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checking/authority-process/01.md
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#### Accountability #### Accountability
The Bible belongs to the Church historic (throughout history) and universal (throughout the world). Every part of the Church is accountable to every other part of the Church in how we interpret, proclaim, and live what the Bible says. In regard to Bible translation, each language of the world will have its own way of expressing the meaning that the Bible contains. Even so, the part of the Church that speaks each language is accountable to the other parts of the Church for how they express that meaning. For that reason, those who translate the Bible must study how others have translated it. They must be guided by and open to correction from others who are experts in biblical languages and how the Church has understood and interpreted the Bible through history. The Bible belongs to the global Church, meaning all Christians throughout history and throughout the world. Every part of the Church is accountable to every other part of the Church for how we interpret, proclaim, and live what the Bible says. In regard to Bible translation, each language of the world will have its own way of expressing the meaning that the Bible contains. Even so, the part of the Church that speaks each language is accountable to the other parts of the Church for how they express that meaning. For that reason, those who translate the Bible must study how others have translated it. They must be guided by and open to correction from others who are experts in biblical languages and how the Church has understood and interpreted the Bible through history.
#### Authority and Capacity #### Authority and Capacity
With the above understanding, we also affirm that the church that speaks each language has the authority to decide for themselves what is and what is not a good quality translation of the Bible in their language. While this authority to check and approve a Bible translation is unchanging, the ability to carry out the process of checking a Bible translation can increase over time. In other words, the authority for determining the quality of a Bible translation belongs to the church that speaks the language of the translation, independent of their current ability, experience, or access to resources that facilitate the checking of the Bible translation. So while the church in a language group has the authority to check and approve their own Bible translation, the unfoldingWord® tools, including these modules of unfoldingWord® Translation Academy, are designed to enable the church in each language group to have the capacity to check the quality of their Bible translation using an excellent process. These tools are designed to give the church in each language group access to some of what Bible experts have said about the Bible and how those in other parts of the Church have translated it into other languages. With the above understanding, we also affirm that the church that speaks each language has the authority to decide for themselves what is and what is not a good quality translation of the Bible in their language. While this authority to check and approve a Bible translation is unchanging, the ability to carry out the process of checking a Bible translation can increase over time. In other words, the authority for determining the quality of a Bible translation belongs to the church that speaks the language of the translation, independent of their current ability, experience, or access to resources that facilitate the checking of the Bible translation. So while the church in a language group has the authority to check and approve their own Bible translation, the unfoldingWord® tools (including these modules of unfoldingWord® Translation Academy) are designed to enable the church in each language group to have the capacity to check the quality of their Bible translation using an excellent process. These tools are designed to give the church in each language group access to some of what Bible experts have said about the Bible and how those in other parts of the Church have translated it into other languages.
The process for checking a translation will be described in the rest of this Checking Manual. The process for checking a translation will be described in the rest of this Checking Manual.

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checking/goal-checking/01.md
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### Why Check? ### Why Check?
The goal of checking is to help the translation team produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church. The translation team also wants to achieve this goal. This might seem easy, but it is actually very difficult to do, and takes many people and many, many revisions to the translation to achieve. For this reason, the checkers play a very important role in helping the translation team to produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church. The goal of checking is to help the translation team produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church. The translation team also wants to achieve this goal. This might seem easy, but it is actually very difficult to do, and achieving it takes many people and many, many revisions to the translation. For this reason, the checkers play a very important role in helping the translation team to produce a translation that is accurate, natural, clear, and accepted by the church.
#### Accurate #### Accurate

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checking/intro-check/01.md
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@ -6,6 +6,6 @@ This manual describes how to check Bible translations in Other Languages (OLs) f
The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the translation team will use to check each other’s work. These checks include the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md) and the [Team Oral Chunk Check](../vol2-intro/01.md). Then there are instructions for the translation team to use for checking the translation with the translationCore software. These include the [Translation Words Check](../important-term-check/01.md) and the [Translation Notes check](../trans-note-check/01.md). The manual begins with instructions for checking the translation that the translation team will use to check each other’s work. These checks include the [Oral Partner Check](../peer-check/01.md) and the [Team Oral Chunk Check](../vol2-intro/01.md). Then there are instructions for the translation team to use for checking the translation with the translationCore software. These include the [Translation Words Check](../important-term-check/01.md) and the [Translation Notes check](../trans-note-check/01.md).
After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that. After this, the translation team will need to check the translation with the [Language Community](../language-community-check/01.md) for clarity and naturalness. This is necessary because other speakers of the language can often suggest better ways of saying things that the translation team may not have thought of. Sometimes the translation team makes the translation sound strange because they are following the words of the source language too closely. Other speakers of the language can help them fix that.
Another check that the translation team can do at this point is the OL pastor or [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language. Another check that the translation team can do at this point is [Church Leader Check](../accuracy-check/01.md) (or OL pastor check). Since the OL pastors are familiar with the Bible in the Gateway Language (GL), they can check the translation for accuracy to the GL Bible. They can also catch mistakes that the translation team did not see because the translation team is so close to and involved in their work. Also, the translation team may lack some of the expertise or knowledge of the Bible that other OL pastors might have who are not part of the translation team. In this way, the whole language community can work together to make sure that the Bible translation is accurate, clear, and natural in the target language.
A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak. A further check for the accuracy of the Bible translation is to align it to the original languages of the Bible using the [Word Alignment](../alignment-tool/01.md) tool in Translation Core. After all of these checks have been performed and the translation has been aligned, the leaders of the OL church networks will want to [Review](../vol2-steps/01.md) the translation and give their [Endorsement](../level3-approval/01.md). Because many leaders of church networks do not speak the language of the translation, there are also instructions for creating a [Back Translation](../vol2-backtranslation/01.md), which allows people to check a translation in a language that they do not speak.

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As part of the translation process, it is necessary that several people check the translation to make sure that it is clearly communicating the message that it should communicate. A beginning translator who was told to check his translation once said, “But I speak my native language perfectly. The translation is for that language. What more is needed?” What he said was true, but there are two more things to keep in mind. As part of the translation process, it is necessary that several people check the translation to make sure that it is clearly communicating the message that it should communicate. A beginning translator who was told to check his translation once said, “But I speak my native language perfectly. The translation is for that language. What more is needed?” What he said was true, but there are two more things to keep in mind.
One thing is that he may not have understood the source text correctly, and so someone who knows what it should say might be able to correct the translation. This could be because he did not correctly understand a phrase or expression in the source language. In this case, someone else who understands the source language well can correct the translation. First, he may not have understood the source text correctly, and so someone who knows what it should say might be able to correct the translation. This could be because he did not correctly understand a phrase or expression in the source language. In this case, someone else who understands the source language well can correct the translation.
Or it could be that he did not understand something about what the Bible meant to communicate at a certain place. In this case, someone who knows the Bible well, such as a Bible teacher or a Bible translation checker, can correct the translation. Or it could be that he did not understand something about what the Bible meant to communicate at a certain place. In this case, someone who knows the Bible well, such as a Bible teacher or a Bible translation checker, can correct the translation.
The other thing is that, although the translator may know very well what the text should say, the way he translated it might mean something else to a different person. That is, another person might think that the translation is talking about something other than what the translator intended, or the person hearing or reading the translation might not understand what the translator was trying to say. Secondly, although the translator may know very well what the text should say, the way he translated it might mean something else to a different person. That is, another person might think that the translation is talking about something other than what the translator intended. Or the person hearing or reading the translation might not understand what the translator was trying to say.
It often happens when one person writes a sentence and then another person reads it (or sometimes even if the first person reads it again later), that they understand it to say something different from what the writer meant. Take the following sentence as an example. It often happens when one person writes a sentence and then another person reads it (or sometimes even if the first person reads it again later), that they understand it to say something different from what the writer meant. Take the following sentence as an example.
John took Peter to the temple and then he went home. "John took Peter to the temple and then he went home."
In his mind when he wrote it, the writer meant that Peter went home, but the reader thought that the writer probably meant that it was John who went home. The sentence needs to be changed so that it is more clear. In his mind when he wrote it, the writer meant that Peter went home, but the reader thought that the writer probably meant that it was John who went home. The sentence needs to be changed so that it is more clear.
Also, the translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that we can make it more accurate and more clear. Finally, a translation team is very close to and involved in their work, and so they sometimes do not see mistakes that others can see more easily. For these reasons, it is always necessary to check what someone else understands from the translation so that you (the translator) can make it more accurate and more clear.
This Checking Manual is a guide to the process of checking. It will guide you through several kinds of checks that will allow you to fix these problems. We believe that having many people doing a variety of different checks will result in a faster checking process, allow broad church participation and ownership, and produce better translations. This Checking Manual is a guide to the process of checking. It will guide you through several kinds of checks that will allow you to fix these problems. We believe that having many people doing a variety of different checks will result in a faster checking process, allow broad church participation and ownership, and produce better translations.

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### How to do an Oral Partner Check ### How to do an Oral Partner Check
At this point, you have already gone through the steps of drafting at least one chapter of your translation, following the guidelines in the module called [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md). Now you are ready for others to help you to check it, to find any errors or problems, and to make it better. The translator or translation team should check their translation before they translate very many stories or chapters of the Bible, so that they can correct mistakes as early as possible in the translation process. Many of the steps in this process will need to be done several times before the translation is finished. To do an Oral Partner Check, follow these steps. At this point, you (the translator) should have already gone through the steps of drafting at least one chapter of your translation, following the guidelines in the module called [First Draft](../../translate/first-draft/01.md). Now you are ready for others to help you to check it, to find any errors or problems, and to make it better. You (or your translation team) should check your translation before you translate very many stories or chapters of the Bible, so that you can correct mistakes as early as possible in the translation process. Many of the steps in this process will need to be done several times before the translation is finished. To do an Oral Partner Check, follow these steps.
* Read your translation to a partner (a member of the translation team) who did not work on this passage. * Read your translation to a partner (a member of the translation team) who did not work on this passage.
* The partner can listen first for naturalness (without looking at the source text) and tell you which parts do not sound natural in your language. Together, you can think of how someone would say that meaning in your language. * The partner can listen first for naturalness (without looking at the source text) and tell you which parts do not sound natural in your language. Together, you can think of how someone would say that meaning in your language.
* Use those ideas to change the unnatural parts of your translation to be more natural. For more information, see [Natural](../natural/01.md). * Use those ideas to change the unnatural parts of your translation to be more natural. For more information, see [Natural](../natural/01.md).
* Then read the passage to your partner again. This time, the partner can check for accuracy by listening to the translation while following along in the source text. The purpose of this step is to make sure that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the original story or Bible passage. * Then read the passage to your partner again. This time, the partner can check for accuracy by listening to the translation while following along in the source text. The purpose of this step is to make sure that the translation accurately communicates the meaning of the original story or Bible passage.
* Your partner can tell you if there is any part where something was added, missing, or changed when compared to the source text. * Your partner can tell you if there is any part where something was added, was missing, or was changed when compared to the source text.
* Correct those parts of the translation. * Correct those parts of the translation.
* It can also be useful to do accuracy checking with members of the community who are not part of the translation team. They should be speakers of the language of the translation, be respected in the community, and, if possible, know the Bible well in the source language. These checkers will be helping the translation team to think about the best way to translate the meaning of the story or Bible passage in their own language. Having more than one person checking a Bible passage in this way can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things. * It can also be useful to do accuracy checking with members of the community who are not part of the translation team. They should be speakers of the language of the translation, be respected in the community, and, if possible, know the Bible well in the source language. These checkers can help the translation team to think about the best way to translate the meaning of the story or Bible passage in their own language. Having more than one person checking a Bible passage in this way can be helpful, because often different checkers will notice different things.
* For more help with checking for accuracy, see [Accuracy-Check](../accuracy-check/01.md). * For more help with checking for accuracy, see [Accuracy-Check](../accuracy-check/01.md).
* If you are unsure about something, ask other members of the translation team. * If you are unsure about something, ask other members of the translation team.

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checking/team-oral-chunk-check/01.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ To check the translation of a passage or chapter as a team, do a Team Oral Chunk
The duties of the team members are divided - it is important that each team member only plays one of the following roles at a time. The duties of the team members are divided - it is important that each team member only plays one of the following roles at a time.
1. One or more team members listen for naturalness. If something is unnatural, at the end of reading the chunk, they recommend a more natural way to say it. 1. One or more team members listen for naturalness. If something is unnatural, at the end of reading the chunk, they recommend a more natural way to say it.
1. One or more team members follow along in the source text, noting anything that is added, missing, or changed. At the end of reading the chunk, they alert the team that something is added, missing, or changed. 1. One or more team members follow along in the source text, noting anything that is added, is missing, or is changed. At the end of reading the chunk, they alert the team that something was added, was missing, or was changed.
1. Another team member follows along in the report mode of translationCore, noting all of the highlighted key terms in the source text. The team then discusses any key terms in the translation that seem inconsistent or inappropriate, along with any other problems that surface in the reading. If this mode is not available, this team member can look up the key terms on the team’s key term spreadsheet. 1. Another team member follows along in the report mode of translationCore, noting all of the highlighted key terms in the source text. The team then discusses any key terms in the translation that seem inconsistent or inappropriate, along with any other problems that surface in the reading. If this mode is not available, this team member can look up the key terms on the team’s key term spreadsheet.
These steps can be repeated as necessary until the team is satisfied with their translation. These steps can be repeated as necessary until the team is satisfied with their translation.

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@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
(1) Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md)) (1) Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred denali</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty denali</u>.” (Luke 7:41 ULT) >> “The one owed <u>five hundred denali</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty denali</u>.”
(2) Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used. (2) Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used.
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred silver coins</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty silver coins</u>.” (Luke 7:41 ULT) >> “The one owed <u>five hundred silver coins</u>, and the other owed <u>fifty silver coins</u>.”
(3) Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work. (3) Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
(4) Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote. (4) Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
>> “The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u> <sup> 1</sup>, and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>.<sup> 2</sup>“ (Luke 7:41 ULT) >> “The one owed <u>five hundred denarii</u> <sup> 1</sup>, and the other owed <u>fifty denarii</u>.<sup> 2</sup>“
The footnotes would look like: The footnotes would look like:

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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The following terms are the most common units of volume used in the Bible to sta
* The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures. * The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures.
* Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily. * Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily.
* Whatever measures you use, it would be good, if possible, to tell about the other kinds of measures in the text or a footnote. * Whatever measures you use, it would be good, if possible, to tell about the other kinds of measures in the text or a footnote.
* If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one hin as “3.7 liters,” readers might think that the measurement is exactly 3.7 liters, not 3.6 or 3.8. It would be better to use a more approximate measure such as “three and a half liters” or “four liters.” * If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one hin as “3.7 liters,” readers might think that the measurement is exactly 3.7 liters, not 3.6 or 3.8. It would be better to use a more approximate measure such as “three and a half liters” or “four liters”.
* When God tells people how much of something to use, and when people use those amounts in obedience to him, do not say “about” in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how much they used. * When God tells people how much of something to use, and when people use those amounts in obedience to him, do not say “about” in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how much they used.
### When the unit of measure is stated ### When the unit of measure is stated
@ -47,9 +47,10 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
(2) Use the measurements given in the UST. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system. (2) Use the measurements given in the UST. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>, and <u>ten baskets</u> of seed will yield only <u>one basket</u>.”
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u> and <u>220 liters</u> of seed will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>.” >> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u> and <u>220 liters</u> of seed will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>.”
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only <u>twenty-two liters</u>, and <u>ten baskets</u> of seed will yield only <u>one basket</u>.”
(3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. (3) Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
>> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and <u>six and a half bushels</u> of seed will yield only twenty quarts.” >> “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and <u>six and a half bushels</u> of seed will yield only twenty quarts.”
@ -70,14 +71,14 @@ The footnotes would look like:
### When the unit of measure is implied ### When the unit of measure is implied
Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULT and UST, add the word “measure.” Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULT and UST, add the word “measure”.
> **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT) > **whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty measures</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty measures</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
#### Translation Strategies #### Translation Strategies
1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit. 1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
1. Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount.” 1. Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount”.
1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine. 1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine.
1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation. 1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
>> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>. >> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
(2) Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount.” (2) Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount”.
>> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty amounts</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty amounts</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>. >> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty amounts</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty amounts</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty</u>.
@ -102,4 +103,3 @@ The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
(4) Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation. (4) Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
>> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty liters</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten liters</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty liters</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty liters</u>. >> whenever anyone came to the grainery for <u>twenty liters</u> of grain, there were only <u>ten liters</u>, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out <u>fifty liters</u> of wine, there were only <u>twenty liters</u>.

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### Description ### Description
The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term “shekel” means “weight,” and many other weights are described in terms of the shekel. Some of these weights were used for money. The metric values in the table below are not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are only an attempt to give an average measurement. The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term “shekel” means “weight”, and many other weights are described in terms of the shekel. Some of these weights were used for money. The metric values in the table below are not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures differed in exact amount from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are only an attempt to give an average measurement.
| Original Measure | Shekels | Grams | Kilograms | | Original Measure | Shekels | Grams | Kilograms |
|--------------------|----------|---------|------------| |--------------------|----------|---------|------------|
@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term
1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures. 1. The people in the Bible did not use modern measures such as meters, liters, and kilograms. Using the original measures can help readers know that the Bible really was written long ago in a time when people used those measures.
1. Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily. 1. Using modern measures can help readers understand the text more easily.
1. Whatever measure you use, it would be good, if possible, to tell about the other kind of measure in the text or a footnote. 1. Whatever measure you use, it would be good, if possible, to tell about the other kind of measure in the text or a footnote.
1. If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one gerah as “.57 grams” readers might think that the measurement is exact. It would be better to say “half a gram.” 1. If you do not use the Biblical measures, try not to give the readers the idea that the measurements are exact. For example, if you translate one gerah as “.57 grams” readers might think that the measurement is exact. It would be better to say “half a gram”.
1. Sometimes it can be helpful to use the word “about” to show that a measurement is not exact. For example, 2 Samuel 21:16 says that Goliath’s spear weighed 300 shekels. Instead of translating this as “3300 grams” or “3.3 kilograms,” it can be translated as “about three and one half kilograms.” 1. Sometimes it can be helpful to use the word “about” to show that a measurement is not exact. For example, 2 Samuel 21:16 says that Goliath’s spear weighed 300 shekels. Instead of translating this as “3300 grams” or “3.3 kilograms”, it can be translated as “about three and one half kilograms”.
1. When God tells people how much something should weigh, and when people use those weights, do not say “about” in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how much the thing should weigh. 1. When God tells people how much something should weigh, and when people use those weights, do not say “about” in the translation. Otherwise it will give the impression that God did not care exactly how much the thing should weigh.
### Translation Strategies ### Translation Strategies

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The decimal point, or decimal comma, is a mark placed to the left of a number to
In some countries people use a decimal point, and in other countries people use a decimal comma. So translators in countries that use a decimal comma would write “3.7 meters” as “3,7 meters.” In some cultures people prefer fractions. (see [Fractions](../translate-fraction/01.md)) In some countries people use a decimal point, and in other countries people use a decimal comma. So translators in countries that use a decimal comma would write “3.7 meters” as “3,7 meters.” In some cultures people prefer fractions. (see [Fractions](../translate-fraction/01.md))
In the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST) parts of a number are written as decimals or fractions. When they are used with a measurement such as meters, grams, and liters, the are usually written as decimals. In the UST, parts of a number are written as decimals or fractions. When they are used with a measurement such as meters, grams, and liters, the are usually written as decimals.
#### Decimal Numbers in the UST #### Decimal Numbers in the UST
@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ In the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST) parts of a number are written as de
### Examples from the Bible ### Examples from the Bible
For telling about parts of a number, the unfoldingWord® Literal Text (ULT) uses fractions, and the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULT and the UST is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULT and the UST are not the same for these measures. For telling about parts of a number, the unfoldingWord® Literal Text (ULT) uses fractions, and the UST uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULT and the UST is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULT and the UST are not the same for these measures.
> They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>. (Exodus 25:10 ULT) > They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be <u>two and a half cubits</u>; its width will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>; and its height will be <u>one cubit and a half</u>. (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
The ULT uses the fraction “half.” This can also be written as a decimal: .5. The ULT uses the fraction “half”. This can also be written as the decimal ".5".
> Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be <u>one meter</u> long, <u>0.7 meter wide</u>, and <u>0.7 meter</u> high. (Exodus 25:10 UST) > Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be <u>one meter</u> long, <u>0.7 meter wide</u>, and <u>0.7 meter</u> high. (Exodus 25:10 UST)

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**Reason this is a translation issue:** Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups, but they do not use fractions to tell how big a part is or how many are included in a group. #### Reason this is a translation issue
Some languages do not use fractions. They may simply talk about parts or groups, but they do not use fractions to tell how big a part is or how many are included in a group.
### Examples From the Bible ### Examples From the Bible
> Now to <u>one half</u> of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other <u>half</u>, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULT) > Now to <u>one half</u> of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other <u>half</u>, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase “one half of the tribe of Manasseh” refers one of those groups. The phrase “the other half” refers to the other group. The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase “one half of the tribe of Manasseh” refers one of those groups. The phrase “the other half” refers to the other group.
> The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill <u>a third</u> of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULT) > The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill <u>a third</u> of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULT)
If all the people were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed. If all the people in the world were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed.
> You must also prepare <u>a fourth</u> of a hin of wine as the drink offering. (Numbers 15:5 ULT) > You must also prepare <u>a fourth</u> of a hin of wine as the drink offering. (Numbers 15:5 ULT)
They were to imagine dividing a hin of wine into four equal parts and prepare the amount equal to one of them. They were to imagine dividing a hin of wine into four equal parts and prepare the amount equal to one of them.

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@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ The Hebrew calendar used in the Bible has twelve months. Unlike the western cale
* Readers may be surprised to read of months that they have never heard of, and they may wonder how those months correspond to the months that they use. * Readers may be surprised to read of months that they have never heard of, and they may wonder how those months correspond to the months that they use.
* Readers may not realize that phrases such as “the first month” or “the second month” refer to the first or second month of the Hebrew calendar, not some other calendar. * Readers may not realize that phrases such as “the first month” or “the second month” refer to the first or second month of the Hebrew calendar, not some other calendar.
* Readers may not know when the first month of the Hebrew calendar begins. * Readers may not know when the first month of the Hebrew calendar begins.
* The scripture may tell about something happening in a certain month, but readers will not be able to fully understand what is said about it if they do not know what season of the year that was. * The Bible may tell about something happening in a certain month, but readers will not be able to fully understand what is said about it if they do not know what season of the year that was.
#### List of Hebrew Months #### List of Hebrew Months
This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be helpful in the translation. This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be helpful in the translation.
**Abib** - (This month is called **Nisan** after the Babylonian exile.) This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is at the beginning of the spring season when the late rains come and people begin to harvest their crops. It is during the last part of March and the first part April on western calendars. The Passover celebration started on Abib 10, the Festival of Unleavened Bread was right after that, and the Festival of Harvest was a few weeks after that. **Abib** - (This month is called **Nisan** after the Babylonian exile.) This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. It is at the beginning of the spring season when the late rains come and people begin to harvest their crops. It is during the last part of March and the first part of April on western calendars. The Passover celebration started on Abib 10, the Festival of Unleavened Bread was right after that, and the Festival of Harvest was a few weeks after that.
**Ziv** - This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. This is during the harvest season. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on western calendars. **Ziv** - This is the second month of the Hebrew calendar. This is during the harvest season. It is during the last part of April and the first part of May on western calendars.
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md)) You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md))
1. Tell the the number of the Hebrew month. 1. Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
1. Use the months that people know. 1. Use the months that people know.
1. State clearly what season the month occurred in. 1. State clearly what season the month occurred in.
1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month. (If possible, use a footnote to show the Hebrew month and day.) 1. Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month. (If possible, use a footnote to show the Hebrew month and day.)

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### Description ### Description
There are many numbers in the Bible. They can be written as words, such as “five” or as numerals, such as “5.” Some numbers are very large, such as “two hundred” (200), “twenty-two thousand” (22,000), or “one hundred million” (100,000,000.) Some languages do not have words for all of these numbers. Translators need to decide how to translate numbers and whether to write them as words or numerals. There are many numbers in the Bible. They can be written as words (“five”) or as numerals (“5”). Some numbers are very large, such as “two hundred” (200), “twenty-two thousand” (22,000), or “one hundred million” (100,000,000). Some languages do not have words for all of these numbers. Translators need to decide how to translate numbers and whether to write them as words or numerals.
Some numbers are exact and others are rounded. Some numbers are exact and others are rounded.
> Abram was <u>eighty-six</u> years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULT) > Abram was <u>eighty-six</u> years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ Eighty-six (86) is an exact number.
Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more than that or a little less than that. The word “about” shows that it is not an exact number. Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more than that or a little less than that. The word “about” shows that it is not an exact number.
**Reason this is a translation issue**: Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers. #### Reason this is a translation issue
Some languages do not have words for some of these numbers.
#### Translation Principles #### Translation Principles
@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more
> When Jared had lived <u>162</u> years, he became the father of Enoch. After he became the father of Enoch, Jared lived <u>eight hundred</u> years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Jared lived <u>962</u> years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:18-20 ULT) > When Jared had lived <u>162</u> years, he became the father of Enoch. After he became the father of Enoch, Jared lived <u>eight hundred</u> years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Jared lived <u>962</u> years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:18-20 ULT)
The numbers 162, eight hundred, and 962 are exact numbers and should be translated with something as close to those numbers as possible. The numbers 162, eight hundred, and 962 are exact numbers and should be translated with something as close to those numbers as possible.
> Our sister, may you be the mother of <u>thousands of ten thousands</u> (Genesis 24:60 ULT) > Our sister, may you be the mother of <u>thousands of ten thousands</u> (Genesis 24:60 ULT)
This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she should have, but it was a huge number of them. This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she should have, but it was a huge number of them.
@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul
1. Write numbers using numerals. 1. Write numbers using numerals.
1. Write numbers using your language’s words or the gateway language words for those numbers. 1. Write numbers using your language’s words or the gateway language words for those numbers.
1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them. 1. Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parentheses after them.
1. Combine words for large numbers. 1. Combine words for large numbers.
1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward. 1. Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
@ -76,4 +79,5 @@ Be consistent in your translations. Decide how the numbers will be translated, u
#### Consistency in the ULT and UST #### Consistency in the ULT and UST
The *unfoldingWord® Literal Text* (ULT) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (UST) use words for numbers that have only one or two words (nine, sixteen, three hundred). They use numerals for numbers that have more than two words (the numerals “130” instead of “one hundred thirty”). The *unfoldingWord® Literal Text* (ULT) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (UST) use words for numbers that have only one or two words (nine, sixteen, three hundred). They use numerals for numbers that have more than two words (the numerals “130” instead of “one hundred thirty”).
> When Adam had lived <u>130</u> years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived <u>eight hundred</u> years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived <u>930</u> years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULT) > When Adam had lived <u>130</u> years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived <u>eight hundred</u> years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived <u>930</u> years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULT)

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> The <u>first</u> lot went to Jehoiarib, the <u>second</u> to Jedaiah, the <u>third</u> to Harim, the <u>fourth</u> to Seorim, … the <u>twenty-third</u> to Delaiah, and the <u>twenty-fourth</u> to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT) > The <u>first</u> lot went to Jehoiarib, the <u>second</u> to Jedaiah, the <u>third</u> to Harim, the <u>fourth</u> to Seorim, … the <u>twenty-third</u> to Delaiah, and the <u>twenty-fourth</u> to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
People tossed lots and one went to each of these people in the order given. The people cast lots and one went to each of these people in the order given.
> You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The <u>first</u> row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The <u>second</u> row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The <u>third</u> row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The <u>fourth</u> row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULT) > You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The <u>first</u> row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The <u>second</u> row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The <u>third</u> row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The <u>fourth</u> row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULT)

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### Description ### Description
A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain idea. For example, in some cultures people nod their head up and down to mean “Yes” or turn their head from side to side to mean “No.” Symbolic actions do not mean the same things in all cultures. In the Bible, sometimes people perform symbolic actions and sometimes they only refer to the symbolic action. A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain idea. For example, in some cultures people nod their head up and down to mean “Yes” or turn their head from side to side to mean “No”. Symbolic actions do not mean the same things in all cultures. In the Bible, sometimes people perform symbolic actions and sometimes they only refer to the symbolic action.
#### Examples of symbolic actions #### Examples of symbolic actions
@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ A symbolic action is something that someone does in order to express a certain i
#### Reason this is a translation issue #### Reason this is a translation issue
An action may have a meaning in one culture, and a different meaning or no meaning at all in another culture. For example, in some cultures raising the eyebrows means “I am surprised” or “What did you say?” In others cultures it means “Yes.” An action may have a meaning in one culture, and a different meaning or no meaning at all in another culture. For example, in some cultures raising the eyebrows means “I am surprised” or “What did you say?” In others cultures it means “Yes”.
In the Bible people did things that had certain meanings in their culture. When we read the Bible we might not understand what someone meant if we interpret the action based on what it means in our own culture. In the Bible people did things that had certain meanings in their culture. When we read the Bible we might not understand what someone meant if we interpret the action based on what it means in our own culture.
Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used symbolic actions. If an action does not mean the same thing in their own culture, they need to figure out how to translate what the action meant. You (the translator) need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used symbolic actions. If an action does not mean the same thing in your own culture, then you need to figure out how to translate what the action meant.
### Examples from the Bible ### Examples from the Bible
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ If people would correctly understand what a symbolic action meant to the people
(3) Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning. (3) Use an action from your own culture that has the same meaning.
> **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULT) - Since Jairus actually did this, we would not substitute an action from our own culture. > **Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet.** (Luke 8:41 ULT) - Since Jairus actually did this, you should not substitute an action from your own culture.
> **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULT) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one’s throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that. > **Look, I stand at the door and knock.** (Revelation 3:20 ULT) - Jesus was not standing at a real door. Rather he was speaking about wanting to have a relationship with people. So in cultures where it is polite to clear one’s throat when wanting to be let into a house, you could use that.
>> Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat. >> Look, I stand at the door and clear my throat.