Standardized heading
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@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
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### Examples from the Bible
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**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
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##### Words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items
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These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
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>The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u>. (Exodus 26:33 ULB)
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@ -30,7 +32,9 @@ The words "holy" and "most holy" distinguish two different places from each othe
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The phrase "who bore him" distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
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**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
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##### Words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item
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These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
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><u>Your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
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@ -27,22 +27,38 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
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### Examples from the Bible
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**Ownership** - In the example below, the son owned the money.
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##### Ownership
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In the example below, the son owned the money.
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>... the younger son ... wasted <u>his money</u> with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13)
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**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
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##### Social relationship
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In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
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>Then <u>the disciples of John</u> came to him. (Matthew 9:14 ULB)
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**Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
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##### Material
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In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
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>On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u> (Revelation 9:7)
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**Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it.
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##### Contents
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In the example below, the cup has water in it.
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>Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB)
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**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
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##### Part of a whole
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In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
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>But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king's palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB)
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**Part of a group** - In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members.
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##### Part of a group
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In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members.
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>To <u>each one of us</u> has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULB)
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#### Events and Possession
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@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic
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The examples below show each of these types used for their main functions.
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#### Statements
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##### Statements
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>In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULB)
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Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md))
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#### Questions
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##### Questions
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The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they were speaking to answered their questions.
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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they
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Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md))
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#### Imperative Sentences
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##### Imperative Sentences
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There are different kinds of imperative sentences: commands, instructions, suggestions, invitations, requests, and wishes.
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@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ In Genesis 21, Hagar expressed her strong desire not to see her son die, and the
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Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md))
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#### Exclamations
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##### Exclamations
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Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end.
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>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB)
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would us
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Translators whose language has formal and informal forms of "you" will need to understand the relationship between two speakers in order to choose the appropriate form of "you" in their language.
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#### Deciding whether to use the Formal or Informal "You"
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#### Deciding whether to use the formal or informal "You"
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1. Pay attention to the relationships between the speakers.
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to
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### Examples from the Bible
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#### New Participants
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##### New Participants
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Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as "There was a man" in the example below. The phrase "There was" tells us that this man existed. The word "a" in "a man" tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was.
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><u>There was a man</u> from Zorah, of the clan of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULB)
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relat
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Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is.
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>When King David was old and advanced in years, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
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#### Old Participants
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##### Old Participants
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A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a pronoun after that. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with the pronoun "his," and his wife is referred to with the pronoun "she".
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