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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ John wrote this book to seven actual churches in Asia Minor, which is now the co
##### White #####
The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person being "white" as a metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
The Bible often speaks of something that belongs to a person as being "white." This is metaphor and metonym for that person living rightly and pleasing God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
##### "Him who is, and who was, and who is to come" #####
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Jesus went into the clouds when he went up to heaven after God raised him from t
##### "One like a son of man" #####
This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words "son of man" using the same words that you used to translate the words of Jesus when he said he is the Son of Man.
This refers to Jesus. You should translate the words "son of man" using the same words as you did in the Gospels for when Jesus called himself the "Son of Man."
##### "The angels of the seven churches" #####

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@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ These spirits are the seven spirits of [Revelation 1:4](../01/04.md).
God's glory is the great beauty and radiant majesty that God has because he is God. Other Bible writers describe it as if it were a light so bright that no one can look at it. No one can give God this kind of glory, because it is already his. When people give glory to God or when God receives glory, people say that God has the glory that is his, that it is right for God to have that glory, and that people should worship God because he has that glory. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worthy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/worship]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
##### Difficult images #####

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#### Structure and formatting ####
In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting)
In this chapter, John continues to describe what happens when angels sound seven trumpets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
##### Woe #####
John describes several "woes" in the Book of Revelation. This chapter begins to describe three "woes" announced at the end of Chapter 8.
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ This image is seen several times in the Book of Revelation. It is a picture of h
##### Abaddon and Apollyon #####
"Abaddon" is a Hebrew word. "Apollyon" is a Greek word. Both words mean "Destroyer." John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULB and UDB write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood "Apollyon" to mean "Destroyer." So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote.
"Abaddon" is a Hebrew word. "Apollyon" is a Greek word. Both words mean "Destroyer." John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. The ULB and UDB write the sounds of both words with English letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate these words using the letters of the target language. The original Greek readers would have understood "Apollyon" to mean "Destroyer." So translators may also supply what it means in the text or in a footnote. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
##### Repentance #####
Despite great signs, people are described as not repenting and so remain in their sin. People refusing to repent are also mentioned in Chapter 16. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

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# Revelation 14 General Notes #
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### "Victorious over the beast" #####
This is victory in the spiritual battles occurring during this time. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the book of Revelation pictures a time of great spiritual battles openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
##### Mark of the beast #####
John has spent some time discussing the mark given by the beast. Many scholars believe this chapter teaches that those who receive this mark will face eternal punishment in hell. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
##### Harvest #####
Harvest is when people go out to get the food they have planted so they can bring it to their houses and eat it. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about Jesus so those people can be part of God's kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
Harvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God's kingdom. This chapter uses the metaphor of two harvests. Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. Then an angel gathers in wicked people whom God will punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
## Links: ##

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#### Structure and formatting ####
The events and pictures described in this chapter occur in heaven.
In this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 15:3-4.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 3-4.
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### "The most holy place, in which was the tent of witness, was open in heaven" #####
This statement has led some scholars to believe that the Jewish temple reflected a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
##### "Victorious over the beast" #####
These people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the Book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as openly occurring. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
##### "The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven" #####
Scripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God's perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God's heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
##### Songs #####
Heaven is often described as a place where people sing. These are songs of worship to God. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is continually worshiped.
The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
## Links: ##

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#### Structure and formatting ####
This chapter forms the conclusion of a major section of the book of Revelation, ending the period of wrath or great judgment by God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 16:5-7.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 5-7.
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### "The most holy place" #####
##### "I heard a loud voice call out of the temple" #####
This statement has led some scholars to believe that the Jewish temple reflected a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.
##### Seven bowl judgments #####
This chapter reveals judgments called the seven bowl judgments. The judgments are pictured as being poured out, emphasizing their quickness and totality. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
##### Seven bowls of God's wrath #####
This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God's wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
The tone of this chapter is meant to shock the reader. This should not be minimized in translation.
The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.
##### Armageddon #####
This is a word in Hebrew, and it is used as the name of a place. John transliterates the sounds of this word by writing them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language.
This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
## Links: ##

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#### Structure and formatting ####
This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter.
This chapter begins to describe how God will destroy Babylon.
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### Prostitute #####
The Jews were often pictured as adulterous people and occasionally as prostitutes. This is not necessarily the reference here. The context may favor identifying the prostitute as Satan, but the translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
Scripture often pictures idolatrous Jews as adulterous people and sometimes as prostitutes. This is not the reference here. The translator should allow this illustration to be vague. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
##### Seven hills #####
This is possibly a reference to the city of Rome, which was said to sit atop seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify the seven hills in the translation.
=##### Important figures of speech in this chapter #####
This possibly refers to the city of Rome, which was known as the city on seven hills. However, the translator should not attempt to identify Rome in the translation.
==Metaphors ==
John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He gives some explanation of their meaning, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
##### Metaphors #####
John uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should attempt to do the same. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
##### "The beast you saw existed, does not exist now, but is about to come up " #####
This phrase is intended to contrast the statement that Jesus "was and is and is to come" used elsewhere in Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
This and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called "the one who is, and who was, and who is to come" elsewhere in the Book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
##### Paradox #####
A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentences in 17:11 is a paradox: "the beast ... is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings." The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox, and it should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](./20.md))
A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: "the beast ... is itself also an eighth king; but it is one of those seven kings." The translator should not attempt to resolve this paradox. It should remain a mystery. ([Revelation 17:11](./20.md))
## Links: ##

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#### Structure and formatting ####
Chapter 19 will continue the material contained in this chapter and both should be seen as a single unit.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 19:1-8.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 1-8.
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### Prophecy #####
The angel gives a prophecy about the fall of Babylon. It is spoken of as having already happened even though it had not yet happened. This was common in prophecy and emphasizes the inevitability of the coming judgment. It is also prophesied that the people will lament over the fall of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
The angel prophesies about Babylon falling, which here means being destroyed. It is spoken of as having already happened. This is common in prophecy. It emphasizes that the coming judgment will certainly happen. The angel also prophesies that the people will lament over Babylon falling. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
##### Metaphors #####
Metaphors are frequently used in prophecy. This chapter forms a slight break in the apocalyptic style of the book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
Prophecy frequently uses metaphors. This chapter has a slightly different apocalyptic style than the Book of Revelation overall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
## Links: ##

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#### Structure and formatting ####
Chapter 19 continues the material contained in chapter 18 and both should be seen as a single unit.
The beginning of chapter 19 concludes the topic of Babylon falling.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with the poetry in 19:1-8.
Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULB does this with verses 1-8.
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### Songs #####
Heaven is often described as a place where people sing. These are songs of worship to God. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is continually worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
The Book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. They worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])
##### Wedding celebration #####
The wedding celebration or feast is a very important image used in Scripture. In Jewish culture, paradise, or life with God after death, was often pictured as a feast. Here, Jesus pictures it as a wedding feast that a king prepares for his son, who has just gotten married. In addition, Jesus emphasizes that not all people whom God invites will properly prepare themselves to participate. These people will be thrown out from the feast.
The wedding celebration or feast is an important image in Scripture. Jewish culture often pictured paradise, or life with God after death, as a feast. Here, the wedding feast is for the Lamb, who is Jesus, and his bride, who is all his people.
## Links: ##

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# Revelation 20 General Notes #
#### Structure and formatting ####
This chapter is about a period of time often referred to as the "millennial kingdom" because it is a kingdom of a thousand years. This chapter is very significant for understanding the events of the last days and the book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### The thousand-year reign of Christ #####
Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years. and all the prophecies in Scripture about worldwide peace will be fulfilled. Scholars are divided over whether this is an actual period of time or if it is an allegory for Christ beginning to reign in people's hearts. It is best to translate this as if Christ is physically reigning on earth for a thousand years and not attempt to input potential symbolism into the text. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
In this chapter, Jesus is said to reign for a thousand years, at the same time that Satan is bound. Scholars are divided over whether this refers to a future period of time or to Jesus reigning now from heaven. It is not necessary to understand this passage in order to translate it accurately. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
##### Final rebellion #####
This chapter describes the period of time after Jesus' reign known as the final rebellion. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God's ultimate and final victory over sin and evil before eternity begins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
This chapter also describes what happens after the thousand years are ended. During this time, Satan and many people will attempt to rebel against Jesus. This will result in God's ultimate and final victory over sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
##### Great white throne #####
This is an important judgment in heaven after the final rebellion. During this judgment, people who have faith in God are separated from those who reject him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
This chapter ends with God judging all people who ever lived. God separates people who believe in Jesus from those who do not believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
##### Book of life #####
The is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this book of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
##### Book of Life #####
This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
##### Hades and the lake of fire #####
These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to differentiate these two places, but they should not be equated with each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
These appear to be two distinct places. The translator may wish to do further research to determine how to translate these two places differently. They should not be made the same as each other in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hell]])
## Links: ##

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#### Structure and formatting ####
This chapter gives a detailed description of the new Jerusalem.
This chapter gives a detailed picture of the new Jerusalem.
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### Second death #####
Death is a type of separation. The first death is a physical death, the separation of the soul from the body. The second death is the eternal separation from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
Death is a type of separation. The first death is physically dying, when the soul is separated from the body. The second death is being eternally separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/soul]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
#### Important figures of speech in this chapter ####
##### Book of life #####
The is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this book of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
##### Book of Life #####
This is a metaphor for eternal life. Those possessing eternal life are said to have their names written in this Book of Life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
##### New heaven and new earth #####
It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages.
It is unclear whether this is an entirely new heaven and earth or if it is remade out of the present heaven and earth. The same is also true of the new Jerusalem. It is possible this will affect translation in some languages. The word "new" in the original language means different and better than the old. It does not mean new in time.
## Links: ##

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#### Structure and formatting ####
This chapter emphasizes that the prophecies of the book of Revelation are going to take place soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
This chapter emphasizes that Jesus is coming soon.
#### Special concepts in this chapter ####
##### Tree of life #####
There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned here. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.
There is probably an intended connection between the tree of life in the Garden of Eden and the tree of life mentioned in this chapter. The curse that began in Eden will end at this time.
#### Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ####
##### Alpha and omega #####
These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULB spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for other translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet, for example, "A and Z" in English.
These are the names of the first and last letters in the Greek alphabet. The ULB spells out their names in English. This strategy can serve as a model for translators. Some translators, however, may decide to use the first and last letters in their own alphabet. This would be "A and Z" in English.
## Links: ##
* __[Revelation 22:01 Notes](./01.md)__