.md +++ b/mat/02/13.md @@ -1,20 +1,8 @@ -# they had departed - -"the learned men had departed" - # appeared to Joseph in a dream -"came to Joseph while he was dreaming" - -# Get up, take ... flee ... Remain ... you - -God is speaking to Joseph, so these should all be singular forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) +"came to Joseph while Joseph was dreaming" # until I tell you -The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: "until I tell you it is safe to come back" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# I tell you - -Here "I" refers to God. The angel is speaking for God. +"until I tell you to come back" diff --git a/mat/02/14.md b/mat/02/14.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/02/14.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/02/15.md b/mat/02/15.md index e14d10217e..efa43a2baa 100644 --- a/mat/02/15.md +++ b/mat/02/15.md @@ -4,21 +4,18 @@ Matthew quotes the prophet Hosea to show that the Christ would spend time in Egy # He remained -It is implied that Joseph, Mary, and Jesus remained in Egypt. Alternate translation: "They remained" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +Mary and Jesus were with Joseph. Alternate translation: "They remained" # until the death of Herod -Herod does not die until [Matthew 2:19](../02/19.md). This statement describes the length of their stay in Egypt, and it does not say that Herod died at this time. +This phrase shows how long they stayed in Egypt. It does not say that Herod died at this point in the story. # what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying -This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord had said through the prophet; he had said" or "what the Lord had told the prophet to tell the people; he had said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"what the Lord had said through the prophet; he said" or "what the Lord had told the prophet to say; he said" # Out of Egypt I have called my Son "I have called my Son out of Egypt" -# my Son - -In Hosea this refers to the people of Israel. Matthew quoted it to say that this was true of God's Son, Jesus. Translate it using a word for son that could refer to the only son or the first son. diff --git a/mat/02/16.md b/mat/02/16.md index 26075e2e07..daacad2992 100644 --- a/mat/02/16.md +++ b/mat/02/16.md @@ -1,24 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: - -These events happen before Herod's death, which Matthew mentioned in [Matthew 2:15](../02/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-events]]) - -# Connecting Statement: - -Here the scene shifts back to Herod and tells what he did when he learned that the learned men had deceived him. - # he had been mocked by the learned men -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the learned men had embarrassed him by tricking him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the learned men had tricked him" # He sent and killed all the male children -Herod did not kill the children himself. Alternate translation: "He gave orders for his soldiers to kill all the boys" or "He sent soldiers there to kill all the boy babies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +Herod did not kill the children himself. Alternate translation: "He sent soldiers to kill all the baby boys" -# two years old and under +# according to the time that he had determined exactly from the learned men -"2 years old and younger" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]]) - -# according to the time - -"based on the time" +based on what he discovered from the learned men about exactly when the star had appeared diff --git a/mat/02/17.md b/mat/02/17.md index 80bc70b2c6..2deaa52b69 100644 --- a/mat/02/17.md +++ b/mat/02/17.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # General Information: -Matthew quotes the prophet Jeremiah to show that the death of all of the male children in the region of Bethlehem was according to scripture. +Matthew quotes the prophet Jeremiah to show that the death of all the baby boys in the region of Bethlehem was according to scripture. # Then was fulfilled -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "This fulfilled" or "Herod's actions fulfilled" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) + "This fulfilled" or "Herod's actions fulfilled" # what had been spoken through Jeremiah the prophet -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord spoke long ago through the prophet Jeremiah" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"what the Lord had said through the prophet Jeremiah" diff --git a/mat/02/18.md b/mat/02/18.md index 3439989240..681a20488a 100644 --- a/mat/02/18.md +++ b/mat/02/18.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Matthew is quoting the prophet Jeremiah. # A voice was heard -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People heard a voice" or "There was a loud sound" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"People heard a voice" or "There was a loud sound" # Rachel weeping for her children @@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ Rachel lived many years before this time. This prophecy shows Rachel, who has di # she refused to be comforted -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "no one could comfort her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"no one could comfort her" or "she did not let anyone comfort her" # because they were no more -"because the children were gone and would never return." Here "were no more" is a mild way of saying they are dead. Alternate translation: "because they were dead" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) +"because the children were gone forever." This is a mild way of saying they were dead. Alternate translation: "because they were dead" diff --git a/mat/02/19.md b/mat/02/19.md index 1e1bee326e..601109360d 100644 --- a/mat/02/19.md +++ b/mat/02/19.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -Here the scene shifts to Egypt, where Joseph, Mary, and the young Jesus are living. - # behold -This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. +This word marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. diff --git a/mat/02/20.md b/mat/02/20.md index a7cc2b380b..628c56d77e 100644 --- a/mat/02/20.md +++ b/mat/02/20.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # those who sought the child's life -Here "sought the child's life" is a way of saying they wanted to kill the child. "Alternate translation: "those who were looking for the child in order to kill him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) - -# those who sought - -This refers to King Herod and his advisors. +"those who were looking for the child in order to kill him" diff --git a/mat/02/21.md b/mat/02/21.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/02/21.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/02/22.md b/mat/02/22.md index 4354b7fb42..e89c191dda 100644 --- a/mat/02/22.md +++ b/mat/02/22.md @@ -1,16 +1,5 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -This is the end of the part of the story that began in [Matthew 2:1](../02/01.md) about Herod's attempt to kill the new King of the Jews. - # But when he heard "But when Joseph heard" -# Archelaus - -This is the name of Herod's son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -# he was afraid - -"Joseph was afraid" diff --git a/mat/02/23.md b/mat/02/23.md index cf7d818fc1..499df9c924 100644 --- a/mat/02/23.md +++ b/mat/02/23.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # what had been spoken through the prophets -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "what the Lord spoke long ago through the prophets" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"what the Lord spoke long ago through the prophets" # he would be called a Nazarene -Here "he" refers to Jesus. The prophets before the time of Jesus would have referred to him as the Messiah or the Christ. Alternate translation: "people would say that the Christ is a Nazarene" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) +Here "he" refers to Jesus. The prophets before the time of Jesus would have referred to him as the Messiah or the Christ. Alternate translation: "people would say that the Christ is a Nazarene" diff --git a/mat/02/intro.md b/mat/02/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 74915c9fc5..0000000000 --- a/mat/02/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -# Matthew 2 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 6 and 18, which is from the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]]) - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### "His star" - -These words probably refer to a star that the learned men believed to be the sign of a new king of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]]) - -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter - -#### "Learned men" - -English translations use many different words to translate this phrase. These words include "magi" and "wise men." These men could have been scientists or astrologers. If you can, you should translate this with the general words "learned men." - -## Links: -* __[Matthew 2:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/mat/03/01.md b/mat/03/01.md index 014fa7f5dc..55cd38c6fe 100644 --- a/mat/03/01.md +++ b/mat/03/01.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: - -This is the beginning of a new part of the story where Matthew tells of the ministry of John the Baptist. - # In those days -This is many years after Joseph and his family left Egypt and went to Nazareth. This is probably near the time that Jesus begins his ministry. Alternate translation: "Some time later" or "Some years later" +This happened many years after Joseph and his family went to Nazareth. The phrase "those days" probably refers to the time that Jesus was still living in Nazareth. Alternate translation: "In those times" or "Some years later" diff --git a/mat/03/02.md b/mat/03/02.md index c32e46713f..e4c2231472 100644 --- a/mat/03/02.md +++ b/mat/03/02.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# Repent - -This is plural in form. John is speaking to the crowds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # the kingdom of heaven is near -The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, use the word "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God ruling as king. Alternate translation: "our God in heaven will soon show himself to be king" diff --git a/mat/03/03.md b/mat/03/03.md index cc4fbd9363..bf21f68886 100644 --- a/mat/03/03.md +++ b/mat/03/03.md @@ -1,20 +1,15 @@ -# General Information: - -Matthew quotes the prophet Isaiah to show that John the Baptist was God's appointed messenger to prepare for Jesus's ministry. - # For this is he who was spoken of by Isaiah the prophet, saying -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Isaiah the prophet was speaking of John the Baptist when he said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"For John is the one Isaiah the prophet spoke about when he said" # The voice of one calling out in the wilderness -This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: "The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" +"The voice of one calling out in the wilderness is heard" or "They hear the sound of someone calling out in the wilderness" -# Make ready the way of the Lord ... make his paths straight +# Make ready the way of the Lord, make his paths straight + +These two phrases are similar in meaning, but the second is more specific. They teach people to prepare their hearts to hear the Lord's message when he comes. Alternate translation: "Make the road ready for the Lord, prepare for him to come." -These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) -# Make ready the way of the Lord -"Get the road ready for the Lord." Doing this represents being prepared to hear the Lord's message when he comes. People do this by repenting of their sins. Alternate translation: "Prepare to hear the Lord's message when he comes" or "Repent and be ready for the Lord to come" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/mat/03/04.md b/mat/03/04.md deleted file mode 100644 index def43367cd..0000000000 --- a/mat/03/04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# Now ... wild honey - -The word "Now" is used here to mark a pause in the story. Here Matthew tells background information about John the Baptist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background]]) - -# wore clothing of camel's hair and a leather belt around his waist - -This clothing symbolizes that John is a prophet like the prophets from long ago, especially the prophet Elijah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - diff --git a/mat/03/05.md b/mat/03/05.md index 1345ce21a8..fa88fa3350 100644 --- a/mat/03/05.md +++ b/mat/03/05.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Then Jerusalem, all Judea, and all the region -The words "Jerusalem," "Judea," and "the region" are metonyms for the people from those areas. The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize that very many people went out. Alternate translation: Then very may people from Jerusalem, Judea, and that region" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) +The words "Jerusalem," "Judea," and "the region" refer to the people from those areas. The word "all" is an exaggeration to emphasize that very many people went out. Alternate translation: Then very may people from Jerusalem, Judea, and that region" diff --git a/mat/03/06.md b/mat/03/06.md index 8879384977..a581495427 100644 --- a/mat/03/06.md +++ b/mat/03/06.md @@ -1,8 +1,5 @@ # They were baptized by him ... River, confessing their sins -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "John baptized them ... River after they confessed their sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"John baptized them ... River after they confessed their sins" -# They - -This refers to the people coming from Jerusalem, Judea, and the region around the Jordan River. diff --git a/mat/03/07.md b/mat/03/07.md index a1dc92f45d..79deae714f 100644 --- a/mat/03/07.md +++ b/mat/03/07.md @@ -1,16 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: - -John the Baptist begins to rebuke the Pharisees and Sadducees. - # You offspring of vipers, who -This is a metaphor. Here "offspring" means "having the characteristic of." Vipers are a kind of dangerous snakes and represent evil. This can be stated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: "You evil poisonous snakes! Who" or "You are evil like poisonous snakes! Who" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Here "offspring" means "those who are like something." Vipers are dangerous snakes and represent evil. Alternate translation: "You evil poisonous snakes! Who" or "You are evil like poisonous snakes! Who" # who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? -John uses a question to rebuke the Pharisees and Sadducees because they were asking him to baptize them so that God would not punish them, but they did not want to stop sinning. Alternate translation: "you cannot flee from God's wrath like this." or "do not think that you can flee from God's wrath just because I baptize you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +John rebukes the Pharisees and Sadducees. Alternate translation: "you cannot flee from God's wrath like this." or "do not think that you can flee from God's wrath just because I baptize you." # flee from the wrath that is coming -The word "wrath" is being used to refer to God's punishment because his wrath precedes it. Alternate translation: "run away from the punishment that is coming" or "escape because God is about to punish you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +The word "wrath" is used here to refer to God's punishment because his wrath precedes it. Alternate translation: "run away from the punishment that is coming" or "escape because God is about to punish you" diff --git a/mat/03/08.md b/mat/03/08.md index a0cc54fe7a..bf6c8095d5 100644 --- a/mat/03/08.md +++ b/mat/03/08.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ # Bear fruit worthy of repentance -The phrase "bear fruit" is a metaphor referring to a person's actions. Alternate translation: "Let your actions show that you have truly repented" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - +The phrase "bear fruit" is used here to refer to a person's actions. Alternate translation: "Let your actions show that you have truly repented" diff --git a/mat/03/09.md b/mat/03/09.md index 2b4a3d6be2..66244d0557 100644 --- a/mat/03/09.md +++ b/mat/03/09.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ # We have Abraham for our father -"Abraham is our ancestor" or "We are descendants of Abraham." The Jewish leaders thought that God would not punish them since they were descendants of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# For I say to you - -This adds emphasis to what John is about to say. +"Abraham is our ancestor" or "We are descendants of Abraham." The Jewish leaders thought that God would not punish them since they were descendants of Abraham. # God is able to raise up children for Abraham even out of these stones -"God is able to make physical descendants out of even these stones and give them to Abraham" +"God can make even these stones become children of Abraham" diff --git a/mat/03/10.md b/mat/03/10.md index 38997d739b..1e6a2f4a3a 100644 --- a/mat/03/10.md +++ b/mat/03/10.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -John the Baptist continues to rebuke the Pharisees and Sadducees. - # Already the ax has been placed against the root of the trees. So every tree that does not produce good fruit is chopped down and thrown into the fire -This metaphor means God is ready to punish sinners. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God has his axe and he is ready to cut down and burn any tree that grows bad fruit" or "As a person gets his axe ready to cut down and burn a tree that grows bad fruit, God is ready to punish you for your sins" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +This means that God is ready to punish sinners. Alternate translation: "God has his axe and he is ready to cut down and burn any tree that does not produce good fruit" or "As a person gets his axe ready to cut down and burn a tree that does not produce good fruit, God is ready to punish you for your sin" diff --git a/mat/03/11.md b/mat/03/11.md index 60edd840cf..294f71ea2a 100644 --- a/mat/03/11.md +++ b/mat/03/11.md @@ -2,15 +2,12 @@ "to show that you have repented" -# But he who comes after me +# he who comes after me -Jesus is the person who comes after John. +John was speaking about the Christ, although he probably did not know who that was. # is mightier than I "is more important than I am" -# He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire - -This metaphor compares John's baptism with water to the future baptism with fire. This means John's baptism only symbolically cleanses people of their sins. The baptism by Holy Spirit and fire will truly cleanse people of their sins. If possible, use the word "baptize" in your translation to keep the comparison to John's baptism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/mat/03/12.md b/mat/03/12.md index 4e32f1688a..f00a351153 100644 --- a/mat/03/12.md +++ b/mat/03/12.md @@ -1,24 +1,18 @@ -# His winnowing fork is in his hand - -This metaphor compares the way Christ will separate the righteous people from the unrighteous people to the way a man separates wheat grain from chaff. Alternate translation: "Christ is like a man whose winnowing fork is in his hand" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +General Information: This verse uses the image of a farmer separating the wheat grains from the wheat chaff to teach that Christ will separate righteous people from unrighteous people. # His winnowing fork is in his hand -Here "in his hand" means the person is ready to act. Alternate translation: "Christ is holding a winnowing fork because he is ready" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"He is like a man whose winnowing fork is in his hand" # winnowing fork -This is a tool for tossing wheat up into the air to separate the wheat grain from the chaff. The heavier grain falls back down and the unwanted chaff is blown away by the wind. It is similar in shape to a pitchfork but with wide tines made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-unknown]]) +This is a tool for tossing wheat up into the air to separate the wheat grain from the chaff. The heavier grain falls back down and the unwanted chaff is blown away by the wind. # his threshing floor -"his ground" or "the ground where he separates the grain from the chaff" +"his floor" or "the ground where he separates the grain from the chaff" -# gather his wheat into the storehouse ... burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out +# fire that can never be put out -This is a metaphor showing how God will separate righteous people from evil people. The righteous will go to heaven like wheat into a farmer's storehouse, and God will burn the people who are like chaff with a fire that will never be put out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# can never be put out - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "will never burn out" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"fire that no one can put out" or "fire that will never burn out" diff --git a/mat/03/13.md b/mat/03/13.md index c45ab34d6e..96c14ceab0 100644 --- a/mat/03/13.md +++ b/mat/03/13.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -Here the scene shifts to a later time when John the Baptist baptizes Jesus. - # to be baptized by John -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so John could baptize him" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"so John could baptize him" diff --git a/mat/03/14.md b/mat/03/14.md index 4588704e90..6fd928770a 100644 --- a/mat/03/14.md +++ b/mat/03/14.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me? -John uses a question to show his surprise at Jesus's request. Alternate translation: "You are more important than I am. I should not baptize you. You should baptize me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +John uses a question to show his surprise at Jesus's request. Alternate translation: "I need you to baptize me, yet you want me to baptize you." diff --git a/mat/03/15.md b/mat/03/15.md index 3ec8c29562..160a02a336 100644 --- a/mat/03/15.md +++ b/mat/03/15.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# for us - -Here "us" refers to Jesus and John. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]]) - # John permitted him -You may need to make explicit that John permitted Jesus to be baptized by John. Alternate translation: "John allowed Jesus to be baptized" or "John agreed to baptize Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"John allowed Jesus to be baptized" or "John agreed to baptize Jesus" diff --git a/mat/03/16.md b/mat/03/16.md index 0bc3fc2654..23cb139bc5 100644 --- a/mat/03/16.md +++ b/mat/03/16.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -This is the end of the part of the story about John the Baptist. It describes what happened after he baptized Jesus. - -# After he was baptized - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "After John baptized Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - # behold The word "behold" here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. # the heavens were opened to him -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Jesus saw the sky open" or "God opened the heavens to Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"Jesus saw the sky open" or "God opened the heavens to Jesus" # coming down like a dove -Possible meanings are 1) this is simply a statement that the Spirit was in the form of a dove or 2) this is a simile that compares the Spirit coming down upon Jesus gently, the way a dove would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +Possible meanings are 1) the Spirit was in the form of a dove or 2) the Spirit came down gently, the way a dove would. diff --git a/mat/03/17.md b/mat/03/17.md index 691286e199..54619abda9 100644 --- a/mat/03/17.md +++ b/mat/03/17.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # a voice came out of the heavens saying -"Jesus heard a voice from heaven." Here "voice" refers to God speaking. Alternate translation: "God spoke from heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +Here "a voice" refers to God speaking. Alternate translation: "A speaker said from heaven" or "God said from heaven" # Son -This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. diff --git a/mat/03/intro.md b/mat/03/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4f09881826..0000000000 --- a/mat/03/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -# Matthew 3 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -Some translations set quotations from the Old Testament farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULB does this with the quoted material in verse 3. - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### "Bear fruit worthy of repentance" - -Fruit is a common picture word in the scriptures. Writers use it to describe the results of either good or bad behavior. In this chapter, good fruit is the result of living as God commands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]]) - -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter - -#### "The kingdom of heaven is near" - -No one knows for sure whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when John spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phrases "is coming near" and "has come near." - -## Links: -* __[Matthew 3:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/mat/04/01.md b/mat/04/01.md index 1e1c848e9c..d92f031aa6 100644 --- a/mat/04/01.md +++ b/mat/04/01.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: - -Here Matthew begins a new part of the story in which Satan tempts Jesus in the wilderness after Jesus has been there for 40 days. - # Jesus was led up by the Spirit -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the Spirit led Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"the Spirit led Jesus" # to be tempted by the devil -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "so the devil could tempt Jesus" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"so the devil could tempt Jesus" diff --git a/mat/04/02.md b/mat/04/02.md index aa5327213c..8b7cc738e9 100644 --- a/mat/04/02.md +++ b/mat/04/02.md @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ These refer to Jesus. # forty days and forty nights -"40 days and 40 nights." This refers to 24-hour periods. Alternate translation: "40 days" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]]) +"40 days and 40 nights." This refers to 24-hour periods. Alternate translation: "40 days" diff --git a/mat/04/03.md b/mat/04/03.md index 766456d3a5..aee32347e1 100644 --- a/mat/04/03.md +++ b/mat/04/03.md @@ -1,20 +1,17 @@ # The tempter -These words refer to the same being as "the devil" (verse 1). You may have to use the same word to translate both. +These words refer to the same being as "the devil" (verse 1). # If you are the Son of God, command -It is best to assume that Satan knew that Jesus is the Son of God. Possible meanings are 1) this is a temptation to do miracles for Jesus's own benefit. Alternate translation: "You are the Son of God, so you can command" or 2) this is a challenge or accusation. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are the Son of God by commanding" +It is best to assume that Satan knew that Jesus is the Son of God. Possible meanings are 1) this is a temptation to do miracles for Jesus's own benefit. Alternate translation: "You are the Son of God, so you can command" or 2) this is a challenge. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are the Son of God by commanding" # the Son of God -This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. # command these stones to become bread. -You could translate this with a direct quotation. Alternate translation: "say to these stones, 'Become bread.'" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]]) +"say to these stones, 'Become bread.'" -# bread - -Here "bread" refers to food in general. Alternate translation: "food" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) diff --git a/mat/04/04.md b/mat/04/04.md index ca7981f87c..6f240ef030 100644 --- a/mat/04/04.md +++ b/mat/04/04.md @@ -1,10 +1,6 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus rebukes Satan with a quotation from Deuteronomy. - # It is written -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Moses wrote this in the scriptures long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"The scriptures say" or "God said in the scriptures" # Man does not live on bread alone @@ -12,5 +8,5 @@ This implies that there is something more important to life than food. # but by every word that comes out of the mouth of God -Here "word" and "mouth" refer to what God says. Alternate translation: "but by listening to everything that God says" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"but by every word that God speaks" or "but by listening to everything that God says" diff --git a/mat/04/05.md b/mat/04/05.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/04/05.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/04/06.md b/mat/04/06.md index ff4da263a9..aaacc43aea 100644 --- a/mat/04/06.md +++ b/mat/04/06.md @@ -1,26 +1,14 @@ -# General Information: - -Satan quotes from the Psalms in order to tempt Jesus. - -# If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down - -It is best to assume that Satan knew that Jesus is the Son of God. Possible meanings are 1) this is a temptation to do a miracle for Jesus's own benefit. Alternate translation: "Since you are truly the Son of God, you can throw yourself down" or 2) this is a challenge or accusation. Alternate translation: "Prove that you are truly the Son of God by throwing yourself down" - -# the Son of God - -This is an important title for Jesus that describes his relationship to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) - # throw yourself down "let yourself fall to the ground" or "jump down" # for it is written -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for the writer wrote in the scriptures" or "for it says in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"for someone wrote in the scriptures" or "for it says in the scriptures" # 'He will command his angels to take care of you,' and -This can be translated with a direct quotation, and you can specify that it is God who will command. Alternate translation: "'God will say to his angels, "Take care of him,"' and" or "'God will command his angels to take care of you,' and" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-quotations]]) +"'God will say to his angels, "Take care of him,"' and" # They will carry you diff --git a/mat/04/07.md b/mat/04/07.md index 5cf5687cff..92e8767d10 100644 --- a/mat/04/07.md +++ b/mat/04/07.md @@ -1,11 +1,3 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus rebukes Satan with another quotation from Deuteronomy. - -# Again it is written - -It is understood that Jesus is quoting scripture again. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "Again, I will tell you what Moses wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - # You must not test Here "you" refers to anyone. Alternate translation: "One should not test" or "No person should test" diff --git a/mat/04/09.md b/mat/04/09.md index bff2318660..42c52959a7 100644 --- a/mat/04/09.md +++ b/mat/04/09.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ # All these things I will give you -"I will give you all these things." The tempter is emphasizing here that he will give "all these things," not just some of them. +"I will give you all these things" # fall down -"put your face near the ground." This was a common action to show that a person was worshiping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) +"put your face near the ground." This was a common action to show that a person was worshiping. diff --git a/mat/04/10.md b/mat/04/10.md index cd13b9f5c3..6d4ff09c1e 100644 --- a/mat/04/10.md +++ b/mat/04/10.md @@ -1,16 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus rebukes Satan with another quotation from Deuteronomy. - -# Connecting Statement: - -This is the end of the part of the story about how Satan tempted Jesus. - -# For it is written - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "For Moses also wrote in the scriptures" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - # You will worship ... you will serve -Both instances of "you" are singular, a command to everyone who hears it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) +Both instances of "you" are singular, a command to everyone who hears it. diff --git a/mat/04/intro.md b/mat/04/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 433b00b8fd..0000000000 --- a/mat/04/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -# Matthew 4 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -Some translations set poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to show that it is poetry. The ULB does this with the poetry in verses 6, 15 and 16, which is from the Old Testament. - -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter - -#### "the kingdom of heaven has come near" - -No one knows for use whether the "kingdom of heaven" was present or still coming when Jesus spoke these words. English translations often use the phrase "at hand," but these words can be difficult to translate. Other versions use the phase "is coming near" and "has come near." - -#### "If you are the Son of God" - -The reader should not understand these words in verses 3 and 6 to mean that Satan did not know whether Jesus was the Son of God. God had already said that Jesus was his Son ([Matthew 3:17](../../mat/03/17.md)), so Satan knew who Jesus was. He also knew that Jesus could make stones become bread and could throw himself off of high places and not be hurt. He was trying to make Jesus do these things and so disobey God and obey Satan. These words can be translated as "Show me your power if you are the Son of God" (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]]) - -## Links: -* __[Matthew 4:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../03/intro.md) | [>>](../05/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/mat/05/01.md b/mat/05/01.md index e1afe5d837..fb71096a8e 100644 --- a/mat/05/01.md +++ b/mat/05/01.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Connecting Statement: +# General Information: -This is the beginning of a new part of the story in which Jesus begins to teach his disciples. This part continues through the end of chapter 7 and is frequently called the Sermon on the Mount. +Matthew 5-7 have a sermon that Jesus taught his disciples. Many people call this the Sermon on the Mount. diff --git a/mat/05/02.md b/mat/05/02.md index 9cf4e8b596..2c2ae19060 100644 --- a/mat/05/02.md +++ b/mat/05/02.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # He opened his mouth -This is an idiom. Alternate translation: "Jesus began to speak" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# taught them - -The word "them" refers to his disciples. +"Jesus began to speak" diff --git a/mat/05/03.md b/mat/05/03.md index 792c2aaca3..d1ceb48fa5 100644 --- a/mat/05/03.md +++ b/mat/05/03.md @@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ Here, Jesus begins to describe the characteristics of people who are blessed. # the poor in spirit -This means people who are humble. Alternate translation: "those who know they need God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +This means people who are humble. Alternate translation: "those who know they need God" # for theirs is the kingdom of heaven -Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "for God in heaven will be their king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "for God in heaven will be their king" diff --git a/mat/05/04.md b/mat/05/04.md index 16f7f9d849..a465543d22 100644 --- a/mat/05/04.md +++ b/mat/05/04.md @@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ Possible reasons they are sad are 1) the sinfulness of the world or 2) their own # they will be comforted -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will comfort them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"God will comfort them" diff --git a/mat/05/06.md b/mat/05/06.md index f6ed53623e..3c6d15004e 100644 --- a/mat/05/06.md +++ b/mat/05/06.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # those who hunger and thirst for righteousness -This metaphor describes people who strongly desire to do what is right. Alternate translation: "those who desire to live right as much as they desire food and drink" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This phrase describes people who strongly desire to do what is right. Alternate translation: "those who desire to live right as much as they desire food and drink" # they will be filled -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God will fill them" or "God will satisfy them" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"God will fill them" or "God will satisfy them" diff --git a/mat/05/07.md b/mat/05/07.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/05/07.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/05/08.md b/mat/05/08.md index a79728686c..a22f61b501 100644 --- a/mat/05/08.md +++ b/mat/05/08.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # the pure in heart -"people whose hearts are pure." Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's inner being or intentions. Alternate translation: "those who only want to serve God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"people whose hearts are pure." Here "heart" refers to a person's inner being or intentions. Alternate translation: "those who only want to serve God" # they will see God diff --git a/mat/05/09.md b/mat/05/09.md index 262a2f877d..01e6cbef8e 100644 --- a/mat/05/09.md +++ b/mat/05/09.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ These are the people who help others to have peace with one another. # for they will be called sons of God -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "for God will call them his children" or "they will be children of God" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"for God will call them his children" or "for they will be children of God" # sons of God diff --git a/mat/05/10.md b/mat/05/10.md index dcee37759b..c4cd23fcd7 100644 --- a/mat/05/10.md +++ b/mat/05/10.md @@ -1,12 +1,9 @@ # those who have been persecuted -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "those people whom others treat unfairly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"those people whom others treat unfairly" # for righteousness' sake -"because they do what God wants them to do" +"because they do what is right" or "because they do what God wants them to do" -# theirs is the kingdom of heaven - -Here "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is only in the book of Matthew. If possible, keep "heaven" in your translation. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). Alternate translation: "for God in heaven will be their king" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/mat/05/11.md b/mat/05/11.md index 5d67e53621..2813e2e694 100644 --- a/mat/05/11.md +++ b/mat/05/11.md @@ -1,11 +1,3 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus finishes describing the characteristics of people who are blessed. - -# Blessed are you - -The word "you" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # say all kinds of evil things against you falsely "say all kinds of evil lies about you" or "say bad things about you that are not true" diff --git a/mat/05/12.md b/mat/05/12.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/mat/05/12.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/mat/05/13.md b/mat/05/13.md index a7b60960ba..88fa88a083 100644 --- a/mat/05/13.md +++ b/mat/05/13.md @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus begins to teach about how his disciples are like salt and light. - # You are the salt of the earth -Possible meanings are 1) just as salt makes food good, disciples of Jesus influence the people of the world so that they will be good. Alternate translation: "You are like salt for the people of the world" or 2) just as salt preserves food, disciples of Jesus keep people from becoming totally corrupt. Alternate translation: "As salt is for food, you are for the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Possible meanings are 1) just as salt makes food good, disciples of Jesus influence the people of the world so that they will be good. Alternate translation: "You are like salt for the people of the world" or 2) just as salt preserves food, disciples of Jesus keep people from becoming totally corrupt. Alternate translation: "As salt is for food, you are for the world" # if the salt has lost its taste -Possible meanings are 1) "if the salt has lost its power to do things that salt does" or 2) "if the salt has lost its flavor." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Possible meanings are 1) "if the salt has lost its power to do things that salt does" or 2) "if the salt has lost its flavor." # how can it be made salty again? -"how can it be made useful again?" Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. Alternate translation: "there is no way for it to become useful again." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"how can it be made useful again?" Jesus uses a question to teach the disciples. Alternate translation: "it cannot become useful again." # except to be thrown out and trampled under people's feet -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "except for people to throw it out into the road and walk on it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"except for people to throw it out into the road and walk on it" diff --git a/mat/05/14.md b/mat/05/14.md index 155ba79144..78b5c82e53 100644 --- a/mat/05/14.md +++ b/mat/05/14.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # You are the light of the world -This means Jesus's followers bring the message of God's truth to all the people who do not know God. Alternate translation: "You are like a light for the people of the world" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This means Jesus's followers bring the message of God's truth to all the people who do not know God. Alternate translation: "You are like a light for the people of the world" # A city set on a hill cannot be hidden -At night when it is dark, people can see the city lights shining. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "During the night, no one can hide the lights that shine from a city on a hill" or "Everyone sees the lights of a city on a hill" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +At night when it is dark, people can see the city lights shining. Alternate translation: "No one can hide the lights that shine from a city on a hill" or "Everyone sees the lights of a city on a hill" diff --git a/mat/05/16.md b/mat/05/16.md index e8e42c6c96..714469e723 100644 --- a/mat/05/16.md +++ b/mat/05/16.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Let your light shine before people -This means a disciple of Jesus should live in such a way that others can learn about God's truth. Alternate translation: "Let your lives be like a light that shines before people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This means a disciple of Jesus should live in such a way that others can learn about God's truth. Alternate translation: "Let your lives be like a light that shines before people" # your Father who is in heaven diff --git a/mat/05/17.md b/mat/05/17.md index 9e159aec19..e965331e1b 100644 --- a/mat/05/17.md +++ b/mat/05/17.md @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus begins to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. - # the prophets -This refers to what the prophets wrote in the scriptures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +This refers to what the prophets wrote in the scriptures. Alternate translation: "what the prophets wrote" +# I have come ... to fulfill them + +"I have come ... to do the things that are in the law and the writings of the prophets diff --git a/mat/05/18.md b/mat/05/18.md index 2fde57b5b1..ad0df07d7a 100644 --- a/mat/05/18.md +++ b/mat/05/18.md @@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ # until heaven and earth pass away -Here "heaven" and "earth" refer to the entire universe. Alternate translation: "as long as the universe lasts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-merism]]) +The phrase "heaven and earth" refers to the entire universe. Alternate translation: "as long as the universe lasts" -# all things have been accomplished +# not the smallest letter or the smallest ... will in any way pass away" -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "all things have happened" or "God causes all things to happen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"even the smallest letter and the smallest ... will not in any way disappear" + +# until all things have been accomplished + +"until all things have happened" or "until God causes all things to happen" # all things -The phrase "all things" refers to everything in the law. Alternate translation: "everything in the law" or "all that is written in the law" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - +The phrase "all things" refers to everything in the law. Alternate translation: "everything in the law" or "all that is written in the law" diff --git a/mat/05/19.md b/mat/05/19.md index 0a8d559cbd..bff3746bf9 100644 --- a/mat/05/19.md +++ b/mat/05/19.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # whoever breaks -Possible meanings are 1) "whoever disobeys" or 2) "whoever ignores." +"whoever disobeys" or "whoever ignores" # the least one of these commandments and teaches @@ -8,17 +8,14 @@ Possible meanings are 1) "whoever disobeys" or 2) "whoever ignores." # whoever ... teaches others to do so will be called -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "if anyone ... teaches others to do so, God will call that person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"if anyone ... teaches others to do so, God will call that person" # least in the kingdom of heaven -The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. This phrase is found only in Matthew. If possible use "heaven" in your translation. Alternate translation: "the least important in his heavenly kingdom" or "the least important under the rule of our God in heaven" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +The phrase "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's rule as king. Alternate translation: "the least important in the heavenly kingdom" or "the least important under the rule of our God in heaven" # keeps them and teaches them "obeys all these commandments and teaches others to do the same" -# great - -most important diff --git a/mat/05/20.md b/mat/05/20.md index 965d7e48ff..07bce07672 100644 --- a/mat/05/20.md +++ b/mat/05/20.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# For I say to you - -This adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. - -# you ... your ... you - -These are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # that unless your righteousness exceeds ... Pharisees, you will in no way enter -This can be stated in a positive form. Alternate translation: "that your righteousness must exceed ... Pharisees in order to enter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublenegatives]]) + "that your righteousness must exceed ... Pharisees in order for you to enter" diff --git a/mat/05/21.md b/mat/05/21.md index b34dc81590..f9a7a2113a 100644 --- a/mat/05/21.md +++ b/mat/05/21.md @@ -1,14 +1,6 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard." The understood "you" is singular in "Do not murder," but in some languages it may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about murder and anger. - # it was said to them in ancient times -This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God said to those who lived long ago" or "Moses said to your ancestors long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"God said to those who lived long ago" or "Moses said to your ancestors long ago" # will be subject to judgment diff --git a/mat/05/22.md b/mat/05/22.md index 4dadf2d351..439e4b8f47 100644 --- a/mat/05/22.md +++ b/mat/05/22.md @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "I say to you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# But I say +# But I say to you Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is just as important as the original commands. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. # brother -This refers to a fellow believer, not to a literal brother or a neighbor. +This probably refers to a fellow believer. # worthless person ... fool -Both of these insults represent a person who cannot think correctly. "Worthless person" is close to "brainless," where "fool" adds the idea of disobedience to God. +Both of these insults represent a person who does not think correctly. "Worthless person" is close to "brainless," where "fool" adds the idea of disobedience to God. # council -This was likely a local council, not the main Sanhedrin in Jerusalem. +This was likely a local council, not the main religious council in Jerusalem. diff --git a/mat/05/23.md b/mat/05/23.md index 6cf5c7a2f0..a0ca66be6a 100644 --- a/mat/05/23.md +++ b/mat/05/23.md @@ -1,18 +1,14 @@ -# you - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # offering your gift -"giving your gift" or "bringing your gift" +"giving your gift" or "bringing your gift to God" # at the altar -It is implied that this is God's altar at the temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: "to God at the altar in the temple" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"at God's altar" -# there remember +# and there remember -"while you are standing at the altar you remember" +"and while you are standing at the altar you remember" # your brother has anything against you diff --git a/mat/05/24.md b/mat/05/24.md index 4e3b07beff..359c25df54 100644 --- a/mat/05/24.md +++ b/mat/05/24.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # First be reconciled with your brother -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "First make peace with the person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"First make peace with the person" diff --git a/mat/05/25.md b/mat/05/25.md index e7b46400c7..23bb0ecde6 100644 --- a/mat/05/25.md +++ b/mat/05/25.md @@ -1,24 +1,20 @@ -# Agree with your - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some languages they may need to be plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # your adversary -This is a person who takes someone to court for doing something wrong to accuse him before a judge. +This is a person who takes someone to court to accuse him of doing something wrong. # may hand you over to the judge -Here "hand you over" means to give someone into the control of someone else. Alternate translation: "will let the judge deal with you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +Here "hand you over" means to give someone into the control of someone else. Alternate translation: "will let the judge deal with you" # the judge may hand you over to the officer -Here "hand you over" means to give someone into the control of someone else. Alternate translation: "the judge will give you over to the officer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"the judge may give you over to the officer" -# officer +# the officer a person who has authority to carry out the decisions of a judge # you may be thrown into prison -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "the officer might put you in prison" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"the officer might put you in prison" diff --git a/mat/05/26.md b/mat/05/26.md index 801ee94556..db099fdd3f 100644 --- a/mat/05/26.md +++ b/mat/05/26.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# Truly I say to you - -"I tell you the truth." This phrase adds emphasis to what Jesus says next. - # from there -"from prison" +"from the prison" diff --git a/mat/05/27.md b/mat/05/27.md index ec5b327720..4e7d84e842 100644 --- a/mat/05/27.md +++ b/mat/05/27.md @@ -1,16 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard." The understood "you" is singular in "Do not commit adultery," but in some languages it may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about adultery and lust. - # that it was said -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "that God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - -# commit - -This word means to act out or do something. +"that God said" or "that Moses said." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 5:21](../05/21.md). diff --git a/mat/05/28.md b/mat/05/28.md index 757e38494b..c82c8fd7d4 100644 --- a/mat/05/28.md +++ b/mat/05/28.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# But I say +# But I say to you -Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is just as important as the original commands. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). # everyone who looks on a woman to lust after her has already committed adultery with her in his heart -This metaphor indicates that a man who lusts after a woman is as guilty of adultery as a man who actually commits the act of adultery. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This teaches that a man who lusts after a woman is as guilty of adultery as a man who actually commits the act of adultery. # to lust after her @@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ This metaphor indicates that a man who lusts after a woman is as guilty of adult # in his heart -Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's thoughts. Alternate translation: "in his mind" or "in his thoughts" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +Here "heart" is used to refer to a person's thoughts. Alternate translation: "in his mind" or "in his thoughts" diff --git a/mat/05/29.md b/mat/05/29.md index 36d8860ff0..d78390399e 100644 --- a/mat/05/29.md +++ b/mat/05/29.md @@ -1,28 +1,24 @@ -# If your right eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out and throw it away from you +# General Information: -The irony here is that people use their eyes in part to keep from stumbling. Here "eye" is a metonym for what a person chooses to look at or learn about, "stumble" is a metaphor for "sin," and "pluck it out and throw it away from you" is a hyperbolic metaphor for doing everything possible to avoid sinning. Alternate translation: "if what you are interested in causes you to want to sin, do everything you can to stay away from it" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +The commands in 5:29 and 5:30 are exaggerations used to teach people to do whatever they need to do in order to not to sin. -# If your +# If your right eye causes you to stumble -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should or should not do. All instances of "you" and "your" are singular, but in some languages they may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) +In this verse stumbling represents sinning or being tempted. Alternate translation: "if looking at something with your right eye tempts you to sin" or "if you are tempted to sin with your right eye" -# right eye +# your right eye -This refers to the eye on the right-hand side of the face. The Jews thought of the right hand as more important than the left, so the phrase "right eye" was a metaphor for the most important eye. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +The Jews thought of the right hand as more important than the left hand, so the phrase "right eye" represents the more important eye. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." # pluck it out -This is an exaggerated command for a person to do whatever he needs to do to stop sinning. It means "forcefully remove it" or "destroy it." If the right eye is not specifically mentioned, you may need to translate this "destroy your eyes." If eyes have been mentioned, you may need to translate this "destroy them." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) - -# throw it away from you - -"get rid of it" +"pluck out your eye" or "destroy it" # one of your members should perish -"you should lose one part of your body" +"one part of your body should perish" or "you should lose one part of your body" # than that your whole body should be thrown into hell -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "than for God to throw your whole body into hell" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) + "than for God to throw your whole body into hell" diff --git a/mat/05/30.md b/mat/05/30.md index d2777074e2..828ef14203 100644 --- a/mat/05/30.md +++ b/mat/05/30.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# If your right hand causes +# If your right hand causes you to stumble -In this metonymy, the hand stands for the actions of the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"If what you can do with your right hand causes you to sin" or "if you are tempted to sin with your right hand" # right hand -This means the most important hand, as opposed to the left hand. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +This means the important hand, as opposed to the left hand. You may need to translate "right" as "better" or "stronger." # cut it off -This is an exaggerated command for a person to do whatever he needs to do to stop sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) +"cut off your hand" diff --git a/mat/05/31.md b/mat/05/31.md index d66bc1201b..46ec29fbeb 100644 --- a/mat/05/31.md +++ b/mat/05/31.md @@ -1,14 +1,10 @@ -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about divorce. - # It was also said -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "God also said" or "Moses also said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"God also said" or "Moses also said." See how you translated a similar phrase in [Matthew 5:21](../05/21.md). # sends his wife away -This is a euphemism for "divorces his wife." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) +"divorces his wife" # let him give diff --git a/mat/05/32.md b/mat/05/32.md index 06863011a6..f5be5e5efe 100644 --- a/mat/05/32.md +++ b/mat/05/32.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# But I say +# But I say to you -Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is just as important as the original commands. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). -# makes her an adulteress +# marries her after she has been divorced -It is the man who divorces the woman improperly who "causes her to commit adultery." In many cultures it would be normal for her to remarry, but if the divorce is improper, such a remarriage is adultery. - -# her after she has been divorced - -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "her after her husband has divorced her" or "the divorced woman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"marries her after her husband has divorced her" or "marries the divorced woman" diff --git a/mat/05/33.md b/mat/05/33.md index 1fe6cc9f18..75aecba2e6 100644 --- a/mat/05/33.md +++ b/mat/05/33.md @@ -1,18 +1,10 @@ -# General Information: +# Again, you have heard -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" is plural in "you have heard." The "you" and "your" are singular in "Do not swear" and "carry out your oaths," but in some languages they may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about swearing oaths. - -# Again, you - -"Also, you" or "Here is another example. You" +"Also, you have heard" or "Here is another example. You have heard" # it was said to those in ancient times -This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: "God said to those who lived long ago" or "Moses said to your ancestors long ago" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:21](../05/21.md). # Do not swear a false oath, but carry out your oaths to the Lord. diff --git a/mat/05/34.md b/mat/05/34.md index ca3d943003..0238f89f71 100644 --- a/mat/05/34.md +++ b/mat/05/34.md @@ -1,12 +1,20 @@ +# General Information: + +In Matthew 5:34-37, Jesus teaches that when people make a promise or when they say that something is true, they must not swear by anything. Some people were teaching that if a person swears by God that he will do something, then he must do it, but if he swears by something else, then it is less offensive if he does not do what he swore to do. Jesus says that swearing by heaven or earth or Jerusalem is just as serious as swearing by God because those things all belong to God. + # But I say -Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is equally important to the original commands from God. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). # swear not at all "do not swear at all" or "do not swear by anything" +# neither by heaven + +"Do not swear by heaven" + # it is the throne of God -Because God reigns from heaven, Jesus speaks of heaven as if it were a throne. Alternate translation: "it is from here that God rules" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Because God reigns from heaven, Jesus speaks of heaven as if it were a throne. Alternate translation: "it is from here that God rules" diff --git a/mat/05/35.md b/mat/05/35.md index 6076831e2b..3f714dbbc9 100644 --- a/mat/05/35.md +++ b/mat/05/35.md @@ -1,14 +1,10 @@ -# Connecting Statement: +# nor by the earth ... nor by Jerusalem -Jesus finishes his words from verse 34, telling the people not to swear. - -# nor by the earth ... city of the great King - -Here Jesus means that when people make a promise or when they say that something is true, they must not swear by anything. Some people were teaching that if a person swears by God that he will do something, then he must do it, but if he swears by something else, such as by heaven or earth, then it is less offensive if he does not do what he swore to do. Jesus says that swearing by heaven or earth or Jerusalem is just as serious as swearing by God because those things all belong to God. +"do not swear by the earth ... and do not swear by Jerusalem." Jesus continues to name things that people should not swear by. # it is the footstool for his feet -This metaphor means the earth also belongs to God. Alternate translation: "it is like a footstool where a king rests his feet" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This phrase means the earth also belongs to God. Alternate translation: "it is like a footstool where a king rests his feet" # for it is the city of the great King diff --git a/mat/05/36.md b/mat/05/36.md index 46240d1064..fa56621a0a 100644 --- a/mat/05/36.md +++ b/mat/05/36.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# General Information: +# Neither swear by your head -Previously Jesus told his hearers that God's throne, footstool, and earthly home are not theirs to swear by. Here he says that they may not swear even by their own heads. - -# your ... you - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of these words are singular, but you may have to translate them as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# swear - -This refers to taking an oath. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:34](../05/34.md). +"And do not swear by your head." See how you translated "swear" in [Matthew 5:34](../05/34.md). diff --git a/mat/05/38.md b/mat/05/38.md index 8d658e5a41..c09da99c95 100644 --- a/mat/05/38.md +++ b/mat/05/38.md @@ -1,14 +1,6 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" in "you have heard" is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about retaliating against an enemy. - # that it was said -This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). Alternate translation: "that God God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). # eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth diff --git a/mat/05/39.md b/mat/05/39.md index 2dad2042c6..5ea4e38592 100644 --- a/mat/05/39.md +++ b/mat/05/39.md @@ -1,19 +1,11 @@ -# General Information: +# But I say to you -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" in "I say to you" is plural. The "you" in "whoever strikes you" and the understood "you" in "turn to him" are both singular, but in some languages they may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# But I say - -Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is just as important as the original commands. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). # one who is evil "an evil person" or "someone who harms you" -# strikes ... your right cheek - -To strike the side of a man's face was an insult in Jesus's culture. As with the eye and the hand, the right cheek is the more important one, and striking that cheek was a terrible insult. - # strikes hits with the back of an open hand diff --git a/mat/05/40.md b/mat/05/40.md index c32b8de5ea..849360f853 100644 --- a/mat/05/40.md +++ b/mat/05/40.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are singular. In some languages they may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # tunic ... cloak -The "tunic" was worn close to the body, like a heavy shirt or a sweater. The "cloak," the more valuable of the two, was worn over the "tunic" for warmth and also used as a blanket for warmth at night. +The "tunic" was worn close to the body, like a heavy shirt or a sweater. The "cloak," the more valuable of the two, was worn over the "tunic" for warmth and was also used as a blanket for warmth at night. -# let that person also have +# let that person also have your cloak -"give also to that person" +"give that person your cloak, too" diff --git a/mat/05/41.md b/mat/05/41.md index 71be7b378a..4eea4b8f14 100644 --- a/mat/05/41.md +++ b/mat/05/41.md @@ -1,20 +1,12 @@ -# General Information: +# Whoever compels you to go one mile -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The word "you" is singular, as is the understood "you" in the command "go." In some languages these may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# Whoever - -"Anyone who." The context implies that he is speaking about a Roman soldier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"If someone forces you to walk one mile with him" # one mile -This is one thousand paces, which is the distance a Roman soldier could legally force someone to carry something for him. If "mile" is confusing, it can be translated as "one kilometer" or "a distance." - -# with him - -This refers to the one who compels you to go. +This is one thousand paces, the distance a Roman soldier could legally force someone to carry something for him. If "mile" is confusing, it can be translated as "one kilometer." # go with him two -"go the mile he forces you to go, and then go another mile." If "mile" is confusing, you can translate it as "two kilometers" or "twice as far." +"go with him twice as far" or "go with him two miles" diff --git a/mat/05/43.md b/mat/05/43.md index 03425652ac..9a36b41985 100644 --- a/mat/05/43.md +++ b/mat/05/43.md @@ -1,16 +1,12 @@ # General Information: -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. The "you" in "you have heard" is plural. The "you" and "your" are singular in "You must love your neighbor and hate your enemy," but in some languages they may need to be translated as plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) +God taught in the law that people must love their neighbors. Some people said that God taught that people should hate their enemies. -# Connecting Statement: +# You have heard that it was said -Jesus continues to teach about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. Here he begins to speak about loving enemies. - -# that it was said - -This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). Alternate translation: "that God God said" or "that Moses said" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:27](../05/27.md). # your neighbor -Here the word "neighbor" does not refer to a specific neighbor, but to any members of one's community or people group. These are people whom one usually desires to treat kindly or at least believes he ought to treat kindly. Alternate translation: "your countrymen" or "those who belong to your people group" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-genericnoun]]) +Here the word "neighbor" refers to any members of one's community or people group. Alternate translation: "your countrymen" or "those who belong to your people group" diff --git a/mat/05/44.md b/mat/05/44.md index 77c2313678..9774e6e050 100644 --- a/mat/05/44.md +++ b/mat/05/44.md @@ -1,12 +1,5 @@ -# General Information: +# But I say to you -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) +See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). -# But I say - -Jesus agrees with God and his word, but he does not agree with the way the religious leaders have applied God's word. The "I" is emphatic. This indicates that what Jesus says is just as important as the original commands. Try to translate this phrase in a way that shows that emphasis. See how you translated this in [Matthew 5:22](../05/22.md). - -# I say to you ... your enemies ... pray ... persecute you - -All instances of "you" and "your," as well as the command to pray, are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) diff --git a/mat/05/45.md b/mat/05/45.md index fdc69e23b1..2472bd4dd0 100644 --- a/mat/05/45.md +++ b/mat/05/45.md @@ -2,7 +2,4 @@ It is best to translate "sons" with the same word your language would naturally use to refer to human sons or children. -# Father - -This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) diff --git a/mat/05/46.md b/mat/05/46.md index 5095d708db..7dad0590ae 100644 --- a/mat/05/46.md +++ b/mat/05/46.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All instances of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - -# Connecting Statement: - -Jesus finishes teaching about how he has come to fulfill the Old Testament law. This section began in [Matthew 5:17](../05/17.md). - # what reward do you get? -Jesus uses this question to teach the people that loving those who love them is not something special that God will reward them for. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "you will get no reward." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +Jesus uses this question to teach the people that loving those who love them is not something special that God will reward them for. Alternate translation: "you will get no reward." # Do not even the tax collectors do the same thing? -This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Even the tax collectors do the same thing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Even the tax collectors do the same thing." diff --git a/mat/05/47.md b/mat/05/47.md index 128a8f0a50..d0f68354db 100644 --- a/mat/05/47.md +++ b/mat/05/47.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # what do you do more than others? -This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "you do nothing more than others." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "you do nothing more than others." # greet @@ -8,5 +8,5 @@ This is a general term for showing a desire for the well-being of the hearer. # Do not even the Gentiles do the same thing? -This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Even the Gentiles do the same thing." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Even the Gentiles do the same thing." diff --git a/mat/05/48.md b/mat/05/48.md index 633cc0d1d9..a6ea3d3e01 100644 --- a/mat/05/48.md +++ b/mat/05/48.md @@ -1,4 +1,8 @@ +# your heavenly Father + +"your Father in heaven" + # Father -This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +This is an important title for God. diff --git a/mat/05/intro.md b/mat/05/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3e650c2035..0000000000 --- a/mat/05/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -# Matthew 5 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -Many people call the words in Matthew 5-7 the Sermon on the Mount. This is one long lesson that Jesus taught. Bibles divide this lesson into three chapters, but this can sometimes confuse the reader. If your translation divides the text into sections, be sure that the reader understands that the whole sermon is one large section. - -Matthew 5:3-10, known as The Beatitudes or as The Blessings, has been set apart by being set farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text, with each line beginning with the word "blessed." This way of placing the words on the page highlights the poetic form of this teaching. - -Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject. - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### "His disciples" - -It is possible to refer to anyone who followed Jesus as a follower or disciple. Jesus selected twelve of his followers to become his closest disciples, "the twelve disciples." They would later become known as the apostles. - -## Links: -* __[Matthew 5:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../04/intro.md) | [>>](../06/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/mat/06/01.md b/mat/06/01.md index c131fe6d6a..3fe8d06d2b 100644 --- a/mat/06/01.md +++ b/mat/06/01.md @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@ -# General Information: - -Jesus is talking to a group of people about what they as individuals should and should not do. All occurrences of "you" and "your" are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # Connecting Statement: -Jesus continues to teach his disciples in his Sermon on the Mount, which began in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). In this section, Jesus addresses the "acts of righteousness" of alms, prayer, and fasting. +Jesus continues to teach his disciples in his Sermon on the Mount, which began in [Matthew 5:3](../05/03.md). # Watch out -This is a way to warn people to be careful. Alternate translation: "Be careful" or "Beware" +"Be careful" or "Beware" # before people to be seen by them -It is implied that those who see the person will honor him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "in front of people just so that they can see you and give you honor for what you have done" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +It is implied that those who see the person will honor him. Alternate translation: "in front of people just so that they can see you and praise you" # Father -This is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) +This is an important title for God. diff --git a/mat/06/02.md b/mat/06/02.md index 371806354c..0f7096b3e0 100644 --- a/mat/06/02.md +++ b/mat/06/02.md @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ +# So when you give alms + +"So when you give to poor people" + # do not sound a trumpet before yourself -This metaphor means to do something that purposefully gets people's attention. Alternate translation: "do not draw attention to yourself like someone who plays a loud trumpet in a crowd" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +This means to do something that purposefully gets people's attention. Alternate translation: "do not draw attention to yourself like someone who plays a loud trumpet in a crowd" # Truly I say to you diff --git a/mat/06/intro.md b/mat/06/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index be2853997f..0000000000 --- a/mat/06/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -# Matthew 6 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -Matthew 6 continues Jesus's extended teaching known as "The Sermon on the Mount." - -You may wish to set apart the prayer in 6:9-11 by placing it farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. - -Jesus spoke about many different subjects in this sermon, so you may wish to help the reader by putting an empty line into the text whenever Jesus changed the subject. - -## Links: -* __[Matthew 6:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../05/intro.md) | [>>](../07/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/mat/08/20.md b/mat/08/20.md index da0a40c213..4039cef529 100644 --- a/mat/08/20.md +++ b/mat/08/20.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Foxes make holes in the ground to live in. Use the appropriate word for the plac # the Son of Man -Jesus is speaking about himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-123person]]) +Jesus used this title to refer to himself. Alternate translation: "I, the Son of man" or "the man from heaven" or "the One who became a human" # nowhere to lay his head diff --git a/mat/front/intro.md b/mat/front/intro.md index 3603320028..96b7321194 100644 --- a/mat/front/intro.md +++ b/mat/front/intro.md @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ # Introduction to the Gospel of Matthew -## Part 1: General Introduction - ### Outline of the Book of Matthew 1. The birth of Jesus Christ and the beginning of his ministry (1:1–4:25) @@ -18,52 +16,16 @@ ### What is the book of Matthew about? -The Gospel of Matthew is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Matthew showed that Jesus was the Messiah and that God would save Israel through him. Matthew often explained that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. This may indicate that he expected most of his first readers to be Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) +The Gospel of Matthew is one of four books in the New Testament that describe some of the life of Jesus Christ. The authors of the gospels wrote about different aspects of who Jesus was and what he did. Matthew showed that Jesus was the Messiah and that God would save Israel through him. Matthew often explained that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. This may indicate that he expected most of his first readers to be Jewish. ### How should the title of this book be translated? -Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Matthew" or "The Gospel according to Matthew." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as "The Good News about Jesus that Matthew wrote." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) +Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, "The Gospel of Matthew" or "The Gospel according to Matthew." Or they may choose a title that may be clearer, such as "The Good News about Jesus that Matthew wrote." -### Who wrote the Book of Matthew? -The book does not give the name of the author. However, since early Christian times most Christians have thought that the author was the Apostle Matthew. -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts -### What is the "kingdom of heaven?" -Matthew spoke of the kingdom of heaven in the same way that other gospel writers spoke of the kingdom of God. The kingdom of heaven represents God ruling over all people and all creation everywhere. Those whom God accepts into his kingdom will be blessed. They will live with God forever. -### What were Jesus's teaching methods? -The people regarded Jesus as a rabbi. A rabbi is a teacher of God's law. Jesus taught in ways similar to other religious teachers in Israel. He had students who followed him wherever he went. These students were called disciples. He often told parables. Parables are stories that teach moral lessons. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/disciple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/parable]]) - -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues - -### What are the Synoptic Gospels? - -The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke are called the Synoptic Gospels because they have many similar passages. The word "synoptic" means to "see together." - -The texts are considered "parallel" when they are the same or almost the same among two or three gospels. When translating parallel passages, translators should use the same wording and make them as similar as possible. - -### Why does Jesus refer to himself as the "Son of Man"? - -In the gospels, Jesus calls himself the "Son of Man." It is a reference to Daniel 7:13-14. In this passage there is a person described as a "son of man." That means the person was someone who looked like a human being. God gave authority to the son of man to rule over the nations forever. And all the people will worship him forever. - -Jews of Jesus's time did not use "Son of Man" as a title for anyone. Therefore, Jesus used it for himself to help them understand who he truly was. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]]) - -Translating the title "Son of Man" can be difficult in many languages. Readers may misunderstand a literal translation. Translators can consider alternatives, such as "The Human One." It may also be helpful to include a footnote to explain the title. - -### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Matthew? - -The following verses are found in older versions of the Bible but are not included in most modern versions: - -* "Bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you" (5:44) -* "For yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen" (6:13) -* "But this kind of demon does not go out except with prayer and fasting" (17:21) -* "For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost" (18:11) -* "Many are called, but few are chosen" (20:16) -* "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you devour widows' houses, while you make a show of long prayers. You will therefore receive greater condemnation." (23:14) - -Translators are advised not to include these passages. However, if in the translators' region there are older versions of the Bible that include one or more of these passages, the translators can include them. If they are included, they should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they were probably not original to Matthew's Gospel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-textvariants]]) diff --git a/rut/01/01.md b/rut/01/01.md index 01faa0f850..247af47356 100644 --- a/rut/01/01.md +++ b/rut/01/01.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # It happened in the days when the judges ruled that -"It happened that" was a common way of beginning to tell about something that happened. Alternate translation: "In the days when the judges ruled" or "In the days when the judges ruled, this is what happened." +"In the days when the judges ruled" or "In the days when the judges ruled, this is what happened." # in the days when the judges ruled @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ # in the land -This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: "in the land of Israel" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +This refers to the land of Israel. Alternate translation: "in the land of Israel" # a certain man diff --git a/rut/01/02.md b/rut/01/02.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5d9bf7fafa..0000000000 --- a/rut/01/02.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# Ephrathites of Bethlehem of Judah - -They were people from the tribe of Ephraim who settled at Bethlehem in the region of Judea. - diff --git a/rut/01/04.md b/rut/01/04.md index 935063d870..1e82fca94e 100644 --- a/rut/01/04.md +++ b/rut/01/04.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # took wives -"married women." This is an idiom for marrying women. They did not take women who were already married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"married women" # from the women of Moab @@ -10,7 +10,3 @@ Naomi's sons married women who were from the tribe of Moab. The Moabites worship "the name of one woman ... the name of the other woman" -# ten years - -Ten years after Elimelek and Naomi came to the country of Moab, their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. - diff --git a/rut/01/05.md b/rut/01/05.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/01/05.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/01/06.md b/rut/01/06.md index 6f5942bf22..2c31861b47 100644 --- a/rut/01/06.md +++ b/rut/01/06.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ # she arose with her daughters-in-law and returned -The word "arose" here means that Naomi began to act, and her daughters-in-law saw her, so they began to act also. Alternate translation: "she started to return, and her daughters-in-law also returned" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"she prepared with her daughters-in-law to return" # she had heard in the country of Moab -"while Naomi was living in Moab she heard." It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: "she heard from Israel while in the country of Moab" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"while Naomi was living in Moab she heard" # Yahweh -This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. +This is God's name. Some versions say "LORD." # had provided for his people's needs diff --git a/rut/01/07.md b/rut/01/07.md index 16e91ea01a..da927394f3 100644 --- a/rut/01/07.md +++ b/rut/01/07.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # they walked down the road -"they walked along the road." To walk down a road is an expression for walking away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"they walked along the road." diff --git a/rut/01/08.md b/rut/01/08.md index f2b66e7f92..f09f5777a2 100644 --- a/rut/01/08.md +++ b/rut/01/08.md @@ -1,24 +1,8 @@ -# daughters-in-law - -"sons' wives" or "sons' widows" - -# each of you - -Naomi was talking to two people, so languages that have a dual form of "you" would use that throughout her talk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - # your mother's house "to the home of each of your mothers" -# shown kindness - -"demonstrated that you are loyal" - -# kindness - -"kindness" includes the ideas of love, kindness, and faithfulness. - # toward the dead -"to your husbands, who died." Naomi was referring to her two sons that died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"to your husbands, who died" diff --git a/rut/01/09.md b/rut/01/09.md index 5cb56722d5..ee4db08d9d 100644 --- a/rut/01/09.md +++ b/rut/01/09.md @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ # in the house of another husband -with their new husbands, not someone else's husband. This refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame by being married. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +with their new husbands, not someone else's husband. # they raised their voices and cried -To raise the voice is an idiom for speaking loudly. The daughters cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +The daughters-in-law cried out loud or wept bitterly. diff --git a/rut/01/10.md b/rut/01/10.md deleted file mode 100644 index db33bdcedd..0000000000 --- a/rut/01/10.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# We will return - -When Orpah and Ruth said "we," they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive "we" would use the exclusive form here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-exclusive]]) - -# with you - -Here "you" is the singular form referring to Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-you]]) - diff --git a/rut/01/11.md b/rut/01/11.md index 6fb251b9aa..0baf823ce8 100644 --- a/rut/01/11.md +++ b/rut/01/11.md @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ # Why will you go with me? -This is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: "It does not make sense for you to go with me." or "You should not go with me." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is no reason for you to go with me." # Do I still have sons in my womb for you, so that they may become your husbands? -Naomi uses this question to say she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: "Obviously it is not possible for me to have any more sons who could become your husbands." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I do not have sons in my womb who could become your husbands." diff --git a/rut/01/12.md b/rut/01/12.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2667f4fb63..0000000000 --- a/rut/01/12.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# too old to have a husband - -The reason a husband would be important can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "too old to marry again and bear more children" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# give birth to sons - -"bear children" or "deliver baby boys" - diff --git a/rut/01/13.md b/rut/01/13.md index 233c6368a7..bfeb1945e1 100644 --- a/rut/01/13.md +++ b/rut/01/13.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # would you therefore wait until they were grown? Would you choose not to marry a husband? -These are rhetorical questions, which do not expect an answer. Alternate translation: "you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would choose to marry a husband now." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: "you would not wait until they were grown up. You would marry someone else." -# It is exceedingly bitter to me +# It is exceedingly bitter to me for your sake -Bitterness is a metaphor for grief, and what grieves her can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +The idea of bitterness refers to grief. Alternate translation: "It greatly grieves me that you have no husbands" # the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me -The word "hand" refers to Yahweh's power or influence. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +The word "hand" refers to Yahweh's power or influence. Alternate translation: "Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me" diff --git a/rut/01/14.md b/rut/01/14.md index e222595fd4..7fe6e79591 100644 --- a/rut/01/14.md +++ b/rut/01/14.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# lifted up their voices and cried - -This means that they cried out loud or wept bitterly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - # Ruth held on to her -"Ruth clung to her." Alternate translation: "Ruth refused to leave her" or "Ruth would not leave her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"Ruth clung to her" or "Ruth refused to leave her" diff --git a/rut/01/15.md b/rut/01/15.md index e971145e91..2cf6b85dd5 100644 --- a/rut/01/15.md +++ b/rut/01/15.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# Listen, your sister-in-law - -"Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important, your sister-in-law" - # your sister-in-law "the wife of your husband's brother" or "Orpah" -# her gods +# has gone back to her people and to her gods -Before Orpah and Ruth married Naomi's sons, they worshiped the gods of Moab. During their marriage, they began to worship Naomi's God. +"has gone back to her people and will worship the gods she worshiped before" diff --git a/rut/01/16.md b/rut/01/16.md index 6eb7c733e2..6d5981add4 100644 --- a/rut/01/16.md +++ b/rut/01/16.md @@ -1,8 +1,3 @@ -# where you stay - -"where you live" - # your people will be my people -Ruth is referring to Naomi's people, the Israelites. Alternate translation: "I will consider the people of your country as being my own people" or "I will consider your relatives as my own relatives" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - +"I will consider the people of your country as being my own people" or "I will consider your relatives as my own relatives" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rut/01/17.md b/rut/01/17.md index 6e46ed4eca..e2387fb631 100644 --- a/rut/01/17.md +++ b/rut/01/17.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Where you die, I will die -This refers to Ruth's desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +# May Yahweh punish me, and even more -# May Yahweh punish me, and even more, if +"May Yahweh punish me and do even worse to me" -This refers to Ruth asking God to punish her if she does not do what she said like the english idiom "God forbid, if." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +# if anything but death ever separates us +"if I leave you before one of us dies" diff --git a/rut/01/19.md b/rut/01/19.md index dd0c4e41e9..ed81d0ac50 100644 --- a/rut/01/19.md +++ b/rut/01/19.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -# It happened +# It happened that -"It came about." This is used here to mark a new part of the story with new people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-newevent]]) +This phrase marks a new part of the story with new people. Some languages will not need to translate it. # the entire town -The "town" refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: "everyone in the town" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"everyone in the town" # Is this Naomi? -Since it has been many years since Naomi lived in Bethlehem and no longer has her husband and two sons, it is likely the women were expressing doubt as to if this woman was actually Naomi. Treat this as a real question, not a rhetorical question. +The women were probably not sure if this was really Naomi. diff --git a/rut/01/20.md b/rut/01/20.md index 13a1c05936..beb6d40f7f 100644 --- a/rut/01/20.md +++ b/rut/01/20.md @@ -1,8 +1,3 @@ -# Do not call me Naomi - -The name "Naomi" means "my delight." Since Naomi lost her husband and sons, she no longer feels her life matches her name. - # Bitter -This is a translation of the meaning of the name. It is also often translated according to its sound as "Mara." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - +This is a translation of the meaning of the name Mara. It is also often translated according to its sound as "Mara." diff --git a/rut/01/21.md b/rut/01/21.md index bdae19eb28..bf88831a5e 100644 --- a/rut/01/21.md +++ b/rut/01/21.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # I went out full, but Yahweh has brought me back again empty -When Naomi left Bethlehem, her husband and two sons were living, and she was happy. Naomi blames Yahweh for the death of her husband and sons, saying that he has caused her to return to Bethlehem without them, and now she is bitter and unhappy. +"I left here with much, but Yahweh has brought me back without anything" -# testified against me +# has testified against me -Another possible meaning is "judged me guilty." +Another possible meaning is "has judged me guilty." # has afflicted me diff --git a/rut/01/22.md b/rut/01/22.md index 7eaa3ff4e8..8ce7e52d60 100644 --- a/rut/01/22.md +++ b/rut/01/22.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# So Naomi and Ruth +# General Information: -This begins a summary statement. English marks this by the word "so." Determine how your language marks concluding or summary statements and do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-endofstory]]) +This verse summarizes what happened in verse 19. It does not tell about them doing something new. # at the beginning of the barley harvest -The phrase "the barley harvest" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +"when the farmers were just beginning to harvest barley" diff --git a/rut/01/intro.md b/rut/01/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index ca9e78faf1..0000000000 --- a/rut/01/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -# Ruth 1 General Notes - -### Structure and formatting - -#### "It happened in the days when the judges ruled" -The events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges. - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### Women without a husband or children -In the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry. - -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter - -#### Contrast -The actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi's god, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) - -## Links: - -* __[Ruth 1:1 Notes](./01.md)__ -* __[Ruth intro](../front/intro.md)__ - -__| [>>](../02/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/rut/02/01.md b/rut/02/01.md deleted file mode 100644 index a66f133f1a..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/01.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# Now Naomi had a relative of her husband - -This phrase introduces new information before the story continues. Your language may have a way to introduce new information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background]]) - -# a man of great wealth - -"a prominent, wealthy man." This means that Boaz was prosperous and well known in his community, with a good reputation. - diff --git a/rut/02/02.md b/rut/02/02.md index 0d6dcfc6c9..fae8fcd9e4 100644 --- a/rut/02/02.md +++ b/rut/02/02.md @@ -1,28 +1,20 @@ -# Ruth, the Moabite woman - -Here the story resumes. You need to see how your language restarts a story after a break. - # the Moabite woman -This is another way of saying the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab. - -# Now - -"Please." This word shows that Ruth was making a polite request. +"the woman from Moab" # glean what remains among the ears of grain -"gather kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters" or "pick up kernels of grain left behind by the harvesters" +"pick up the kernels of grain that the harvesters leave behind" # the ears "the heads" or "the stalks." The "ears" are the parts of a grain plant that contain the grain. -# in whose eyes I will find favor +# anyone in whose eyes I will find favor -The phrase "found favor" is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone's favor as gaining permission or approval. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts and judgement. Alternate translation: "who will grant me permission to glean" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"anyone who will be kind to me" or "anyone who will give me me permission to glean" -# daughter +# my daughter -Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother. Make sure it is possible in your language to use this word for someone who is not an actual daughter. +Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, so Naomi called her "daughter". diff --git a/rut/02/03.md b/rut/02/03.md index fb50e6d52a..be570f15e5 100644 --- a/rut/02/03.md +++ b/rut/02/03.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # She happened to come -Ruth was not aware that the field she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi's relative Boaz. +Ruth was not aware that the field she chose to glean in belonged to Naomi's relative Boaz. diff --git a/rut/02/04.md b/rut/02/04.md index d799e696b1..a22599cf49 100644 --- a/rut/02/04.md +++ b/rut/02/04.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# Behold, Boaz +# May Yahweh bless you -The word "behold" alerts us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field. Your language may also have a specific way of introducing important events or characters. - -# came from Bethlehem - -The fields were an unspecified distance outside of Bethlehem. - -# bless you - -"give you good things" or "make you happy" +"May Yahweh give you good things" or "May Yahweh make you happy" diff --git a/rut/02/05.md b/rut/02/05.md index 7abe3fdff4..5c2c72c028 100644 --- a/rut/02/05.md +++ b/rut/02/05.md @@ -1,8 +1,5 @@ # What man does this young woman belong to? -Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was asking about Ruth's husband or 2) Boaz was asking about Ruth's parents or current guardians. +Boaz probably wanted to know who Ruth's husband or parents were. -# was supervising - -"was in charge of" or "was managing" diff --git a/rut/02/06.md b/rut/02/06.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/06.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/02/07.md b/rut/02/07.md index e8c10cb570..b1a6881e75 100644 --- a/rut/02/07.md +++ b/rut/02/07.md @@ -1,7 +1,3 @@ -# glean and gather - -You may need to make explicit that Ruth would be gathering grain. Alternate translation: "glean and gather grain" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - # the house "the hut" or "the shelter." This was a temporary shelter or garden hut in the field that provided shade from the sun. diff --git a/rut/02/08.md b/rut/02/08.md index 0ba4cb48bd..02967c5500 100644 --- a/rut/02/08.md +++ b/rut/02/08.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# Are you not listening to me, my daughter +# Are you not listening to me, my daughter? -This rhetorical question can be reworded as a command. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, my daughter" or "Note well what I am telling you, my daughter" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +This question can be translated as a command. Alternate translation: "Listen to me, my daughter." # my daughter -This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, so make sure the translation of this does not make it sound like she was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +This was a kind way of addressing a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz. diff --git a/rut/02/09.md b/rut/02/09.md index 2602949e04..78b5269f4a 100644 --- a/rut/02/09.md +++ b/rut/02/09.md @@ -1,14 +1,10 @@ # Keep your eyes only on the field -The eyes represent watching something or paying attention to something. Alternate translation: "Watch only the field" or "Pay attention only to the field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"Watch the field" # Have I not instructed the men ... you? -Boaz used this question to emphasize what he had already done to help Ruth. Alternate translation: "I have given the men strict instructions ... you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# men ... the other women - -"young male workers ... young female workers." The word "men" is used three times to refer to the young men who are harvesting in the field. Some languages can say this using one word, and they have a different word that means young women workers. +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I have given the men strict instructions ... you." # not to touch you @@ -18,7 +14,4 @@ Possible meanings are 1) the men were not to harm Ruth or 2) the men were not to To draw water means to pull up water from a well or to take it out of a storage vessel. -# young men - -You may need to make explicit that these were Boaz's servants, as do many versions. Alternate translation: "servants" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rut/02/10.md b/rut/02/10.md index 63ccb8bb7a..5a9a8dac12 100644 --- a/rut/02/10.md +++ b/rut/02/10.md @@ -1,16 +1,6 @@ # she fell on her face before Boaz and bowed to the ground -This hendiadys describes an act of respect and reverence. She was showing honor to Boaz out of gratefulness for what he had done for her by kneeling or lying on the ground and putting her face on the ground. It was also a posture of humility. Alternate translation: "she bowed before Boaz with her face to the ground" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hendiadys]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]) +"she bowed before Boaz with her face to the ground" -# bowed to the ground -Some modern translations read, "lay on the ground." - -# Why have I found such favor ... a foreigner? - -Ruth is asking a real question. - -# foreigner - -Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, but she was known publicly as "the Moabitess." diff --git a/rut/02/11.md b/rut/02/11.md index f57c2848ec..5b59d69106 100644 --- a/rut/02/11.md +++ b/rut/02/11.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ # It has been reported to me -This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have reported to me" or "People have told me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) - -# to come to a people - -Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country, and religion she did not know. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +"People have reported to me" or "People have told me" diff --git a/rut/02/12.md b/rut/02/12.md index ea0ac5ef20..68547b175c 100644 --- a/rut/02/12.md +++ b/rut/02/12.md @@ -2,15 +2,7 @@ "repay you" or "pay you back" -# for your deed - -This is an act of faith, choosing to live with Naomi in Bethlehem and trusting Naomi's God. - -# May you receive full payment from Yahweh - -This is a poetic expression that is very similar to the previous sentence. Alternate translation: "May Yahweh give back to you even more than you have given" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) - # under whose wings you have found refuge -Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God's protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: "in whose safe care you have placed yourself" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Boaz uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them, in order to describe God's protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: "in whose safe care you have placed yourself" diff --git a/rut/02/13.md b/rut/02/13.md index aae21b5a10..dfb42aa68a 100644 --- a/rut/02/13.md +++ b/rut/02/13.md @@ -1,8 +1,6 @@ # Let me find favor in your eyes -Here "find favor" is an idiom that means be approved of or that he is pleased with her. Here "eyes" are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: "Please accept me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Here "find favor" means be approved of or be pleasing to someone. Alternate translation: "May I be pleasing to you" -# I am not one of your female servants -Possible meanings are 1) Ruth was not one of Boaz's female servants or 2) Ruth did not think her marriage to Naomi's son granted her any privilege in Bethlehem. diff --git a/rut/02/14.md b/rut/02/14.md index 3eb7fc29ba..90692de949 100644 --- a/rut/02/14.md +++ b/rut/02/14.md @@ -1,12 +1,5 @@ -# At mealtime - -This refers to the noontime meal. - # dip your morsel in the wine vinegar -This was a simple meal eaten in the field. People would sit on the ground around a cloth that had a bowl of wine vinegar on it and plates of broken bread. They would dip their bread in the vinegar bowl to wet it and add flavor before they ate it. +The wine vinegar was a sauce that people would dip pieces of bread in before eating it. -# wine vinegar - -a sauce that bread was dipped in. The Israelites further fermented some of their wine to make vinegar. diff --git a/rut/02/15.md b/rut/02/15.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3ddcbe8303..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/15.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12 +0,0 @@ -# As she got up to glean, Boaz commanded his young men - -In the context of the commands, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz's instructions. Alternate translation: "And when Ruth got up to glean, Boaz privately told his young men" - -# As she got up - -"As she stood up" - -# even among the bundles - -Here "even" denotes "above and beyond what one normally does." Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean around the bundles of grain. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working that close to the harvested grain. - diff --git a/rut/02/16.md b/rut/02/16.md deleted file mode 100644 index 47d524f3a9..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/16.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# pull out for her some ears of grain from the bundles - -"take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her" or "leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect" - -# do not rebuke her - -"do not cause her shame" or "do not dishonor her" - diff --git a/rut/02/17.md b/rut/02/17.md index 3ecdf578df..e75ac7943e 100644 --- a/rut/02/17.md +++ b/rut/02/17.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ -# beat out +# beat out the ears of grain -She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which is thrown away. - -# ears of grain - -This refers to the eatable part of the grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +The ears of grain are the parts that people eat. She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away. # about an ephah of barley -An ephah is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: "about 22 liters of barley" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-bvolume]]) +An ephah is about 22 liters. diff --git a/rut/02/18.md b/rut/02/18.md deleted file mode 100644 index a4a7bc116e..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/18.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# She lifted it up and went into the city - -It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# her mother-in-law saw - -"Naomi saw" - diff --git a/rut/02/19.md b/rut/02/19.md deleted file mode 100644 index d19dcc1dde..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/19.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# Where have you gleaned today? Where did you go to work? - -Naomi said almost the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) - diff --git a/rut/02/20.md b/rut/02/20.md index 9df27b718b..ee1657a61b 100644 --- a/rut/02/20.md +++ b/rut/02/20.md @@ -1,24 +1,12 @@ -# he be blessed by Yahweh +# May he be blessed by Yahweh -Naomi is asking God to reward Boaz for his kindness to Ruth and herself. +"May Yahweh bless him" # who has not left off his loyalty -"who has continued to be loyal." Possible meanings are 1) Boaz remembered his obligations to Naomi as a family member or 2) Naomi is referring to Yahweh, who was acting through Boaz or 3) Yahweh has continued to be faithful to the living and the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublenegatives]]) - -# to the living - -"to the people who are still living." Naomi and Ruth were the "living." - -# the dead - -Naomi's husband and sons were the "dead." This can be stated differently to remove the nominal adjective "the dead." Alternate translation: "the people who have already died" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-nominaladj]]) - -# near of kin to us, one of our kinsman-redeemers - -The second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) +"who has continued to be loyal." Possible meanings are 1) Boaz was loyal to his family or 2) Yahweh was faithful to Naomi's family. # kinsman-redeemers -A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. +A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who could rescue a childless widow from financial ruin by marrying her and having a child with her. He would also acquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. diff --git a/rut/02/21.md b/rut/02/21.md deleted file mode 100644 index cd53670115..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/21.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# Indeed, he said to me - -"He even said to me." This indicates that what follows is the most important part of Boaz's words to Ruth. - -# keep close to my young men - -Boaz was referring to the physical protection his men can provide her. - diff --git a/rut/02/22.md b/rut/02/22.md index 8dfb5cf7dc..5088c2ee22 100644 --- a/rut/02/22.md +++ b/rut/02/22.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# go out with +# go out with his young female workers -"work with" +"work with his young female workers" -# they do not harm you in another field +# so that they do not harm you in another field -You may need to make explicit that Naomi was afraid men would harm Ruth or to translate in passive form. Alternate translation: "the men in another field do not harm you" or "you are not harmed in some other field" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +"so that men in another field do not harm you" diff --git a/rut/02/23.md b/rut/02/23.md deleted file mode 100644 index d95ab72b69..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/23.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# she stayed close - -Ruth worked in Boaz's fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe. - -# She lived with her mother-in-law - -Ruth went to Naomi's home to sleep at night. - diff --git a/rut/02/intro.md b/rut/02/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 57445b7582..0000000000 --- a/rut/02/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13 +0,0 @@ -# Ruth 2 General Notes - -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter - -#### "Do not go and glean in another field" -Boaz said this because he could not guarantee their safety in another person's field. It is assumed that not everyone was as gracious and obedient to the law of Moses as Boaz. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -## Links: - -* __[Ruth 2:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../01/intro.md) | [>>](../03/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/rut/03/01.md b/rut/03/01.md index 26084070b9..c2c10425ce 100644 --- a/rut/03/01.md +++ b/rut/03/01.md @@ -1,16 +1,11 @@ -# mother-in-law - -Naomi is the mother of Ruth's dead husband. - # My daughter -Ruth became Naomi's daughter by marrying her son and further by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem. +Ruth cared for Naomi as if she were her own mother, so Naomi called her “daughter”. # should I not seek a place for you to rest ... for you? -Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she planned to do. Alternate translation: "I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you." or "I must find a husband to care for you ... for you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "I must look for a place for you to rest ... for you." # a place for you to rest -Possible meanings are 1) literally in finding a house for her to live in or 2) figuratively in finding a husband to care for her. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - +Possible meanings are 1) a home for Ruth or 2) a husband who would provide a home for Ruth. Naomi probably had both senses in mind. diff --git a/rut/03/02.md b/rut/03/02.md index 77a3734ec4..1e34003c95 100644 --- a/rut/03/02.md +++ b/rut/03/02.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ -# female workers you have been with +# Now Boaz ... is he not our kinsman? -The translation can make explicit that she was working in the fields with these female workers. Alternate translation: "female workers you have been with in the fields" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -# is he not our kinsman? - -Naomi probably used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her. Alternate translation: "he is our relative." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) - -# Look - -This term indicates that the following statement is very important. +This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: "Now Boaz ... is our relative." # winnowing -To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. +To winnow means to separate the grains from the chaff by tossing them into the air and letting the wind blow the chaff away. diff --git a/rut/03/03.md b/rut/03/03.md index cc255fc293..fd6b7cb55c 100644 --- a/rut/03/03.md +++ b/rut/03/03.md @@ -1,8 +1,6 @@ # anoint yourself -This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, much as women put on perfume today. +This probably refers to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself. -# go down to the threshing floor -This refers to leaving the city and heading to the threshing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/rut/03/04.md b/rut/03/04.md index 5ca72cfa4a..bd0ba3b232 100644 --- a/rut/03/04.md +++ b/rut/03/04.md @@ -1,16 +1,4 @@ # uncover his feet -This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet so that they would be exposed to the cold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) - -# lie down there - -"lie down at his feet" - -# Then he will explain to you what to do - -The specific custom of that time is unclear, but this is usually understood as a culturally acceptable way for a woman to tell a man that she was willing to marry him. Boaz would understand the custom and accept or reject her offer. - -# Then he will - -"When he wakes up, he will" +This means to remove the part of the cloak or blanket that covers his feet. diff --git a/rut/03/05.md b/rut/03/05.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/03/05.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/03/06.md b/rut/03/06.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/03/06.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/03/07.md b/rut/03/07.md index 4739f31c80..a4322c9857 100644 --- a/rut/03/07.md +++ b/rut/03/07.md @@ -1,16 +1,8 @@ # his heart was merry -Here Boaz is referred to by his heart. It does not imply Boaz was overly drunk. Alternate translation: "he was satisfied" or "he was in a good mood" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"he was satisfied" or "he was in a good mood" # she came softly -"she sneaked in" or "she came in quietly so no one would hear her" - -# uncovered his feet - -"removed his blanket from his feet" - -# lay down - -"lay down at his feet" +"she came quietly" diff --git a/rut/03/08.md b/rut/03/08.md index 29154d476a..b6d57f4110 100644 --- a/rut/03/08.md +++ b/rut/03/08.md @@ -6,15 +6,7 @@ This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your langua "in the middle of the night" -# was startled +# right there a woman was lying at his feet -It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet. - -# He turned over - -He looked to see what startled him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) - -# a woman was lying at his feet - -The woman was Ruth, but Boaz could not recognize her in the darkness. +This sentence expresses Boaz's surprise at seeing a woman there. She was Ruth, but Boaz did not recognize her in the darkness. diff --git a/rut/03/09.md b/rut/03/09.md index 7616a51098..911ec3d1f7 100644 --- a/rut/03/09.md +++ b/rut/03/09.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Ruth spoke with humility to Boaz. # Spread your cloak over your female servant -This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: "Marry me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +Ruth was asking Boaz to marry her. # near kinsman diff --git a/rut/03/10.md b/rut/03/10.md index 0e730a951f..b29294f25b 100644 --- a/rut/03/10.md +++ b/rut/03/10.md @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@ # You have made your latest kindness better than the first -"You have shown me even more kindness now than you did before" +"You have shown even more kindness now than you did before" -# your latest kindness +# you have not gone after any of the young men -This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. By marrying Naomi's relative, Ruth would provide for Naomi and demonstrate great kindness to Naomi. - -# because you have not gone after - -"you have not pursued marriage with." Ruth could have ignored Naomi's need and looked for a husband for herself outside of Naomi's relatives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"you have not pursued marriage with any of the young men." Ruth could have ignored Naomi's need and looked for a husband outside of Naomi's relatives. But Ruth was kind to Naomi. diff --git a/rut/03/11.md b/rut/03/11.md deleted file mode 100644 index 67b437ab2e..0000000000 --- a/rut/03/11.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -# my daughter - -Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. - -# all the city of my people knows - -Bethlehem is a town, or small city, that belonged to the tribe that Boaz belonged to. Here "city" represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: "all the people in the city know" or "everyone in town knows" - diff --git a/rut/03/12.md b/rut/03/12.md index 1c50d9d756..17dd41695d 100644 --- a/rut/03/12.md +++ b/rut/03/12.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # kinsman nearer than I -It was the duty of the closest male relative to help the widow. +"a man who is more closely related to you than I am" diff --git a/rut/03/13.md b/rut/03/13.md index bbcf626b39..6d1b477c41 100644 --- a/rut/03/13.md +++ b/rut/03/13.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # if he will perform for you the duty of a kinsman -Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth's dead husband would marry her and help carry on his family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"If he will redeem you" or "if he will marry you." A dead man's closest male relative was expected to marry the widow, and their first son would have the dead man's family name. # by the life of Yahweh -"as surely as Yahweh lives." This was a common Hebrew vow. +"as surely as Yahweh lives." Boaz used this vow to assure Ruth that he would keep his promise. diff --git a/rut/03/14.md b/rut/03/14.md index 418b3e91e2..d4999a964a 100644 --- a/rut/03/14.md +++ b/rut/03/14.md @@ -1,8 +1,5 @@ # she lay at his feet -Ruth slept at Boaz' feet. They did not have sex. +Ruth slept at Boaz' feet. They did not have sexual relations. -# before anyone could recognize another person - -This time of day can be spoken of in terms of darkness. Alternate translation: "while it was still dark" diff --git a/rut/03/15.md b/rut/03/15.md index 43b67051eb..8794c197a8 100644 --- a/rut/03/15.md +++ b/rut/03/15.md @@ -2,15 +2,4 @@ a piece of cloth worn over the shoulders -# six large measures of barley - -The actual amount is not stated. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Some think it was about 30 kilograms. - -# put the load on her - -The amount of grain was so great that Ruth needed help picking it up to carry it. - -# Then he went into the city - -Most ancient copies have "he went," but some have "she went." There are English versions with both. The better choice is "he went." diff --git a/rut/03/16.md b/rut/03/16.md index 3b5596168b..03658af644 100644 --- a/rut/03/16.md +++ b/rut/03/16.md @@ -1,8 +1,5 @@ # How did you do, my daughter? -What Ruth meant by this question can be made more clear. Alternate translation: "What happened, my daughter?" or "How did Boaz act toward you?" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +"What happened, my daughter?" -# all that the man had done - -"all that Boaz had done" diff --git a/rut/03/17.md b/rut/03/17.md index 910f9d0b02..1d8d28e1d0 100644 --- a/rut/03/17.md +++ b/rut/03/17.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ # Do not go empty -"Do not go empty-handed" or "Do not go with nothing" or "Be sure to take something" +"Do not go without bringing something" or "Be sure to take something" diff --git a/rut/03/18.md b/rut/03/18.md index bf448d34a8..bbfdbbc9bc 100644 --- a/rut/03/18.md +++ b/rut/03/18.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# finished this thing +# until he has finished this thing -This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi's property and marry Ruth. +"until he has settled the matter." This refers to the decision about who will buy Naomi's property and marry Ruth. diff --git a/rut/03/intro.md b/rut/03/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 120ef2c1b4..0000000000 --- a/rut/03/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -# Ruth 3 General Notes - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### Boaz's integrity -Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth. He was also concerned with how people would see Ruth if they caught her in this position. Boaz's character is important for this story. - -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter - -#### "So that things may go well for you" -Naomi attempted to make Ruth desirable to Boaz so that he would want to marry her. Even though she was a Gentile by birth, Boaz could marry her because she was, by marriage, Naomi's daughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) - -## Links: - -* __[Ruth 3:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../02/intro.md) | [>>](../04/intro.md)__ - diff --git a/rut/04/01.md b/rut/04/01.md index 46822b0645..c13a327eff 100644 --- a/rut/04/01.md +++ b/rut/04/01.md @@ -1,12 +1,9 @@ # the gate -"the gate of the city" or "the gate of Bethlehem." This was the main entrance to the walled town of Bethlehem. There was an open area by the gate that was used as a meeting place to discuss community matters. +"the gate of the city." There was an open area by the gate where people met to discuss community matters. # the near kinsman -This was the closest living relative to Elimelek. +This was Elimelek's closest living male relative. -# came over - -stopped going to where he had planned to go and went toward Boaz diff --git a/rut/04/03.md b/rut/04/03.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0d8fb7cf36..0000000000 --- a/rut/04/03.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# Naomi ... is selling the parcel of land - -It was the responsibility of the kinsman to buy back his relative's land and to care for his family. In this case, it meant the man must buy Naomi's land, marry Ruth, and care for Naomi. - diff --git a/rut/04/04.md b/rut/04/04.md index 937b53706a..38328b108b 100644 --- a/rut/04/04.md +++ b/rut/04/04.md @@ -1,16 +1,12 @@ -# uncover your ears +# to uncover your ears -"inform you" - -# in the presence of - -This would make the transaction legal and binding. +"to inform you" # redeem it -This meant to buy the land to keep it within their family. +This meant to buy the land so that it would still belong to their family. # I am after you -Boaz was the next kinsman in line to redeem the land. +"I am the next person in the family to do it" diff --git a/rut/04/05.md b/rut/04/05.md index c3b4e31a53..5e366ce017 100644 --- a/rut/04/05.md +++ b/rut/04/05.md @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@ -# On the day that you buy ... you must also - -Boaz uses this expression to inform his relative of the additional responsibility he will have if he buys the land. - # from the hand of Naomi -Here the word "hand" represents Naomi, who owns the field. Alternate translation: "from Naomi" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) +"from Naomi" # you must also take Ruth -"you must also marry Ruth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) +"you must also marry Ruth" # Ruth ... the widow of a dead man "Ruth ... the widow of Elimelek's son" -# to raise up the name of the dead +# in order to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance -"that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband" +"so that she may have a son to inherit the property and carry on the name of her dead husband" diff --git a/rut/04/06.md b/rut/04/06.md index 06633c5772..247fb49f75 100644 --- a/rut/04/06.md +++ b/rut/04/06.md @@ -1,8 +1,11 @@ +# I cannot redeem it for myself without destroying my own inheritance + +"If I redeem it, I will destroy my own inheritance" + # destroying my own inheritance -He would have to give some of his own wealth to the children that Ruth might bear. +"putting my own inheritance in danger" # You take my right of redemption for yourself "You redeem it yourself" or "You yourself redeem it instead of me" - diff --git a/rut/04/07.md b/rut/04/07.md index 935e0cf351..382d99eaef 100644 --- a/rut/04/07.md +++ b/rut/04/07.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# Now this was the custom - -The writer of the book explains of the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background]]) - -# in former times - -"in earlier times." This implies that the customs had changed from when the story took place until the book was written. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-background]]) - # his neighbor -This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his shoe. +"the other person." This refers to the person with whom he was making the agreement. diff --git a/rut/04/08.md b/rut/04/08.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/04/08.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/04/09.md b/rut/04/09.md index fff409739d..e328235937 100644 --- a/rut/04/09.md +++ b/rut/04/09.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# to the elders and to all the people - -This refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. - # all that was Elimelek's and all that was Kilion's and Mahlon's This refers to all the land and possessions of Naomi's dead husband and sons. -# from the hand of Naomi - -The hand of Naomi represents Naomi. She was responsible for the money exchange. Alternate translation: "from Naomi" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) - diff --git a/rut/04/10.md b/rut/04/10.md index 3a44f6dd40..82d7dc4c6c 100644 --- a/rut/04/10.md +++ b/rut/04/10.md @@ -1,12 +1,9 @@ # in order that I might raise up the name of the dead man on his inheritance -The first son that Ruth bore would be legally considered Mahlon's son and would inherit the land that Boaz bought from Naomi. Alternate translation: "so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man's property" +"so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man's property" # so that his name will not be cut off from among his brothers and from the gate of his place -Being forgotten is spoken of as if one's name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: "so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers' descendants and the people of this town" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"so that the dead man will not be forgotten by his brothers' descendants and the people of this town" -# the gate of his place - -The gate of the town is where important legal decisions were made, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. diff --git a/rut/04/11.md b/rut/04/11.md index 5aced3fcfa..ff9e6a109b 100644 --- a/rut/04/11.md +++ b/rut/04/11.md @@ -1,20 +1,9 @@ -# people who were in the gate +# All the people who were in the gate -"people who were meeting together near the gate" +"All the people who were at the gate" -# come into your house +# the two who built up the house of Israel -This has literal and figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. House can also refer to becoming part of Boaz's family by being his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"the two women who bore many children who became the nation of Israel" -# like Rachel and Leah - -These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. - -# built up the house of Israel - -"bore many children who became the nation of Israel" - -# may you prosper in Ephrathah - -Ephrathah is the name of the clan to which Boaz belonged in Bethlehem. diff --git a/rut/04/12.md b/rut/04/12.md index 172a6a72ad..8e40444d56 100644 --- a/rut/04/12.md +++ b/rut/04/12.md @@ -1,12 +1,10 @@ -# May your house be like +# May your house be like the house of Perez -God abundantly blessed Judah through his son Perez. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth's children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +"May your family be like the family of Perez." This was a blessing. # Tamar bore to Judah Tamar was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with her, which continued the family name. -# through the offspring that Yahweh will give you -Yahweh would give Boaz children through Ruth. diff --git a/rut/04/13.md b/rut/04/13.md index 77fb2fc26e..9ea8a534fd 100644 --- a/rut/04/13.md +++ b/rut/04/13.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Boaz took Ruth -"Boaz married Ruth" or "Boaz took Ruth as a wife" +"Boaz took Ruth as his wife" or "Boaz married Ruth" # He went to her -This is a polite way of saying that he had sexual relations. Alternate translation: "He had sexual relations with her" or "He lay with her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-euphemism]]) +This is a polite way of saying that he had sexual relations with her. Alternate translation: "He had sexual relations with her" or "He lay with her" diff --git a/rut/04/14.md b/rut/04/14.md index b4bcdbb12c..5c211d236e 100644 --- a/rut/04/14.md +++ b/rut/04/14.md @@ -1,8 +1,3 @@ # who has not left you today without a near kinsman -This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: "who has provided you today with a near kinsman" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublenegatives]]) - -# May his name be famous - -This refers to the reputation and character of Naomi's grandson. - +"who has provided you today with a near kinsman" diff --git a/rut/04/15.md b/rut/04/15.md index 30f0a22442..21a5018f29 100644 --- a/rut/04/15.md +++ b/rut/04/15.md @@ -1,12 +1,9 @@ -# a restorer of life +# May he be for you a restorer of life -This phrase probably refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having a new grandson. Alternate translation: "one who brings joy to you again" or "one who will make you feel young again" +"May he restore your life" or "May he bring you hope again" -# a nourisher of your old age +# and a nourisher of your old age -"he will take care of you when you become old" +"and take care of you when you become old" -# better to you than seven sons - -"Seven" was the Hebrew number of completeness. Naomi's sons both died before they produced any offspring, but Ruth bore a grandson to Naomi by Boaz. Alternate translation: "better to you than any son" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) diff --git a/rut/04/16.md b/rut/04/16.md index 08f55872ef..4a16b054ea 100644 --- a/rut/04/16.md +++ b/rut/04/16.md @@ -1,12 +1,4 @@ -# Naomi took the child - -This refers to Naomi holding the child. Make sure it does not sound like she took him away from Ruth. - # laid him in her bosom -"held him close against her chest." This is a statement of love and affection for the child. - -# bosom - -chest, shoulders, and arms +"held him close against her chest" or "held him in her arms" diff --git a/rut/04/17.md b/rut/04/17.md index 093e5bc96c..40402da249 100644 --- a/rut/04/17.md +++ b/rut/04/17.md @@ -1,8 +1,5 @@ # A son has been born to Naomi -"The child is like a son to Naomi." It was understood that the child was Naomi's grandson, not her physical son. +"The child is like a son to Naomi" or "Naomi has a son" -# father of David - -"father of King David." Though "king" is not stated, it was clear to the original audience that David was King David. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/rut/04/18.md b/rut/04/18.md index 708dfc5f0b..ca4e850256 100644 --- a/rut/04/18.md +++ b/rut/04/18.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -# the descendants of Perez - -"the successive descendants." Because it was mentioned earlier that Perez was the son of Judah, the writer continues listing the family line that came from Perez. +# Perez +This was the son of Judah that was mentioned in verse 12. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/rut/04/19.md b/rut/04/19.md deleted file mode 100644 index ee7907d981..0000000000 --- a/rut/04/19.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# Hezron ... Ram - -(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - diff --git a/rut/04/20.md b/rut/04/20.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/04/20.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/04/21.md b/rut/04/21.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/04/21.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/04/22.md b/rut/04/22.md deleted file mode 100644 index d778b3d918..0000000000 --- a/rut/04/22.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# General Information: - -This page has intentionally been left blank. - diff --git a/rut/04/intro.md b/rut/04/intro.md deleted file mode 100644 index 68665d8a9b..0000000000 --- a/rut/04/intro.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20 +0,0 @@ -# Ruth 4 General Notes - -### Special concepts in this chapter - -#### King David -Despite being a Moabitess, Ruth became an ancestor of David. David was Israel's greatest king. It is shocking a Gentile would become a part of such an important lineage. She had great faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) - -### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter - -#### "You must also take Ruth the Moabitess" -Because Naomi had no son, her daughter-in-law Ruth needed to be provided for. Therefore, the relative who wanted to use her land had to also help Ruth to have a son who would come to provide for her. - -#### "This was the custom in former times" -This is a comment made by the writer of the text. He functions as a narrator in this instance. It indicates that there was a considerable period of time between the events that occurred and the time they were written down. -## Links: - -* __[Ruth 4:1 Notes](./01.md)__ - -__[<<](../03/intro.md) | __ - diff --git a/rut/front/intro.md b/rut/front/intro.md index 91977d5e4e..bd5955c7b5 100644 --- a/rut/front/intro.md +++ b/rut/front/intro.md @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ # Introduction to Ruth -## Part 1: General Introduction - ### Outline of Ruth 1. How Ruth came to Bethlehem with Naomi (1:1–22) @@ -14,47 +12,3 @@ This book is about a non-Israelite woman named Ruth. It tells how she came to join the people of Yahweh. The book also explains how Ruth became an ancestor of King David. -### How should the title of this book be translated? - -This book traditionally has the title "Ruth" because she is the main person in it. Translators can use a title such as "The Book about Ruth." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-names]]) - -### When did the events in the Book of Ruth occur? - -The story of Ruth is set during the time when there were "judges" in Israel. These were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. These leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of them may have served only certain tribes. - -## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts - -### Why does Scripture include a book about a woman from the foreign land of Moab? - -In a period when Israel was often unfaithful to Yahweh, a woman from Moab shows great faith in him. The Israelites' frequent lack of faith in Yahweh is contrasted with the faith of this woman from a foreign land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) - -### What important marriage custom is found in the Book of Ruth? - -Israelites practiced what is called "levirate marriage." This was a custom for the closest male relative to provide for a childless widow by marrying her. Any children born to them were to be regarded as children of the dead man. They did this so that the dead man would still have descendants. If the closest relative did not marry the woman, another relative could. - -### What was a "kinsman-redeemer"? - -A person's close relative or relatives were expected to act as "kinsmen-redeemers" (2:20 ULB) for him or her. They were responsible to provide for a relative in need. They were also responsible to practice "levirate marriage." In the Book of Ruth, Boaz is one such kinsman-redeemer. - -### What was "gleaning" in the Book of Ruth? - -Poor people were allowed to follow after the men who harvested a field. These "gleaners" picked up sheaves of grain that the harvesters missed or dropped. In this way, poor people were able to find some food. Ruth became a gleaner in a field belonging to Boaz. - -### What is covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty? - -A covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill. Covenant faithfulness or covenant loyalty is when a person does what they said they would do, according to a covenant they had with someone else. God promised that he would love and be faithful to the Israelites. The Israelites were to do the same toward him and toward each other. - -The Book of Ruth shows that what kinsmen-redeemers do for their relatives are part of Israel's duties in God's covenant with them. The story of Boaz, Ruth and Naomi gives good examples to all of Israel of the good effects of covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]]) - -### What function did city gates have in the ancient Near East? - -City gates in the time of Boaz were natural meeting places for the city elders. Elders were honored men who decided business matters and legal matters together. The city walls were large, perhaps two to three meters in width. Therefore the gateway opening provided a shady area for public meetings. For this reason, Boaz and the other elders sat in the gateway. - -Some English Bible versions speak of Boaz sitting "at" the city gate. It may be best for translators to make clear that Boaz sat "in" the city gateway. - -## Part 3: Important Translation Issues - -### How does the Book of Ruth change from one topic to another topic? - -The Book of Ruth often changes to new topics or new parts of the story. The ULB uses various words to indicate these changes, such as "so," "then," and "now." Translators should use the ways most natural in their own languages to signal these changes. -