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361-368 Looking at edits for ULB intro (ULB Appendix)

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@ -20,20 +20,20 @@ The ULB is intended to be used with other resources that help to clarify the mea
## Notes About Making a "Relatively Literal" Translation
* It is not possible to maintain a one-for-one correspondence between words in translation. One word from the source language may require a phrase for its translation in the target language, and vice-versa.
* It is not possible to translate every word the same way every time it occurs and still have the correct meaning. So the ULB seeks to translate words with the meaning that they have in their context, using whatever English word or phrase is closest to that meaning.
* Both Greek and Hebrew can make a sentence without using a verb, while English cannot. For the ULB to make sense, the verb will always be supplied. (Usually the verb is "is").
* Greek makes abundant use of participial clauses. For the English of the ULB to make sense, often these must be changed to relative clauses or adverbial clauses.
* In the ULB, the grammatical structures of the original languages are retained unless the English would be ungrammatical or easily misunderstood.
* It is not possible to translate every word the same way every time it occurs and still have the correct meaning. Words need to be translated with the meaning that they have in their context, using whatever English word or phrase is closest to that meaning.
* Both Greek and Hebrew can make a sentence without using a verb, while English cannot. For it to make sense in English, a verb needs to be supplied. (Usually the verb is "is").
* Sometimes the grammatical structures of the original languages would be ungrammatical or easily misunderstood if used in English. In those cases other grammatical structures need to be used.
* Greek makes abundant use of participial clauses. For the English to make sense, often these need to be changed to relative clauses or adverbial clauses.
## Characteristics of the Form of the English ULB
The English ULB translates the meaning of the original texts while seeking to use the language forms of those texts. The following statements are true of the English ULB **as long as** the original language text could be translated into English in a way that is grammatical, reasonably natural and reasonably understandable.
* The ULB reflects the grammatical structures that were used in the original language texts.
* The ULB reflects the parts of speech that were used in the original language texts. For example, when the original text has an abstract noun, the ULB usually expresses the same idea with an abstract noun rather than with a verb or adjective.
* The ULB reflects the semantically complex vocabulary of the original language texts.
* The ULB reproduces the form of the logical connections in the original language texts without explaining what the connection means.
The English ULB translates the meaning of the original texts while seeking to use the language forms of those texts. The following statements describe what the English ULB tends to do as a relatively literal translation.
* The ULB often reflects the grammatical structures that were used in the original language texts.
* The ULB usually reflects the parts of speech that were used in the original language texts. For example, when the original text has an abstract noun, the ULB usually expresses the same idea with an abstract noun rather than with a verb or adjective.
* The ULB translates many of the Hebrew and Greek technical terms related to religion and law with corresponding technical terms in English. Some examples are transgression, iniquity, redemption, gospel, and grace.
* The ULB places clauses in the order that the original language texts placed them.
* The ULB leaves implied what was left implied in the original language texts.
* The ULB usually leaves implied what was left implied in the original language texts. If leaving the information implied will likely lead to confusion, the ULB makes the information explicit.
* When expressions in the original language texts are ambiguous or unclear, the ULB often keeps the ambiguity or lack of clarity, instead of choosing a particular meaning.
* The ULB sometimes uses names instead of pronouns, particularly at the beginning of chapters.
## Decisions Concerning the ULB
The following are decisions that have been made concerning the ULB. This is not a comprehensive list, but it is here to help those who might wonder why the ULB is as it is.