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Deleted spurious spaces

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Henry Whitney 2018-10-01 12:03:26 -05:00
parent 95438413a4
commit 8e5ab28db6
68 changed files with 217 additions and 217 deletions
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checking/goal-checking/01.md
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@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ The checkers who are pastors, church leaders, and leaders of church networks wil
#### Clear
The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).)
The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).)
#### Natural
The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).)
The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).)
#### Church-approved

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intro/open-license/01.md
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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the p
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Suggested attribution statement for derivative works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work."
Suggested attribution statement for derivative works: “Original work created by the Door43 World Missions Community, available at http://door43.org/, and released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ ). This work has been changed from the original, and the original authors have not endorsed this work."
### Attribution of Door43 Contributors

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intro/uw-intro/01.md
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@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ Jesus commanded his disciples to make disciples of EVERY people group:
We have the promise that people from EVERY language will be in heaven:
>"After these things I saw, and behold, there was a great crowd, which no one was able to number, out of every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb." (Revelation 7:9 ULB)
>After these things I saw, and behold, there was a great crowd, which no one was able to number, out of every nation, tribe, people, and language, standing before the throne and before the Lamb. (Revelation 7:9 ULB)
Understanding the Word of God in one's heart language is important:
>"So faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ." (Romans 10:17 ULB)
>So faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ. (Romans 10:17 ULB)
### How Do We Do This?

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translate/bita-animals/01.md
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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b
The "horn of my salvation" is the strong one who saves me.
>There I will make the horn of David to grow. (Psalm 132:17 ULB)
>There I will make a horn to sprout for David. (Psalm 132:17 ULB)
The "horn of David" is King David's military strength.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The "horn of David" is King David's military strength.
This is because some birds are easily trapped.
>My enemies have relentlessly hunted me like a bird, without cause. (Lamentations 3:52 ULB)
>I have been hunted like a bird by those who were my enemies. (Lamentations 3:52 ULB)
>Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter,
>like a bird from the hand of the fowler. (Proverbs 6:5 ULB)
@ -38,18 +38,18 @@ In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel's enemies who would come and attack them were com
>and the enemy will pursue him. (Hosea 8:1,3 ULB)
In Isaiah, God called a certain foreign king a bird of prey because he would come quickly and attack Israel's enemies.
>I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land; (Isaiah 46:11 ULB)
>I call a bird of prey from the east, the man of my choice from a distant land. (Isaiah 46:11 ULB)
#### A BIRD'S WINGS represent protection
This is because birds spread their wings over their chicks to protect them from danger.
>Protect me like the apple of your eye; hide me under the shadow of your wings
> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalms 17:8-9 ULB)
> from the presence of the wicked ones who assault me, my enemies who surround me. (Psalm 17:8-9 ULB)
Here is another example of how the wings represent protection.
> Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me,
> for I take refuge in you until these troubles are over.
> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB)
> I stay under your wings for protection until this destruction is over. (Psalm 57:1 ULB)
#### DANGEROUS ANIMALS represent dangerous people
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ In Psalms, David referred to his enemies as lions.
>I am among those who are ready to devour me.
>I am among people whose teeth are spears and arrows,
>and whose tongues are sharp swords.
>Be exalted, God, above the heavens (Psalm 57:4 ULB)
>Be exalted, God, above the heavens. (Psalm 57:4 ULB)
Peter called the devil a roaring lion.
>Be sober, be watchful. Your adversary—the devil—like a roaring lion is stalking around, looking for someone to devour. (1 Peter 5:8 ULB)
@ -75,12 +75,12 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
> so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULB)
<blockquote>For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>For Yahweh says this, "See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab." (Isaiah 48:40 ULB) </blockquote>
#### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
>My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains; (Jeremiah 50:6 ULB)
>My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains. (Jeremiah 50:6 ULB)
<blockquote>He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULB) </blockquote>

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translate/bita-farming/01.md
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@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre
<blockquote>For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULB)</blockquote>
> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB)
> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord's coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULB)

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translate/bita-hq/01.md
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ To put something before one's face is to look at it intently or pay attention to
If someone seeks another person's face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
>Why do you <u>hide your face</u> and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULB)
>Why do you <u>hide your face</u> and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULB)
To hide one's face from someone is to ignore him.
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon
>May your God make <u>the name of Solomon</u> better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne." 1 Kings 1:47 (ULB)
<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt…." (Jeremiah 44:26 ULB) </blockquote>
If someone's name is great, it means that he is great.
@ -104,20 +104,20 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that "because
>Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalm 18:15 ULB)
<blockquote>By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULB)</blockquote>
>Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULB)
<blockquote>…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>…This is the Lord Yahweh's declaration: 'My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!' (Ezekiel 38:18 ULB)</blockquote>
A blast of air or smoke coming from someone's nose shows his great anger.
#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULB)
> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULB)
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.

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translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
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@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
><u>Be in pain and labor to give birth</u>, daughter of Zion, like a <u>woman in labor</u>.
>For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
>There you will be rescued.
>There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULB)
>There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULB)
<blockquote>For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULB)</blockquote>
>My little children, I am suffering <u>labor pains</u> for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULB)
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
#### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing
> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB)
> The Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; he is called the God of the whole earth. (Isaiah 54:5b ULB)
This is because he actually is the God of the whole earth.
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
>He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull's blood and some of the goat's blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to <u>cleanse</u> it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the <u>unclean</u> actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULB)
<blockquote>This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to <u>cleanse</u> you from all your sins so you will be <u>clean</u> before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to <u>cleanse</u> you from all your sins so you will be <u>clean</u> before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULB)</blockquote>
#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God's purposes
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God's purposes.
> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB)
> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULB)
@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
<blockquote>Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u>. Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULB) </blockquote>
>But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULB)
>But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULB)
#### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him
<blockquote>How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULB)</blockquote>
>Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u>. (Psalm 89:14 ULB)
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
>I will make my arrows drunk with blood,
>and <u>my sword will devour flesh</u>
>with the blood of the killed and the captives,
>and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULB)
>and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULB)
#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
>Would not his dread <u>fall upon</u> you? (Job 13:11 ULB)
<blockquote>Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULB)
@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
>They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. <u>They went after other gods</u>, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
<blockquote>For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULB)</blockquote>
>Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u>; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULB)
@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
>Ask them, 'Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? <u>Go down and lie</u> with the uncircumcised!'
>They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULB)
>They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULB)
#### REIGNING OR RULING represents controlling
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
<blockquote>Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u>. (Psalm 95:11 ULB)</blockquote>
>This is my <u>resting place</u> forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB)
>This is my <u>resting place</u> forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULB)
<blockquote>The nations will seek him out, and his <u>resting place</u> will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULB)</blockquote>
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### SELLING represents handing over to someone's control. BUYING represents removing from someone's control
>[Yahweh] <u>sold</u> [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB)
>[Yahweh] <u>sold</u> [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULB)
#### SITTING IS RULING
@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
<blockquote>For Yahweh approves of the <u>way</u> of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULB)</blockquote>
>Turn from me the <u>path</u> of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULB)
>Turn from me the <u>path</u> of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULB)
<blockquote>I will run in the <u>path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULB)</blockquote>

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translate/bita-manmade/01.md
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@ -28,28 +28,28 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab
#### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death
>For he will rescue you from the <u>snare</u> of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULB)
>For he will rescue you from the <u>snare</u> of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULB)
<blockquote>The <u>cords of death</u> surrounded me, and the <u>snares</u> of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The <u>cords of death</u> surrounded me, and the <u>snares</u> of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULB)</blockquote>
>The <u>cords of the wicked</u> have <u>ensnared</u> me. (Psalm 119:61 ULB)
<blockquote>The wicked have <u>set a snare</u> for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The wicked have <u>set a snare</u> for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULB)</blockquote>
>The wicked is <u>ensnared</u> by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULB)
>They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became <u>a snare</u> to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULB)
>They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became <u>a snare</u> to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULB)
In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
#### A TENT represents a house, home, people in one's home, descendants
>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULB)
>God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULB)
<blockquote>The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULB)</blockquote>

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translate/bita-part1/01.md
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@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David's life. When his men were concerned that he might "put out the lamp of Israel" they were concerned that he might be killed.
<blockquote>The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULB)</blockquote>
>Ishbibenob...intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, "You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel." (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULB)
1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3))
1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](bita-part2) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](bita-part3))
For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, "the burning coal" is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father.

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translate/bita-part2/01.md
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@ -4,20 +4,20 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th
#### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it
> my <u>cup</u> runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB)
> my <u>cup</u> runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULB)
There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB)
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULB)
People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
#### The MOUTH represents speech or words
>A fool's <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB)
>A fool's <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULB)
<blockquote>Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULB) </blockquote>
<blockquote>Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULB) </blockquote>
>I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u>; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULB)
@ -75,6 +75,6 @@ This means that he killed the serpent.
#### SINS (INIQUITY) represent punishment for those sins
>Yahweh has placed on him the <u>iniquity</u> of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB)
>Yahweh has placed on him the <u>iniquity</u> of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULB)
This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.

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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ The word "hand" here is a metonym that refers to God's power. (See: [Metonymy](f
>The <u>princes</u> of the peoples have gathered together
>to the people of the God of Abraham;
>for the <u>shields</u> of the earth belong to God;
>he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULB)
>he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULB)
#### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
>Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, "Look...when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, 'You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.' " (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULB)
<blockquote> "Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote> "Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh's declaration." (Jeremiah 23:1 ULB)</blockquote>
>Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u>. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULB)
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light
>The eye is the <u>lamp</u> of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is <u>filled with light</u>. (Matthew 6:22 ULB)
This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer's character.
>The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u>. (Proverbs 21:10 ULB)
>The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u>. (Proverbs 21:10 ULB)
#### Envy and cursing are modeled as looking with an EVIL EYE at someone, and favor is modeled as looking with a GOOD EYE at someone
@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki
#### The nation of Israel is modeled as GOD'S SON
>When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called <u>my son</u> out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULB)
>When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called <u>my son</u> out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULB)
#### The sun is modeled as BEING IN A CONTAINER AT NIGHT
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who ki
>Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched <u>a tent for the sun</u> among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of <u>his chamber</u> and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULB)
Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning.
>from <u>the womb</u> of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB)
>from <u>the womb</u> of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULB)
#### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS
@ -170,13 +170,13 @@ The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
><u>Like a vapor of mist</u>,
><u>like a breeze in the wind</u>,
>everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
>What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULB)
>What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULB)
In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
>Terrors are turned upon me;
>my honor is <u>driven away as if by the wind</u>;
>my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULB)
>my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULB)
#### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he s
>I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun;
>I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
>I am <u>a brother to jackals</u>,
><u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULB)
><u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULB)
#### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS

18
translate/bita-phenom/01.md
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The word in all capital letters represents an image. The word does not necessarily appear in every verse that has the image, but the idea that the word represents does.
#### LIGHT represents someone's face (This often combines with FACE represents someone's presence)
#### LIGHT represents someone's face (This often combines with FACE represents someone's presence)
<blockquote>Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULB)</blockquote>
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### LIGHT represents goodness, and DARKNESS represents evil
>But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULB)
>But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULB)
#### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
<blockquote>Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULB)</blockquote>
>For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB)
>For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULB)
<blockquote>Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULB)</blockquote>
@ -68,20 +68,20 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
<blockquote>For you give <u>light to my lamp</u>; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u>. (Psalm 18:28 ULB)</blockquote>
>A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULB)
>A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULB)
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease
>They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support!
>He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalm 18:18-19 ULB)
>He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalm 18:18-19 ULB)
>You have made <u>a wide place</u> for my feet beneath me,
>so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULB)
>You made people ride over our heads;
>we went through fire and water,
>but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalm 66:12 ULB)
>but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalm 66:12 ULB)
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
@ -143,15 +143,15 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
>The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULB)
>The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULB)
#### A ROCK represents protection
>Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULB)
>Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULB)
<blockquote>Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULB)</blockquote>

4
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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse's descendants and Jeremia
>See, days are coming—this is Yahweh's declaration—when I will raise up for David <u>a righteous branch</u>.
>He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB)
>He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULB)
In Job when it says "his branch will be cut off," it means that he will not have any descendants.
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
<blockquote>You have turned…the fruit of <u>righteousness</u> into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULB)</blockquote>
>What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u>? (Romans 6:21 ULB)
>What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u>? (Romans 6:21 ULB)
#### A TREE represents a person

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translate/figs-123person/01.md
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@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ If using the third person to mean "I" or "you" would be natural and give the rig
1. Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun "I" or "you."
* **But David said to Saul, "<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father's sheep."** (1 Samuel 17:34)
* **But David said to Saul, "<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father's sheep."** (1 Samuel 17:34)
* But David said to Saul, "<u>I, your servant</u>, used to keep <u>my</u> father's sheep."
1. Simply use the first person ("I") or second person ("you") instead of the third person.
* **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like <u>God's</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB)
* **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like <u>God's</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULB)
* Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, "… Do you have an arm like <u>mine</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>me</u>?"
* **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULB)
* **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULB)
* So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>your</u> brother from your heart.

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translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
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@ -44,21 +44,21 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
1. Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
* **... from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB)
* **... from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings ...** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULB)
* Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
* **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB)
* **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULB)
* But <u>being godly</u> and <u>content</u> is very <u>beneficial</u>.
* But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>are godly</u> and <u>content</u>.
* But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>honor and obey God</u> and when we are <u>happy with what we have</u>.
* **Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB)
* **Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULB)
* Today the people in this house <u>have been saved</u>…
* Today God <u>has saved</u> the people in this house…
* **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB)
* **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULB)
* The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>moving slowly</u> to be.
* **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB)
* **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULB)
* He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u>the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u>.

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translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
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@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so
1. Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB)
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB)
* <u>The king's servants gave</u> Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
1. Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell  who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like "they" or  "people" or  "someone." 
* **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULB)
* **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULB)
* It would be better for him if <u>they were to put</u> a millstone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
* It would be better for him if <u>someone were to put</u> a heavy stone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
1. Use a different verb in an active sentence. 
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB)
* **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULB)
* He <u>received</u> a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.

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translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
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@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ Many languages do not use apostrophe, and readers could be confused by it. They
### Examples from the Bible
>Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB)
>Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB)
King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By telling these mountains that he wanted them to have no dew or rain, he showed how sad he was.
>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULB)
>Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to you. (Luke 13:34 ULB)
Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them.
>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB)
>He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' " (1 Kings 13:2 ULB)
The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him.
@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells <u>them</u> his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
* **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB)
* **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>"Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, 'See, … on you they will burn human bones.' "** (1 Kings 13:2 ULB)
* He said this about the altar: "This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> 'See, … they will burn people's bones on <u>it</u>.' "
* **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB)
* **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULB)
* <u>As for these mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>them</u>

2
translate/figs-declarative/01.md
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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the
By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man's sins.
>Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, _your sins are forgiven_." (Luke 2:5 ULB)
>Seeing their faith, Jesus said to the paralyzed man, "Son, _your sins are forgiven_." (Luke 2:5 ULB)
### Translation Strategies

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translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The phrase "who bore him" distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
>... for <u>your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
>... for <u>your righteous judgments</u> are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
The word "righteous" simply reminds us that God's judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous.
@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised
1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing that this is just added information.

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translate/figs-doublet/01.md
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@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
1. Translate only one of the words.
* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULB)
* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULB)
* "You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say."
1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as "very" or "great" or "many."
* **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
* **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULB)
* "King David was <u>very old</u>."
1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language's ways of doing that.
* **... a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all."
* **... a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>...** (1 Peter 1:19 ULB) - English can emphasize this with "any" and "at all."
* " ... a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> ..."

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translate/figs-events/01.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ In the Bible, events are not always told in the order in which they occurred. So
This could sound like John baptized Jesus after John was locked up in prison, but John baptized Jesus before John was locked up in prison.
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
This could sound like Joshua gave the order not to shout after the army had already started their march, but he had given that order before they started marching.
@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams' horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
* <sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
* **<sup>8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets...<sup>10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout."** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULB)
* <sup>8-10</sup> Joshua commanded the people, saying, "Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout." Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets ...
* **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULB)

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translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Exclamations are words or sentences that show strong feeling such as surprise, j
>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB)
>When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB)
>When the demon had been driven out, the mute man spoke. The crowds were astonished and said, "This has never been seen before in Israel!" (Matthew 9:33 ULB)
### Reason this is a translation issue

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translate/figs-explicit/01.md
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@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ All three kinds of information are part of the speaker's message. If one of thes
### Examples from the Bible
>Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head." (Matthew 8:20 ULB)
>Then a scribe came to him and said, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go." Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head." (Matthew 8:20 ULB)
Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assumed that the scribe would have known that foxes sleep in holes in the ground and birds sleep in their nests. This is **assumed knowledge**.
Jesus did not directly say here "I am the Son of Man" but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head.
> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the <u>day of judgment</u> than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB)
> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the <u>day of judgment</u> than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULB)
Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**.
@ -46,16 +46,16 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
1. If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
* **Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
* **Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head."** (Matthew 8:20 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
* Jesus said to him, "Foxes <u>have holes to live in</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests to live in</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep."
* **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
* **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
* ... it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u>, at the day of judgment than for you
* Or:
* ... it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
* **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
* **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULB) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
* Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness</u> when they eat.
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
* Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u>, have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u>."
* **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
* **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULB) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
* At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish Tyre and Sidon</u>, cities whose people were very wicked, <u>less severely than he will punish you</u>
* At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish you more severely</u> than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.

2
translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
1. If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
* **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
* **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
* Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it</u>. Or <u>…to set it on fire</u>.
In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information.

2
translate/figs-extrainfo/01.md
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Sometimes it is better not to state assumed knowledge or implicit information ex
This was a riddle. Samson purposely said this in a way that it would be hard for his enemies to know what it meant. Do not make it clear that the eater and the strong thing was a lion and that the sweet thing to eat was honey.
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB)
>Jesus said to them, "Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, "It is because we took no bread." … (Matthew 16:6,7 ULB)
Possible implicit information here is that the disciples should beware of the false teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. But Jesus' disciples did not understand this. They thought that Jesus was talking about real yeast and bread. So it would not be appropriate to state explicitly that the word "yeast" here refers to false teaching. The disciples did not understand what Jesus meant until they heard what Jesus said in Matthew 16:11 -
> "How is it that you do not understand that I was not speaking to you about bread? Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees." Then they understood that he was not telling them to beware of yeast in bread, but to beware of the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. (Matthew 16:11,12 ULB)

4
translate/figs-grammar/01.md
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrase, clauses, and sentences.
**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md))
**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md))
**Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md))
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put w
**Quotations** - A quotation is a report of what someone else has said.
* Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md))
* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
* Quotes can have quotes within them. (see [Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md))
* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (see [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md))

4
translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>** (Luke 21:15 ULB)
* for I will give you <u>wise words</u>
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
* that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own glorious kingdom</u>.
1. Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
* **for I will give you <u>words and wisdom</u>.** (Luke 21:15 ULB)
* for I will give you <u>words of wisdom</u>.
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
* **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom and glory</u>.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULB)
* that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to <u>his own kingdom of glory</u>.
1. Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.

4
translate/figs-idiom/01.md
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it
The phrase "enter under my roof" is an idiom that means "enter my house."
>Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>. (Luke 9:44 ULB)
>Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>. (Luke 9:44 ULB)
This idiom means "Listen carefully and remember what I say."
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
1. Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
* **Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>** (Luke 9:44 ULB)
* **Let these words <u>go deeply into your ears</u>** (Luke 9:44 ULB)
* <u>Be all ears</u> when I say these words to you.
* **"My <u>eyes grow dim</u> from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULB)

6
translate/figs-imperative/01.md
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@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
* "You are now clean."
* "I now cleanse you."
* **God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* **God said, "<u>Let there be</u> light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* God said, "<u>There is now light</u>" and there was light.
* **God blessed them and said to them, "<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* **God blessed them and said to them, "<u>Be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>Have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* God blessed them and said to them, "<u>My will for you is that you be fruitful</u>, and <u>multiply</u>. <u>Fill</u> the earth, and <u>subdue</u> it. <u>I want you to have dominion</u> over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth."
1. If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like "so" to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
* **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* **God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULB)
* God said, 'Let there be light,' <u>so</u> there was light.
* God said, "Light must be;" <u>as a result</u>, there was light.

8
translate/figs-informremind/01.md
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@ -54,16 +54,16 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULB) - By saying "worthless idols," David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
* "<u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them."
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
* **... for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULB)
* ... for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULB) - The phrase "who is ninety years old" is a reminder of Sarah's age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
* "Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?"
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ...** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULB) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase "who is worthy to be praised" gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
* "I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised"
1. Use one of your language's ways for expressing information in a weak way.

4
translate/figs-irony/01.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ When Jesus spoke of "righteous people," he was not referring to people who were
Here Jesus praises the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God's commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee's sin more obvious and startling.
>"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. <u>"Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB)
>"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. <u>"Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>." (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB)
People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them.
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
* **<u>How well you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULB)
* <u>You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God</u> so you may keep your tradition!
* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u>, so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB)
* **"Present your case," says Yahweh; "present your best arguments for your idols," says the King of Jacob. "<u>Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen</u>, so we may know these things well. <u>Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled</u>."** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULB)
* 'Present your case,' says Yahweh; 'present your best arguments for your idols,' says the King of Jacob. Your idols <u>cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen</u> so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because <u>they cannot speak</u> to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
* **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?**

4
translate/figs-litotes/01.md
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@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un
By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was <u>very</u> useful.
>Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB)
>Now when it became day, there was <u>no small excitement</u> among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULB)
By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a <u>lot</u> of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.)
>And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,
>are <u>not the least</u> among the leaders of Judah,
>for from you will come a ruler
>who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULB)
>who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULB)
By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a <u>very important city</u>.

6
translate/figs-merism/01.md
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking o
> I am the <u>Alpha and the Omega</u>, <u>the First and the Last</u>, <u>the Beginning and the End</u>. (Revelation 22:13, ULB)
<u>Alpha and Omega</u> are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
>I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth ...</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
>I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth ...</u>, (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
<u>Heaven and earth</u> is a merism that includes everything that exists.
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
1. Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u> ...** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything</u> ...
* **<u>From the rising of the sun to its setting</u>, Yahweh's name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULB)
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
1. Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
* **I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>heaven and earth</u>.** (Matthew 11:25 ULB)
* I praise you, Father, Lord of <u>everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth</u>.
* **He will bless those who honor him, both <u>young and old</u>.** (Psalm 115:13 ULB)

4
translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
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@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a "dead" metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
* **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u>.** (Mark 5:22 ULB)
* **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>fell at his feet</u>.** (Mark 5:22 ULB)
* Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, <u>immediately bowed down in front of him</u>.
1. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u>. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly. In the example below, there is no change.
* **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB)
* **It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULB)
* It was because of your <u>hard hearts</u> that he wrote you this law,
1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as."

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translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
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@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to m
### Examples from the Bible
>The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULB)
>The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULB)
A throne represents the authority of a king. "Throne" is a metonym for "kingly authority," "kingship" or "reign." This means that God would make him become the king that would follow King David.
>Immediately his <u>mouth</u> was opened (Luke 1:64 ULB)
The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again.
> ... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
> ... who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
The word "wrath" or "anger" is a metonym for "punishment." God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them.
@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
1. Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
* **The Lord God will give him <u>the throne</u> of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULB)
* "The Lord God will give him <u>the kingly authority</u> of his father, David."
* "The Lord God will <u>make him king</u> like his ancestor, King David."
* **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB)
* **who warned you to flee from <u>the wrath</u> to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULB)
* "who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?"

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translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The adjective "rich" comes after the verb "be" and describes "He."
Here is a sentence that shows that "rich" can also function as a noun.
>…<u>the rich</u> must not give more than the half shekel, and <u>the poor</u> must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB)
>…<u>the rich</u> must not give more than the half shekel, and <u>the poor</u> must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULB)
In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it refers to rich people. The word "poor" also acts as a noun and refers to poor people.
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word "rich" acts as a noun in the phrase "the rich," and it
### Examples from the Bible
>The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>. (Psalm 125:3 ULB)
>The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>. (Psalm 125:3 ULB)
"The righteous" here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person.
>Blessed are <u>the meek</u> (Matthew 5:5 ULB)
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
1. Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB)
* **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>the righteous</u>.** (Psalm 125:3 ULB)
* The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of <u>righteous people</u>.
* **Blessed are <u>the meek</u> ...** (Matthew 5:5 ULB)

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translate/figs-personification/01.md
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@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
Personification is a figure of speech in which someone speaks of something as if it could do things that animals or people can do. People often do this because it makes it easier to talk about things that we cannot see:
Such as wisdom:
>Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB)
>Does not Wisdom call out? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB)
Or sin:
>sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
>sin crouches at the door (Genesis 4:7 ULB)
People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relationships with non-human things, such as wealth, as if they were like relationships between people.
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
### Reasons this is a translation issue
@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ People also do this because it is sometimes easier to talk about people's relati
### Examples from the Bible
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
>You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULB)
Jesus speaks of wealth as if it were a master whom people might serve. Loving money and basing one's decisions on it is like serving it as a slave would serve his master.
>Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB)
>Does not Wisdom call out? Does not Understanding raise her voice? (Proverbs 8:1 ULB)
The author speaks of wisdom and understanding as if they are a woman who calls out to teach people. This means that they are not something hidden, but something obvious that people should pay attention to.
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
1. Find a way to translate it without the personification.
* ** ... even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
* ** ... even the <u>winds and the sea obey him</u>** (Matthew 8:27 ULB) - The men speak of the "wind and the sea as if they are able to hear" and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
* He even <u>controls the winds and the sea</u>.

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translate/figs-possession/01.md
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@ -31,16 +31,16 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
>… the younger son … wasted <u>his money</u> with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13)
**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
>Then <u>the disciples of John</u> came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULB)
>Then <u>the disciples of John</u> came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULB)
**Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
>On their heads were something like <u>crowns of gold</u> (Revelation 9:7)
**Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it.
>Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB)
>Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULB)
**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
>But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king's palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB)
>But Uriah slept at <u>the door of the king's palace</u> (2 Samuel 11:9 ULB)
**Part of a group** - In the example below, "us" refers to the whole group and "each one" refers to the individual members.
>To <u>each one of us</u> has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULB)
@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
1. Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
* ** ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB)
* ** ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup of water</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULB)
* ... Whoever gives you <u>a cup that **has** water in it</u> to drink ... will not lose his reward.
* **Wealth is worthless on <u>the day of wrath</u>** (Proverbs 11:4 ULB)

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@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
#### Person
* First Person - The speaker and possibly others (I, we)
* First Person - The speaker and possibly others (I, we)
* [Exclusive and Inclusive "We"](../figs-exclusive/01.md)
* Second Person - The person or people that the speaker is talking to and possibly others (you)
* Second Person - The person or people that the speaker is talking to and possibly others (you)
* [Forms of You](../figs-you/01.md)
* Third Person - Someone or something other than the speaker and those he is talking to (he, she, it, they)
#### Number
* Singular - one (I, you, he, she, it)
* Plural - more than one (we, you, they)
* Singular - one (I, you, he, she, it)
* Plural - more than one (we, you, they)
* [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md)
* Dual - two (Some languages have pronouns for specifically two people or two things.)

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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In
* Indirect quote: He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u>,
* Direct quote: but told him, "<u>Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest…</u>"
>Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." (Luke 17:20-21 ULB)
>Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you." (Luke 17:20-21 ULB)
* Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees <u>when the kingdom of God would come,</u>
* Direct quote: Jesus answered them and said, "<u>The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, 'Look here!' or, 'Look there!' because the kingdom of God is among you.</u>"

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@ -32,17 +32,17 @@ A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined
> They asked him, "Who is the man that said to you, <u>'Pick up your bed and walk'</u>?" (John 5:12 ULB)
> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, <u>'Why are you untying it?'</u> say, <u>'The Lord has need of it.'</u> " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB)
> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, "Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, <u>'Why are you untying it?'</u> say, <u>'The Lord has need of it.'</u> " (Luke 19:29-31 ULB)
#### A quotation with three layers
A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
> Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.' Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father's house and travel from place to place, I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
#### A quotation with four layers
A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB)
> They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULB)
### Quote Marking Strategies

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@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat
#### A quotation with three layers
> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
> Abraham said, "... I said to her, 'You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, <u>"He is my brother."</u> ' " (Genesis 20:10-13 ULB)
The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.)
#### A quotation with four layers
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
>They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: <u>'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.'</u> " ' " (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.)
@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word "that" can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
* **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB)
* **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, 'At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.' "** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULB)
* Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, "I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them <u>that</u> at twilight <u>they</u> will eat meat, and in the morning <u>they</u> will be filled with bread. Then <u>they</u> will know that I am Yahweh <u>their</u> God."
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' "** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
* **They said to him, "A man came to meet us who said to us, 'Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, "Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' " ' "** (2 Kings 1:6 ULB)
* They told him <u>that</u> a man had come to meet <u>them</u> who said to <u>them</u>, "Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him <u>that</u> Yahweh says this: 'Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.' "

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@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
1. Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
* **<u>What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?</u> It is like a mustard seed...** (Luke 13:18-19 ULB)
* <u>This is what the kingdom of God is like.</u> It is like a mustard seed..."
* **<u>Is this how you insult God's high priest?</u>** (Acts 23:4 ULB)

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@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ God's word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that
### Examples from the Bible
>Suffer hardship with me, <u>as a good soldier of Christ Jesus</u>. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULB)
>Suffer hardship with me, <u>as a good soldier of Christ Jesus</u>. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULB)
In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example.
>for <u>as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky</u>, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB)
>for <u>as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky</u>, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULB)
This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from the context we can understand from the verses before it that just as lighting flashes suddenly and everyone can see it, the Son of Man will come suddenly and everyone will be able to see him. No one will have to be told about it.
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
* See, I send you out <u>as chickens in the midst of wild dogs</u>,
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
* How often I wanted to gather your children together, <u>as a mother closely watches over her infants</u>, but you refused!
* **If you have faith even as small <u>as a grain of mustard</u>,** (Matthew 17:20)
@ -68,6 +68,6 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
* **See, I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>,** (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
* See, I send you out and <u>people will want to harm you</u>.
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
* **How often did I long to gather your children together, just <u>as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings</u>, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULB)
* How often I wanted to <u>protect you</u>, but you refused!

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@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ Verbs are words that refer to an action or event or that is used in describing o
**Examples** The verbs in the examples below are underlined.
* John <u>ran</u>. ("Run" is an action.)
* John <u>ate</u> a banana. ("Eat" is an action.)
* John <u>ran</u>. ("Run" is an action.)
* John <u>ate</u> a banana. ("Eat" is an action.)
* John <u>saw</u> Mark. ("See" is an event.)
* John <u>died.</u> ("Die" is an event.)
* John <u>is</u> tall. (The phrase "is tall" describes John. The word "is" is a verb that links "John" with "tall.")
* John <u>died.</u> ("Die" is an event.)
* John <u>is</u> tall. (The phrase "is tall" describes John. The word "is" is a verb that links "John" with "tall.")
* John <u>looks</u> handsome. (The phrase "is handsome" describes John. The word "looks" here is a verb that links "John" with "handsome.")
* John <u>is</u> my brother. (The phrase "is my brother" identifies John.)
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ When we tell about an event, we usually tell whether it is in the past, the pres
In some languages the verb may be a little bit different depending on the time associated with it. This kind of marking on a verb is called **tense**. English speakers sometimes put "ed" at the end of the verb when the event happened in the past.
* Sometimes Mary <u>cooks</u> meat.
* Yesterday Mary <u>cooked</u> meat. (She did this in the past.)
* Yesterday Mary <u>cooked</u> meat. (She did this in the past.)
In some languages speakers might add a word to tell something about the time. English speakers use the word "will" when the verb refers to something in the future.
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ When we tell about an event, sometimes we want to show how the event progressed
* Mary <u>cooks</u> meat every day. (This tell about something Mary often does.)
* Mary <u>is cooking</u> the meat. (This tells about something Mary is in the process of doing right now.)
* Mary <u>cooked</u> the meat, and John <u>came</u> home. (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.)
* Mary <u>cooked</u> the meat, and John <u>came</u> home. (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.)
* While Mary <u>was cooking</u> the meat, John came home. (This tells about something Mary was in the process of doing when John came home)
* Mary <u>has cooked</u> the meat, and she wants us to come eat it. (This tells about something Mary did that is still relevant now.)
* Mary <u>had cooked</u> the meat by the time Mark came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.)

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@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person
Jesus is asking the **two**, James and John, what they want him to do for them. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate.
>… and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as <u>you</u> enter it, <u>you</u> will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB)
>… and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, "Go into the village opposite us. As soon as <u>you</u> enter it, <u>you</u> will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULB)
The context makes it clear that Jesus is addressing **two** people. If the target language has a **dual** form of "you," use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate.
>James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when <u>you</u> experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of <u>your</u> faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULB)
>James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when <u>you</u> experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of <u>your</u> faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULB)
James wrote this letter to many people, so the word "you" refers to many people. If the target language has a **plural** form of "you," it would be best to use it here.

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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ An **equal** translation communicates any expressive meaning from the source lan
Here are three translations, all with the same meaning, of Acts 18:6:
* "Your blood be upon your heads! I am innocent." (RSV)
* "Your blood be upon your heads! I am innocent." (RSV)
* "If you are lost, you yourselves must take the blame for it! I am not responsible." (GNB)
* "If God punishes you, it is because of you, not me!" (TFT)

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@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ Some explanation can be included in the text, as long as it is brief and does no
Let us compare 1 Corinthians 10:1 from the ULB and UDB.
>"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULB)
>"I want you to know, brothers and sisters that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea. " (ULB)
<blockquote>"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>"I want you to remember, brothers and sisters, that our Jewish ancestors were following God, who led them as a cloud during the day, as they passed through the Red Sea on dry land, long ago in the time of the Exodus." (UDB)</blockquote>
Notice that the UDB makes several points explicit: the 'fathers were all under the cloud' tells of the time that God led the Jewish ancestors as a cloud. The statement that 'our fathers passed through the sea' is also about the 'passing through the Red Sea in the time of the exodus.' The UDB translator decided to explicitly describe the historical events. This is a way to translate historical events that is more meaningful for those who have little knowledge of Old Testament history.

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ In the New Testament:
#### The Old Testament begins to reveal God's three persons.
><u>God</u> created the heavens... <u>The Spirit of God</u> was moving... "Let <u>us</u> make man in <u>our</u> image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULB)
><u>God</u> created the heavens... <u>The Spirit of God</u> was moving... "Let <u>us</u> make man in <u>our</u> image." (Genesis 1:1-2 ULB)
<blockquote>God has spoken to us by a <u>Son</u>... through whom he also made the universe. His <u>Son</u> is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence... about the <u>Son</u> he says,... "In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth's foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands." (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULB quoting Psalm 102:25)</blockquote>

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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They b
If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why the fishermen were cleaning their nets. This explanation can help you choose good words for "were washing" and "nets."
> they <u>motioned</u> to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB)
> they <u>motioned</u> to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULB)
* **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms.

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Description
There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
When there is a direct or indirect quote in the ULB, the notes may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with "It can be translated as a direct quote:" or "It can be translated as an indirect quote:" and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the information page called "Direct and Indirect Quotations" that explains both kinds of quotations.

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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The following terms are the most common measures for distance or length that wer
* The **span** or handspan was the width of a man's hand with the fingers spread out.
* The **cubit** was the length of a man's forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger.
* The **"long" cubit** is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span.
* The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as "furlong", which referred to the average length of a plowed field.
* The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as "furlong", which referred to the average length of a plowed field.
The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures probably differed in exact length from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are an attempt to give an average measurement.

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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or
### Examples from the Bible
For telling about parts of a number, the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) uses fractions, and the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULB and the UDB is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULB and the UDB are not the same for these measures.
>They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>. (Exodus 25:10 ULB)
>They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>. (Exodus 25:10 ULB)
The ULB uses the fraction "half." This can also be written as a decimal: .5.
>Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be <u>one meter</u> long, <u>0.7 meter wide</u>, and <u>0.7 meter</u> high. (Exodus 25:10 UDB)

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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ In John 6:6, John interrupted the story he was writing to explain that Jesus alr
The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matthew was saying to the reader, to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret.
>"Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place" **(**<u>let the reader understand</u>**)**, "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak." (Matthew 24:15-18 ULB)
>"Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place" **(**<u>let the reader understand</u>**)**, "let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak." (Matthew 24:15-18 ULB)
#### Indentation

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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern.
### Examples From the Bible
>Now to <u>one half</u> of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other <u>half</u>, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULB)
>Now to <u>one half</u> of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other <u>half</u>, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULB)
The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase "one half of the tribe of Manasseh" refers one of those groups. The phrase "the other half" refers to the other group.
>The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill <u>a third</u> of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULB)
@ -56,22 +56,22 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it.
1. Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to.
* **<u>A third</u> of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULB)
* **<u>A third</u> of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULB)
* It was like they <u>divided</u> the ocean <u>into three parts</u>, and <u>one part</u> of the ocean became blood.
* **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of <u>three tenths</u> of an ephah of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB)
* **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of <u>three tenths</u> of an ephah of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB)
* ... then you must <u>divide</u> an ephah of fine flour <u>into ten parts</u> and <u>divide</u> a hin of oil <u>into two parts</u>. Then mix <u>three of those parts</u> of the flour with <u>one of the parts</u> of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
* **<u>two thirds of a shekel</u>** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB)
* **<u>two thirds of a shekel</u>** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULB)
* <u>eight grams</u> of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UDB)
* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB)
* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULB)
* <u>six and one-half liters</u> of finely ground flour mixed with <u>two liters</u> of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UDB)
1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB)
* **<u>three tenths of an ephah</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>half a hin</u> of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULB)
* <u>six quarts</u> of fine flour mixed with <u>two quarts</u> of oil.

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@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ Be consistent in your translations. Decide how the numbers will be translated, u
#### Consistency in the ULB and UDB
The *Unlocked Literal Bible* (ULB) and the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (UDB) use words for numbers that have only one or two words (nine, sixteen, three hundred). They use numerals for numbers that have more than two words (the numerals "130" instead of "one hundred thirty").
>When Adam had lived <u>130</u> years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived <u>eight hundred</u> years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived <u>930</u> years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULB)
>When Adam had lived <u>130</u> years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived <u>eight hundred</u> years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived <u>930</u> years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULB)

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@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a l
### Examples from the Bible
>The <u>first</u> lot went to Jehoiarib, the <u>second</u> to Jedaiah, the <u>third</u> to Harim, the <u>fourth</u> to Seorim, … the <u>twenty-third</u> to Delaiah, and the <u>twenty-fourth</u> to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
>The <u>first</u> lot went to Jehoiarib, the <u>second</u> to Jedaiah, the <u>third</u> to Harim, the <u>fourth</u> to Seorim, … the <u>twenty-third</u> to Delaiah, and the <u>twenty-fourth</u> to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
People tossed lots and one went to each of these people in the order given.
>You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The <u>first</u> row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The <u>second</u> row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The <u>third</u> row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The <u>fourth</u> row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULB)
>You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The <u>first</u> row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The <u>second</u> row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The <u>third</u> row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The <u>fourth</u> row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULB)
This describes four rows of stones. The first row is probably the top row, and the fourth row is probably the bottom row.
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
1. Tell the total number of items, and use "one" with the first item and "another" or "the next" with the rest.
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
* **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULB)
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>another</u> to Jedaiah,  <u>another</u>  to Harim, … <u>another</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to  Maaziah.
* There were <u>twenty-four</u> lots. <u>One lot</u> went to Jehoiarib, <u>the next</u> to Jedaiah,  <u>the next</u>  to Harim, … <u>the next</u> to Delaiah, <u>and the last</u> went to  Maaziah.

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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used sym
### Examples from the Bible
>Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet. (Luke 8:41 ULB)
>Jairus fell down at Jesus' feet. (Luke 8:41 ULB)
Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus.
>Look, I stand at the door and <u>knock</u>. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home, and have a meal with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULB)

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@ -4,19 +4,19 @@
Sometimes the Bible includes things that are not part of your culture and that your language may not have a word for. It also includes people and places that you may not have names for.
When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).)
When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md).)
### Examples from the Bible
>He saw a <u>fig</u> tree on the roadside (Matthew 21:19 ULB)
>He saw a <u>fig</u> tree on the roadside (Matthew 21:19 ULB)
If there are no fig trees where your language is spoken, there might not be a name for this kind of tree in your language.
>Above him were the <u>seraphim</u>; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULB)
>Above him were the <u>seraphim</u>; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULB)
Your language might not have a name for this kind of creature.
>The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of <u>Malachi</u>. (Malachi 1:1 ULB)
>The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of <u>Malachi</u>. (Malachi 1:1 ULB)
Malachi might not be a name that people who speak your language use.

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@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The ULB often simply presents the symbolic action with no explanation of what it
When you translate, you should decide whether your audience will correctly understand a symbolic action. If your audience will not understand, then you should do as the UDB does. (see [Symbolic Action](../translate-symaction/01.md))
>The high priest <u>tore his</u> garments (Mark 14:63 ULB)
<blockquote>In response to Jesus' words, the high priest <u>was so shocked</u> that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>In response to Jesus' words, the high priest <u>was so shocked</u> that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB)</blockquote>
Here the UDB makes it clear that it was not by accident that the high priest tore his garment. It also makes clear that it was probably only his outer garment that he tore, and that he did so because he wanted to show that he was sad or angry or both.

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@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
In rare cases, you will see in the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) or the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) that two or more verse numbers are combined, such as 17-18. This is called a verse bridge. This means that the information in the verses was rearranged so that the story or message could be more easily understood.
><sup>29</sup> These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, <sup>30</sup> Dishon, Ezer, Dishan: these are clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 26:29-30 ULB)
><sup>29</sup> These were the clans of the Horites: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah, <sup>30</sup> Dishon, Ezer, Dishan: these are clans of the Horites, according to their clan lists in the land of Seir. (Genesis 26:29-30 ULB)
<blockquote><sup>29-30</sup> The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishpan. (Genesis 26:29-30 UDB)</blockquote>
<blockquote><sup>29-30</sup> The people groups who were descendants of Hor lived in Seir land. The names of the people groups are Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah, Dishon, Ezer, and Dishpan. (Genesis 26:29-30 UDB)</blockquote>
In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the people living in Seir is at the end of verse 30. In the UDB text, the verses are joined, and the information about them living in Seir is at the beginning. For many languages, this is a more logical order of information.
@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ In the ULB text, verses 29 and 30 are separate, and the information about the pe
Sometimes the ULB has separate verses while the UDB has a verse bridge.
><sup>4</sup> However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), <sup>5</sup> if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB)
><sup>4</sup> However, there should be no poor among you (for Yahweh will surely bless you in the land that he gives you as an inheritance to possess), <sup>5</sup> if only you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, to keep all these commandments that I am commanding you today. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 ULB)
<blockquote><sup>4-5</sup> Yahweh our God will bless you in the land that he is giving to you. If you obey Yahweh our God and obey all the commandments that I am giving to you today, there will not be any poor people among you. (Deuteronomy 15:4-5 UDB)</blockquote>
There are also a few verse bridges in the ULB.
><sup>17-18</sup> Ezrah's sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered's Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. <u>These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married.</u> Mered's Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULB)
><sup>17-18</sup> Ezrah's sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered's Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. <u>These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married.</u> Mered's Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULB)
The ULB moved the underlined sentence from verse 18 to verse 17 to more clearly show which were the sons of Bithiah.
Here is the original order, which is confusing to many readers:

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@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t
### Examples from the Bible
>Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram <u>was eighty-six years old</u> when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULB)
>Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram <u>was eighty-six years old</u> when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULB)
The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened.
>Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, <u>was about thirty years of age</u>. He <u>was the son</u> (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB)
>Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, <u>was about thirty years of age</u>. He <u>was the son</u> (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULB)
The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus' age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness.
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain fie
To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell stories in your language. Observe how your language marks background information. You may need to write down some stories in order to study this. Observe what kind of verbs your language uses for background information and what kinds of words or other markers signal that something is background information. Do these same things when you translate, so that your translation is clear and natural and people can understand it easily.
1. Use your language's way of showing that certain information is background information.
1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.)
1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first. (This is not always possible when the background information is very long.)
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st
* **<u>Now</u> Jesus himself, when he began to teach, <u>was</u> about thirty years of age. He <u>was</u> the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULB) English uses the word "now" to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb "was" shows that it is background information.
* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him.
* **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULB) The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb "had" in "had done" shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him.
1. Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first.
* **Hagar gave birth to Abram's son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. <u>Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram</u>.** (Genesis 16:16 ULB)
* "<u>When Abram was eighty-six years old</u>, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael."
* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions.
* **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch <u>for marrying his brother's wife, Herodias</u>, and <u>for all the other evil things that Herod had done</u>. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20) - The translation below reorders John's rebuke and Herod's actions.
* "Now Herod the tetrarch married his brother's wife, Herodias, and he did many other evil things, so John rebuked him. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison."

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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULB would be natura
1. Use a connecting word (even if the ULB does not use one).
* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus <u>because</u> he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so."
* **Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULB) - They followed Jesus <u>because</u> he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with "so."
* Jesus said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men." <u>So</u> immediately they left the nets and went after him.
1. Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meanin
* Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, <u>but</u> instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. <u>Then</u> after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) -
* **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, <u>but</u> instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. <u>Then</u> after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULB) -
Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here.
@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ Some languages might not need the words "but" or "then" here.
1. Use a different connecting word.
* **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages.
* **<u>Therefore</u> whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>But</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULB) Instead of a word like "therefore," a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word "but" is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word "but" would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So "and" might be clearer for those languages.
* <u>Because of that</u>, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. <u>And</u> whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
* **<u>Since</u> the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship.
* **<u>Since</u> the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.** (Acts 21:34 ULB) - Instead of starting the first part of the sentence with "since," some translators might prefer to start the second part of the sentence with "so" to show the same relationship.
* "The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, <u>so</u> he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress."

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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase
> <u>One day</u> while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULB)
><u>The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way.</u> His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB)
><u>The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way.</u> His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULB)
The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened.
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The word "then" shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the ev
The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first.
><sup>6</sup>Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup>Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB)
><sup>6</sup>Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. <sup>7</sup>Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULB)
Verse 6 is a summary of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Chapter 6 already told about how God told Noah that there would be a flood, and how Noah prepared for it. Chapter 7 verse 6 introduces the part of the story that tells about Noah and his family and the animals going into the ship, the rain starting, and the rain flooding the earth. Some languages might need to make it clear that this verse simply introduces the event, or move this verse after verse 7. Verse 6 is not one of the events of the story. The people went into the ship before the flood came.
@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
1. Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
* **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him ...** (John 3:1,2)
* **Now there was a <u>Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council</u>. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him ...** (John 3:1,2)
* There was a <u>man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>. One night he came to Jesus and said…
* One night <u>a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council</u>, came to Jesus and said ...
* **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him ...** (Mark 2:14 ULB)
* **As he passed by, <u>he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place, and he said to him ...** (Mark 2:14 ULB)
* As he passed by, <u>Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him ...
* As he passed by, <u>there was a man sitting</u> at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ...
* As he passed by, <u>there was a tax collector</u> sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him ...

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@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ This example of [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.
>Yahweh, judge the nations;
>vindicate me, Yahweh, because I am righteous and innocent, Most High.
This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md))
This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md))
>Keep your servant also from arrogant sins;
>let them not rule over me. (Psalm 19:13 ULB)

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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it mig
In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be clear whom "he" in the second sentence refers to.
>Now after some days, <u>King Agrippa</u> and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to <u>Festus</u>. After <u>he</u> had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul's case to the king... (Acts 25:13-14 ULB)
>Now after some days, <u>King Agrippa</u> and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to <u>Festus</u>. After <u>he</u> had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul's case to the king... (Acts 25:13-14 ULB)
Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis.

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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
#### Quote margin before the quote
><u>Zechariah said to the angel</u>, "How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB)
><u>Zechariah said to the angel</u>, "How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old." (Luke 1:18 ULB)
<blockquote>Then some tax collectors also came to be baptized, and <u>they said to him</u>, "Teacher, what must we do?" (Luke 3:12 ULB)</blockquote>
@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
##### Quote margin after the quote
>Yahweh relented concerning this. "It will not happen," <u>he said</u>. (Amos 7:3 ULB)
>Yahweh relented concerning this. "It will not happen," <u>he said</u>. (Amos 7:3 ULB)
##### Quote margin between two parts of the quote
>"I will hide my face from them," <u>he said,</u> "and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful." (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULB)
>"I will hide my face from them," <u>he said,</u> "and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful." (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULB)
<blockquote>"Therefore, those who can," <u>he said,</u> "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB)</blockquote>
<blockquote>"Therefore, those who can," <u>he said,</u> "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him." (Acts 25:5 ULB)</blockquote>
>"For look, days are coming"—<u>this is Yahweh's declaration</u>—"when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel" (Jeremiah 30:3 ULB)
>"For look, days are coming"—<u>this is Yahweh's declaration</u>—"when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel" (Jeremiah 30:3 ULB)
### Translation Strategies
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
1. Decide where to put the quote margin.
* **"Therefore, those who can," <u>he said,</u> "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB)
* **"Therefore, those who can," <u>he said,</u> "should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."** (Acts 25:5 ULB)
* <u>He said,</u> "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him," <u>he said</u>.
* "Therefore, those who can should go there with us," <u>he said.</u> "If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him."

4
translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
View File

@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T
1. Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
* **After this I saw in my dream at night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24.
* **After this I saw in my dream at night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24.
1. Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes.
* **After this I saw in my dream at night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB)
* **After this I saw in my dream at night <u>a fourth animal</u>, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had <u>large iron teeth</u>; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had <u>ten horns</u>.** (Daniel 7:7 ULB)
* After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal,<sup>1</sup> terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth;<sup>2</sup> it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.<sup>3</sup>
* The footnotes would look like:
* <sup>[1]</sup> The animal is a symbol for a kingdom.