diff --git a/1co/03/15.md b/1co/03/15.md index 1e21d122b0..ac45a8a8dc 100644 --- a/1co/03/15.md +++ b/1co/03/15.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is a metaphor for a person's work being shown to have no value. This can be The abstract noun "loss" can be expressed with the verb "lose." Alternate translation: "he will lose his reward" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) -# but he himself will be saved as though escaping through fire +# but he himself will be saved, as though escaping through fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "but God will save him as though through fire" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) diff --git a/lam/01/02.md b/lam/01/02.md index ca76ccc9e7..844c9d88e0 100644 --- a/lam/01/02.md +++ b/lam/01/02.md @@ -1,11 +1,7 @@ -# She weeps and wails ... and her tears cover her cheeks +# She weeps bitterly ... and her tears cover her cheeks The author describes Jerusalem as having emotions like a human being. The city also stands for her inhabitants. Alternate translation: "Those who live in her weep and wail ... and their tears cover their cheeks" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -# weeps and wails - -The word "wails" refers to the sounds that a person makes when they "weep" loudly. Alternate translation: "weeps loudly" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-doublet]]) - # None of her lovers comfort her. All her friends have betrayed her This speaks of the people groups that had been faithful to Jerusalem betraying Jerusalem, as if the people groups were Jerusalem's lovers and friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/lam/01/04.md b/lam/01/04.md index 0174bf52b7..377ea6e6c3 100644 --- a/lam/01/04.md +++ b/lam/01/04.md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The author speaks of the roads that lead to Zion mourning as if they were human The word "her" refers to Zion. Alternate translation: "All of Zion's gates are empty" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) -# Her virgins are sorrowful and it is bitter for her +# Her virgins are afflicted, and as for her, it is bitter for her Here the people of Zion being distressed are spoken of as if they were a woman in distress. Alternate translation: "Zion's virgins are sorrowful, and life is bitter for her" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) diff --git a/lam/01/06.md b/lam/01/06.md index e6014a910c..b17cc1e06c 100644 --- a/lam/01/06.md +++ b/lam/01/06.md @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ The city of Zion is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) -# Beauty has left the daughter of Zion +# Splendor has left the daughter of Zion -This speaks of everything beautiful in Zion being destroyed as if "beauty" were a person that left Zion. Alternate translation: "Everything that was beautiful about the daughter of Zion is destroyed" +This speaks of everything beautiful in Zion being destroyed as if "splendor" were a person that left Zion. Alternate translation: "Everything that was beautiful about the daughter of Zion is destroyed" # daughter of Zion diff --git a/lam/01/07.md b/lam/01/07.md index 6db813742e..b46c0f45b5 100644 --- a/lam/01/07.md +++ b/lam/01/07.md @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ This refers to their valuable possessions. Here the word "hand" refers the control of the enemy army. Alternate translation: "When the adversary conquered and captured her people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) -# saw her and laughed at her destruction +# saw her and mocked at her destruction -This means that they were glad and mocked Jerusalem when it was destroyed. +This means that they were glad and mocked the people of Jerusalem when the city was destroyed. # at her destruction diff --git a/lam/01/19.md b/lam/01/19.md index bf2fe5d237..95be240745 100644 --- a/lam/01/19.md +++ b/lam/01/19.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# I called for my friends +# I called for my lovers -"I called for my friends to help me" or "I called for my allies to help me" +The word "lovers" is a metaphor for the other nations that the people of Judah hoped would help them fight their enemy. Alternate translation: "I called for my allies to help me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) # they were treacherous toward me diff --git a/lam/01/21.md b/lam/01/21.md index c2a548a5f4..e252b87433 100644 --- a/lam/01/21.md +++ b/lam/01/21.md @@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ Here the word "you" refers to Yahweh. The phrase "the day" is an idiom that refers to a specific event happening. Alternate translation: "You have done what you have proclaimed" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-idiom]]) -# you have proclaimed +# you proclaimed -You may need to make explicit that the proclamation was a promise. Alternate translation: "you have promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +You may need to make explicit that the proclamation was a promise. Alternate translation: "you promised" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) # now let them become like me diff --git a/lam/02/10.md b/lam/02/10.md index e6894668f3..b4eb73976f 100644 --- a/lam/02/10.md +++ b/lam/02/10.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a wom Often people would sit on the ground to show they were mourning. Alternate translation: "sit on the ground, mourning in silence" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) -# They have thrown dust on their heads and put on sackcloth +# They have thrown dust on their heads and girded themselves with sackcloth These are actions of mourning. Alternate translation: "To show their mourning, they have thrown dust on their heads and put on sackcloth" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-symaction]]) diff --git a/lam/02/13.md b/lam/02/13.md index ccd0e9647b..c60587c634 100644 --- a/lam/02/13.md +++ b/lam/02/13.md @@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ The author begins to address Jerusalem. -# What can I say ... Jerusalem? +# How will I admonish you? -The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is nothing that I can say ... Jerusalem." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is nothing that I can say to admonish you." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) + +# To what will I compare you, ... Jerusalem? + +The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: "There is nothing that I can compare you to, ... Jerusalem." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) # daughter of Jerusalem ... virgin daughter of Zion diff --git a/lam/03/01.md b/lam/03/01.md index 888d49a4c3..de51eae532 100644 --- a/lam/03/01.md +++ b/lam/03/01.md @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ A new poem begins. Here the author speaks of the sufferings that his people experienced. He speaks about them as if God had personally attacked only him. However, the writer intends to speak for everyone in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-parallelism]]) -# who has seen misery +# who has seen affliction -Here "has seen" represents has experienced. Alternate translation: "who has experienced misery" or "who has suffered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +Here the phrase "has seen" is a metaphor for experiencing something. Alternate translation: "who has experienced affliction" or "who has suffered" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) # under the rod of Yahweh's fury diff --git a/lam/03/15.md b/lam/03/15.md index d549a97d54..3c0a12289f 100644 --- a/lam/03/15.md +++ b/lam/03/15.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# General Statement: +# General Information: The writer gives two metaphors to describe how Yahweh has made him suffer. The first metaphor speaks of Yahweh as if he were forcing Jeremiah to eat bitter herbs, and the second as if he were forcing him to drink a bitter liquid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/lam/03/25.md b/lam/03/25.md index a768409041..f9188ffa2e 100644 --- a/lam/03/25.md +++ b/lam/03/25.md @@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ Here "good" refers to kindness. Alternate translation: "Yahweh is kind to those Possible meanings are 1) "all those who depend on him" or 2) "the one who waits patiently for him to act." -# the one who seeks him +# the soul who seeks him Possible meanings for "seeks him" are 1) asking God for help or 2) wanting to know God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +# the soul + +This phrase is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "the person" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lam/03/36.md b/lam/03/36.md index 71eded41c1..db6389a475 100644 --- a/lam/03/36.md +++ b/lam/03/36.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# to deny justice to a person +# to deprive a person of justice -Here "deny justice" refers to not making a just decision for a person in a legal concern. Alternate translation: "to judge a person wrongly in court" or "to keep a person who goes to a judge from getting what is right" +Here "deprive a person of justice" refers to not making a just decision for a person in a legal concern. Alternate translation: "to judge a person wrongly in court" or "to keep a person who goes to a judge from getting what is right" # to deny justice diff --git a/lam/03/45.md b/lam/03/45.md index 03d23d409c..3637972ae5 100644 --- a/lam/03/45.md +++ b/lam/03/45.md @@ -1,4 +1,8 @@ -# You have made us like filthy scum and refuse among the nations +# You have made us like filthy scum and refuse among the peoples -The people of Israel are compared to filthy scum and refuse. Possible meanings are 1) God has caused the nations to think of his people as worthless. Alternate translation: "You have made the nations think of us as scum and garbage" or 2) God's forcing his people to live among the nations is like throwing them away as garbage. Alternate translation: "You have thrown us away like filthy garbage among the nations" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) +The people of Israel are compared to filthy scum and refuse. Possible meanings are 1) God has caused the peoples to think of his people as worthless. Alternate translation: "You have made the peoples think of us as scum and garbage" or 2) God's forcing his people to live among the peoples is like throwing them away as garbage. Alternate translation: "You have thrown us away like filthy garbage among the peoples" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-simile]]) + +# peoples + +nations or other groups of people who are not Israelites diff --git a/lam/03/48.md b/lam/03/48.md index 91ffbf158c..e359281a86 100644 --- a/lam/03/48.md +++ b/lam/03/48.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The author speaks about himself again. Here the author speaks of the great amount of his tears as if they were streams. He uses exaggeration to show that he is very sad and has cried much. Alternate translation: "Tears flow from my eyes like water flowing in a river" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-hyperbole]]) -# because my people are destroyed +# because of the destruction my people -This can stated in active form. Alternate translation: "because enemies have destroyed my people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-activepassive]]) +The abstract noun "destruction" can be translated using the verb "destroy." Alternate translation: "because enemies have destroyed my people" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) diff --git a/lam/03/51.md b/lam/03/51.md index 943de9f654..51f58d440f 100644 --- a/lam/03/51.md +++ b/lam/03/51.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# My eyes cause me grief +# My eyes cause grief to my soul -The phrase "My eyes" represents what he sees. Alternate translation: "What I see causes me to grieve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +The phrase "My eyes" represents what he sees, and the word "soul" is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "What I see causes me to grieve" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) # because of all the daughters of my city diff --git a/lam/03/53.md b/lam/03/53.md index f154356112..35f0fc26d0 100644 --- a/lam/03/53.md +++ b/lam/03/53.md @@ -1,6 +1,10 @@ -# They cast me into a pit +# They cut off my life in the pit -"They threw me into a pit" or "They dropped me into a well" +"They tried to kill me by throwing me into a pit" + +# pit + +Possible meanings are 1) any deep hole in the ground that is hard to climb out of or 2) a hole dug to hold water. # threw a stone on me diff --git a/lam/03/58.md b/lam/03/58.md index 4defd78cf6..f984fad0c1 100644 --- a/lam/03/58.md +++ b/lam/03/58.md @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ -# you defended my case, you saved my life +# you defended my soul's case -The author speaks of God keeping him from being killed by his enemies as if God had defended him in court as a lawyer defends someone, and kept him from being killed. Alternate translation: "you saved my life from my enemies. It is as though you defended me in court" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +The author speaks of God keeping him from being killed by his enemies as if God had defended him in court as a lawyer defends someone and kept him from being killed. The word "soul" is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: "you saved my life from my enemies. It is as though you defended me in court" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-synecdoche]]) -# you defended my case - -Here "defended my case" represents arguing for him. Alternate translation: "you argued my case for me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +# you redeemed my life +Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh saving him from death as if Yahweh had paid Jeremiah's captor so Jeremiah could go free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/lam/03/61.md b/lam/03/61.md index d8c4928039..5e8f09ad9b 100644 --- a/lam/03/61.md +++ b/lam/03/61.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# You have heard their scorn ... all their plots regarding me +# You have heard their reproach ... all their plots regarding me -The abstract noun "scorn" can be expressed with the verbs "taunt" or "mock." It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: "You heard how they have taunted me ... and all they plan to do to me" or "You have heard them mock me ... and plan ways to harm me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) +The abstract noun "reproach" can be expressed with the verbs "reproach," "taunt," or "mock." It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: "You heard how they have taunted me ... and all they plan to do to me" or "You have heard them mock me ... and plan ways to harm me" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-abstractnouns]]) diff --git a/lam/03/62.md b/lam/03/62.md index 317cf67e6a..a8342609a8 100644 --- a/lam/03/62.md +++ b/lam/03/62.md @@ -1,8 +1,4 @@ -# The lips and the accusations ... come against me all the day +# The lips and the mediations of my enemies come against me all the day -The author speaks of his enemies accusing him all day as if their accusations were soldiers that come to attack him all day. Alternate translation: "My enemies speak against me and accuse me through the whole day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) - -# The lips ... of my enemies - -Here the lips represent what his enemies say. Alternate translation: "The words ... of my enemies" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) +Here the phrase "The lips" refers to what his enemies say, and "the meditations" refers to what his enemies are planning to do to harm him. The author speaks as if their words and thoughts were soldiers that come to attack him all day. Alternate translation: "My enemies speak against me and think about how to harm me the whole day" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/lam/03/64.md b/lam/03/64.md index 645832ab67..a1a5b0d8c3 100644 --- a/lam/03/64.md +++ b/lam/03/64.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Pay back to them, Yahweh, according to what they have done +# Pay back to them what they deserve, Yahweh, according to the deeds of their hands -Here "Pay back to them" represents punishing them. What they have done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Punish them, Yahweh, according to what they have done" or "Yahweh, they have made me suffer, so please make them suffer" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) +Here "Pay back to them" represents punishing them. What they have done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: "Punish them as they deserve, Yahweh, according to what they have done" or "Yahweh, they have made me suffer, so please make them suffer just as much" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]]) diff --git a/mic/06/06.md b/mic/06/06.md index 8007045d1c..a061306b04 100644 --- a/mic/06/06.md +++ b/mic/06/06.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# What should I bring to Yahweh ... God? Should I come ... old? +# What should I bring to Yahweh ... God on high? Should I come ... old? -Micah speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. Possible meanings are 1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or 2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I know that I do no need to bring to Yahweh ... God, or come ... old" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +Micah speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. Possible meanings are 1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or 2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I know that I do not need to bring to Yahweh ... God on high or to come ... old." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) diff --git a/mic/06/07.md b/mic/06/07.md index fbca47e7b8..0a895057e6 100644 --- a/mic/06/07.md +++ b/mic/06/07.md @@ -1,8 +1,11 @@ -# Will Yahweh be pleased ... oil? Should I give ... sin? +# Will Yahweh be pleased ... oil? Should I give ... sin of my soul? -Micah continues to speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. Possible meanings are 1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or 2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I know that Yahweh will not be pleased ... oil or if I give ... sin." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) +Micah continues to speaks as if he were a person who truly wanted to know what God expects him to do. Possible meanings are 1) he asks questions and then in verse 8 answers the questions he has asked or 2) he is using questions to teach the people. Alternate translation: "I know that Yahweh will not be pleased ... oil or if I give ... sin of my soul." (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]]) # thousands of rams ... ten thousand rivers of oil "rams in groups of 1,000 ... 10,000 rivers of oil" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/translate-numbers]]) +# the sin of my soul + +The soul is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: "my sin" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/mic/06/09.md b/mic/06/09.md index 0ffbac033b..ad8ca5dcba 100644 --- a/mic/06/09.md +++ b/mic/06/09.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -# even now wisdom acknowledges your name +# even now wisdom fears your name Wisdom is spoken of as a person and is a metonym for the wise person. The word "name" here is a metonym for the person himself, what people think of him, and his authority. Alternate translation: "and the wise person will fear you" or "and the wise person will acknowledge that you are good and will obey you" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-personification]]) -# Pay attention to the rod, and to the one who has put it in place +# Listen to the rod, and to the one who has put it in place Here "rod" refers to the enemy army with which Yahweh, who "has put it in place," will discipline his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/pro/30/11.md b/pro/30/11.md index d1a5762b27..c27dab194f 100644 --- a/pro/30/11.md +++ b/pro/30/11.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ +# There is a generation that curses + +"Some people curse" or "Stay away from people who curse" + # a generation that curses ... and does not bless "a generation of people who curse ... and do not bless" -# generation - -type or class or group - diff --git a/pro/30/12.md b/pro/30/12.md index 1d1da2569e..fe29e6e0b0 100644 --- a/pro/30/12.md +++ b/pro/30/12.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -# a generation that is +# There is a generation that is -"a generation of people that are" +"Some people are" or "Stay away from people who are." See how you translated similar words in [verse 11](./11.md). # is pure in their own eyes diff --git a/pro/30/13.md b/pro/30/13.md index 64c8c0185a..b7fa7b6ffd 100644 --- a/pro/30/13.md +++ b/pro/30/13.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +# There is a generation whose eyes + +"Some people's eyes are" or "Stay away from people whose eyes are." See how you translated similar words in [verse 11](./11.md). + # eyes are raised up ... their eyelids lifted up This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/pro/30/14.md b/pro/30/14.md index d6a3e57e4e..0cf8784bd1 100644 --- a/pro/30/14.md +++ b/pro/30/14.md @@ -1,7 +1,11 @@ -# There is a generation whose teeth are like swords, and their jawbones are like knives, to devour the poor ... and the needy +# There is a generation whose teeth are swords and whose jawbones are knives, so they may devour the poor ... and the needy This is a metaphor for being cruel and treating poor and needy people cruelly, like an animal with sharp teeth that tears apart other animals and eats them. The sharp teeth may be a metaphor specifically for cruel words. Devouring the poor and needy may be specifically about taking poor people's possessions, leaving them even poorer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-metaphor]]) +# There is a generation whose teeth + +"Some people's teeth" or "Stay away from people whose teeth." See how you translated similar words in [verse 11](./11.md). + # jawbones the bones of the face where teeth grow diff --git a/rom/16/27.md b/rom/16/27.md index 8dcaa2f71a..2f8ec76baf 100644 --- a/rom/16/27.md +++ b/rom/16/27.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# To the only wise God ... be glory forever. Amen +# to the only wise God ... be glory forever. Amen Here "through Jesus Christ" refers to what Jesus did. To give "glory" means to praise God. Alternate translation: "Because of what Jesus Christ has done for us, we will praise forever the one who alone is God and who alone is wise. Amen" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/jit/figs-explicit]])