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Merge branch 'master' of joel/en-ta into master

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Joel Lonbeck 2017-05-05 18:29:35 +00:00 committed by Gogs
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14
REVIEWME.md
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@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ unknown tA module 'gl' in link: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-ta-gl/src/maste
`/figs-exclusive` has image links.
Are we going to move tA images into their own Resource Container?
```
skipped link: http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg
skipped link: http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg
skipped link: https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg
skipped link: https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg
```
`/figs-inclusive` has image links.
Are we going to move tA images into their own Resource Container?
```
skipped link: http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg
skipped link: http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg
skipped link: https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg
skipped link: https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg
```
`/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples` has link to tW pdf download.
@ -44,19 +44,19 @@ skipped link: https://unfoldingword.org/en/?resource=translation-words
`/translate-original` has link to image.
Are we going to move tA images into their own Resource Container?
```
skipped link: http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/ol2sl2sl2tl_small_600-174.png
skipped link: https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/ol2sl2sl2tl_small_600-174.png
```
`/translate-process` has link to image.
Are we going to move tA images into their own Resource Container?
```
skipped link: http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/translation_process.png
skipped link: https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/translation_process.png
```
`/translate-source-version` has link to image.
Are we going to move tA images into their own Resource Container?
```
skipped link: http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/versioning.jpg
skipped link: https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/versioning.jpg
```
`/writing-apocalypticwriting` has link to tW pdf download.

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checking/accuracy-check/01.md
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ The people who do the Level One accuracy check can be members of the translation
#### Levels Two and Three
The people who do the Level Two or Level Three accuracy check should not be members of the translation team. They should be church leaders who speak the language of the translation and who know the Bible well in the source language. It is true that the language community members who do the [Language Community Check](en/ta/checking/man/language-community-check) *must not* look at the source text while they check the translation for naturalness and clarity. But for accuracy testing, the accuracy checkers *must* look at the source text so that they can compare it with the new translation.
The people who do the Level Two or Level Three accuracy check should not be members of the translation team. They should be church leaders who speak the language of the translation and who know the Bible well in the source language. It is true that the language community members who do the [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md) *must not* look at the source text while they check the translation for naturalness and clarity. But for accuracy testing, the accuracy checkers *must* look at the source text so that they can compare it with the new translation.
#### All Levels
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The people doing the checking should follow these steps:
1. Each of the checkers should read the translation (or listen to the recording) by himself, comparing it to the original Bible passage or story in the language of wider communication. It can be helpful for the translator to read the translation out loud to the checker while the checker follows along looking at the source Bible or Bibles. As the checker reads (or listens to) the translation and compares it to the source, he should keep in mind these general questions:
* Does the translation add anything to the original meaning? (The original meaning also includes [Implicit Information](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit).)
* Does the translation add anything to the original meaning? (The original meaning also includes [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).)
* Is there any part of the meaning that is left out of the translation?
* Has the translation changed the meaning in any way?

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checking/accurate/01.md
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@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
It is very important to make sure that the new translation is accurate. Those who have been chosen to check the translation for accuracy have the responsibility to make sure that it communicates the same meaning as the original writer intended and expected to communicate.
For instructions on how to do this, go to [Accuracy Check](en/ta/checking/man/accuracy-check), and follow the steps in the section under the heading "All Levels."
For instructions on how to do this, go to [Accuracy Check](../accuracy-check/01.md), and follow the steps in the section under the heading "All Levels."

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checking/authority-level1/01.md
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@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
The intent of this level is to affirm the agreement of the translation team with standard Christian doctrine, as well as with the guidelines for ensuring the accuracy of the translation itself. Content published at this level promotes the broadest reach of the content as an active project, with an open invitation (implied or direct) to members of the language community to suggest improvements to the translation.
To achieve this level, the translation team asserts that the [Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith) is an accurate reflection of their own beliefs and that the translated content is also in harmony with it.
To achieve this level, the translation team asserts that the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md) is an accurate reflection of their own beliefs and that the translated content is also in harmony with it.
The translator (or team) asserts that the translation has been done in accordance with the [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines) and that they have made use of available exegetical and translation checking resources in the translation process, including the translationNotes and translationWords.
The translator (or team) asserts that the translation has been done in accordance with the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) and that they have made use of available exegetical and translation checking resources in the translation process, including the translationNotes and translationWords.

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checking/authority-level2/01.md
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@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ At this level, the model implements the concept of a "testimony of two or three
To achieve this level, the translation team will submit the translation to members of the language community that will use the translation. The language community will review the translation for **clarity** and **naturalness**.
The translation team will then submit the translation to church leaders from the language community that will use the translation. These church leaders will review the translation for **accuracy** by checking it against the source texts, the exegetical resources, the [Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith), and the [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines).
The translation team will then submit the translation to church leaders from the language community that will use the translation. These church leaders will review the translation for **accuracy** by checking it against the source texts, the exegetical resources, the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), and the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md).
The translation team will edit the translation based on these reviews so that the language community affirms that it is natural and clear, and so that the church leaders affirm that it is accurate.

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checking/authority-process/01.md
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@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ The Church in each people group has the authority to decide for themselves what
This model proposes a three-tiered approach to affirming the quality of a translation, designed to reflect three general levels of Church authority within a people group:
* [Authority Level 1](en/ta/checking/man/authority-level1): Determined by the Church-based translation team
* [Authority Level 2](en/ta/checking/man/authority-level2): Determined by the agreement of pastors/elders who are members of different Church networks in the language group, and tested with the language community
* [Authority Level 3](en/ta/checking/man/authority-level3): Determined by the leadership of Church networks with a presence in the people group that speaks the language
* [Authority Level 1](../authority-level1/01.md): Determined by the Church-based translation team
* [Authority Level 2](../authority-level2/01.md): Determined by the agreement of pastors/elders who are members of different Church networks in the language group, and tested with the language community
* [Authority Level 3](../authority-level3/01.md): Determined by the leadership of Church networks with a presence in the people group that speaks the language
The process for checking a translation will be described in the modules under the heading "Checking Process."

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checking/church-leader-check/01.md
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@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ After the translation has been checked by community members for clarity, it will
These reviewers should follow these steps:
1. Read the [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines) to make sure that the translation is in agreement with both of those as they review the translation.
1. Answer the questions about the translator or translation team that are located at [Translator Qualifications](en/ta/translate/man/qualifications).
1. Verify that the translation has been done in a style that is acceptable to the intended audience by asking the questions at [Acceptable Style](en/ta/checking/man/acceptable).
1. Verify that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the source text by following the guidelines at [Accuracy Check](en/ta/checking/man/accuracy-check).
1. Verify that the translation is complete by following the guidelines at [Complete Translation](en/ta/checking/man/complete).
1. Read the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md) to make sure that the translation is in agreement with both of those as they review the translation.
1. Answer the questions about the translator or translation team that are located at [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md).
1. Verify that the translation has been done in a style that is acceptable to the intended audience by asking the questions at [Acceptable Style](../acceptable/01.md).
1. Verify that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the source text by following the guidelines at [Accuracy Check](../accuracy-check/01.md).
1. Verify that the translation is complete by following the guidelines at [Complete Translation](../complete/01.md).
1. After you have reviewed several chapters or one book of the Bible, meet with the translation team and ask about each problem. Discuss with the translation team how they might adjust the translation in order to fix the problems. Make plans to meet again with the translation team at a later time, after they have had time to adjust the translation and test it with the community.
1. Meet again with the translation team to verify that they have fixed the problems.
1. Affirm that the translation is good. See [Level 2 Affirmation](en/ta/checking/man/good) to do that on the Level Two Affirmation page.
1. Affirm that the translation is good. See [Level 2 Affirmation](../good/01.md) to do that on the Level Two Affirmation page.

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checking/formatting/01.md
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@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ There are checks that you can do before, during, and after translation of a book
The translation team should make decisions about the following issues before you start to translate.
1. Alphabet (see [Appropriate Alphabet](en/ta/checking/man/alphabet))
1. Spelling (see [Consistent Spelling](en/ta/checking/man/spelling))
1. Punctuation (see [Consistent Punctuation](en/ta/checking/man/punctuation))
1. Alphabet (see [Appropriate Alphabet](../alphabet/01.md))
1. Spelling (see [Consistent Spelling](../spelling/01.md))
1. Punctuation (see [Consistent Punctuation](../punctuation/01.md))
### While Translating
@ -17,5 +17,5 @@ After you have translated several chapters, the translation team may need to rev
After finishing a book, you can check to make sure that all the verses are there, and you can decide on section headings. It is also helpful to write down ideas for section headings as you translate.
1. Versification (see [Complete Versification](en/ta/checking/man/verses))
1. Section Headings (see [Section Headings](en/ta/checking/man/headings))
1. Versification (see [Complete Versification](../verses/01.md))
1. Section Headings (see [Section Headings](../headings/01.md))

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checking/goal-checking/01.md
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@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ The goal of checking is to help the translation team produce a translation that
#### Accurate
The checkers who are pastors, church leaders, and leaders of church networks will help the translation team produce a translation that is accurate. They will do this by comparing the translation with the source language and, when possible, also with the original languages of the Bible. (For more information about accurate translations, see [Create Accurate Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-accurate).)
The checkers who are pastors, church leaders, and leaders of church networks will help the translation team produce a translation that is accurate. They will do this by comparing the translation with the source language and, when possible, also with the original languages of the Bible. (For more information about accurate translations, see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md).)
#### Clear
The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-clear).)
The checkers who are members of the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is clear. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation is confusing or does not make sense to them. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are clear. (For more information about clear translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md).)
#### Natural
The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-natural).)
The checkers who are members of the language community will also help the translation team produce a translation that is natural. They will do this by listening to the translation and pointing out to them the places where the translation sounds strange and does not sound like the way that someone who speaks their language would say it. Then the translation team can fix those places so that they are natural. (For more information about natural translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md).)
#### Church-approved
The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-church-approved).)
The checkers who are members of a church in the language community will help the translation team produce a translation that is approved and accepted by the church in that community. They will do this by working together with members and leaders of other churches from the language community. When members and leaders that represent the churches of a language community work together and agree that the translation is good, then it will be accepted and used by the churches in that community. (For more information about translations that are approved by the church, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md).)

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checking/intro-checking/01.md
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@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ This checking scale helps to show the extent to which the accuracy and clarity o
There are three checking levels:
* [Checking Level One - Affirmation by Translation Team](en/ta/checking/man/level1)
* [Checking Level Two - Affirmation by Community](en/ta/checking/man/level2)
* [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](en/ta/checking/man/level3).
* [Checking Level One - Affirmation by Translation Team](../level1/01.md)
* [Checking Level Two - Affirmation by Community](../level2/01.md)
* [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../level3/01.md).
Any translation that has not yet been checked to Level One is considered to have not been checked and is assigned no checking status.
The purpose of having several Checking Levels is to make translated materials quickly available to the church, while also allowing the content to continue to be checked and corroborated in an open environment. At all times, the degree to which its accuracy has been checked will be clearly indicated. We believe this will result in a faster checking process, allow broad church participation and ownership, and produce better translations.
The purpose of having several Checking Levels is to make translated materials quickly available to the church, while also allowing the content to continue to be checked and corroborated in an open environment. At all times, the degree to which its accuracy has been checked will be clearly indicated. We believe this will result in a faster checking process, allow broad church participation and ownership, and produce better translations.
Credits: Quotation used by permission, © 2013, SIL International, Sharing Our Native Culture, p. 69.

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checking/intro-levels/01.md
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@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ Here are some important tips to remember when working with Checking Levels:
* Only translations that have reached Checking Level One or higher will be made available on the unfoldingWord website and the unfoldingWord mobile app. (see http://ufw.io/content/)
* Only translations that have reached Checking Level Three will be approved as source texts for other translations.
* When a checking level has been completed and all appropriate edits have been made to the translation on door43, the checkers will inform unfoldingWord of the details of the check, including who did the checking and their title or qualifications as a translation checker. unfoldingWord will then harvest a copy of what is on door43, digitally publish a static copy of it on the unfoldingWord website (see https://unfoldingword.org ) and make it available on the unfoldingWord mobile app. A print-ready PDF will also be produced and made available for download. It will continue to be possible to change the checked version on door43, allowing for future checking and editing.
* For *Open Bible Stories* projects: Only *Open Bible Stories* translations that have been made from version 3.0 or higher of the English source text are eligible to be checked to Level One (or higher). Translations made from versions before 3.0 must be updated before proceeding with Checking Levels. (see [Source Texts and Version Numbers](en/ta/translate/man/translate-source-version))
* For *Open Bible Stories* projects: Only *Open Bible Stories* translations that have been made from version 3.0 or higher of the English source text are eligible to be checked to Level One (or higher). Translations made from versions before 3.0 must be updated before proceeding with Checking Levels. (see [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md))
### The Checking Levels
The strategy for quality assurance of unfoldingWord content, including *Open Bible Stories*, is described briefly here and in detail at http://ufw.io/qa/.
The three-level checking scale we use is dependent on the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines). All translated content is compared against the theology of the Statement of Faith and against the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. With these documents forming the foundation, these are the three levels of checking used in the unfoldingWord project:
The three-level checking scale we use is dependent on the unfoldingWord [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md). All translated content is compared against the theology of the Statement of Faith and against the procedures and methodologies of the Translation Guidelines. With these documents forming the foundation, these are the three levels of checking used in the unfoldingWord project:
* [Checking Level One - Affirmation by Translation Team](en/ta/checking/man/level1)
* [Checking Level Two - Affirmation by Community](en/ta/checking/man/level2)
* [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](en/ta/checking/man/level3)
* [Checking Level One - Affirmation by Translation Team](../level1/01.md)
* [Checking Level Two - Affirmation by Community](../level2/01.md)
* [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../level3/01.md)
### Checking the Checkers

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checking/language-community-check/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
After you, the translation team, have performed the checks listed under Level One, you are ready to take the translation to the community so that you can check to see if it communicates the message clearly and naturally to them in the target language.
For this check you will read a section of the translation to members of the language community. Before you read the translation, tell the people listening that you want them to stop you if they hear something that is not natural in their language. (For more information on how to check a translation for naturalness, see [Natural Translation](en/ta/checking/man/natural).)
For this check you will read a section of the translation to members of the language community. Before you read the translation, tell the people listening that you want them to stop you if they hear something that is not natural in their language. (For more information on how to check a translation for naturalness, see [Natural Translation](../natural/01.md).)
There are a set of questions and answers for each *Open Bible Story* and for each chapter of the Bible that you can use to test the translation to make sure that it is communicating clearly. (See http://ufw.io/tq/ for the questions.)
@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ To use these questions, follow these steps:
7. Repeat this process with each story or Bible chapter until members of the language community can answer the questions well, showing that the translation is communicating the right information clearly. The translation is ready for the church check of level 2 when language community members who have not heard the translation before can answer the questions correctly.
8. Go to the Community Evaluation page and answer the questions there. (see [Language Community Evaluation Questions](en/ta/checking/man/community-evaluation))
8. Go to the Community Evaluation page and answer the questions there. (see [Language Community Evaluation Questions](../community-evaluation/01.md))

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checking/level1/01.md
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@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ For the purposes of the unfoldingWord project, translations of Bible texts and b
These are the steps that the translation team must follow in order to achieve Checking Level One:
1. **Contact.** Make contact with at least one element of the unfoldingWord network, notifying unfoldingWord that you intend to begin translation. To get information about how to do that, see [Finding Answers](en/ta/intro/man/finding-answers)
1. **Review.** Review the [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines).
1. **Contact.** Make contact with at least one element of the unfoldingWord network, notifying unfoldingWord that you intend to begin translation. To get information about how to do that, see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)
1. **Review.** Review the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md).
1. **Agree.** Agree that the Statement of Faith is an accurate reflection of your own beliefs and that you intend to translate the content in harmony with it and also in accordance with the Translation Guidelines by signing the form. (see http://ufw.io/forms/)
1. **Draft.** Make a draft translation of some portions of the text. For instructions on how to make a draft translation, see [First Draft](en/ta/translate/man/first-draft)
1. **Self Check**. For instructions on how to do a Self Check of your draft translation, see [Self Check](en/ta/checking/man/self-check).
1. **Peer Check**. For instructions on how to do a Peer Check of your draft translation, see [Peer Check](en/ta/checking/man/peer-check).
1. **translationWord Check**. For instructions on how to do an translationWord Check of your draft translation, see [translationWord Check](en/ta/checking/man/important-term-check).
1. **Accuracy Check**. For instructions on how to do an Accuracy Check of your draft translation, see [Accuracy Check](en/ta/checking/man/accuracy-check).
1. **Draft.** Make a draft translation of some portions of the text. For instructions on how to make a draft translation, see [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md)
1. **Self Check**. For instructions on how to do a Self Check of your draft translation, see [Self Check](../self-check/01.md).
1. **Peer Check**. For instructions on how to do a Peer Check of your draft translation, see [Peer Check](../peer-check/01.md).
1. **translationWord Check**. For instructions on how to do an translationWord Check of your draft translation, see [translationWord Check](../important-term-check/01.md).
1. **Accuracy Check**. For instructions on how to do an Accuracy Check of your draft translation, see [Accuracy Check](../accuracy-check/01.md).
1. **Affirmation**. Affirm that you, as a translation team or individual, have made full use of the translationNotes, the definitions of translationWords, and the other exegetical and translation checking resources in the translation process, and that you have followed the steps for checking under Level One.
(For instructions on how to affirm completion of Level One, see [Level 1 Affirmation](en/ta/checking/man/level1-affirm).)
(For instructions on how to affirm completion of Level One, see [Level 1 Affirmation](../level1-affirm/01.md).)

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checking/level2/01.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The purpose of Level Two checking is to verify that representative groups from t
Level Two checking will be done in two ways:
1. **Language Community Check**. The translation will be checked by members of the language community to make sure that it is clear, natural, and understandable. For the steps to follow to do the Language Community Check, see [Language Community Check](en/ta/checking/man/language-community-check).
1. **Church Leader Check**. The translation will be checked by a group of church leaders from the language community to make sure that it is accurate. For the steps to follow to do the Church Leader Check, see [Church Leader Check](en/ta/checking/man/church-leader-check).
1. **Language Community Check**. The translation will be checked by members of the language community to make sure that it is clear, natural, and understandable. For the steps to follow to do the Language Community Check, see [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md).
1. **Church Leader Check**. The translation will be checked by a group of church leaders from the language community to make sure that it is accurate. For the steps to follow to do the Church Leader Check, see [Church Leader Check](../church-leader-check/01.md).
Once this has been done, this work needs to be affirmed (see [Level 2 Affirmation](en/ta/checking/man/good)).
Once this has been done, this work needs to be affirmed (see [Level 2 Affirmation](../good/01.md)).

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checking/level3-approval/01.md
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@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Signed: *<u>sign here</u>*
Position: *<u>fill in your position here</u>*
For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](en/ta/process/man/source-text-process) so that your translation can become a source text.
For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.

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checking/level3-questions/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ You can answer these questions after you read portions of the translation or as
Keep in mind that the goal of the translation team is to express the meaning of the source text in a natural and clear way in the target language. This means that they may have needed to change the order of some clauses and that they had to represent many single words in the source language with multiple words in the target language. These things are not considered to be problems in Other Language (OL) translations. The only times that translators should avoid making these changes is for Gateway Language (GL) translations of the ULB and UDB. The purpose of the ULB is to show the OL translator how the original biblical languages expressed the meaning, and the purpose of the UDB is to express that same meaning in simple, clear forms, even though it might be more natural to use an idiom in the OL. GL translators need to remember those guidelines. But for OL translations, the goal is always to be natural and clear.
Also keep in mind that the translators may have included information that the original audience would have understood from the original message, but that the original author did not state explicitly. When this information is necessary for the target audience to understand the text, it is good to include it explicitly. For more about this, see [Implicit and Explicit Information](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit).
Also keep in mind that the translators may have included information that the original audience would have understood from the original message, but that the original author did not state explicitly. When this information is necessary for the target audience to understand the text, it is good to include it explicitly. For more about this, see [Implicit and Explicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).
1. Does the translation conform to the Statement of Faith and Translation Guidelines?
1. Did the translation team show a good understanding of the source language as well as the target language and culture?
@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ If you answer "yes" to any of the questions in this second group, please explain
1. Are there any doctrinal errors in the translation?
1. Did you find any areas of the translation that seem to contradict the national language translation or the important matters of faith found in your Christian community?
1. Did the translation team add extra information or ideas that were not part of the message in the source text? (Remember, the original message also includes [Implicit Information](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit).)
1. Did the translation team add extra information or ideas that were not part of the message in the source text? (Remember, the original message also includes [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).)
1. Did the translation team leave out information or ideas that were part of the message in the source text?
If there were problems with the translation, make plans to meet with the translation team and resolve these problems. After you meet with them, the translation team may need to check their revised translation with the community leaders to make sure that it still communicates well, and then meet with you again.
When you are ready to approve the translation, go here: [Level 3 Approval](en/ta/checking/man/level3-approval).
When you are ready to approve the translation, go here: [Level 3 Approval](../level3-approval/01.md).

2
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@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ The intent of this level is to affirm the alignment of the translation with the
Level 3 is completed when the translation has been thoroughly checked and approved by the leadership (or their delegates) of at least two church networks that have personnel trained in biblical languages and content.
To proceed with Level Three checking, go to [Questions for Checking on Level Three](en/ta/checking/man/level3-questions).
To proceed with Level Three checking, go to [Questions for Checking on Level Three](../level3-questions/01.md).

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@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The process is divided into five parts: the **overview** (information about the
*Circle either "0" or "1" or "2" for each statement below.*
This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](en/ta/checking/man/language-community-check))
This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
**0 1 2** Those who speak this language and have heard this chapter agree that it is translated using the correct form of the language.
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [La
*Circle either "0" or "1" or "2" for each statement below.*
This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](en/ta/checking/man/language-community-check))
This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [Language Community Check](../language-community-check/01.md))
**0 1 2** This chapter is translated using language that native speakers of the language agree is easy to understand.
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ This section can be strengthened through doing more community checking. (See [La
*Circle either "0" or "1" or "2" for each statement below.*
This section can be strengthened through doing more accuracy checking. (See [Accuracy Check](en/ta/checking/man/accuracy-check))
This section can be strengthened through doing more accuracy checking. (See [Accuracy Check](../accuracy-check/01.md))
**0 1 2** A complete list of all important words in the source text for this chapter has been used to help ensure all terms are present in the translation.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
### How to do a Self-Check
* If you have followed the guidelines for making a [First Draft](en/ta/translate/man/first-draft) translation, then you made your first translation of a passage by studying the source text, and then you wrote it down while you were not looking at the source text. After you have translated a passage in this way, do a self-check by looking again at the source text and comparing it to your translation. Make sure that it says all the parts of the message of the source text and does not leave out anything. If some part of the message was missing, put it in your translation at the point where it fits best in your language.
* If you have followed the guidelines for making a [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) translation, then you made your first translation of a passage by studying the source text, and then you wrote it down while you were not looking at the source text. After you have translated a passage in this way, do a self-check by looking again at the source text and comparing it to your translation. Make sure that it says all the parts of the message of the source text and does not leave out anything. If some part of the message was missing, put it in your translation at the point where it fits best in your language.
* If you are translating the Bible, compare your translation with other translations of the same Bible passage. If one of those makes you think of a better way to say something, then revise your translation in that way. If one of those helps you to understand something better than you did before, then change your translation so that it communicates the meaning better.
* After these steps, read your translation out loud to yourself. Fix anything that does not sound like it is the way that someone from your community would say it. Sometimes parts of sentences need to be put in a different order.

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
In order for the reader to be able to read and understand the translation easily, it is important that you spell words consistently. This can be difficult if there is not a tradition of writing or spelling in the target language. Several people working on different parts of a translation also makes this difficult. For that reason, it is important for the translation team to meet together before they start translating to talk about how they plan to spell words.
Discuss the words that are difficult to spell as a team. If the words have sounds in them that are difficult to represent, then you may need to make a change in the writing system that you are using (see [Alphabet/Orthography](en/ta/translate/man/translate-alphabet)). If the sounds in the words can be represented in different ways, then the team will need to agree on how to spell them. Make a list of the agreed upon spellings of these words in alphabetical order. Make sure that each member of the team has a copy of the list, to consult when translating. Add to the list as you come across more difficult words, but make sure everyone has the current list. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet to maintain your spelling list.
Discuss the words that are difficult to spell as a team. If the words have sounds in them that are difficult to represent, then you may need to make a change in the writing system that you are using (see [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md)). If the sounds in the words can be represented in different ways, then the team will need to agree on how to spell them. Make a list of the agreed upon spellings of these words in alphabetical order. Make sure that each member of the team has a copy of the list, to consult when translating. Add to the list as you come across more difficult words, but make sure everyone has the current list. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet to maintain your spelling list.
The names of people and places in the Bible can be difficult to spell because many of them are unknown in target languages. Be sure to include these in your spelling list.

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@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ It is important that your target language translation include all of the verses
### Reasons for Missing Verses
1. **Textual Variants** - There are some verses that many Bible scholars do not believe were original to the Bible, but were added later. Therefore the translators of some Bibles chose to not include those verses, or included them only as footnotes. (For more information about this, see [Textual Variants](en/ta/translate/man/translate-textvariants).) Your translation team will need to decide whether you will include these verses or not.
1. **Different Numbering** - Some Bibles use a different system of verse numbering than other Bibles. (For more information about this, see [Chapter and Verse Numbers](en/ta/translate/man/translate-chapverse).) Your translation team will need to decide which system to use.
1. **Verse Bridges** - In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UDB does this sometimes, and on rare occasions, also the ULB. Because not all of the verse numbers appear or they do not appear where you expect them to be, it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](en/ta/translate/man/translate-versebridge).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
1. **Textual Variants** - There are some verses that many Bible scholars do not believe were original to the Bible, but were added later. Therefore the translators of some Bibles chose to not include those verses, or included them only as footnotes. (For more information about this, see [Textual Variants](../../translate/translate-textvariants/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether you will include these verses or not.
1. **Different Numbering** - Some Bibles use a different system of verse numbering than other Bibles. (For more information about this, see [Chapter and Verse Numbers](../../translate/translate-chapverse/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide which system to use.
1. **Verse Bridges** - In some translations of the Bible, the contents of two or more verses are rearranged so that the order of information is more logical or easier to understand. When that happens, the verse numbers are combined, such as 4-5 or 4-6. The UDB does this sometimes, and on rare occasions, also the ULB. Because not all of the verse numbers appear or they do not appear where you expect them to be, it might look like some verses are missing. But the contents of those verses are there. (For more information about this, see [Verse Bridges](../../translate/translate-versebridge/01.md).) Your translation team will need to decide whether to use verse bridges or not.
### Checking for Missing Verses

2
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
1. Ask about anything that does not seem right to you, so that the translation team can explain it. If it also does not seem right to them, they can adjust the translation. In general:
1. Check for anything that appears to be added, that was not a part of the meaning of the source text. (Remember, the original meaning also includes [Implicit Information](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit).)
1. Check for anything that appears to be added, that was not a part of the meaning of the source text. (Remember, the original meaning also includes [Implicit Information](../../translate/figs-explicit/01.md).)
1. Check for anything that appears to be missing, that was a part of the meaning of the source text but was not included in the translation.
1. Check for any meaning that appears to be different than the meaning of the source text.
1. Check to make sure that the main point or the theme of the passage is clear. Ask the translation team to summarize what the passage is saying or teaching. If they choose a minor point as the primary one, they might need to adjust the way that they translated the passage.

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@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
There are several resources available for finding answers to questions:
* **translationAcademy** - This training manual is available at http://ufw.io/ta and has much information including:
* [Introduction](en/ta/intro/man/ta-intro) - introduces the unfoldingWord project
* [Process Manual](en/ta/process/man/process-manual) - answers the question "what next?"
* [Translation Manual](en/ta/translate/man/translate-manual) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps
* [Checking Manual](en/ta/checking/man/intro-check) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces the unfoldingWord project
* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question "what next?"
* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps
* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
* [Audio Manual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-ta-audio/src/master/content/audio_introduction.md) - How to do high quality audio recordings
* [Gateway Languages Manual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-ta-gl/src/master/content/gl_translate.md) - explains issues specific to the Gateway Languages
* **Slack Chatroom** - Join the Team43 community, post your questions to the "#helpdesk" channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at http://ufw.io/team43)

2
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@ -49,4 +49,4 @@ Source texts may only be used if they have one of the following licenses:
* **[CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**
* **[Free Translate License](http://ufw.io/freetranslate/)**
See [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](en/ta/translate/man/translate-source-licensing) for more information.
See [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) for more information.

8
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@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ The "translationAcademy" is intended to enable anyone, anywhere to equip themsel
translationAcademy contains the following sections:
* [Introduction](en/ta/intro/man/ta-intro) - introduces the unfoldingWord project
* [Process Manual](en/ta/process/man/process-manual) - answers the question "what next?"
* [Translation Manual](en/ta/translate/man/translate-manual) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps
* [Checking Manual](en/ta/checking/man/intro-check) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
* [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) - introduces the unfoldingWord project
* [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) - answers the question "what next?"
* [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) - explains the basics of translation theory and practical translation helps
* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) - explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
* [Audio Manual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-ta-audio/src/master/content/audio_introduction.md) - How to do high quality audio recordings
* [Gateway Languages Manual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-ta-gl/src/master/content/gl_translate.md) - explains issues specific to the Gateway Languages

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@ -7,4 +7,6 @@ Today, people in your country do not understand Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. But t
Someone's "mother tongue" or "heart language" means the language they first spoke as a child and the one which they use at home. This is the language in which they are most comfortable and which they use to express their deepest thoughts. We want everyone to be able to read God's Word in their heart language.
Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about the national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique. We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others.
Every language is important and valuable. Small languages are just as important as the national languages spoken in your country, and they can express meaning just as well. No one should be ashamed to speak their dialect. Sometimes, those in minority groups feel ashamed of their language and try not to use it around the people who are in the majority in their nation. But there is nothing inherently more important, more prestigious, or more educated about the national language than there is about local languages. Each language has nuances and shades of meaning that are unique. We should use the language we are most comfortable with and with which we best communicate with others.
Credits: Taken from "Bible Translation Theory & Practice" by Todd Price, Ph.D. CC BY-SA 4.0

20
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@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
*The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by all member organizations of and contributors to the unfoldingWord project (see https://unfoldingword.org). All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.*
1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-accurate))
1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-clear))
1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-natural))
1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-faithful))
1. **Authoritative** — Use the original language biblical texts as the highest authority for translation of biblical content. Reliable biblical content in other languages may be used for clarification and as intermediary source texts. (see [Create Authoritative Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-authoritative))
1. **Historical** — Communicate historical events and facts accurately, providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content. (see [Create Historical Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-historical)
1. **Equal** — Communicate the same intent as the source text, including expressions of feeling and attitudes. As much as possible, maintain the different kinds of literature in the original text, including narrative, poetry, exhortation, and prophecy, representing them with corresponding forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. (see [Create Equal Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-equal))
1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md))
1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md))
1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md))
1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](../../translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md))
1. **Authoritative** — Use the original language biblical texts as the highest authority for translation of biblical content. Reliable biblical content in other languages may be used for clarification and as intermediary source texts. (see [Create Authoritative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md))
1. **Historical** — Communicate historical events and facts accurately, providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content. (see [Create Historical Translations](../../translate/guidelines-historical/01.md)
1. **Equal** — Communicate the same intent as the source text, including expressions of feeling and attitudes. As much as possible, maintain the different kinds of literature in the original text, including narrative, poetry, exhortation, and prophecy, representing them with corresponding forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. (see [Create Equal Translations](../../translate/guidelines-equal/01.md))
### Identifying and Managing Translation Quality
@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ The quality of a translation generally refers to the fidelity of the translation
The specific steps involved may vary significantly, depending on the language and context of the translation project. Generally, we consider a good translation to be one that has been reviewed by the speakers of the language community and also by the leadership of the church in the language group so that it is:
1. **Accurate, Clear, Natural, and Equal** — Faithful to the intended meaning of the original, as determined by the Church in that people group and in alignment with the Church global and historical, and consequently:
1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-church-approved))
1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md))
We also recommend that the translation work be:
1. **Collaborative** — Where possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and available to as many people as possible. (see [Create Collaborative Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-collaborative))
1. **Ongoing** — Translation work is never completely finished. Encourage those who are skilled with the language to suggest better ways to say things when they notice that improvements can be made. Any errors in the translation should also be corrected as soon as they are discovered. Also encourage the periodic review of translations to ascertain when revision or a new translation is needed. We recommend that each language community form a translation committee to oversee this ongoing work. Using the unfoldingWord online tools, these changes to the translation can be made quickly and easily. (see [Create Ongoing Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-ongoing))
1. **Collaborative** — Where possible, work together with other believers who speak your language to translate, check, and distribute the translated content, ensuring that it is of the highest quality and available to as many people as possible. (see [Create Collaborative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-collaborative/01.md))
1. **Ongoing** — Translation work is never completely finished. Encourage those who are skilled with the language to suggest better ways to say things when they notice that improvements can be made. Any errors in the translation should also be corrected as soon as they are discovered. Also encourage the periodic review of translations to ascertain when revision or a new translation is needed. We recommend that each language community form a translation committee to oversee this ongoing work. Using the unfoldingWord online tools, these changes to the translation can be made quickly and easily. (see [Create Ongoing Translations](../../translate/guidelines-ongoing/01.md))

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@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ Understanding the Word of God in one's heart language is important:
How do we accomplish the goal of **unrestricted biblical content in every language**?
* [unfoldingWord Network](https://unfoldingword.org/network/) - By partnering with other like-minded organizations
* [Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith) - By working with those who have the same beliefs
* [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines) - By using a common translation theory
* [Open License](en/ta/intro/man/open-license) - By releasing everything we create under an open license
* [Gateway Languages Strategy](en/ta/intro/man/gl-strategy) - By making Biblical content available to translate from a known language
* [Statement of Faith](../statement-of-faith/01.md) - By working with those who have the same beliefs
* [Translation Guidelines](../translation-guidelines/01.md) - By using a common translation theory
* [Open License](../open-license/01.md) - By releasing everything we create under an open license
* [Gateway Languages Strategy](../gl-strategy/01.md) - By making Biblical content available to translate from a known language
### What Do We Do?

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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ projects:
path: './intro'
sort: 0
title: 'Introduction to translationAcademy'
versification: 'ufw'
versification:
-
categories:
- 'ta'
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ projects:
path: './process'
sort: 1
title: 'Process Manual'
versification: 'ufw'
versification:
-
categories:
- 'ta'
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ projects:
path: './translate'
sort: 2
title: 'Translation Manual'
versification: 'ufw'
versification:
-
categories:
- 'ta'
@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ projects:
path: './checking'
sort: 3
title: 'Checking Manual'
versification: 'ufw'
versification:

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Content is worthless unless it is disseminated and used. One advantage of using
### Open License
The biggest factor that encourages distribution of content is the [Open License](en/ta/intro/man/open-license) that is used for all content on Door43. This license gives everybody the freedom they need to:
The biggest factor that encourages distribution of content is the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md) that is used for all content on Door43. This license gives everybody the freedom they need to:
* **Share** — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
* **Adapt** — remix, transform, and build upon the material

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
### Recommended Platform
The recommended platform for doing translation in the Door43 ecosystem is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). This is where the translation and checking teams will do their work. You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices, (see [Setting up translationStudio](en/ta/process/man/setup-ts) for more information).
The recommended platform for doing translation in the Door43 ecosystem is translationStudio (http://ufw.io/ts/). This is where the translation and checking teams will do their work. You may set up translationStudio on Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux devices, (see [Setting up translationStudio](../setup-ts/01.md) for more information).
### Other Options
If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Note that it will be your responsibility to get the content into USFM or Markdown format if you do not use translationStudio (see [File Formats](en/ta/translate/man/file-formats) for more information).
If using translationStudio is not an option for your team, then you may consider using other online or offline tools. Note that it will be your responsibility to get the content into USFM or Markdown format if you do not use translationStudio (see [File Formats](../../translate/file-formats/01.md) for more information).

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
### Before Checking
It is recommended that you consult the [Checking Manual](en/ta/checking/man/intro-check) frequently as you check this content. Before you start checking, we recommend that you start working your way through the Checking Manual until you understand what is required at each level. As you work through the checking process, you will need to consult the Checking Manual frequently.
It is recommended that you consult the [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) frequently as you check this content. Before you start checking, we recommend that you start working your way through the Checking Manual until you understand what is required at each level. As you work through the checking process, you will need to consult the Checking Manual frequently.

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@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
### What to Know Before Translation
It is recommended that you consult the [Translation Manual](en/ta/translate/man/translate-manual) frequently as you translate this content. Before you start translating, we recommend that you start working your way through the Translation Manual at least until you know the difference between a literal translation and a meaning-based translation. Much of the rest of the Translation Manual can be used as a "just-in-time" learning resource.
It is recommended that you consult the [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) frequently as you translate this content. Before you start translating, we recommend that you start working your way through the Translation Manual at least until you know the difference between a literal translation and a meaning-based translation. Much of the rest of the Translation Manual can be used as a "just-in-time" learning resource.
Some important subjects that must be learned before starting a translation project:
* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-intro) - The definition of a good translation
* [The Translation Process](en/ta/translate/man/translate-process) - How a good translation is made
* [Form and Meaning](en/ta/translate/man/translate-fandm) - The difference between form and meaning
* [Meaning-Based Translations](en/ta/translate/man/translate-dynamic) - How to make a meaning-based translation
* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md) - The definition of a good translation
* [The Translation Process](../../translate/translate-process/01.md) - How a good translation is made
* [Form and Meaning](../../translate/translate-fandm/01.md) - The difference between form and meaning
* [Meaning-Based Translations](../../translate/translate-dynamic/01.md) - How to make a meaning-based translation
Some other important topics as you get started include:
* [Choosing What to Translate](en/ta/translate/man/translation-difficulty) - Suggestions for where to start translating
* [First Draft](en/ta/translate/man/first-draft) - How to make a first draft
* [Help with Translating](en/ta/translate/man/translate-help) - Using translation helps
* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Suggestions for where to start translating
* [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md) - How to make a first draft
* [Help with Translating](../../translate/translate-help/01.md) - Using translation helps

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@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
### Purpose of Checking Levels
The purpose of the Checking Levels (see [Checking Manual](en/ta/checking/man/intro-check)) is primarily to help ensure that the translation has been made in accordance with the [Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith) and the [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines). Another reason is to increase the input and ownership of the community that will be using it.
The purpose of the Checking Levels (see [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md)) is primarily to help ensure that the translation has been made in accordance with the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md) and the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md). Another reason is to increase the input and ownership of the community that will be using it.
#### Checking Level 1
Checking Level 1 is done primarily by the translation team, with some input from the language community. See [Checking Level One - Affirmation by Translation Team](en/ta/checking/man/level1). After completing the Level 1 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](en/ta/process/man/intro-publishing)) and continue on to Checking Level 2 (see below).
Checking Level 1 is done primarily by the translation team, with some input from the language community. See [Checking Level One - Affirmation by Translation Team](../../checking/level1/01.md). After completing the Level 1 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)) and continue on to Checking Level 2 (see below).
#### Checking Level 2
Checking Level 2 is done to verify that representative groups from the local language community agree that the translation is a good one (see [Checking Level Two - Affirmation by Community](en/ta/checking/man/level2)). It is done with a language community check (see [Language Community Check](en/ta/checking/man/language-community-check)) and a church leader check (see [Church Leader Check](en/ta/checking/man/church-leader-check)). After completing the Level 2 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](en/ta/process/man/intro-publishing)) and continue on to Checking Level 3 (see below), if you so desire.
Checking Level 2 is done to verify that representative groups from the local language community agree that the translation is a good one (see [Checking Level Two - Affirmation by Community](../../checking/level2/01.md)). It is done with a language community check (see [Language Community Check](../../checking/language-community-check/01.md)) and a church leader check (see [Church Leader Check](../../checking/church-leader-check/01.md)). After completing the Level 2 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)) and continue on to Checking Level 3 (see below), if you so desire.
#### Checking Level 3
Checking Level 3 is done when leaders of at least two church networks agree that the translation is a good one (see [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](en/ta/checking/man/level3)). Be sure you work through the Level 3 Checking Questions (see [Questions for Checking on Level Three](en/ta/checking/man/level3-questions)) while you complete this checking level. After completing the Level 3 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](en/ta/process/man/intro-publishing)). This is the highest checking level. Gateway Languages should also complete the [Source Text Process](en/ta/process/man/source-text-process)
Checking Level 3 is done when leaders of at least two church networks agree that the translation is a good one (see [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../../checking/level3/01.md)). Be sure you work through the Level 3 Checking Questions (see [Questions for Checking on Level Three](../../checking/level3-questions/01.md)) while you complete this checking level. After completing the Level 3 Check, you are encouraged to upload to Door43 (see [Introduction to Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md)). This is the highest checking level. Gateway Languages should also complete the [Source Text Process](../source-text-process/01.md)

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@ -3,22 +3,22 @@
As you begin selecting a translation and checking team, there are many different types of people and roles that are needed. There are also specific qualifications that are needed for each team.
* [Choosing a Translation Team](en/ta/translate/man/choose-team) - Describes many of the roles that are needed
* [Translator Qualifications](en/ta/translate/man/qualifications) - Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
* [Choosing a Translation Team](../../translate/choose-team/01.md) - Describes many of the roles that are needed
* [Translator Qualifications](../../translate/qualifications/01.md) - Describes some of the skills needed by the translators
* Remember that everyone on the team needs to sign a statement that they agree with (forms are available at http://ufw.io/forms/ ):
* [Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith)
* [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines)
* [Open License](en/ta/intro/man/open-license)
* Everyone on the team also needs to know the qualities of a good translation (see [The Qualities of a Good Translation](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-intro)).
* The team will also need to know where they can find answers (see [Finding Answers](en/ta/intro/man/finding-answers)).
* [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)
* [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)
* [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md)
* Everyone on the team also needs to know the qualities of a good translation (see [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../../translate/guidelines-intro/01.md)).
* The team will also need to know where they can find answers (see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)).
### Translation Decisions
There are many decisions the translation team will have to make, many of them right at the beginning of the project. Included are the following:
* [Choosing What to Translate](en/ta/translate/man/translation-difficulty) - Choosing what to translate first is another decision to be made
* [Choosing a Source Text](en/ta/translate/man/translate-source-text) - Choosing a good source text is very important
* [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](en/ta/translate/man/translate-source-licensing) - Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
* [Source Texts and Version Numbers](en/ta/translate/man/translate-source-version) - Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
* [Alphabet/Orthography](en/ta/translate/man/translate-alphabet) - Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](en/ta/translate/man/writing-decisions) - Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made
* [Choosing What to Translate](../../translate/translation-difficulty/01.md) - Choosing what to translate first is another decision to be made
* [Choosing a Source Text](../../translate/translate-source-text/01.md) - Choosing a good source text is very important
* [Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../../translate/translate-source-licensing/01.md) - Copyright issues must be considered when choosing a source text
* [Source Texts and Version Numbers](../../translate/translate-source-version/01.md) - Translating from the latest version of a source text is best
* [Alphabet/Orthography](../../translate/translate-alphabet/01.md) - Many languages have alphabet decisions that need to be made
* [Decisions for Writing Your Language](../../translate/writing-decisions/01.md) - Writing style, punctuation, translating names, spelling, and other decisions have to be made

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@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ The latest version of translationStudio for desktop or laptop computers (Windows
### Using tS
Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! First-time use of translationStudio will require an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith), the [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines), and the [Open License](en/ta/intro/man/open-license).
Once installed, both editions of translationStudio are designed to work similarly. You *do not* need an internet connection to use translationStudio! First-time use of translationStudio will require an agreement to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md).
After the first-use screen, you will be brought to the Home screen where you can create a new project. Once your project is created, you may start translating right away. There are translationHelps built right into the app which you are encouraged to use to gain a better understanding of the source text. Note that your work is automatically saved. You may also choose to back up, share, or upload your work at various intervals (use the menu to access these functions).
### After Using tS
1. We strongly recommend that your translation be checked (see [Training Before Checking Begins](en/ta/process/man/prechecking-training)).
1. We strongly recommend that your translation be checked (see [Training Before Checking Begins](../prechecking-training/01.md)).
1. Once the checking is complete (to any level), you may upload your work from the app (Menu → Upload).
1. Once uploaded, you can see your work online on Door43 (see [Publishing](en/ta/process/man/intro-publishing))
1. Once uploaded, you can see your work online on Door43 (see [Publishing](../intro-publishing/01.md))

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@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ Source text publishing is required for all Gateway Languages so that they can be
Before a Gateway Language translation can become a source text, the following prerequisites must all be met:
* **Whole Resource** - The whole resource must be translated and checked to the required level. Parts of resources (e.g. half of the Open Bible Stories, only a few chapters of a book of the Bible) cannot be published.
* **Checking** - A translation must have reached the appropriate checking level. For Bible translations, that means [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](en/ta/checking/man/level3).
* **Checking** - A translation must have reached the appropriate checking level. For Bible translations, that means [Checking Level Three - Affirmation by Church Leadership](../../checking/level3/01.md).
* **On Door43** - Door43 must have the version that will be published. If the work was done on multiple devices, then it may need to be merged together. Get the help of a Content Tech to make merging easier (either email <help@door43.org> or use the #content-techs channel on Slack).
* **Agreements** - Everyone involved in the translation and checking must have agreed to the [Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith), the [Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines), and the [Open License](en/ta/intro/man/open-license). This can be done by either creating Door43 accounts or by physically signing the documents and digitizing them (scanning or photos). See http://ufw.io/forms for downloadable agreement forms.
* **Agreements** - Everyone involved in the translation and checking must have agreed to the [Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md), the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md), and the [Open License](../../intro/open-license/01.md). This can be done by either creating Door43 accounts or by physically signing the documents and digitizing them (scanning or photos). See http://ufw.io/forms for downloadable agreement forms.
#### Source Text Request Form

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@ -146,4 +146,4 @@ Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
### Translation Strategies
(see the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bita-part1))
(see the Translations Strategies on [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../translate-bita-part1/01.md))

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@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
>Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u>. (Psalm 89:14 ULB)
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](en/ta/translate/man/figs-personification))
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
#### DRUNKENNESS represents suffering and WINE represents judgment

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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ When it comes time, this committee can also make decisions about the format of t
#### Translators
These are the people who will do the work of making the translation drafts. They will be appointed by the Translation Committee. They need to be people who are native speakers of the target language, who can read the source language (the Gateway Language) very well, and who are respected in the community for their Christian character. For more details about these things, see [Translator Qualifications](en/ta/translate/man/qualifications).
These are the people who will do the work of making the translation drafts. They will be appointed by the Translation Committee. They need to be people who are native speakers of the target language, who can read the source language (the Gateway Language) very well, and who are respected in the community for their Christian character. For more details about these things, see [Translator Qualifications](../qualifications/01.md).
As well as making the first drafts, these people will form the core of the translation team that will check each other's work, check the translation with the language community, and receive the suggestions for revision from the level 2 and level 3 checkers. After each review or checking session, these translators are responsible to make the changes to the translation that are necessary so that it communicates what it should in the best way. So they will revise the translation many, many times.
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ If the translators themselves are not inputting the translation draft into a com
#### Translation Testers
Some people need to test the translation with members of the language community to make sure that the translation is clear and sounds natural in the target language. Usually these are the translators, but they could be other people. These testers need to read the translation to people and then ask them questions to see how they are understanding it. For a description of this task, see [Other Methods](en/ta/checking/man/other-methods).
Some people need to test the translation with members of the language community to make sure that the translation is clear and sounds natural in the target language. Usually these are the translators, but they could be other people. These testers need to read the translation to people and then ask them questions to see how they are understanding it. For a description of this task, see [Other Methods](../../checking/other-methods/01.md).
#### Checkers

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@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
### Translation Strategies
1. If your language uses phrases or time words to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using one of them.
1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See: the section on Aspect on [Verbs](en/ta/translate/man/figs-verbs))
1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occurred, consider reordering the events so they they are in that order. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). (See: [Verse Bridges](en/ta/translate/man/translate-versebridge))
1. If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that. (See: the section on Aspect on [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))
1. If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occurred, consider reordering the events so they they are in that order. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6). (See: [Verse Bridges](../translate-versebridge/01.md))
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

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@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ Some languages have more than one form of "we:" an **inclusive** form that means
See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive "we" and the exclusive "we" refer to.
![](http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg)
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg)
![](http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
### Reason this is a translation issue

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@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
Grammar has two main parts: words and structure. Structure involves how we put words together to form phrase, clauses, and sentences.
**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](en/ta/translate/man/figs-partsofspeech))
**Parts of Speech** - All words in a language belong to a category called a part of speech. (see [Parts of Speech](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md))
**Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (see [Sentence Structure](en/ta/translate/man/figs-sentences))
**Sentences** - When we speak, we organize our thoughts in sentences. A sentence usually has a complete thought about an event or a situation or state of being. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md))
* Sentences can be statements, questions, commands, or exclamations. (see [Exclamations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-sentencetypes))
* Sentences can have more than one clause. (see [Sentence Structure](en/ta/translate/man/figs-sentences))
* Some languages have both active and passive sentences. (see [Active or Passive](en/ta/translate/man/figs-activepassive))
* Sentences can be statements, questions, commands, or exclamations. (see [Exclamations](../figs-sentencetypes/01.md))
* Sentences can have more than one clause. (see [Sentence Structure](../figs-sentences/01.md))
* Some languages have both active and passive sentences. (see [Active or Passive](../figs-activepassive/01.md))
**Possession** - This shows that there is a relationship between two nouns. In English it is marked with "of" as in "the love of God," or with "'s" as in "God's love," or with a possessive pronoun as in "his love." (see [Possession](en/ta/translate/man/figs-possession))
**Possession** - This shows that there is a relationship between two nouns. In English it is marked with "of" as in "the love of God," or with "'s" as in "God's love," or with a possessive pronoun as in "his love." (see [Possession](../figs-possession/01.md))
**Quotations** - A quotation is a report of what someone else has said.
* Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](en/ta/translate/man/writing-quotations))
* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotations))
* Quotes can have quotes within them. (see [Quotes within Quotes](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotesinquotes))
* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (see [Quote Markings](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotemarks))
* Quotations normally have two parts: Information about who said something and what the person said. (see [Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md))
* Quotations can be either direct quotes or indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
* Quotes can have quotes within them. (see [Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md))
* Quotes can be marked to make it easy for readers to understand who said what. (see [Quote Markings](../figs-quotemarks/01.md))

4
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@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ Some languages have more than one form of "we": an **inclusive** form that means
See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive "we" and the exclusive "we" refer to.
![](http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg)
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_inclusive.jpg)
![](http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/vocabulary/we_us_exclusive.jpg)
**Reason this is a translation issue** - The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like English, these languages do not have separate exclusive and inclusive forms for "we." Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms of "we" will need to understand what the speaker meant so they can decide which form of "we" to use.

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@ -9,36 +9,36 @@ Figures of speech are ways of saying things that use words in non-literal ways.
Listed below are different types of Figures of Speech. If you would like additional information simply click the colored word to be directed to a page containing definitions, examples, and videos for each figure of speech.
* **[Apostrophe](en/ta/translate/man/figs-apostrophe)** - An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses someone who is not there, or addresses a thing that is not a person.
* **[Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md)** - An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses someone who is not there, or addresses a thing that is not a person.
* **[Doublet](en/ta/translate/man/figs-doublet)** - A doublet is a pair of words or very short phrases that mean the same thing and that are used in the same phrase. In the Bible, doublets are often used in poetry, prophecy, and sermons to emphasize an idea.
* **[Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md)** - A doublet is a pair of words or very short phrases that mean the same thing and that are used in the same phrase. In the Bible, doublets are often used in poetry, prophecy, and sermons to emphasize an idea.
* **[Euphemism](en/ta/translate/man/figs-euphemism)** - A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant or embarrassing. Its purpose is to avoid offending the people who hear or read it.
* **[Euphemism](../figs-euphemism/01.md)** - A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant or embarrassing. Its purpose is to avoid offending the people who hear or read it.
* **[Hendiadys](en/ta/translate/man/figs-hendiadys)** - In hendiadys a single idea is expressed with two words connected with "and," when one word could be used to modify the other.
* **[Hendiadys](../figs-hendiadys/01.md)** - In hendiadys a single idea is expressed with two words connected with "and," when one word could be used to modify the other.
* **[Hyperbole](en/ta/translate/man/figs-hyperbole)** - A hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration used to indicate the speaker's feeling or opinion about something.
* **[Hyperbole](../figs-hyperbole/01.md)** - A hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration used to indicate the speaker's feeling or opinion about something.
* **[Idiom](en/ta/translate/man/figs-idiom)** - An idiom is a group of words that has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words.
* **[Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md)** - An idiom is a group of words that has a meaning that is different from what one would understand from the meanings of the individual words.
* **[Irony](en/ta/translate/man/figs-irony)** - Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words.
* **[Irony](../figs-irony/01.md)** - Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to communicate is actually the opposite of the literal meaning of the words.
* **[Litotes](en/ta/translate/man/figs-litotes)** - Litotes is an emphatic statement about something made by negating an opposite expression.
* **[Litotes](../figs-litotes/01.md)** - Litotes is an emphatic statement about something made by negating an opposite expression.
* **[Merism](en/ta/translate/man/figs-merism)** - Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by listing some of its parts or by speaking of two extreme parts of it.
* **[Merism](../figs-merism/01.md)** - Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by listing some of its parts or by speaking of two extreme parts of it.
* **[Metaphor](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metaphor)** - A metaphor is a figure in which one concept is used in place of another, unrelated concept. This invites the hearer to think of what the unrelated concepts have in common. That is, metaphor is an implied comparison between two unrelated things.
* **[Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md)** - A metaphor is a figure in which one concept is used in place of another, unrelated concept. This invites the hearer to think of what the unrelated concepts have in common. That is, metaphor is an implied comparison between two unrelated things.
* **[Metonymy](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metonymy)** - Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A metonym is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something it is associated with.
* **[Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md)** - Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A metonym is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something it is associated with.
* **[Parallelism](en/ta/translate/man/figs-parallelism)** - In parallelism two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. It is found throughout the whole of the Hebrew Bible, most commonly in the poetry of the books of Psalms and Proverbs.
* **[Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md)** - In parallelism two phrases or clauses that are similar in structure or idea are used together. It is found throughout the whole of the Hebrew Bible, most commonly in the poetry of the books of Psalms and Proverbs.
* **[Personification](en/ta/translate/man/figs-personification)** - Personification is a figure in which an idea or something that is not human is referred to as if it were a person and could do the things that people do or have the qualities that people have.
* **[Personification](../figs-personification/01.md)** - Personification is a figure in which an idea or something that is not human is referred to as if it were a person and could do the things that people do or have the qualities that people have.
* **[Predictive Past](en/ta/translate/man/figs-pastforfuture)** - The predictive past is a form that some languages use to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen.
* **[Predictive Past](../figs-pastforfuture/01.md)** - The predictive past is a form that some languages use to refer to things that will happen in the future. This is sometimes done in prophecy to show that the event will certainly happen.
* **[Rhetorical Question](en/ta/translate/man/figs-rquestion)** - A rhetorical question is a question that is used for something other than getting information. Often it indicates the speaker's attitude toward the topic or the listener. Often it is used for rebuking or scolding, but some languages have other purposes as well.
* **[Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md)** - A rhetorical question is a question that is used for something other than getting information. Often it indicates the speaker's attitude toward the topic or the listener. Often it is used for rebuking or scolding, but some languages have other purposes as well.
* **[Simile](en/ta/translate/man/figs-simile)** - A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait that the two items have in common, and it includes words such as "like," "as," or "than" to make the comparison explicit.
* **[Simile](../figs-simile/01.md)** - A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait that the two items have in common, and it includes words such as "like," "as," or "than" to make the comparison explicit.
* **[Synecdoche](en/ta/translate/man/figs-synecdoche)** - Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which 1) the name of a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing, or 2) the name of a whole thing is used to refer to just one part of it.
* **[Synecdoche](../figs-synecdoche/01.md)** - Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which 1) the name of a part of something is used to refer to the whole thing, or 2) the name of a whole thing is used to refer to just one part of it.

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Metaphors like these are in constant use in the world's languages, because they
When these metaphors are used in their normal ways, the speaker and audience of that language do not normally even regard them as figurative speech. It is just the normal way to say something in that language. This is why, for example, it would be wrong to translate the English expression, "The price of petrol is going up" into another language in a way that would draw special attention to it as figurative speech, because English speakers do not view it as a vivid expression. That is, it is not an unusual expression that carries meaning in an unusual manner.
For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bita-part1) and the pages it will direct you to.
For a description of important patterns of this kind of metaphor, please see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../translate-bita-part1/01.md) and the pages it will direct you to.
**Less Common ("Live") Metaphors**
@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
1. If the metaphor is common and seems to be a normal way to say something in the source language (a "dead" metaphor), express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
2. If the metaphor seems to be a "live" metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
3. If the target audience does not understand the metaphor correctly, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." See [Simile](en/ta/translate/man/figs-simile)
4. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-unknown) for ideas on how to translate that image.
3. If the target audience does not understand the metaphor correctly, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as "like" or "as." See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md)
4. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
5. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
6. If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
7. If the target audience would not know how the topic is like the image, then state a **point of comparison** clearly.
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the tar
* **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULB)
* And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u>like</u> clay. You are <u>like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
4. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-unknown) for ideas on how to translate that image.
4. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
* **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you <u>to kick a goad</u>.** (Acts 26:14 ULB)
* Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to <u>kick against a pointed stick</u>.
@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the tar
_To learn more about specific metaphors read:_
* [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bita-part1)
* [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../translate-bita-part1/01.md)

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@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
* "who warned you to flee from God's coming <u>punishment</u>?"
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bita-part2).
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../translate-bita-part2/01.md).

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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
### Translation Strategies
1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same. (See: [Translate Unknowns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-unknown))
1. If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same. (See: [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md))
1. If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as "Jesus told this story about being generous."
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Synonymous parallelism (the kind in which the two phrases mean the same thing) i
Some languages would not use synonymous parallelism. They would either think it odd that someone said the same thing twice, or they would think that the two phrases must have some difference in meaning. For them it is confusing, rather than beautiful.
Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](en/ta/translate/man/figs-doublet) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
Note: We use the term "synonymous parallelism" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
### Examples from the Bible

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Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have different functions in a sentence. All languages have parts of speech, and all words in a language belong to a part of speech. Most languages have these basic parts of speech, with some variations, and some languages have more categories than this. This is not an exhaustive list of parts of speech, but it covers the basic categories.
**VERBS** are words that express either an action (such as come, go, eat) or a state-of-being (such as is, are, was). More detailed information can be found on [Verbs](en/ta/translate/man/figs-verbs).
**VERBS** are words that express either an action (such as come, go, eat) or a state-of-being (such as is, are, was). More detailed information can be found on [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md).
**NOUNS** are words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns are generic, that is, they do not refer to any specific entity (man, city, country). Names, or proper nouns, refer to a specific entity (Peter, Jerusalem, Egypt). (For more information see) [How to Translate Names](en/ta/translate/man/translate-names).
**NOUNS** are words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns are generic, that is, they do not refer to any specific entity (man, city, country). Names, or proper nouns, refer to a specific entity (Peter, Jerusalem, Egypt). (For more information see) [How to Translate Names](../translate-names/01.md).
**PRONOUNS** take the place of nouns and include such words as he, she, it, you, they, and we. More detailed pages on pronouns can be found on [Pronouns](en/ta/translate/man/figs-pronouns).
**PRONOUNS** take the place of nouns and include such words as he, she, it, you, they, and we. More detailed pages on pronouns can be found on [Pronouns](../figs-pronouns/01.md).
**CONJUNCTIONS** are words that join phrases or sentences. Examples include and, or, but, for, yet, nor. Some conjunctions are used in pairs: both/and; either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also. More information about these can be found on [Connecting Words](en/ta/translate/man/writing-connectingwords)
**CONJUNCTIONS** are words that join phrases or sentences. Examples include and, or, but, for, yet, nor. Some conjunctions are used in pairs: both/and; either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also. More information about these can be found on [Connecting Words](../writing-connectingwords/01.md)
**PREPOSITIONS** are words that begin phrases which connect a noun or verb with more detail about that noun or verb. For example, "The girl ran <u>to her father</u>." Here the phrase with the preposition "to" tells the direction of the girl's running (the action) in relation to her father. Another example is, "The crowd <u>around Jesus</u> grew in numbers." The phrase with the preposition <u>around</u> tells the location of the crowd in relation to Jesus. Some examples of prepositions are to, from, in, out, on, off, with, without, above, below, before, after, behind, in front of, among, through, beyond, among.
**ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: "a", an, the. The words <u>a</u> and <u>an</u> mean the same thing. If a speaker says "<u>a dog,</u> he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says <u>the</u> dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use <u>the</u> to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say "<u>The</u> elephant is a large animal" and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](en/ta/translate/man/figs-genericnoun).
**ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: "a", an, the. The words <u>a</u> and <u>an</u> mean the same thing. If a speaker says "<u>a dog,</u> he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says <u>the</u> dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use <u>the</u> to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say "<u>The</u> elephant is a large animal" and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](../figs-genericnoun/01.md).
**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in <u>my elderly father</u> the adjective <u>elderly</u> simply tells something about my father. But in <u>my eldest sister</u> the word <u>eldest</u> distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](en/ta/translate/man/figs-distinguish).
**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in <u>my elderly father</u> the adjective <u>elderly</u> simply tells something about my father. But in <u>my eldest sister</u> the word <u>eldest</u> distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).
**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in <u>ly</u>. Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very.

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@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
#### Person
* First Person - The speaker and possibly others (I, we)
* [Inclusive "We"](en/ta/translate/man/figs-inclusive)
* [Exclusive "We"](en/ta/translate/man/figs-exclusive)
* [Inclusive "We"](../figs-inclusive/01.md)
* [Exclusive "We"](../figs-exclusive/01.md)
* Second Person - The person or people that the speaker is talking to and possibly others (you)
* [Forms of You](en/ta/translate/man/figs-you)
* [Forms of You](../figs-you/01.md)
* Third Person - Someone or something other than the speaker and those he is talking to (he, she, it, they)
#### Number
* Singular - one (I, you, he, she, it)
* Plural - more than one (we, you, they)
* [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](en/ta/translate/man/figs-youcrowd)
* [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md)
* Dual - two (Some languages have pronouns for specifically two people or two things.)
#### Gender
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
### Other Types of pronouns
**[Reflexive Pronouns](en/ta/translate/man/figs-rpronouns)** refer to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
**[Reflexive Pronouns](../figs-rpronouns/01.md)** refer to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
* **John saw <u>himself</u> in the mirror.** - The word "himself" refers to John.

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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined
Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts and ends so they can more easily know who said what.
1. Alternate two kinds of quote marks to show layers of direct quotation. English alternates double quote marks and single quote marks.
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotations))
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes in order to use fewer quote marks, since indirect quotes do not need them. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
### Examples of Quote Marking Strategies Applied

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@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is
Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of direct quotes and indirect quotes. In those languages it might sound strange and perhaps even be confusing if there are many layers of direct quotes.
1. Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes.
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotations))
1. Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. (see [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied

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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The examples below show each of these types used for their main functions.
>In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1 ULB)
Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](en/ta/translate/man/figs-declarative))
Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md))
#### Questions
The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they were speaking to answered their questions.
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they
<blockquote>The jailer...said, "Sirs, <u>what must I do to be saved?</u>" They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house." (Acts 16:29-31 ULB)</blockquote>
Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](en/ta/translate/man/figs-rquestion))
Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md))
#### Imperative Sentences
@ -71,14 +71,14 @@ In Genesis 9, Noah said what he wanted to happen to Canaan.
In Genesis 21, Hagar expressed her strong desire not to see her son die, and then she moved away so that she would not see him die.
><u>Let me not look</u> upon the death of the child. (Genesis 21:16 ULB)
Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](en/ta/translate/man/figs-imperative))
Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md))
#### Exclamations
Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an exclamation mark (!) at the end.
>Save us, Lord; we are about to die! (Matthew 8:25 ULB)
(See [Exclamations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-exclamations) for other ways that exclamations are shown and ways to translate them.)
(See [Exclamations](../figs-exclamations/01.md) for other ways that exclamations are shown and ways to translate them.)
### Translation Strategies
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Exclamations express strong feeling. In the ULB and UDB, they usually have an ex
1. When a sentence in the Bible has a sentence type that your language would not use for the sentence's function, see the pages below for translation strategies.
* [Statements - Other Uses](en/ta/translate/man/figs-declarative)
* [Rhetorical Question](en/ta/translate/man/figs-rquestion)
* [Imperatives - Other Uses](en/ta/translate/man/figs-imperative)
* [Exclamations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-exclamations)
* [Statements - Other Uses](../figs-declarative/01.md)
* [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md)
* [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md)
* [Exclamations](../figs-exclamations/01.md)

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**Parallelism with the same meaning** is a poetic device in which one complex idea is expressed in two or more different ways. Speakers may do this in order to emphasize the idea that is the same in the two phrases. This is also called "synonymous parallelism."
Note: We use the term "parallelism with the same meaning" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](en/ta/translate/man/figs-doublet) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
Note: We use the term "parallelism with the same meaning" for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
>Yahweh <u>sees everything a person does</u> and <u>watches all the paths he takes</u>. (Proverbs 5:21 ULB)
The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. "Sees" corresponds to "watches," "everything ... does" corresponds to "all the paths ... takes," and "a person" corresponds to "he."

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_younum.
Sometimes in the Bible a speaker uses a singular form of "you" even though he is speaking to a crowd.
* [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](en/ta/translate/man/figs-youcrowd)
* [Singular Pronouns that Refer to Groups](../figs-youcrowd/01.md)
### Formal and Informal
@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_youform.
For help with translating these, we suggest you read:
* [Forms of "You" - Formal or Informal](en/ta/translate/man/figs-youformal)
* [Forms of "You" - Formal or Informal](../figs-youformal/01.md)

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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. These l
* Translators who speak a language that has distinct singular and plural forms of "you" will always need to know what the speaker meant so they can choose the right word for "you" in their language.
* Many languages also have different forms of the verb depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. So even if there is no pronoun meaning "you", translators of these languages will need to know if the speaker was referring to one person or more than one.
Often the context will make it clear whether the word "you" refers to one person or more than one. If you look at the other pronouns in the sentence, they will help you know the number of people the speaker was speaking to.
Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used "you" singular even though they were speaking to a group of people. See [Forms of 'You' - Singular to a Crowd](en/ta/translate/man/figs-youcrowd)
Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used "you" singular even though they were speaking to a group of people. See [Forms of 'You' - Singular to a Crowd](../figs-youcrowd/01.md)
### Examples from the Bible

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Church-Approved Translations
The first three qualities of a good translation are **Clear** (see [Create Clear Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-clear)), **Natural** (see [Create Natural Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-natural)), and **Accurate** (see [Create Accurate Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-accurate)). All three of these directly affect the words and phrases that are used in the translation. If a translation is not one of these three, simply changing or reordering the words that were used can often fix the problem. The fourth quality, church-approved, has less to do with the words used and more to do with the process that is used.
The first three qualities of a good translation are **Clear** (see [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md)), **Natural** (see [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md)), and **Accurate** (see [Create Accurate Translations](../guidelines-accurate/01.md)). All three of these directly affect the words and phrases that are used in the translation. If a translation is not one of these three, simply changing or reordering the words that were used can often fix the problem. The fourth quality, church-approved, has less to do with the words used and more to do with the process that is used.
### The Goal of Translation

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@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ Next you need to understand who is doing the action. A clear translation will id
Many **event** ideas may occur as nouns in the Gateway Language. A clear translation may need to express these **event** ideas as verbs.
When preparing to translate, it is helpful to look for any **event** ideas in the passage, especially those which are expressed by some form other than a verb. See if you can re-express the meaning using a verb to express the **event** idea. If, however, your language also uses nouns to express **event** ideas and the event or action sounds more natural as a noun, then use the noun form. See [Abstract Nouns](en/ta/translate/man/figs-abstractnouns)
When preparing to translate, it is helpful to look for any **event** ideas in the passage, especially those which are expressed by some form other than a verb. See if you can re-express the meaning using a verb to express the **event** idea. If, however, your language also uses nouns to express **event** ideas and the event or action sounds more natural as a noun, then use the noun form. See [Abstract Nouns](../figs-abstractnouns/01.md)
You may also need to change each **event** idea into an active clause to be sure it is understood.
#### Passive Verbs
A clear translation may need to change any **passive** verbs to the **active** form. See [Active or Passive](en/ta/translate/man/figs-activepassive)
A clear translation may need to change any **passive** verbs to the **active** form. See [Active or Passive](../figs-activepassive/01.md)
In the **active** form, the subject of the sentence is the person who does the action. In the **passive** form, the subject of the sentence is the person or thing to which the action is done. For example, "John hit Bill" is an active sentence. "Bill was hit by John" is a passive sentence.

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@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Each language uses different figures of speech. Make sure you can:
It is the **real meaning** of the whole figure of speech that should be translated into your language, not the meaning of the individual words. Once you understand the real meaning, you can choose an expression in the target language that communicates that same meaning and emotion.
(For more information, see the [Figures of Speech](en/ta/translate/man/figs-intro) information.)
(For more information, see the [Figures of Speech](../figs-intro/01.md) information.)
#### Rhetorical Questions
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Here no answer is expected. The speaker is not asking for information; he is reb
You may need to restate this rhetorical question as a statement when you translate, if your language does not use rhetorical questions in this way. But remember, be sure to keep the same purpose and meaning, and communicate the same emotion as the original rhetorical question had. If your language communicates the purpose, meaning, and emotion of a rhetorical question with a different kind of figure of speech, then use that figure of speech.
(see [Rhetorical Questions](en/ta/translate/man/figs-rquestion))
(see [Rhetorical Questions](../figs-rquestion/01.md))
#### Exclamations

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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
To make a translation that is **faithful** to the Bible, you must avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources.
Your goal as a Bible translator is to communicate the same message that the original writer of the Bible intended to communicate. This means that you should not try to communicate your own message, or the message that you think the Bible should say, or that your church thinks the Bible should say. For any Bible passage, you must communicate what it says, all of what it says, and only what it says. You must resist the temptation to put any of your own interpretations or messages into the Bible or add any meaning to the message that is not there in the Bible passage. (The message of a Bible passage includes the implied information. See [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit).)
Your goal as a Bible translator is to communicate the same message that the original writer of the Bible intended to communicate. This means that you should not try to communicate your own message, or the message that you think the Bible should say, or that your church thinks the Bible should say. For any Bible passage, you must communicate what it says, all of what it says, and only what it says. You must resist the temptation to put any of your own interpretations or messages into the Bible or add any meaning to the message that is not there in the Bible passage. (The message of a Bible passage includes the implied information. See [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md).)
You must also use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Read the definitions of the translationWords to make sure that you understand the meanings of these words. Translate so that these key terms have these same meanings, and do not translate them in different ways just to please your pastor, your village leaders, or yourself.

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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ A **historical definition** translation communicates historical events and facts
To communicate well with historical accuracy, you need to remember two things:
1. The Bible is a historical document. The events of the Bible happened in the way that the Bible describes at different times in history. Therefore, when you translate the Bible, you need to communicate that these events happened, and do not change any of the details of what happened.
1. The books of the Bible were written down at specific times in history for people of a certain culture. This means that some things in the Bible that were very clear to the original hearers and readers will not be clear to those who read the Bible in different times and in different cultures. This is because both the writer and the readers were familiar with many of the practices that the writer wrote about, and so the writer did not need to explain them. We, from other times and cultures, are not familiar with these things, and so we need someone to explain them to us. This kind of information is called "implicit (or implied) information." (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information"](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit))
1. The books of the Bible were written down at specific times in history for people of a certain culture. This means that some things in the Bible that were very clear to the original hearers and readers will not be clear to those who read the Bible in different times and in different cultures. This is because both the writer and the readers were familiar with many of the practices that the writer wrote about, and so the writer did not need to explain them. We, from other times and cultures, are not familiar with these things, and so we need someone to explain them to us. This kind of information is called "implicit (or implied) information." (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information"](../figs-explicit/01.md))
as translators, we need to translate the historical details accurately, but also provide some explanation when we think that our readers will need it so that they can understand what the translation is about.

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@ -3,36 +3,36 @@
There are four main qualities of a good translation. It must be:
* Clear - see [Create Clear Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-clear)
* Natural - see [Create Natural Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-natural)
* Accurate - see [Create Accurate Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-accurate)
* Church-Approved - see [Create Church-Approved Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-church-approved)
* Clear - see [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md)
* Natural - see [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md)
* Accurate - see [Create Accurate Translations](../guidelines-accurate/01.md)
* Church-Approved - see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../guidelines-church-approved/01.md)
We can think of each of these qualities as a leg of a four-legged stool. Each one is necessary. If one is missing, the stool will not stand. Likewise, each of these qualities must be present in a translation in order for it to be useful and faithful to the church.
#### Clear
Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes simplifying concepts, rearranging the form of a text, and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as accurately as possible. To learn how to make Clear Translations, see [Create Clear Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-clear).
Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes simplifying concepts, rearranging the form of a text, and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as accurately as possible. To learn how to make Clear Translations, see [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md).
#### Natural
Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. To learn how to make Natural Translations, see [Create Natural Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-natural).
Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. To learn how to make Natural Translations, see [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md).
#### Accurate
Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. Translate with the meaning of the text in mind and communicate accurately the implicit information, unknown concepts, and figures of speech. To learn how to make Accurate Translations, see [Create Accurate Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-accurate).
Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. Translate with the meaning of the text in mind and communicate accurately the implicit information, unknown concepts, and figures of speech. To learn how to make Accurate Translations, see [Create Accurate Translations](../guidelines-accurate/01.md).
#### Church-Approved
If a translation is clear, natural and accurate, but the church does not approve of it or accept it, then it does not achieve the final goal of edifying the church. It is important that the church be involved in the translation, checking, and distribution of the translation. To learn how to make Church-Approved Translations, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-church-approved).
If a translation is clear, natural and accurate, but the church does not approve of it or accept it, then it does not achieve the final goal of edifying the church. It is important that the church be involved in the translation, checking, and distribution of the translation. To learn how to make Church-Approved Translations, see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../guidelines-church-approved/01.md).
### Six Other Qualities
In addition to being clear, natural, accurate, and church-approved, great translations should also be:
* Faithful - see [Create Faithful Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-faithful)
* Authoritative - see [Create Authoritative Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-authoritative)
* Historical - see [Create Historical Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-historical)
* Equal - see [Create Equal Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-equal)
* Collaborative - see [Create Collaborative Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-collaborative)
* Ongoing - see [Create Ongoing Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-ongoing)
* Faithful - see [Create Faithful Translations](../guidelines-faithful/01.md)
* Authoritative - see [Create Authoritative Translations](../guidelines-authoritative/01.md)
* Historical - see [Create Historical Translations](../guidelines-historical/01.md)
* Equal - see [Create Equal Translations](../guidelines-equal/01.md)
* Collaborative - see [Create Collaborative Translations](../guidelines-collaborative/01.md)
* Ongoing - see [Create Ongoing Translations](../guidelines-ongoing/01.md)

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@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence form
### Translation Strategies
See [Translate Unknowns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-unknown) for more information on translating words or phrases that are not known in your language.
See [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information on translating words or phrases that are not known in your language.

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@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o
> Many will come <u>in my name</u> and say, 'I am he,' and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULB)
* **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [Metonymy](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metonymy) and [Idiom](en/ta/translate/man/figs-idiom))
* **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: "claiming my authority" or 2) "claiming that God sent them." (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md))
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase "in my name" does not refer to the speaker's name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the tA page that explains idioms.
> "<u>You offspring of poisonous snakes</u>, who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULB)
* **You offspring of poisonous snakes** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: "You evil poisonous snakes!" or "People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes!" (See: [Metaphor](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metaphor))
* **You offspring of poisonous snakes** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: "You evil poisonous snakes!" or "People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes!" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metaphor. The Note explains the metaphor and gives two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the tA page about metaphors. Click on the link to learn about metaphors and general strategies for translating them.

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@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
### Description
There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotations))
There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
When there is a direct or indirect quote in the ULB, the notes may have an option for translating it as the other kind of quote. The translation suggestion may start with "It can be translated as a direct quote:" or "It can be translated as an indirect quote:" and it will be followed by that kind of quote. This will be followed by a link to the information page called "Direct and Indirect Quotations" that explains both kinds of quotations.
There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another quote inside of it, because these can be confusing. In some languages it may be more natural to translate one of these quotes with a direct quote and the other quote with an indirect quote. The note will end with a link to the information page called "[Quotes within Quotes](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotesinquotes)."
There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another quote inside of it, because these can be confusing. In some languages it may be more natural to translate one of these quotes with a direct quote and the other quote with an indirect quote. The note will end with a link to the information page called "[Quotes within Quotes](../figs-quotesinquotes/01.md)."
### Translation Notes Examples
> He instructed him <u>to tell no one</u> (Luke 5:14 ULB)
* **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotations) and [Ellipsis](en/ta/translate/man/figs-ellipsis))
* **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: "Do not tell anyone" There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): "do not tell anyone that you have been healed" (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md) and [Ellipsis](../figs-ellipsis/01.md))
Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language.
> At the time of the harvest <u>I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn</u>." (Matthew 13:30 ULB)
* **I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn"** - You can translate this as an indirect quote: "I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, then gather the wheat into my barn." (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-quotations))
* **I will say to the reapers, "First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn"** - You can translate this as an indirect quote: "I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, then gather the wheat into my barn." (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
Here the translationNote shows how to change the direct quote to an indirect quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language.

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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p
> <u>But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart</u> that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULB)
* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the whole person. AT: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [Metaphor](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metaphor) and [Metonymy](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metonymy))
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase "unrepentant heart" explains the word "hardness" (See: [Doublet](en/ta/translate/man/figs-doublet))
* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym "heart" to represent the whole person. AT: "It is because you refuse to listen and repent" (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md))
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase "unrepentant heart" explains the word "hardness" (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))
In this example the first note explains the metaphor and the metonymy, and the second explains the doublet in the same passage.

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@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ TranslationNotes are words or phrases copied from the ULB and then explained. In
### Types of Notes
There are many different types of notes in the Translation Notes. Each type of note gives the explanation in a different way. Knowing the type of note will help the translator make decisions on the best way to translate the Bible text into their language.
* **[Notes with Definitions](en/ta/translate/man/resources-def)** - Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULB means. Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format.
* **[Notes with Definitions](../resources-def/01.md)** - Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULB means. Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format.
* **[Notes that Explain](en/ta/translate/man/resources-eplain)** - Simple explanations about words or phrases are in sentence format.
* **[Notes that Explain](../resources-eplain/01.md)** - Simple explanations about words or phrases are in sentence format.
* **Notes that Suggest Other Ways to Translate** - Because there are many different kinds of these Notes, they are explained in more detail below.
@ -23,18 +23,18 @@ There are many different types of notes in the Translation Notes. Each type of n
There are several types of suggested translations.
* **[Notes with Synonyms and Equivalent Phrases](en/ta/translate/man/resources-synequi)** - Sometimes the Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrases in the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB.
* **[Notes with Synonyms and Equivalent Phrases](../resources-synequi/01.md)** - Sometimes the Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrases in the ULB. These replacements can fit into the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. These are synonyms and equivalent phrases and are written in double-quotes. These mean the same as the text in the ULB.
* **[Notes with Alternate Translations (AT)](en/ta/translate/man/resources-alter)** - An alternate translation is a suggested change to the form or content of the ULB because the target language may prefer a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULB form or content is not accurate or natural in your language.
* **[Notes with Alternate Translations (AT)](../resources-alter/01.md)** - An alternate translation is a suggested change to the form or content of the ULB because the target language may prefer a different form. The alternate translation should only be used when the ULB form or content is not accurate or natural in your language.
* **[Notes that Clarify the UDB Translation](en/ta/translate/man/resources-clarify)** - When the UDB provides a good alternate translation for the ULB, then there may be no Note providing an Alternate Translation. However, on occasion a Note will provide Alternate Translations in addition to the text from the UDB, and sometimes it will quote the text from the UDB as an Alternate Translation. In that case, the Note will say "(UDB)" after the text from the UDB.
* **[Notes that Clarify the UDB Translation](../resources-clarify/01.md)** - When the UDB provides a good alternate translation for the ULB, then there may be no Note providing an Alternate Translation. However, on occasion a Note will provide Alternate Translations in addition to the text from the UDB, and sometimes it will quote the text from the UDB as an Alternate Translation. In that case, the Note will say "(UDB)" after the text from the UDB.
* **[Notes that have Alternate Meanings](en/ta/translate/man/resources-alterm)** - Some Notes provide Alternate Meanings when a word or phrase can be understood in more than one way. When this happens, the Note will put the most probable meaning first.
* **[Notes that have Alternate Meanings](../resources-alterm/01.md)** - Some Notes provide Alternate Meanings when a word or phrase can be understood in more than one way. When this happens, the Note will put the most probable meaning first.
* **[Notes with Probable or Possible Meanings](en/ta/translate/man/resources-porp)** - Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: there are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts, or a word may have more than one meaning or use, or it may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) refers to in a particular phrase. In this case, the Note will give the most probable meaning, or will list several possible meanings, with the most probable meaning first.
* **[Notes with Probable or Possible Meanings](../resources-porp/01.md)** - Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a particular phrase or sentence in the Bible means. Some reasons for this include: there are minor differences in the ancient Bible texts, or a word may have more than one meaning or use, or it may not be clear what a word (such as a pronoun) refers to in a particular phrase. In this case, the Note will give the most probable meaning, or will list several possible meanings, with the most probable meaning first.
* **[Notes that Identify Figures of Speech](en/ta/translate/man/resources-fofs)** - When there is a Figure of Speech in the ULB text, then the notes will provide an explanation of how to translate that Figure of Speech. Sometimes an Alternate Translation (AT:) is provided. There will also be a link to the translationAcademy page for additional information and translation strategies to help the translator accurately translate the meaning of that type of Figure of Speech.
* **[Notes that Identify Figures of Speech](../resources-fofs/01.md)** - When there is a Figure of Speech in the ULB text, then the notes will provide an explanation of how to translate that Figure of Speech. Sometimes an Alternate Translation (AT:) is provided. There will also be a link to the translationAcademy page for additional information and translation strategies to help the translator accurately translate the meaning of that type of Figure of Speech.
* **[Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes](en/ta/translate/man/resources-iordquote)** - There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. These Notes will alert the translator to the choice that needs to be made.
* **[Notes that Identify Indirect and Direct Quotes](../resources-iordquote/01.md)** - There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation. When translating a quotation, translators need to decide whether to translate it as a direct quotation or an indirect quotation. These Notes will alert the translator to the choice that needs to be made.
* **[Notes for Long ULB Phrases](en/ta/translate/man/resources-long)** - Sometimes there are Notes that refer to a phrase and separate Notes that refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the larger phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part.
* **[Notes for Long ULB Phrases](../resources-long/01.md)** - Sometimes there are Notes that refer to a phrase and separate Notes that refer to portions of that phrase. In that case, the Note for the larger phrase is first, and the Notes for its smaller parts follow afterward. In that way, the Notes can give translation suggestions or explanations for the whole as well as each part.

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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Once you have found a good translation for a translationWord, you should use it
#### Unknown Ideas
Sometimes a translationWord refers to a thing or custom that is unknown in the target language. Possible solutions are to use a descriptive phrase, substitute something similar, use a foreign word from another language, use a more general word or use more specific words. See the lesson on [Translate Unknowns](en/ta/translate/man/translate-unknown) for more information.
Sometimes a translationWord refers to a thing or custom that is unknown in the target language. Possible solutions are to use a descriptive phrase, substitute something similar, use a foreign word from another language, use a more general word or use more specific words. See the lesson on [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for more information.
One kind of 'unknown idea' are words that refer to Jewish and Christian religious customs and beliefs. Some common unknown ideas are:

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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the bibl
### Translation Strategies
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below.
* **They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half.** (Exodus 25:10 ULB)
1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the measurements given in the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
* "They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half kubits</u>; its width will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one kubit and a half</u>."
2. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.

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@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ Do not use modern money values since these change from year to year. Using them
### Translation Strategies
The value of most money in the Old Testament was based on its weight. So when translating these weights in the Old Testament, see [Biblical Weight](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bweight).
The value of most money in the Old Testament was based on its weight. So when translating these weights in the Old Testament, see [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md).
The strategies below are for translating the value of money in the New Testament
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many coins were used.
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a note.
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
* **The one owed five hundred denarii, and the other owed fifty denarii.** (Luke 7:41 ULB)
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
* "The one owed <u>five hundred denali</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty denali</u>." (Luke 7:41 ULB)

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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to sta
#### Translation Strategies
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
* **For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath, and one homer of seed will yield only an ephah.** (Isaiah 5:10 ULB)
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
* "For four hektares of vineyard will yield only one <u>bat</u>, and one <u>homer</u> of seed will yield only an <u>efa</u>."
2. Use the measurements given in the UDB. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.

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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term "
### Translation Strategies
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
1. Use the measurements from the ULB and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note.
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below.
* **The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talents and 2,400 shekels</u>.** (Exodus 38:29 ULB)
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate))
1. Use the measurements from the ULB. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULB. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
* "The bronze from the offering weighed <u>seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles</u>."
2. Use the metric measurements given in the UDB. The translators of the UDB have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.

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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
The decimal point, or decimal comma, is a mark placed to the left of a number to show that the number refers to part of a whole number. For example .1 meter is not a whole meter but is only one tenth of a meter and .5 meter is not five meters, but is only five tenths of a meter. 3.7 meters is three and seven tenths of a meter. Numbers like these are used in the *Unlocked Dynamic Bible* (UDB).
In some countries people use a decimal point, and in other countries people use a decimal comma. So translators in countries that use a decimal comma would write "3.7 meters" as "3,7 meters." In some cultures people prefer fractions. (see [Fractions](en/ta/translate/man/translate-fraction))
In some countries people use a decimal point, and in other countries people use a decimal comma. So translators in countries that use a decimal comma would write "3.7 meters" as "3,7 meters." In some cultures people prefer fractions. (see [Fractions](../translate-fraction/01.md))
In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or fractions. When they are used with a measurement such as meters, grams, and liters, the are usually written as decimals.
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ In the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) parts of a number are written as decimals or
### Examples from the Bible
For telling about parts of a number, the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) uses fractions, and the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULB and the UDB is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bdistance), [Biblical Weight](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bweight), and [Biblical Volume](en/ta/translate/man/translate-bvolume), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULB and the UDB are not the same for these measures.
For telling about parts of a number, the Unlocked Literal Bible (ULB) uses fractions, and the Unlocked Dynamic Bible (UDB) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULB and the UDB is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULB and the UDB are not the same for these measures.
>They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>. (Exodus 25:10 ULB)
The ULB uses the fraction "half." This can also be written as a decimal: .5.

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@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ From the New Living Translation:
From the Unlocked Dynamic Bible
>Do the things that show that you have truly turned away from your sinful behavior!
Notice that these translations have changed the word order to be more natural in English. Also, the word "fruits" no longer appears. In fact, the Living Bible translation uses almost none of the words in the ULB translation. Instead, rather than "fruits," the meaning-based translations refer to "deeds" or to "the way you live." "Fruits" in this verse is used as part of a metaphor. The meaning of "fruits" in this metaphor is "the things that a person does." (See [Metaphor](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metaphor).)
Notice that these translations have changed the word order to be more natural in English. Also, the word "fruits" no longer appears. In fact, the Living Bible translation uses almost none of the words in the ULB translation. Instead, rather than "fruits," the meaning-based translations refer to "deeds" or to "the way you live." "Fruits" in this verse is used as part of a metaphor. The meaning of "fruits" in this metaphor is "the things that a person does." (See [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
So these translations translated the meaning in context, rather than just the words. They also used more understandable phrases such as "turned from sin" or "turned away from your sinful behavior" rather than the single difficult word "repentance," or they explained the word by saying, "repented of your sins and turned to God." The meaning in all of them is the same, but the form is very different. In the meaning-based translations, the meaning is much clearer.

2
translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day <u>in the first month of the year</u>, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULB)
### Translation Strategies
You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit))
You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md))
1. Tell the the number of the Hebrew month.
1. Use the months that people know.

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translate/translate-literal/01.md
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@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ Literal translations usually contain the following problems:
#### When to Translate Literally
The only time to translate literally is when translating Gateway Language Materials, such as the ULB, that will be used by Other Language translators. The purpose of the ULB is to show the translator what is in the original. Even so, the ULB is not strictly literal. It is a modified literal translation that uses the target language grammar so that readers can understand it (see the lesson [Modified Literal Translation](en/ta/translate/man/translate-modifyliteral)). For the places where the ULB uses the original expressions in the Bible that may be difficult to understand, we have provided the translationNotes to explain them.
The only time to translate literally is when translating Gateway Language Materials, such as the ULB, that will be used by Other Language translators. The purpose of the ULB is to show the translator what is in the original. Even so, the ULB is not strictly literal. It is a modified literal translation that uses the target language grammar so that readers can understand it (see the lesson [Modified Literal Translation](../translate-modifyliteral/01.md)). For the places where the ULB uses the original expressions in the Bible that may be difficult to understand, we have provided the translationNotes to explain them.

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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This manual teaches translation theory and how to make a good translation for Ot
Some highlights in the Translation Manual:
* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-intro) - defining a good translation
* [The Translation Process](en/ta/translate/man/translate-process) - how to achieve a good translation
* [Choosing a Translation Team](en/ta/translate/man/choose-team) - some items to consider before starting a translation project
* [Choosing What to Translate](en/ta/translate/man/translation-difficulty) - what to start translating
* [The Qualities of a Good Translation](../guidelines-intro/01.md) - defining a good translation
* [The Translation Process](../translate-process/01.md) - how to achieve a good translation
* [Choosing a Translation Team](../choose-team/01.md) - some items to consider before starting a translation project
* [Choosing What to Translate](../translation-difficulty/01.md) - what to start translating

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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Here the writer explains the meanings of Melchizedek's name and title, because t
### Reasons this is a translation issue
* Readers may not know some of the names in the Bible. They may not know whether a name refers to a person or place or something else.
* Readers may need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand the passage.
* Some names may have different sounds or combinations of sounds that are not used in your language or are unpleasant to say in your language. For strategies to address this problem, see [Borrow Words](en/ta/translate/man/translate-transliterate).
* Some names may have different sounds or combinations of sounds that are not used in your language or are unpleasant to say in your language. For strategies to address this problem, see [Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md).
* Some people and places in the Bible have two names. Readers may not realize that two names refer to the same person or place.
### Examples from the Bible

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@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ If the translator does not understand the original language, he will have to use
Consider the example below. A translator uses a Swahili New Testament as the source for a new target language translation. However, the particular Swahili Bible version he is using was actually translated from English — not directly from the Greek (the original language of the NT). So it is possible that some of the meaning has changed in the chain of translation from the original to the target languages.
![](http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/ol2sl2sl2tl_small_600-174.png)
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/ol2sl2sl2tl_small_600-174.png)
The only way to make sure the translation is as accurate as possible is to compare the new translation with the original languages. Where this is not possible, use the ULB as the source text, along with other Bible translations that were translated from the original languages.

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translate/translate-process/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
There are two things to do in translation:
1. Discover the meaning in the source language text (See: [Discover the Meaning of the Text](en/ta/translate/man/translate-discover))
1. Re-tell the meaning in the target language translation (See: [Re-telling the Meaning](en/ta/translate/man/translate-retell))
1. Discover the meaning in the source language text (See: [Discover the Meaning of the Text](../translate-discover/01.md))
1. Re-tell the meaning in the target language translation (See: [Re-telling the Meaning](../translate-retell/01.md))
Instructions for translation sometimes divide these two things into smaller steps. The graphic below shows how these two fit into the translation process.
![](http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/translation_process.png)
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/translation_process.png)

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translate/translate-retell/01.md
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@ -11,4 +11,6 @@ Following is a list of ordered steps. The purpose of these steps is to help the
1. Once written, look at the source language to see if you have overlooked some detail. Insert any such detail in the most natural place.
1. If you do not understand something in the source text, write into the translation '[not understood]' and continue writing the rest of the passage.
1. Now, read what you wrote. Assess whether you understand it or not. Fix the parts that should be improved.
1. Go on to the next section. Read it in the source language. Strictly follow steps 2 through 8.
1. Go on to the next section. Read it in the source language. Strictly follow steps 2 through 8.
Credits: Used by permission, © 2013, SIL International, Sharing Our Native Culture, p. 59.

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translate/translate-source-text/01.md
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@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
When choosing a source text, there are a number of factors that must be considered:
* **[Statement of Faith](en/ta/intro/man/statement-of-faith)** - Is the text in line with the Statement of Faith?
* **[Translation Guidelines](en/ta/intro/man/translation-guidelines)** - Is the text in line with the Translation Guidelines?
* **[Statement of Faith](../../intro/statement-of-faith/01.md)** - Is the text in line with the Statement of Faith?
* **[Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md)** - Is the text in line with the Translation Guidelines?
* **Language** - Is the text in a suitable language that translators and checkers understand well?
* **[Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](en/ta/translate/man/translate-source-licensing)** - Is the text released under a license that gives sufficient legal freedom?
* **[Source Texts and Version Numbers](en/ta/translate/man/translate-source-version)** - Is the text the latest, most updated version?
* **[The Original and Source Languages](en/ta/translate/man/translate-original)** - Does the translation team understand the difference between source languages and original languages?
* **[Original Manuscripts](en/ta/translate/man/translate-manuscripts)** - Does the translation team understand about Original Manuscripts and [Textual Variants](en/ta/translate/man/translate-textvariants)?
* **[Copyrights, Licensing, and Source Texts](../translate-source-licensing/01.md)** - Is the text released under a license that gives sufficient legal freedom?
* **[Source Texts and Version Numbers](../translate-source-version/01.md)** - Is the text the latest, most updated version?
* **[The Original and Source Languages](../translate-original/01.md)** - Does the translation team understand the difference between source languages and original languages?
* **[Original Manuscripts](../translate-manuscripts/01.md)** - Does the translation team understand about Original Manuscripts and [Textual Variants](../translate-textvariants/01.md)?
It is important the the leaders of the churches in the language group agree that the source text is a good one. The Open Bible Stories are available in many source languages on http://ufw.io/stories/. There are also translations of the Bible there to be used as sources for translation in English, and soon other languages, as well.

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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Before starting a translation project, please ensure that you have the latest ve
Version numbers are only given when a work is released, not when they are edited. Revision history is kept in Door43, but this is different than a work being given a version number.
![](http://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/versioning.jpg)
![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/versioning.jpg)
Each source text is given a whole number for each release (version 1, 2, 3, etc). Any translations based on that source text will take the version number of the source text and add .1 (a translation from English OBS version 4 would become version 4.1). Any further translation based on the intermediate translation would add another .1 to the version number it was created from (for example 4.1.1). New releases of any of these texts increment their "decimal place" by 1.

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@ -15,4 +15,6 @@ Look at the pairs of sentences below.
* Peter's house / The house that belongs to Peter
You can see that the meaning of each pair of sentences is the same, even though they use different words. This is the way it is in a good translation. We will use different words than the source text, but we will keep the meaning the same. We will use words that our people understand and use them in a way that is natural for our language. Communicating the same meaning as the source text in a clear and natural way is the goal of translation.
You can see that the meaning of each pair of sentences is the same, even though they use different words. This is the way it is in a good translation. We will use different words than the source text, but we will keep the meaning the same. We will use words that our people understand and use them in a way that is natural for our language. Communicating the same meaning as the source text in a clear and natural way is the goal of translation.
Credits: Example sentences from Barnwell, pp. 19-20, (c) SIL International 1986, used by permission.

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translate/translate-transliterate/01.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
Sometimes the Bible includes things that are not part of your culture and that your language may not have a word for. It also includes people and places that you may not have names for.
When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns.](en/ta/translate/man/translate-unknown).)
When that happens you can "borrow" the word from the Bible into your own language. This means that you basically copy it from the other language. This page tells how to "borrow" words. (There are also other ways to translate words for things that are not in your language. See [Translate Unknowns.](../translate-unknown/01.md).)
### Examples from the Bible

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@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
* **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but are truly <u>ravenous wolves</u>.** (Matthew 7:15 ULB)
* Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep's clothing, but <u>are truly hungry and dangerous animals</u>.
"Ravenous wolves" is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metaphor).)
"Ravenous wolves" is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
* **We have here only five <u>loaves of bread</u> and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULB)
* We have here only five <u>loaves of baked grain seeds</u> and two fish

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translate/translate-useulbudb/01.md
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The ULB tries to present ideas **in the same order** as they appear in the sourc
The UDB tries to present ideas in an order that is more natural in English, or that follows the order of logic or the order of sequence in time.
When you translate, you should put ideas into an order that is natural in the target language. (see [Order of Events](en/ta/translate/man/figs-events))
When you translate, you should put ideas into an order that is natural in the target language. (see [Order of Events](../figs-events/01.md))
<blockquote><sup>1</sup> Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God...<sup>7</sup> This letter is to all who are in Rome, the beloved of God. (Romans 1:1,7 ULB)</blockquote>
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ The ULB often presents ideas that **imply** or **assume** other ideas that are i
The UDB often makes those other ideas explicit. The UDB does this in order to remind you that you should perhaps do the same in your translation if you think that your audience will need to know this information in order to understand the text.
When you translate, you should decide which of these implied ideas would be understood by your audience without being included. If your audience understands these ideas without including them in the text, then you do not need to make those ideas explicit. Remember also that you might even offend your audience if you needlessly present implied ideas that they would understand anyway. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](en/ta/translate/man/figs-explicit))
When you translate, you should decide which of these implied ideas would be understood by your audience without being included. If your audience understands these ideas without including them in the text, then you do not need to make those ideas explicit. Remember also that you might even offend your audience if you needlessly present implied ideas that they would understand anyway. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md))
>And Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid, because <u>from now on you will catch men</u>." (Luke 5:10 ULB)
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Here the UDB makes it clear that the man who had leprosy did not fall to the gro
The ULB often simply presents the symbolic action with no explanation of what it means. The UDB often presents the meaning expressed by the symbolic action as well.
When you translate, you should decide whether your audience will correctly understand a symbolic action. If your audience will not understand, then you should do as the UDB does. (see [Symbolic Action](en/ta/translate/man/translate-symaction))
When you translate, you should decide whether your audience will correctly understand a symbolic action. If your audience will not understand, then you should do as the UDB does. (see [Symbolic Action](../translate-symaction/01.md))
>The high priest <u>tore his</u> garments (Mark 14:63 ULB)
<blockquote>In response to Jesus' words, the high priest <u>was so shocked</u> that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UDB)</blockquote>
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Here the symbolic action "lift up someone's face," represented in this way in th
Both Biblical Hebrew and Greek often use passive verb forms, while many other languages do not have that possibility. The ULB tries to use passive verb forms when the original languages use them. However, the UDB usually does not use these passive verb forms. As a result, the UDB **restructures** many phrases.
When you translate, you must decide whether the target language can present events or states using a passive expression, as in the following examples. If you cannot use a passive verb form in a particular context, then you may find in the UDB one possible way to restructure the phrase. (see [Active or Passive](en/ta/translate/man/figs-activepassive))
When you translate, you must decide whether the target language can present events or states using a passive expression, as in the following examples. If you cannot use a passive verb form in a particular context, then you may find in the UDB one possible way to restructure the phrase. (see [Active or Passive](../figs-activepassive/01.md))
### Examples from the Bible
@ -90,26 +90,26 @@ When you translate, you will have to decide whether the target language readers
<blockquote>Christ has <u>given you so many things</u>. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UDB)</blockquote>
Paul uses a metaphor of material wealth, expressed in the word "rich." Even though he immediately explains what he means "in all speech and with all knowledge," some readers might not understand. The UDB presents the idea in a different way, without using the metaphor of material wealth. (see [Metaphor](en/ta/translate/man/figs-metaphor))
Paul uses a metaphor of material wealth, expressed in the word "rich." Even though he immediately explains what he means "in all speech and with all knowledge," some readers might not understand. The UDB presents the idea in a different way, without using the metaphor of material wealth. (see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))
>I send you out <u>as sheep in the midst of wolves</u>, (Matthew 10:16 ULB)
<blockquote>When I send you out, you will be <u>as defenseless as sheep, among people who are as dangerous as wolves</u>. (Matthew 10:16 UDB)</blockquote>
Jesus uses a simile that compares his apostles going to others as sheep going out among wolves. Some readers might not understand how the apostles would be like sheep while the other people would be like wolves. The UDB clarifies that the apostles would be defenseless, and that their enemies would be dangerous. (see [Simile](en/ta/translate/man/figs-simile))
Jesus uses a simile that compares his apostles going to others as sheep going out among wolves. Some readers might not understand how the apostles would be like sheep while the other people would be like wolves. The UDB clarifies that the apostles would be defenseless, and that their enemies would be dangerous. (see [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md))
>You are separated from Christ, all <u>you who are "justified" by the law</u>. You have fallen away from grace. (Galatians 5:4 ULB)
<blockquote><u>If you expect God to declare you good in his sight because you try to keep the law</u>, you have separated yourself from Christ; God will no longer act kindly toward you. (Galatians 5:4 UDB)</blockquote>
Paul uses irony when he refers to them as being justified by the law. He had already taught them that no one can be justified by the law. The ULB uses quote marks around "justified" to show that Paul did not really believe that they were justified by the law. The UDB translates the same idea by making it clear that it was what the other people believed. (see [Irony](en/ta/translate/man/figs-irony))
Paul uses irony when he refers to them as being justified by the law. He had already taught them that no one can be justified by the law. The ULB uses quote marks around "justified" to show that Paul did not really believe that they were justified by the law. The UDB translates the same idea by making it clear that it was what the other people believed. (see [Irony](../figs-irony/01.md))
### Abstract Expressions
The ULB often uses abstract nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech, because it tries to closely resemble the biblical texts.
The UDB tries not to use such abstract expressions, because many languages do not use abstract expressions.
When you translate, you will have to decide how the target language prefers to present these ideas. (see [Abstract Nouns](en/ta/translate/man/figs-abstractnouns))
When you translate, you will have to decide how the target language prefers to present these ideas. (see [Abstract Nouns](../figs-abstractnouns/01.md))
>He has made you rich in every way, in <u>all speech</u> and with <u>all knowledge</u>. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULB)

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@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ A word-for-word translation process might use the same word in both verses, even
#### Figures of Speech
Finally, figures of speech are not conveyed correctly in a word-for-word translation. Figures of speech have meanings that are different from the individual words that they are made up of. When they are translated word-for-word, the meaning of the figure of speech is lost. Even if they are translated so that they follow the normal word order of the target language, readers will not understand their meaning. See the [Figures of Speech](en/ta/translate/man/figs-intro) page to learn how to correctly translate them.
Finally, figures of speech are not conveyed correctly in a word-for-word translation. Figures of speech have meanings that are different from the individual words that they are made up of. When they are translated word-for-word, the meaning of the figure of speech is lost. Even if they are translated so that they follow the normal word order of the target language, readers will not understand their meaning. See the [Figures of Speech](../figs-intro/01.md) page to learn how to correctly translate them.

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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Translators can aim their translation at young mothers and their children who sp
1. They do not try to transliterate common Bible words from other languages into the target language. For example, this means that they will not try to transform the Bible word "synagogue" into something like "sinagog" and then try to teach its meaning to the people. They will not try to transform the Bible word "angel" into something like "enjel" and then try to teach its meaning to the target language readers.
2. They do not try to invent new words to signal ideas that they find in the Bible. For example, if the target language has no word that signals all the aspects included in "grace" or "sanctify," translators do not make up new words for them. Instead, they will find phrases suitable for expressing the main part of the word's meaning in the Bible passage that they are working on.
3. They remember not to take known words in the target language and stuff them with new meaning. They know that if they try this, the people will simply ignore the new meaning. As a result, the people will misunderstand the meaning that you want the text to communicate.
4. They remember to express the biblical ideas in ways that are clear and natural. (See: [Create Clear Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-clear), [Create Natural Translations](en/ta/translate/man/guidelines-natural))
4. They remember to express the biblical ideas in ways that are clear and natural. (See: [Create Clear Translations](../guidelines-clear/01.md), [Create Natural Translations](../guidelines-natural/01.md))
When translators follow these rules, we call the result a common language version. If you are working to provide a language with its first Bible, then we recommend that you follow these guidelines. Common language versions in English include Today's English Version and The Common English Bible. But remember that your target language will probably want to express many ideas in ways that are very different from what you find in these English versions.

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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ There are different kinds or types of writing, and each type of writing has its
The following are four basic types of writing that exist in every language. Each type of writing has a different purpose.
* **Narrative** or **[Parable](en/ta/translate/man/figs-parables)** - tells a story or event
* **Narrative** or **[Parable](../figs-parables/01.md)** - tells a story or event
* **Explanatory** - explains facts or teaches principles
* **Procedural** - tells how to do something
* **Argumentative** - tries to persuade someone to do something
@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ Every language has its own way of organizing these different types of writing. T
The following are ways of writing that may combine with the four basic types above. These writing styles often present challenges in translation.
* **[Poetry](en/ta/translate/man/writing-poetry)** - expresses ideas and feelings in a beautiful way
* **[Proverbs](en/ta/translate/man/writing-proverbs)** - briefly teaches a truth or wisdom
* **[Symbolic Language](en/ta/translate/man/writing-symlanguage)** - uses symbols to represent things and events
* **[Symbolic Prophecy](en/ta/translate/man/writing-apocalypticwriting)** - uses symbolic language to show what will happen in the future
* **[Hypothetical Situations](en/ta/translate/man/figs-hypo)** - tells about what would happen if something were real or expresses an emotion about something that is not real
* **[Poetry](../writing-poetry/01.md)** - expresses ideas and feelings in a beautiful way
* **[Proverbs](../writing-proverbs/01.md)** - briefly teaches a truth or wisdom
* **[Symbolic Language](../writing-symlanguage/01.md)** - uses symbols to represent things and events
* **[Symbolic Prophecy](../writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md)** - uses symbolic language to show what will happen in the future
* **[Hypothetical Situations](../figs-hypo/01.md)** - tells about what would happen if something were real or expresses an emotion about something that is not real
### Discourse Features
@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ Languages have different ways of using these different discourse features. The t
### Specific discourse issues
1. **[Introduction of a New Event](en/ta/translate/man/writing-newevent)** - Phrases like "One day" or "It came about that" or "This is how it happened" or "Sometime after that" signal to the reader that a new event is about to be told.
1. **[Introduction of New and Old Participants](en/ta/translate/man/writing-participants)** - Languages have ways of introducing new people and of referring to those people again.
1. **[Background Information](en/ta/translate/man/writing-background)** - An author may use background information for several reasons: 1) to add interest to the story, 2) to provide information that is important for understanding the story or 3) to explain why something in the story is important.
1. **[Pronouns - When to Use Them](en/ta/translate/man/writing-pronouns)** - Languages have patterns for how frequently to use pronouns. If that pattern is not followed, wrong meaning can result.
2. **[End of Story](en/ta/translate/man/writing-endofstory)** - Stories can end with various kinds of information. Languages have different ways of showing how that information is related to the story.
1. **[Quotations and Quote Margins](en/ta/translate/man/writing-quotations)** - Languages have different ways of reporting what someone said.
1. **[Connecting Words](en/ta/translate/man/writing-connectingwords)** - Languages have patterns for how to use connecting words (such as "and," "but," or "then").
1. **[Introduction of a New Event](../writing-newevent/01.md)** - Phrases like "One day" or "It came about that" or "This is how it happened" or "Sometime after that" signal to the reader that a new event is about to be told.
1. **[Introduction of New and Old Participants](../writing-participants/01.md)** - Languages have ways of introducing new people and of referring to those people again.
1. **[Background Information](../writing-background/01.md)** - An author may use background information for several reasons: 1) to add interest to the story, 2) to provide information that is important for understanding the story or 3) to explain why something in the story is important.
1. **[Pronouns - When to Use Them](../writing-pronouns/01.md)** - Languages have patterns for how frequently to use pronouns. If that pattern is not followed, wrong meaning can result.
2. **[End of Story](../writing-endofstory/01.md)** - Stories can end with various kinds of information. Languages have different ways of showing how that information is related to the story.
1. **[Quotations and Quote Margins](../writing-quotations/01.md)** - Languages have different ways of reporting what someone said.
1. **[Connecting Words](../writing-connectingwords/01.md)** - Languages have patterns for how to use connecting words (such as "and," "but," or "then").

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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is hap
If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant's name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2.
> Then <u>Manoah</u> prayed to Yahweh... (Judges 13:8 ULB)
Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](en/ta/translate/man/figs-verbs))
Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))
### Translation Strategies

10
translate/writing-poetry/01.md
View File

@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
#### Some things commonly found in poetry
* Many figures of speech such as [Apostrophe](en/ta/translate/man/figs-apostrophe).
* Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](en/ta/translate/man/figs-parallelism) and [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](en/ta/translate/man/figs-synonparallelism))
* Many figures of speech such as [Apostrophe](../figs-apostrophe/01.md).
* Parallel lines (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md) and [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md))
* Repetition of some or all of a line
* **Praise him, all his angels; praise him, all his angel armies. Praise him, sun and moon; praise him, all you shining stars.** (Psalm 148:2-3 ULB)
* Lines of similar length.
@ -44,15 +44,15 @@ The Bible uses poetry for songs, teaching, and prophecy. Almost all of the books
>for you saw my affliction;
>you knew the distress of my soul. (Psalm 31:7 ULB)
This example of [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](en/ta/translate/man/figs-synonparallelism) has two lines that mean the same thing.
This example of [Parallelism with the Same Meaning](../figs-synonparallelism/01.md) has two lines that mean the same thing.
>Yahweh, judge the nations;
>vindicate me, Yahweh, because I am righteous and innocent, Most High.
This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](en/ta/translate/man/figs-parallelism))
This example of parallelism shows the contrast between what David wants God to do to him and what he wants God to do to the unrighteous nations. (see [Parallelism](../figs-parallelism/01.md))
>Keep your servant also from arrogant sins;
>let them not rule over me. (Psalm 19:13 ULB)
This example of personification speaks of sins as if they could rule over a person. (see [Personification](en/ta/translate/man/figs-personification))
This example of personification speaks of sins as if they could rule over a person. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
>Oh, give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
>Oh, give thanks to the God of gods, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever.
>Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords, for his covenant faithfulness endures forever. (Psalm 136:1-3 ULB)