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intro-publishing:
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recommended: []
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||||||
dependencies:
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- prechecking-training
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||||||
intro-share:
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||||||
recommended:
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||||||
- share-content
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||||||
dependencies:
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||||||
- intro-publishing
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||||||
platforms:
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||||||
recommended:
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||||||
- setup-ts
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||||||
- pretranslation-training
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||||||
dependencies:
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||||||
- process-manual
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||||||
- file-formats
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||||||
prechecking-training:
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||||||
recommended:
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||||||
- intro-check
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|
||||||
- goal-checking
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||||||
- required-checking
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||||||
dependencies:
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||||||
- pretranslation-training
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||||||
pretranslation-training:
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||||||
recommended:
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||||||
- choose-team
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||||||
- translate-source-text
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||||||
- translate-alphabet
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||||||
- writing-decisions
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||||||
- translation-difficulty
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||||||
dependencies:
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||||||
- translate-process
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||||||
- translate-why
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||||||
process-manual:
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||||||
recommended: []
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||||||
dependencies:
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||||||
- finding-answers
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||||||
required-checking:
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||||||
recommended:
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||||||
- intro-publishing
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|
||||||
dependencies:
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|
||||||
- prechecking-training
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|
||||||
setup-team:
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|
||||||
recommended:
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|
||||||
- choose-team
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|
||||||
- qualifications
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|
||||||
- translate-source-text
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|
||||||
- translate-alphabet
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|
||||||
- writing-decisions
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|
||||||
- translation-difficulty
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|
||||||
dependencies:
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||||||
- translate-process
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|
||||||
setup-ts:
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||||||
recommended: []
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|
||||||
dependencies:
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|
||||||
- platforms
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|
||||||
share-content:
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|
||||||
recommended: []
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|
||||||
dependencies:
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|
||||||
- intro-share
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|
||||||
source-text-process:
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|
||||||
recommended:
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|
||||||
- intro-share
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|
||||||
dependencies:
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||||||
- intro-publishing
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@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
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### Publishing Overview
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||||||
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||||||
Once a work has been uploaded to Door43, it is automatically available online under your user account. This is referred to as self-publishing. You will have access to a web version of your project at http://door43.org/u/user_name/project_name (where user_name is your username and project_name is your translation project). The translationStudio app will give you the correct link when you upload. You can also browse all works on http://door43.org.
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||||||
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||||||
From your Door43 project page you can:
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
* See the web version of your project with default formatting
|
|
||||||
* Download documents of your project (like a PDF)
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|
||||||
* Get the links to the source files (USFM or Markdown) for your project
|
|
||||||
* Interact with others about your project
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
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||||||
What is publishing?
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||||||
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|
||||||
Introduction to Publishing
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||||||
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|
||||||
### Distribution Overview
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
Content is worthless unless it is disseminated and used. One advantage of using the Door43 translation and publishing platform is that it provides multiple, simple ways of distributing content.
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Open License
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
The biggest factor that encourages distribution of content is the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md) that is used for all content on Door43. This license gives everybody the freedom they need to:
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
* **Share** — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
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|
||||||
* **Adapt** — remix, transform, and build upon the material
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
for any purpose, even commercially.
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
Under the terms of the license.
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|
||||||
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||||||
How can I distribute content?
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
Introduction to Distribution
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
### Recommended Platform
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
The recommended platform for doing translation in the Door43 ecosystem is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). This is where the translation and checking teams will do their work. You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices, (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information).
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Other Options
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Note that it will be your responsibility to get the content into USFM or Markdown format if you do not use translationStudio (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).
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|
||||||
What tool can I use to translate?
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||||||
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|
||||||
Selecting a Platform
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Before Checking
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
It is recommended that you consult the [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) frequently as you check this content. Before you start checking, we recommend that you start working your way through the Checking Manual until you understand what is required at each level. As you work through the checking process, you will need to consult the Checking Manual frequently.
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||||||
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|
||||||
What should I know about checking before I begin?
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
Training Before Checking Begins
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### What to Know Before Translation
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
It is recommended that you consult the [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) frequently as you translate this content. Before you start translating, we recommend that you start working your way through the Translation Manual at least until you know the difference between a literal translation and a meaning-based translation. Much of the rest of the Translation Manual can be used as a "just-in-time" learning resource.
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some important subjects that must be learned before starting a translation project:
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md) - The definition of a good translation
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|
||||||
* [The Translation Process](../../translate/translate-process/01.md) - How a good translation is made
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|
||||||
* [Form and Meaning](../../translate/translate-fandm/01.md) - The difference between form and meaning
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|
||||||
* [Meaning-Based Translations](../../translate/translate-dynamic/01.md) - How to make a meaning-based translation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some other important topics as you get started include:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Suggestions for where to start translating
|
|
||||||
* [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) - How to make a first draft
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|
||||||
* [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) - Using translation helps
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
What should I know about translation before I start?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Training Before Translation Begins
|
|
||||||
|
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@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Welcome
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The Process Manual is a step-by-step guide to help translation teams know what they need to do, from the start of a project to its completion. This guide will help a translation team from its initial setup to final publishing of translated and checked content.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Getting Started
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Translation is a complicated task and takes organization and a plan. There are many required steps to take a translation from an idea to completed, checked, distributed, and in use translation. The information in this Process Manual will help you know all of the necessary steps in the translation process.
|
|
||||||
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
What is the Process Manual?
|
|
||||||
|
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Introduction to the Process Manual
|
|
||||||
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@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Purpose of Checking Levels
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
The purpose of the Checking Levels (see [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md)) is primarily to help ensure that the translation has been made in accordance with the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md) and the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md). Another reason is to increase the input and ownership of the community that will be using it.
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Checking Level 1
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Checking Level 1 is done primarily by the translation team, with some input from the language community. See [Checking Level One - Affirmation by Translation Team](../../checking/level1/01.md). After completing the Level 1 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)) and continue on to Checking Level 2 (see below).
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Checking Level 2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Checking Level 2 is done to verify that representative groups from the local language community agree that the translation is a good one (see [Checking Level Two - Affirmation by Community](../../checking/level2/01.md)). It is done with a language community check (see [Language Community Check](../../checking/language-community-check/01.md)) and a church leader check (see [Church Leader Check](../../checking/church-leader-check/01.md)). After completing the Level 2 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)) and continue on to Checking Level 3 (see below), if you so desire.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Checking Level 3
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Checking Level 3 is done when leaders of at least two church networks agree that the translation is a good one (see [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../../checking/level3/01.md)). Be sure you work through the Level 3 Checking Questions (see [Questions for Checking on Level Three](../../checking/level3-questions/01.md)) while you complete this checking level. After completing the Level 3 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)). This is the highest checking level. Gateway Languages should also complete the [Source Text Process](../source-text-process/01.md)
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|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How do I check a translation?
|
|
||||||
|
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How to Check
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Choosing a Team
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different types of people and roles that are needed. There are also specific qualifications that are needed for each team.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Choosing a Translation Team](../../translate/choose-team/01.md) - Describes many of the roles that are needed
|
|
||||||
* [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md) - Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
|
|
||||||
* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at http://ufw.io/forms/ ):
|
|
||||||
* [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
|
|
||||||
* [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
|
|
||||||
* [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
|
|
||||||
* Everyone on the team also needs to know the qualities of a good translation (see [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md)).
|
|
||||||
* The team will also need to know where they can find answers (see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Translation Decisions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are many decisions the translation team will have to make, many of them right at the beginning of the project. Included are the following:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Choosing what to translate first is another decision to be made
|
|
||||||
* [Choosing a Source Text](../../translate/translate-source-text/01.md) - Choosing a good source text is very important
|
|
||||||
* [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) - Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
|
|
||||||
* [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) - Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
|
|
||||||
* [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) - Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
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|
||||||
* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) - Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How can I set up a translation team?
|
|
||||||
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Setting Up a Translation Team
|
|
||||||
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@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Installing tS for Mobile
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The mobile (Android) edition of translationStudio is available from the [Google Play Store](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.translationstudio.androidapp ) or via direct download from http://ufw.io/ts/. If you install from the Play Store, then you will be notified by the Play Store when a new version is available. Note that you may also side load the installation apk to other devices to share the app.
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Installing tS for Desktop
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows, Mac, or Linux) is available from http://ufw.io/ts/. To install the program, navigate to the "Desktop" section and download the latest release. Note that you may also copy the installation file to other computers to share the app.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Using tS
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! First-time use of translationStudio will require an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After the first-use screen, you will be brought to the Home screen where you can create a new project. Once your project is created, you may start translating right away. There are translationHelps built right into the app which you are encouraged to use to gain a better understanding of the source text. Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### After Using tS
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. We strongly recommend that your translation be checked (see [Training Before Checking Begins](../prechecking-training/01.md)).
|
|
||||||
1. Once the checking is complete (to any level), you may upload your work from the app (Menu → Upload).
|
|
||||||
1. Once uploaded, you can see your work online on Door43 (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md))
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How do I set up translationStudio?
|
|
||||||
|
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Setting Up translationStudio
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Sharing Content from tS
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Sharing content that is in translationStudio is easy. For offine sharing, use the Backup feature from the tS menu. For online sharing, use the Upload feature from the tS menu.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Sharing Content on Door43
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you upload your work from translationStudio, then it automatically appears on the Internet on Door43. All of your uploaded content will appear under your user account. For example, if your username is *test_user* then you may find all your work at http://door43.org/u/test_user/. You can share your work with others online by giving them the link to the projects you have uploaded.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Sharing Content Offline
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You may also generate and download documents from your project pages on Door43. Once you have these downloaded, you can transfer them to others however you would like, including printing and distributing hard copies.
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How can I share content?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How to Share Content
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Source Text Process
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Source text publishing is required for all Gateway Languages so that they can be used as source texts by Other Languages. Note that this process only applies to Gateway Languages.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Prerequisites
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Before a Gateway Language translation can become a source text, the following prerequisites must all be met:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **Whole Resource** - The whole resource must be translated and checked to the required level. Parts of resources (e.g. half of the Open Bible Stories, only a few chapters of a book of the Bible) cannot be published.
|
|
||||||
* **Checking** - A translation must have reached the appropriate checking level. For Bible translations, that means [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../../checking/level3/01.md).
|
|
||||||
* **On Door43** - Door43 must have the version that will be published. If the work was done on multiple devices, then it may need to be merged together. Get the help of a Content Tech to make merging easier (either email <help@door43.org> or use the #content-techs channel on Slack).
|
|
||||||
* **Agreements** - Everyone involved in the translation and checking must have agreed to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md). This can be done by either creating Door43 accounts or by physically signing the documents and digitizing them (scanning or photos). See http://ufw.io/forms for downloadable agreement forms.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Source Text Request Form
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Once you have the prerequisites, you may fill out the source text request form at http://ufw.io/pub/. A few notes about the form:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* You must have a Door43 account to create a request.
|
|
||||||
* You must include the names or pseudonyms of everyone involved. You must also include their Door43 usernames if you are not attaching signed license agreements for them.
|
|
||||||
* Note that the information you enter will be public and will become a part of the front matter of the source text.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After your form has been submitted, you will be contacted if anything is missing. Once the request has been approved, it will go into the publishing queue where a developer will work to make the translation a source text. You may also be contacted by the developer if there are any issues encounted during the publishing process. You will be notified when the process is completed and you may review a PDF of the work.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Finishing the Source Text Process
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After the source text publishing process is completed, your work will then be available:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Online on the unfoldingWord website
|
|
||||||
* As a PDF, downloadable from unfoldingWord
|
|
||||||
* In translationStudio as a source text for Other Languages to use (may require a tS update first)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How do I make my Gateway Language translation a source text?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Source Text Process
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
title: "Table of Contents"
|
|
||||||
sections:
|
|
||||||
- title: "1. Getting Started"
|
|
||||||
sections:
|
|
||||||
- title: "Introduction to the Process Manual"
|
|
||||||
link: process-manual
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- title: "2. Setting Up a Translation Team"
|
|
||||||
sections:
|
|
||||||
- title: "Setting Up A Translation Team"
|
|
||||||
link: setup-team
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- title: "3. Translating"
|
|
||||||
sections:
|
|
||||||
- title: "Training Before Translation Begins"
|
|
||||||
link: pretranslation-training
|
|
||||||
- title: "Choosing a Translation Platform"
|
|
||||||
link: platforms
|
|
||||||
- title: "Setting Up translationStudio"
|
|
||||||
link: setup-ts
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- title: "4. Checking"
|
|
||||||
sections:
|
|
||||||
- title: "Training Before Checking Begins"
|
|
||||||
link: prechecking-training
|
|
||||||
- title: "How to Check"
|
|
||||||
link: required-checking
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- title: "5. Publishing"
|
|
||||||
sections:
|
|
||||||
- title: "Introduction to Publishing"
|
|
||||||
link: intro-publishing
|
|
||||||
- title: "Source Text Process"
|
|
||||||
link: source-text-process
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- title: "6. Distributing"
|
|
||||||
sections:
|
|
||||||
- title: "Introduction to Distribution"
|
|
||||||
link: intro-share
|
|
||||||
- title: "How to Share Content"
|
|
||||||
link: share-content
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some languages have more than one form of "we": an **inclusive** form that means "I and you" and an **exclusive** form that means "I and someone else but not you." The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for "us," "our," "ours," and "ourselves." Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive "we" and the exclusive "we" refer to.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Reason this is a translation issue** - The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so they can decide which form of "we" to use.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>… the shepherds said one to each other, "Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>." (Luke 2:15 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said "us," they were including the people they were speaking to - one another.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, "Let <u>us</u> go over to the other side of the lake." Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
When Jesus said "us," he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
What is inclusive "we"?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Inclusive "We"
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, <u>who was very thankful</u>.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The phrase "who was very thankful" immediately follows the word "sister" and informs us about how Mary's sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have. It simply gives added information about that sister.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, <u>who was very thankful</u>.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The phrase "who was very thankful" immediately follows the word "sister" and informs us about how Mary's sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Reason people use these phrases**: People often present either reminders or new information in a weak way. They do this when they want their listener to give most of his attention to something else they are saying. In the example above, the speaker wants most attention to be given to what Mary did, NOT to how her sister responded.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Reason this is a translation Issue:** Languages have different ways of signaling the parts of communication that the listener should pay most attention to.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Translation Principles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* If your language does not use phrases with a noun for new information or a reminder, you may need to put that information or reminder in a different part of the sentence.
|
|
||||||
* Try to present it in a weak way.
|
|
||||||
* Ask yourself: In our language, how do we express information in a strong way, and how do we express it in a weaker way?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>. (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There is only one Tigris River. The phrase "which flows east of Asshur" gives more information about where the Tigris River was. This would have been helpful to the original audience, because they knew were Asshur was.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>I will wipe away mankind <u>whom I have created</u> from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The phrase "whom I have created" is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>I will bring an end to the <u>worthless</u> idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
All of God's judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this psalm said that they are good.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Translation Strategies
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider keeping the phrase and the noun together. Otherwise, here are other strategies of showing that the phrase is used to inform or remind.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
|
||||||
1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way. It may be by adding a small word, or by changing the way the voice sounds. Sometimes changes in the voice can be shown with punctuation marks, such as parentheses or commas.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
|
||||||
* "<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
|
||||||
* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
|
||||||
* "Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
|
||||||
* "I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **The name of the third river is Tigris, <u>which flows east of Asshur</u>.** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
|
|
||||||
* "The name of the third river is Tigris. <u>It flows east of Asshur</u>.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
When phrases are used with nouns, what are phrases that inform or remind and how can I translate them?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Phrases that Inform or Remind
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Different languages arrange the parts of the sentence in different ways. In English, a sentence normally has the subject first, then the verb, then the object, then other modifiers, like this:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Peter painted his house yesterday.**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Many other languages normally put these things in a different order, such as:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Painted yesterday Peter his house.**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Although all languages have a normal order for parts of a sentence, this order can change depending on what information the speaker or writer considers to be the most important. Suppose that someone is answering the question, "What did Peter paint yesterday?" The person asking the question already knows all of the information in our sentence above except for the object: "his house." Therefore, that becomes the most important part of the information, and a person answering in English might say:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**His house is what Peter painted (yesterday).**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This puts the most important information first, which is normal for English. Many other languages would normally put the most important information last. In the flow of a text, the most important information is usually what the writer considers to be new information for the reader. In some languages the new information comes first, and in others it comes last.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Reasons this is a translation Issue
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Different languages arrange the parts of a sentence in different ways. If a translator copies the order of the parts of a sentence from the source, it may not make sense in his language.
|
|
||||||
* Different languages put important or new information in different places in the sentence. If a translator keeps the important or new information in the same place that it had in the source language, it may be confusing or give the wrong message in his language.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>They all ate until they were satisfied. (Mark 6:42 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The parts of this sentence were in a different order in the original Greek source language. They were like this:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* And they ate all and they were satisfied.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In English, this means that the people ate everything. But the next verse says that they took up twelve baskets full of leftover pieces of food. In order for this to not be so confusing, the translators of the ULT put the parts of the sentence in the right order for English.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food, because we are here in an isolated place." (Luke 9:12 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In this verse, what the disciples say to Jesus puts the important information first - that he should send the crowd away. But in languages that put the important information last, people would understand that the reason that they give - being in an isolated place - is the most important part of their message to Jesus. They might then think that the disciples are afraid of the spirits in that place, and that sending the people to buy food is a way to protect them from the spirits. That is the wrong message.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In this verse, the most important part of the information is first - that "woe" is coming on the people for what they are doing. The reason that supports that warning comes last. This could be confusing for people who expect the important information to come last.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Translation Strategies
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.
|
|
||||||
1. Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Translation Strategies Applied
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Study how your language arranges the parts of a sentence, and use that order in your translation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* And he went out from there and came to the hometown his, and they followed him the disciples his. (Mark 6:1)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is the verse in the original Greek order. The ULT has put this into the normal order for English:
|
|
||||||
> And he went out from there and came into his hometown, and his disciples followed him. (Mark 6:1 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Study where your language puts the new or important information, and rearrange the order of information so that it follows the way it is done in your language.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food, because we are here in an isolated place." (Luke 9:12 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Now the day was about to come to an end, and the twelve came to him and said, "Because we are here in an isolated place, send the crowd away that they may go into the surrounding villages and countryside to find lodging and food."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for that is how their ancestors treated the false prophets. (Luke 6:26 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your language puts the important information last, you can change the order of the verse:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* When all men speak well of you, which is just as people's ancestors treated the false prophets, then woe to you!
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How do languages arrange the parts of a sentence?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Information Structure
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
How can quotes be marked, especially when there are quotes within quotes?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Quote Markings
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Parallelism with the same meaning** is a poetic device in which one complex idea is expressed in two or more different ways. Speakers may do this in order to emphasize the idea that is the same in the two phrases. This is also called "synonymous parallelism."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Note: We use the term "parallelism with the same meaning" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
|
|
||||||
>Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does</u> and <u>watches all the paths he takes</u>. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. "Sees" corresponds to "watches," "everything ... does" corresponds to "all the paths ... takes," and "a person" corresponds to "he."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Synonymous parallelism in poetry has several effects:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* It shows that something is very important by saying it more than once and in more than one way.
|
|
||||||
* It helps the hearer to think more deeply about the idea by saying it in different ways.
|
|
||||||
* It makes the language more beautiful and above the ordinary way of speaking.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Reason this is a Translation Issue
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even in different ways. They expect that if there are two phrases or two sentences, they must have different meanings. So they do not understand that the repetition of ideas serves to emphasize the idea.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Both parts of the sentences are metaphors saying that God's word teaches people how to live. The words "lamp" and "light" are similar in meaning because they refer to light, and the words "my feet" and "my path" are related, because they refer to a person walking.
|
|
||||||
><u>Praise Yahweh</u>, all you nations; <u>exalt him</u>, all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words 'Praise' and 'exalt' mean the same thing, 'Yahweh' and 'him' refer to the same person, and 'all you nations' and 'all you peoples' refer to the same people.
|
|
||||||
>For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will <u>fight in court</u> against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Translation Strategies
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, that is, to strengthen a single idea, then it would be appropriate to use it in your translation. But if your language does not use parallelism in this way, then consider using one of the following translation strategies.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
|
|
||||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly."
|
|
||||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **Until now you have <u>deceived me and told me lies</u>.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
|
|
||||||
* Until now you have <u>deceived me with your lies</u>.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does and watches all</u> the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase "all the paths he takes" is a metaphor for "all he does."
|
|
||||||
* Yahweh <u>pays attention to everything</u> a person does.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
|
|
||||||
* For Yahweh has a <u>lawsuit with his people</u>, Israel.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as "truly" or "certainly."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **Yahweh <u>sees everything</u> a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
|
||||||
* Yahweh <u>truly sees</u> everything a person does.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like "very," "completely" or "all."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **... you have deceived me <u>and</u> told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
|
|
||||||
* <u>All</u> you have done is lie to me.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **Yahweh sees everything a person does <u>and</u> watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
|
|
||||||
* Yahweh sees <u>absolutely everything</u> that a person does.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
What is parallelism with the same meaning?
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Parallelism with the Same Meaning
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Sometimes a Note suggests a translation from the UST. In that case the text from the UST will be followed by "(UST)."
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Translation Notes Examples
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>He who <u>sits in the heavens</u> will sneer at them (Psalms 2:4 **ULT**)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>But the one who <u>sits on his throne in heaven</u> laughs at them (Psalms 2:4 **UST**)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The Note for this verse says:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **sits in the heavens** - Here sitting represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. AT: "rules in the heavens" or "sits on his throne in heaven" (UST) (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Explicit](../figs-explicit/01.md))
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase 'sits in the heavens.' The first expresses clearly what "sits in the heavens" represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his "throne." This suggestion is from the UST.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>When he saw Jesus, <u>he fell on his face</u>. (Luke 5:12 **ULT**)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>When he saw Jesus, <u>he bowed down to the ground</u>. (Luke 5:12 **UST**)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The Note for this verse says:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **he fell on his face** - "he knelt and touched the ground with his face" or "he bowed down to the ground" (UST)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here the words from the UST are provided as another translation suggestion.
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Why do some translationNotes have quotes from the UST?
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Notes that Include a Quote from the UST
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### Description
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The decimal point, or decimal comma, is a mark placed to the left of a number to show that the number refers to part of a whole number. For example .1 meter is not a whole meter but is only one tenth of a meter and .5 meter is not five meters, but is only five tenths of a meter. 3.7 meters is three and seven tenths of a meter. Numbers like these are used in the *unfoldingWord Simplified Text* (UST).
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In some countries people use a decimal point, and in other countries people use a decimal comma. So translators in countries that use a decimal comma would write "3.7 meters" as "3,7 meters." In some cultures people prefer fractions. (see [Fractions](../translate-fraction/01.md))
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In the unfoldingWord Simplified Text (UST) parts of a number are written as decimals or fractions. When they are used with a measurement such as meters, grams, and liters, the are usually written as decimals.
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#### Decimal Numbers in the UST
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| Decimal | Fraction | Simpler Fraction |
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| -------- | -------- | -------- |
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|.1 |one tenth | |
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|.2 |two tenths | one fifth |
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|.3 |three tenths | |
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|.4 |four tenths | two fifths|
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|.5 |five tenths | one half |
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|.6 |six tenths | three fifths |
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|.7 |seven tenths | |
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|.8 |eight tenths | four fifths |
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|.9 |nine tenths | |
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|.25 |twenty-five one hundredths | one fourth |
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|.75 |seventy-five one hundredths | three fourths |
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#### Reasons this is a translation issue
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* If translators want to use the measures in the UST, they will need to be able to understand the decimal numbers that are used with them.
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* Translators will need to write the numbers in a way that their readers will understand them.
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### Examples from the Bible
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For telling about parts of a number, the unfoldingWord Literal Text (ULT) uses fractions, and the unfoldingWord Simplified Text (UST) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULT and the UST is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULT and the UST are not the same for these measures.
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>They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>. (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
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The ULT uses the fraction "half." This can also be written as a decimal: .5.
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>Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be <u>one meter</u> long, <u>0.7 meter wide</u>, and <u>0.7 meter</u> high. (Exodus 25:10 UST)
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The UST uses the decimal 0.7. This equals seven tenths.
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Two and a half cubits is about one meter.
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One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter.
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### Translation Strategies
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* Decide whether you want to use only fractions, only decimals, or a combination of the two.
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* Decide whether you want to use the measures given in the ULT or the UST or some other kind of measures.
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* If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the ULT, simply translate the numbers and measures in the ULT.
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* If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the UST, simply translate the numbers and measures in the UST.
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1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULT, you will need to change the fractions in the ULT to decimals.
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1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UST, you will need to change the decimals in the UST to fractions.
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULT, you will need to change the fractions in the ULT to decimals.
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* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u>one log</u> of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULT)
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* " <u>0.3 ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u>one log</u> of oil."
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1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UST, you will need to change the decimals in the UST to fractions.
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* **<u>about 6.5 liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u>one third liter</u> of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UST)
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* "<u>about six and a half liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u>one third liter</u> of olive oil."
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|
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
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What are ordinal numbers and how can I translate them?
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||||||
|
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
Decimal Numbers
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|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue