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Conforming quote marks in examples.
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@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
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1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
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* **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULB)
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* "For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses."
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* For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.
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* **... I do <u>not</u> want you to be <u>un</u>informed.** (1 Corinthians 12:1 ULB)
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* "... I want you to be informed."
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* ... I want you to be informed.
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1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as "very" or "surely."
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* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u>punished....** (Proverbs 11:21 ULB)
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* "Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished...."
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* Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished....
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* **All things were made through him, and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULB)
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* "All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made."
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* All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made.
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@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
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1. Translate only one of the words.
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* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words....** (Daniel 2:9 ULB)
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* "You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say...."
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* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words ...** (Daniel 2:9 ULB)
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* You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say ...
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1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many."
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* **...King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>....** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
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* "...King David was <u>very old</u>...."
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* **... King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u> ...** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
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* ... King David was <u>very old</u> ...
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1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that.
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* **... a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all."
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* " ... a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> ..."
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* ... a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> ...
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@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
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1. Use a euphemism from your own culture.
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* **... where there was a cave. Saul went inside <u>to cover his feet</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULB) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
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* "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to releave himself</u>."
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* "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u>."
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* "...where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u>."
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* ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to releave himself</u>.
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* ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u>.
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* ... where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u>.
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* **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I have not known any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULB)
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* Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I have not slept with a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
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1. State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
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* **they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB)
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* "they found Saul and his sons <u>dead</u> on Mount Gilboa."
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* **... they found Saul and his sons <u>fallen</u> on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULB)
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* ... they found Saul and his sons <u>dead</u> on Mount Gilboa.
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@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role
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### Examples from the Bible
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Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence.
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>If <u>I</u> should testify about <u>myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB)
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>If <u>I</u> should testify about <u>myself</u>, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULB)
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>Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and <u>many</u> went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify <u>themselves</u>. (John 11:55 ULB)
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>Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and <u>many</u> went up to Jerusalem from the country before the Passover in order to purify <u>themselves</u>. (John 11:55 ULB)
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Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
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><u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULB)
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>... <u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were ... (John 4:2 ULB)
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>So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But <u>Jesus himself</u> was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB)
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>So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. ... And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But <u>Jesus himself</u> was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULB)
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Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
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>When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain <u>by himself</u>. (John 6:15 ULB)
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Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
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>He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. <u>It</u> was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>. (John 20:6-7 ULB)
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>He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. <u>It</u> was not lying with the linen cloths but was folded up in a place <u>by itself</u>. (John 20:6-7 ULB)
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### Translation Strategies
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@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
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1. In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
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* **If I should testify about <u>myself</u> alone, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
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* "If I should <u>self-testify</u> alone, my testimony would not be true."
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* **If I should testify about <u>myself</u>, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
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* "If I should <u>self-testify</u>, my testimony would not be true."
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* **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>purify themselves</u>.** (John 11:55)
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* "Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to <u>self-purify</u>."
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@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
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1. In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
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* **<u>He himself</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULB)
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* "<u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases."
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* "<u>It was he who</u> took our sickness and bore our diseases."
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* **<u>Jesus himself</u> was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
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* "<u>It was not Jesus who</u> was baptizing, but his disciples were."
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@ -74,5 +74,5 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
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1. In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
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* **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place <u>by itself</u>.** (John 20:6-7 ULB)
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* "He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying <u>in it's own place</u>."
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* He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying <u>in it's own place</u>.
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker's attitu
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>Those who stood by said, "<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>" (Acts 23:4 ULB)
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The people who asked Paul this question were not asking about his way of insulting God’s high priest. Rather they used theis question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest.
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The people who asked Paul this question were using the question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest. They were not asking him to describe his way of insulting God’s high priest.
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The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhetorical questions are to express attitudes or feelings, to rebuke people, to teach something by reminding people of something they know and encouraging them to apply it to something new, and to introduce something they want to talk about.
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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhet
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Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man's property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man's property.
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><u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
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><u>Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her sash?</u> Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULB)
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God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things.
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@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expre
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Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her.
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>Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
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>Or which one of you, if his son asks for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULB)
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Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question:
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>Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father from heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULB)
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>Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father in heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULB)
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Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
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><u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
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><u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden ... (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
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Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something.
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@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
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1. State specifically what the synecdoche refers to.
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* **"<u>My soul</u> praises the Lord."** (Luke 1:46 ULB)
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* "<u>I</u> praise the Lord."
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* **<u>My soul</u> praises the Lord.** (Luke 1:46 ULB)
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* <u>I</u> praise the Lord.
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* **...<u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB)
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* ...<u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him ...
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* **... <u>the Pharisees</u> said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULB)
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* ... <u>a representative of the Pharisees</u> said to him ...
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* **... I looked on all the deeds that <u>my hands</u> had accomplished ...** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULB)
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* I looked on all the deeds that <u>I</u> had accomplished
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@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter.
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1. If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULB, you will need to change the fractions in the ULB to decimals.
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* **<u>three-tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u>one log</u> of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULB)
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* " <u>0.3 ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u>one log</u> of oil."
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* <u>0.3 ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and <u>one log</u> of oil.
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1. If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UDB, you will need to change the decimals in the UDB to fractions.
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* **<u>about 6.5 liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u>one third liter</u> of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UDB)
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* "<u>about six and a half liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u>one third liter</u> of olive oil."
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* <u>about six and a half liters</u> of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about <u>one third liter</u> of olive oil.
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@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word.
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1. If your language uses a different script from the language you are translating from, you can simply substitute each letter shape with the corresponding letter shape of the script of your language.
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* **צְפַנְיָ֤ה** - A man's name in Hebrew letters.
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* "Zephaniah" - The same name in Roman letters
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* Zephaniah - The same name in Roman letters
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1. You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
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* **Zephaniah** - This is a man's name.
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* "Zephaniah" - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
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* Zephaniah - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
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1. You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
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* **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the "z", you could use "s". If your writing system does not use "ph" you could use "f". Depending on how you pronounce the "i" you could spell it with "i" or "ai" or "ay".
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* "Sefania"
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* "Sefanaia"
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* "Sefanaya"
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* Sefania
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* Sefanaia
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* Sefanaya
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@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st
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1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first.
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* **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u>Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram</u>.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB)
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* "<u>When Abram was eighty-six years old</u>, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael."
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* <u>When Abram was eighty-six years old</u>, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.
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* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions.
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* "Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison."
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* Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.
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@ -72,5 +72,5 @@ Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here.
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* <u>Because of that</u>, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
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* **<u>Since</u> the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship.
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* "The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, <u>so</u> he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress."
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* The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, <u>so</u> he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
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